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Journal articles on the topic 'Obesumbacterium proteus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 20 July 2025

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1

Smith, N. A., and P. Smith. "Nitrate reduction and N-nitrosation by Obesumbacterium proteus." Letters in Applied Microbiology 14, no. 2 (1992): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1992.tb00648.x.

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2

Gordeeva, T. L., L. N. Borshchevskaya, A. N. Kalinina, S. P. Sineoky, S. P. Voronin, and M. D. Kashirskaya. "Expression and Characterization of Phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus in Pichia pastoris." Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 55, no. 7 (2019): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0003683819070032.

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3

Zinin, Nickolay V., Anna V. Serkina, Mikhail S. Gelfand, Aleksei B. Shevelev, and Sergei P. Sineoky. "Gene cloning, expression and characterization of novel phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus." FEMS Microbiology Letters 236, no. 2 (2004): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09659.x.

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4

Gordeeva, T. L., L. N. Borshchevskaya, A. N. Kalinina, S. P. Sineoky, S. P. Voronin, and M. D. Kashirskaya. "Expression and Characteristics of Phytases from Obesumbacterium proteus in Pichia pastoris Yeast." Biotekhnologiya 34, no. 4 (2018): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2018-34-4-18-25.

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5

Biryukova, Yu, Yu Deryabina, E. Epova, et al. "A New Recombinant Strain of Yarrowia lipolytica Producing Encapsulated Phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus." Доклады академии наук 481, no. 3 (2018): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956520001389-0.

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6

Isakova, E. P., E. G. Serdyuk, N. N. Gessler, et al. "A New Recombinant Strain of Yarrowia lipolytica Producing Encapsulated Phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus." Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 481, no. 1 (2018): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1607672918040063.

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7

Prest, Andrew G., John R. M. Hammond, and Gordon S. A. B. Stewart. "Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Obesumbacterium proteus, a Common Contaminant of Brewing Yeasts." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, no. 5 (1994): 1635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.5.1635-1640.1994.

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8

Maugueret, T. M. J., and S. L. Walker. "Rapid detection of Obesumbacterium proteus from yeast and wort using polymerase chain reaction." Letters in Applied Microbiology 35, no. 4 (2002): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01179.x.

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9

Priest, Fergus G., and Margaret Barker. "Gram-negative bacteria associated with brewery yeasts: reclassification of Obesumbacterium proteus biogroup 2 as Shimwellia pseudoproteus gen. nov., sp. nov., and transfer of Escherichia blattae to Shimwellia blattae comb. nov." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 4 (2010): 828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.013458-0.

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Phylogenetic analyses of type and reference strains of Obesumbacterium proteus biogroups 1 and 2 plus a novel isolate of biogroup 2 were carried out based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and partial sequences of four protein-coding genes (fusA, leuS, pyrG and rpoB). Both approaches revealed that O. proteus biogroup 1 strains were closely related to Hafnia alvei. Biogroup 2 strains, however, formed a distinct monophyletic clade of generic status that included Escherichia blattae. Phenotypic tests were consistent with the molecular classification and provided diagnostic features. It is proposed that biogroup 2 strains be placed in a new genus, Shimwellia gen. nov., as Shimwellia pseudoproteus sp. nov., with strain 521T (=DSM 3038T=LMG 24835T=NCIMB 14534T) as the type strain, and that Escherichia blattae be transferred to the genus Shimwellia as Shimwellia blattae comb. nov., with strain ATCC 29907T (=DSM 4481T) as the type strain.

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10

Honghong, Yu, Bai Yutong, and Lu Shiling. "Effect and mechanism of carvacrol on putrescine production by Obesumbacterium proteus in Xinjiang sausage." LWT 213 (December 2024): 117079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2024.117079.

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11

Ovseychik, Ekanerina A., Olga I. Klein, Natalia N. Gessler, Yulia I. Deryabina, Valery S. Lukashenko, and Elena P. Isakova. "The Efficacy of Encapsulated Phytase Based on Recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica on Quails’ Zootechnic Features and Phosphorus Assimilation." Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 2 (2024): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11020091.

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In this study, we used the Manchurian golden breed of quails. We assessed the efficacy of the food additives of the phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus encapsulated in the recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica yeast, which was supplied at a concentration of 500 phytase activity units per kg of the feed. One hundred fifty one-day-old quails were distributed into six treatment groups. The results showed that adding the O. proteus encapsulated phytase to the quails’ diets improved live weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion compared to those in the control groups and the groups using a commercial phytase from Aspergillus ficuum. The results obtained during the experiments indicate a high degree of assimilation of phytate-containing feeds if the encapsulated phytase was fed by the quails compared to that in the other groups. We can conclude that the class D encapsulated phytase is an expedient additive to the diets possessing better kinetic features compared to the PhyA and PhyC classes phytases when it acts inside the quail’s chyme.

