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1
Wahyu Nugraha, I Komang Sulatra, and Purwati. "SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN ADULTERY NOVEL." SPHOTA: Jurnal Linguistik dan Sastra 12, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/sphota.v12i1.681.
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A subordinate clause (dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It explains and gives more information to the main clause. There are three major types of subordinate clause such as: Complement Clause, Relative Clause, and Adverbial Clause (Miller, 2002:63). This research is a library research that aims to find out types and functions of subordinate clause found in Adultery. This research uses several theories from expert in other to analyze the problems in this study. The book written by Jim Miller (2002) entitled An Introduction to English Syntax and the book written by Bas Aarts (2001) entitled English Syntax and Argumentation, Second Edition are used. It is stated that there are three major types of subordinate clause that can be recognized as Complement clause, Relative clause, and Adverbial Clause. Then, the clause functions such as Clauses Functioning as Subject, Clause Functioning as Direct Object, Clauses Functioning as Adjunct and Clauses Functioning as Complements within Phrases. The result of this research shows that three major types of subordinate clause are found. Furthermore, the clause functions are also found as well, however only Clauses Functioning as Subject weren’t found in this research.
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Tuhai, O. "THE STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEXES IN MODERN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS." Studia Philologica, no. 2 (2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2019.13.12.
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The article focuses on the basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of complementary complexes in modern grammar paradigms. The phenomenon of clausal complementation has been presented. Subordinate sentences are characterized as object clausal complements with the status of a core internal argument of the main predicate. Grammatical configuration and functioning of finite/infinitive complementary sentences in English have been revealed. Grammatical status of clauses under the study is postulated as object predication or the internal verbal complement in the function of an object. Grammatical indicators of finite sentences are analyzed considering specific that/wh- markers of complementation, semantics of matrix verbs as well as temporal tense-form feature in a verbal phrase. Grammatical configuration of infinitive sentences is denoted by to-/wh-markers and noun phrases in a certain case. Identifying criteria of verbal clausal complements have been distinguished. Morphology of the predicate, internal/external syntax of a complementary construction are grounded as leading features of their definition. Typology of verbal complementation in terms of transitivity, complement attachment to the perculia part of speech, functional communicative approach has been reviewed. General monotransitive, complex-transitive and ditransitive complementation has been outlined. When being attached to a particular language constituent a clause is determined as nominal, adjective or verbal complement. Due to communicative peculiarity finite subordinate clauses are positioned as content declarative, interrogative and exclamative.
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KOLEVA-KOSTOVA, KRASILINA. "RHYTHMIC-INTONATIONAL PATTERNS OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES ATTACHED TO COPULAR MAIN CLAUSES." Journal of Bulgarian Language 69, PR (June 29, 2022): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.69.22.pr.14.
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The paper presents the results of parallel observations on the structurography and the rhythmic-intonational patterns of subordinate clauses attached to copular main clauses in the Bulgarian language. It focuses on complex sentences, whose intonation contours are almost unexplored. One exception is the study of the intonation in com-plex sentences with a subordinate subject clause by Vladislav Marinov. The aim of this paper is to describe the structure of complex-compound sentences by examining a selection from a small corpus of sentences with copular main clauses. Using acoustic analysis programmes, I observe the intonation curves of these sentences and attempt at identifying intonational patterns associated with the variations of the basic sentence model NP cop NP in which the left and/or the right-hand noun group is substituted by a main or a subordinate clause (S): S1 cop S2, NP cop S, S cop NP. The main goal is to identify the characteristic features of the intonational connectivity within the complex-compound sentence and to study whether predicatives and their constituents are associated with particular intonational patterns. The object of study is predicative connectivity in complex-compound sentences and its reflection in their intonation contours. In particular, I observe subordinate clauses attached to copular main clauses, traditionally divided into subject clauses and subject complement clauses. An important prerequisite for this work is a previous pilot study on a corpus of complex-compound sentences, which has shown that subject complement clauses are characterised by extremely low frequency. Keywords: rhythmic-intonational patterns, subordinate clauses attached to copular main clauses, complex sentences
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Thompson, Sandra A. "“Object complements” and conversation towards a realistic account." Studies in Language 26, no. 1 (June 21, 2002): 125–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.26.1.05tho.