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12

Danilova, Maria A., Ekaterina Yu Epova, Elena V. Trubnikova, and Alexei B. Shevelev. "A Feed Additive Containing Encapsulated 6-Phytase within Recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica Cells Produced by Cultivation on Fat-Containing Waste." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (2022): 3094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063094.

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Feed phytases are purchased as a dry culture medium of secreting producers, mostly micellar fungi. These preparations are required to withstand heating up to 75–80 °C because they are intended for mixing with feed components with subsequent granulation by spray drying. For this reason, many phytases that have a high specific activity at 37 °C and correspond to the optimal pH of intestinal chyme are not used in practice. A novel expression system allowing accumulation of the phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus within yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was proposed. Encapsulation increases thermal stability of the enzyme from 55 °C up to 70 °C. The obtained preparation exhibited a high impact on the daily weight gain of a weaned mouse model fed a phosphorus-deficient diet at a dosage 165 phytase activity units (FYT)/kg, whereas a commercial phytase preparation—Ladozyme Proxi derived from Aspergillus ficuum—did not improve the daily weight gain even at the dosage of 15,000 FYT/kg.

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13

Kubizniaková, Petra, Martina Brožová, Kateřina Štulíková, Eva Vontrobová, Katarína Hanzalíková, and Dagmar Matoulková. "Microbiology of brewing production - bacteria of the order Enterobacterales and culture methods for their detection." KVASNY PRUMYSL 66, no. 5 (2020): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp2019.66.345.

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The growth of 7 strains belonging to the order of Enterobacterales, represented by the species of Citrobacter Freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Obesumbacterium proteus, Rahnella aquatilis, Raoultella terrigena, Serratia marcescens and Shimwellia pseudoproteus, was monitored on selected cultivation media. Three types of agars - Endo, MacConkey and Chromocult Coliform agar together with two incubation temperatures of 28 and 37 °C were tested under aerobic conditions. The aim of the study was to detect such essential enterobacteria harmful to beer that cannot be proven at 37 °C, which is the temperature usually used in operational laboratories in breweries. Our results showed that most of the tested strains of enterobacteria were able to grow at 28 °C on all selected types of agar. The exception was just the representatives detection of which is problematic at 37 °C. Nevertheless, a little or no growth was always observed on just one of the tested media.

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14

Сердюк, Е. Г., Е. П. Исакова, Н. Н. Гесслер, Е. В. Трубникова, А. Н. Антипов та Ю. И. Дерябина. "Активность нейтральной фитазы из Obesumbacterium proteus в рекомбинантных штаммах дрожжей Yarrowia lipolytica при культивировании на низкосортных растительных субстратах". Прикладная биохимия и микробиология 55, № 5 (2019): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s055510991905012x.

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15

Serdyuk, E., E. Issakova, N. Gessler, A. Antipov, and Yu. Deryabina. "Activity phytases in recombinant strains Yarrowia lipolytica under different conditions of cultivation." Bulletin of Science and Practice 4, no. 10 (2018): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1461837.

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The selection of some clones of the recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica yeast producing an encapsulated high-temperature phytase of Obesumbacterium proteus has been performed. The introduction of the pUV3-Op plasmid affected on neither growth parameters nor development of transformants. The maximum phytase activity was rached after 48 hours of cultivation and showed a wide optimal pH range (5.0–7.0). The growth of transformants in the poor medium using low-value plant raw materials (sunflower meal, wheat middling, crushed corn) as the sole source of phosphates has been studied. During the experiment, biomass accumulation, phytase activity and morphology of the Y. lipolytica transformants were tested. Growth in the sunflower meal containing medium was accompanied by a high level of phytase activity and biomass yield while the cultivation in crushed corn containing medium led to significantly lower level of biomass yield and phytase activity. In the cells of transformants grown using the plant phytate–containing substrates the 3–4 fold increase in inorganic phosphate content was observed compared to that in the initial Y. lipolityca yeast. This study let us conclude that the transformed Y. lipolityca Po1f (pUV3-Op) yeast tested is capable of synthesizing phytase when cultivated in phytate-containing media and can be used to produce fodder additives.