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Based on a corpus of conversational English, I argue that the standard view of complements as subordinate clauses in a grammatical relation with a complement-taking predicate is not supported by the data. Rather, what has been described under the heading of complementation can be understood in terms of epistemic/evidential/evaluative formulaic fragments expressing speaker stance toward the content of a clause. This analysis, in which CTPs and their subjects are stored and retrieved as formulaic stance markers accounts for the grammatical, pragmatic, prosodic, and phonological data more satisfactorily than a complementation analysis.
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Алексанова, Л. А. "On the usage of complement clauses in scientific discourse." Иностранные языки в высшей школе, no. 2(69) (August 19, 2024): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2024.69.2.001.
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Придаточные изъяснительные предложения, являющиеся объектом настоящего исследования, объединяют в себе различные функциональные типы предложений — субъектные, объектные, предикативные и определительные. Они входят в состав сложноподчиненных предложений, главная часть которых обычно содержит слова речемыслительной деятельности, а сами придаточные несут в себе основную информацию. Предметом исследования является анализ функционирования данных структур в научном дискурсе, в частности в текстах современных немецких научных статей и монографий. Интерес к данной теме обусловлен тем, что в научных текстах доминирует информативная цель общения, и именно изъяснительные предложения играют большую роль как в коммуникативном, так и в текстообразующем плане. Цель статьи состоит в выявлении структурно-семантических и функциональных особенностей названных типов изъяснительных предложений в научном дискурсе. Автором статьи характеризуется статус данных предложений, анализируется их объем, тенденции в использовании тех или иных функциональных типов предложений. В комплексном описании выделенных типов изъяснительных предложений состоит и научная новизна предлагаемой статьи. Результат исследования показал, что в научном тексте значительно преобладают субъектные и объектные придаточные предложения, при доминировании глаголов мыслительной деятельности в главном предложении, которые нередко вводят косвенную речь, а также часто содержат конструкции с модальными глаголами и модально-пассивные формы преимущественно со значением необходимости. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что подача мысли, оформление самого высказывания, зафиксированного в изъяснительном предложении, во многом зависят от лексического наполнения и грамматической организации главного предложения, и вся структура сложноподчиненных предложений с изъяснительной частью влияет на качество подачи информации в научном дискурсе. Subordinate complement clauses, which are the object of this study, combine various functional types of clauses — subject, object, predicative and attributive. They are a part of complex sentences. with principal clauses usually containing verbal and cogitative words, and subordinate clauses providing the main information The subject of the study is the analysis of the functioning of these structures in scientific discourse, namely in the texts of German scientific articles and monographs. This theme arouses interest due to the fact that in scientific texts the informative function of communication dominates, and subordinate complement clauses play a significant part both in the communicative and text-forming aspects. The aim of the article is to identify the structural, semantic and functional features of the complement clauses in scientific discourse. The scientific novelty of the article lies in a comprehensive description of the selected types of complement clauses. Based on the material of German monographs and scientific articles, the paper describes the status of these clauses, analyzes their volume and trends in the use of certain functional types. The result of the study shows that in the scientific text the prevailing types are subject and object clauses with the dominance of cogitative verbs in the principal clauses. They often introduce indirect speech and contain constructions with modal verbs and modal-passive forms with the predominant modal meaning of necessity. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the way of expressing thoughts and the structure of the statement itself, fixed in a complement clause, largely depend on the lexical content and grammatical organization of the principal clause, and the entire structure of the complex sentences with a complement clause affects the quality of presenting information in scientific discourse.
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Haryanti, Sri, Purwo Haryono, Ana Setyandari, and Sukasih Ratna Widayanti. "The Use of Constructions in The Novel The Autumn of The Patriarch by Gabriel Garcia Marquez." Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 22, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v22i2.12601.
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The present study deals with the features of long sentences in the novel The Autumn of the Patriarch by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. This study aimed to identify the features of long sentences found in the novel and to suggest ways to comprehend the long sentences. This study is beneficial for the development of English teaching, particularly the structure course. The data were in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences used in the novel which were collected through observation method (metode simak). Descriptive qualitative method was employed for analysing the data. The results indicated that most of the sentences were compound complex. Each clause can be identified through its subject, predicate, object, and adverb or complement. Each subordinate clause could be un-derstood by identifying the word(s) modified and introductory word used. By identifying the main clause, sub-ordinate clause, parts of a main clause, subordinate clause, and kinds of phrases, the reader can under-stand the long sentences. In addition, most of the main clauses were pre-ceded by adverbials.