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16

Fernandez, Jacqueline L., W. J. Simpson, and T. M. Dowhanick. "Enumeration of Obesumbacterium proteus in brewery yeasts and characterization of isolated strains using Biolog GN microplates and protein fingerprinting." Letters in Applied Microbiology 17, no. 6 (1993): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1993.tb01470.x.

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17

Serdyuk, E. G., E. P. Isakova, N. N. Gessler, E. V. Trubnikova, A. N. Antipov, and Y. I. Deryabina. "Activity of Neutral Phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus in Recombinant Strains of Yarrowia lipolytica under Cultivation on Low-Grade Vegetable Substrate." Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 55, no. 5 (2019): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0003683819050120.

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18

Koivula, T. T., R. Juvonen, A. Haikara, and M. L. Suihko. "Characterization of the brewery spoilage bacterium Obesumbacterium proteus by automated ribotyping and development of PCR methods for its biotype 1." Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, no. 2 (2006): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02794.x.

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19

Maloshenok, Liliya G., Yulia S. Panina, Sergey A. Bruskin та ін. "Assessment of Recombinant β-Propeller Phytase of the Bacillus Species Expressed Intracellularly in Yarrowia lipolityca". Journal of Fungi 11, № 3 (2025): 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11030186.

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Phytases of the PhyD class according to their pH optimum (7.0–7.8) and high thermal stability can claim to be used in the production of feed supplements. However, today they have no practical application in feed production because there are no suitable producers sufficient for its biotechnological production compared to the PhyA and PhyC class ones. Moreover, in most cases, the technologies with the enzymes produced in secretory form are preferable for the production of phytases, though upon microencapsulation in yeast-producing cells, the phytase thermal stability increases significantly compared to the extracellular form, which improves its compatibility with spray drying technology. In this study, we assayed the intracellular heterologous expression of PhyD phytase from Bacillus species in the Yarrowia lipolytica yeast cells. While the technology has been successfully used to synthesize PhyC phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus, PhyD phytase tends to aggregate upon intracellular accumulation. Furthermore, we evaluated the prospects for the production of encapsulated phytase of the PhyD class of high enzymatic activity when it accumulates in the cell cytoplasm of the Y. lipolytica extremophile yeast, a highly effective platform for the production of recombinant proteins.

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20

Isakova, E. P., N. N. Gessler, and Yu I. Deryabina. "Comparative Assay of Phytase Activity in Yarrowia lipolytica Strains Transformed with the Neutrophilic Phytase Genome from Obesumbacterium proteus in Batch Cultivation." Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 58, S1 (2022): S126—S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0003683822100088.

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21

Pertiwi, Rizsa Mustika, Mala Nurilmala, Asadatun Abdullah, Nurjanah, Roza Yusfiandayani, and M. Fedi A. Sondita. "Deteksi bakteri pembentuk amina biogenik pada ikan Scombridae secara multiplex PCR." Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 23, no. 2 (2020): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v23i2.31596.

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Amina biogenik merupakan komponen basa nitrogen yang terbentuk oleh dekarboksilasi asam amino. Amina biogenik yang sering terdeteksi pada produk perikanan di antaranya histamin, tiramin dan kadaverin. Gen pengkode dekarboksilasi asam amino tersebut yaitu histidine decarboxylase (hdc), tyrosine decarboxylase (tdc) serta lysine decarboxylase (ldc). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan isolat DNA bakteri beserta konsentrasi dan kemurniannya, menyeleksi media pertumbuhan bakteri, mendeteksi gen hdc, tdc dan ldc menggunakan multiplex PCR serta identifikasi bakteri.. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu ikan tuna beku, tongkol beku, cakalang beku, tuna loin, pindang tongkol potong dan pindang tongkol bumbu kuning serta kontrol positif menggunakan ikan tuna yang disimpan pada suhu ruang selama 3 hari. Penelitian terdiri dari tahap pra-pengayaan bakteri pada media marine broth dan lactose broth, isolasi DNA sampel tanpa dan hasil pra-pengayaan, uji kemurnian dan konsentrasi isolat serta amplifikasi gen target hdc, tdc, ldc menggunakan multiplex PCR. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu kualitas isolat DNA bakteri pada umumnya sudah murni, dengan konsentrasi isolat 15,75-157,84 ng/µL. Teknik multiplex PCR berhasil mendeteksi gen hdc, tdc dan ldc pada ikan scombridae. Kondisi optimum amplifikasi PCR yaitu annealing pada suhu 50°C selama 90 detik. Gen yang terdeteksi pada sampel tanpa pra-pengayaan yaitu tdc, sedangkan ldc dan hdc ditemukan pada sampel hasil pra-pengayaan media lactose broth dan marine broth. Bakteri pembentuk amina biogenik teridentifikasi sebagai Enterococcus fecalis, M. morganii, E. aerogenes, Citrobacter sp., Hafnia paralvei dan Obesumbacterium proteus. Amina biogenik merupakan komponen basa nitrogen yang terbentuk oleh dekarboksilasi asam amino. Amina biogenik yang sering terdeteksi pada produk perikanan di antaranya histamin, tiramin dan kadaverin. Gen pengkode dekarboksilasi asam amino tersebut yaitu histidine decarboxylase (hdc), tyrosine decarboxylase (tdc) serta lysine decarboxylase (ldc). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan isolat DNA bakteri beserta konsentrasi dan kemurniannya, menyeleksi media pertumbuhan bakteri, mendeteksi gen hdc, tdc dan ldc menggunakan multiplex PCR serta identifikasi bakteri.. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu ikan tuna beku, tongkol beku, cakalang beku, tuna loin, pindang tongkol potong dan pindang tongkol bumbu kuning serta kontrol positif menggunakan ikan tuna yang disimpan pada suhu ruang selama 3 hari. Penelitian terdiri dari tahap pra-pengayaan bakteri pada media marine broth dan lactose broth, isolasi DNA sampel tanpa dan hasil pra-pengayaan, uji kemurnian dan konsentrasi isolat serta amplifikasi gen target hdc, tdc, ldc menggunakan multiplex PCR. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu kualitas isolat DNA bakteri pada umumnya sudah murni, dengan konsentrasi isolat 15,75-157,84 ng/µL. Teknik multiplex PCR berhasil mendeteksi gen hdc, tdc dan ldc pada ikan scombridae. Kondisi optimum amplifikasi PCR yaitu annealing pada suhu 50°C selama 90 detik. Gen yang terdeteksi pada sampel tanpa pra-pengayaan yaitu tdc, sedangkan ldc dan hdc ditemukan pada sampel hasil pra-pengayaan media lactose broth dan marine broth. Bakteri pembentuk amina biogenik teridentifikasi sebagai Enterococcus fecalis, M. morganii, E. aerogenes, Citrobacter sp., Hafnia paralvei dan Obesumbacterium proteus.

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22

Danilova, Maria A., Ekaterina Yu Epova, Elena V. Trubnikova, et al. "Encapsulated Phytase Produced by Recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica Exhibits High Efficiency on Broiler Chickens in Low Dosage." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (2022): 11999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122311999.

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Phytases are the largest group of feed enzymes increasing the accessibility of organic phosphorus for the animals. Feed phytases are usually sold as dried powder of secreting producers, mainly micellar fungi. We proposed a new technology for producing phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus (OPP) in yeast Yarrowia lipolytica as cytosolic protein (encapsulated OPP), where the capsule (yeast cell) protects the enzyme from unfavourable factors (acid medium and active proteolysis in stomachs) and releases it along with the substrate in the duodenum only. Here we report results of testing the encapsulated OPP on the model of a broiler chicken in comparison to a conventional phytase from Aspergillus ficuum. The encapsulated OPP at a dosage of 30 FYT/kg provided the maximum body weight of the chicken in the end of experiment equal or somewhat higher than in the control group, where the available phosphorus deficit was complemented with a mineral phosphorus supply. In contrast, the conventional soluble phytase at a dosage of 100 or 1000 FYT/kg was not able to compensate for the phosphorus deficit in the diet, although chemical analysis demonstrated much phosphorus in the diet in a non-accessible form. The encapsulated OPP decreased the residual Pi in the chicken faeces by 2.1 times in comparison to the control when added to the diet, whereas the conventional phytases negligibly affected this parameter regardless of the dosage.

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23

Volkmann, Maria, Evelyn Skiebe, Tobias Kerrinnes, et al. "Orbus hercynius gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from faeces of wild boar, is most closely related to members of the orders ‘Enterobacteriales’ and Pasteurellales." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 11 (2010): 2601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.019026-0.

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A novel gammaproteobacterium, strain CN3T, was isolated from the faeces of wild boar. Strain CN3T was facultatively anaerobic and appeared coccoid or rod-shaped. The partial 16S rRNA gene sequence determined for strain CN3T suggested a distant relationship with members of the orders ‘Enterobacteriales’ and Pasteurellales. The gene sequence showed highest similarity (90.3 %) with Obesumbacterium proteus DSM 2777T, a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The closest relatives outside the order ‘Enterobacteriales’ according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis were members of the order Pasteurellales with 88.7 % similarity (Mannheimia haemolytica NCTC 9380T and Actinobacillus lignieresii NCTC 4189T). In contrast to most members of the order ‘Enterobacteriales’, strain CN3T was oxidase-positive. The pattern of fatty acids, in particular the high relative abundance of C18 : 1 ω7c (38.5 %), was clearly distinct from the conserved pattern found for members of the order Pasteurellales. EcoRI ribotyping of strain CN3T yielded no significant similarity to existing database entries. The major ubiquinone of strain CN3T was Q-8. The DNA G+C content was 36.4 mol%. Strain CN3T hosted a phage and secreted considerable amounts of three proteins into the culture supernatant. A spontaneous mutant of strain CN3T was isolated which formed long filaments. Microscopic studies revealed the presence of a capsule that the mutant strain was unable to partition after cell division. Strain CN3T thus represents a novel species within a new genus, for which the name Orbus hercynius gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is CN3T (=DSM 22228T=CCUG 57622T). Classification of the novel species to the family and order level will require further investigations.

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24

Kamble, Asmita, Rajkumar Singh, and Harinder Singh. "Structural and Functional Characterization of Obesumbacterium proteus Phytase: A Comprehensive In-Silico Study." Molecular Biotechnology, February 23, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12033-024-01069-x.

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25

Yu, Honghong, Shiyi Zhu, and Shiling Lu. "Impact and Mechanisms of Cinnamaldehyde on Putrescine Production by Obesumbacterium proteus OP216735 during the Process of Xinjiang Sausage." Food Science and Human Wellness, December 2024. https://doi.org/10.26599/fshw.2024.9250395.

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26

Rey, Laisa Marina Rosa, Carlos Renato De Freitas Guaitolini, Kawany Gabrieli Zanetti Fazoli, et al. "Microbiome and Antimicrobial Resistance in Members of the Enterobacteriaceae Family from Vaginal and Preputial Mucous Isolates of Stray Dogs." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 48 (December 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.104699.

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Background: Contact between humans and pets, mainly dogs and cats, has been increasing in recent years, which may result in the spread of infectious agents to new hosts and even to the environment, causing emergencies of national and international interest. The aim of this work was to understand the phenotypic profile of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family of vaginal and preputial mucous of stray dogs from a border region.Materials, Methods & Results: Swab samples from the vaginal and preputial mucosa of stray dogs from two border regions were collected for later bacterial isolation, biochemical identification of bacterial isolates, susceptibility tests to different antimicrobials, and determination of the bacterial resistance index. Samples were collected from 70 animals, was possible to isolate 88 samples, of which 36 (40.9%) presented isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent species (44.8%), followed by Obesumbacterium proteus in eight (27.5%); Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae in two (6.8%); and Erwinia herbicola, Koserella trabulsii, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia rubidaea (3.4%) from one isolate. The most resistant antimicrobials Clindamycin (100%), Metronidazole (100%), Oxacillin (100%), and Penicillin (100%) were tested against the vaginal and preputial samples and when the multidrug resistance index of the isolates was analyzed, all were classified as presenting a public health risk.Discussion: The results of this work suggest that stray dogs may be considered potential reservoirs of resistant pathogenic microorganisms, enabling future health problems due to the close coexistence of tutors with their dogs. It is known that the microorganisms that inhabit a certain environment or a specific part of the body are collectively called microbiomes. More specifically, some of them are bacteria that inhabit the reproductive mucous membranes (vaginal and preputial) of healthy dogs. Several works have also identified E. coli as the most prevalent bacteria identified in the vaginal and preputial mucosa of healthy dogs, that is regarded as a member of different microbiomes that is a commensal of different species of domestic animals, it is important to stress that this bacterial species presents sophisticated virulence mechanisms possibly responsible for different nosocomial infections as well as community infections in mankind and different species of animals. Found other bacterial species suggests a connection of these bacterial species with different environments and different animal species, which is even more disturbing regarding public health, since most of the time dogs share the same spaces of their tutors, which would facilitate the transmission and interaction with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The MAR index result is worrying when dealing with stray and asymptomatic dogs, since the behavioral particularities of canine species such as licking the body, licking the genitalia, sniffing the environment for territorial demarcation and, in some cases, coprophagy, may facilitate the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms and even disseminate genes of resistance to their keepers, other animals, and even to the environment. Unique health education works should be conducted in border regions in order to raise awareness of the population involved about the different situations that may favor the dissemination of microorganisms and their resistance genes, including the problems caused by the illegal sale and/or transportation of drugs, a situation that is very common in borders.

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