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Spasova, Velichka. "ENGLISH ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVE STRUCTURES – CONSTITUENTS AND FUNCTIONS WITHIN THE CLAUSE." Годишник на Шуменския университет. Факултет по Хуманитарни науки XXXIIIA, no. 1 (November 10, 2022): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/sovb5690.
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The article discusses the qualitative and quantitative results from a corpus-based research into the constituents of English alternative interrogative structures (EAISs) and their grammatical functions within the clause. The study has shown that the most typical functions of the EAISs are those of direct object, adjunct and subject-oriented predicative complement. The EAISs often represent a binary unmixed coordination of noun phrases, prepositional phrases or (closed) interrogative subordinate clauses. However, there are also EAISs whose constituents belong to different syntactic categories. Still other EAISs have their final constituent unexpressed. The constituents most often occur within the boundaries of the same sentence.
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Rakhman, D. M. "Argument and Adjunct Purpose Constructions in Hill Mari." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, no. 2 (June 9, 2021): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-2-19-35.
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In this study the author suggests a new systemic model of purpose constructions in Hill Mari - a Finno-Ugric language, spoken by approximately 30 000 people living mostly in Mari El Republic, located in Volga river basin. (Here and thereafter (if the opposite is not stated overtly) the term “purpose clause” or “purpose construction” is used in its traditional wide sense and should not be confused with “Purpose clauses” opposed to “Rationale clauses” in R. A. Faraci’s terms (1974).) There are two core strategies of marking the embedded predicate which can be used in contexts denoting purpose in Hill Mari. Firstly, an imperative form can be used. This option is reserved for different-subjects contexts. Secondly, an embedded predicate can be marked as infinitive. Notably, such a clause allows for its subject to be expressed overtly, in which case it is marked by Dative. Typically, though, the subject of an infinitival purposive clause is omitted and obligatorily controlled by a certain argument of a matrix clause. Finally, there are two peripheral constructions - those of perfect tense and non-past tense. Both are quite marginal and not universally accepted. This study also discusses the interaction between aforementioned strategies and purpose complementizers (conjunctions) š (borrowed from Russian) and. However, what constitutes the main theoretical concern of this study are certain peculiar traits of the subordinate null subject’s behavior. The paper adopts a standard generative approach (within Chomsky’s minimalist program) and argues that Hill Mari purpose constructions can be divided into two groups, namely, argument ones, occupying the position of VP complement, and adjunct ones, which are attached as VP adjuncts. This structural distinction can account for the indirect object control, which is possible in all cases, and direct object control, which is only allowed in case of certain matrix predicates. Such an analysis links Hill Mari purpose construction’s distinction to the Purpose/Rationale clauses distinction proposed for English in R. A. Faraci (1974). Finally, Hill Mari infinitival purpose clauses’ specific traits can potentially provide certain insights for the general theory of ditransitive constructions. Thus, among the main current approaches only that developed by L. Pylkkänen (2008) can account for the facts observed in Hill Mari. L. Pylkkänen argues that in some languages double objects constructions can be derived via “high” applicative head, taking VP as its complement and indirect object as its specifier. Our study argues that this is also likely to be the case in Hill Mari.
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Peterson, John, and Govind Mopkar. "Past habitual actions as relative future? On an unexpected use of the Konkani future participle and its likely origin." Lingua Posnaniensis 63, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/linpo.2021.63.2.2.
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In this paper we focus on the functions of the future participle in Goan Konkani. In addition to the more-or-less expected functions of a future participle, such as nominal attribution or marking a future or modal predicate in various subordinate and main clauses, the future participle in Konkani can also mark main predicates with a past habitual interpretation in a construction which we refer to as the “promise-construction”, as it is only found with a small class of main predicates such as promise, intend, think, etc., which take an object complement clause. We argue that the future participle originally denoted an atemporal event and later came to include habitual events with any temporal value (past, present or future), and that this has since grammaticalized with exclusively past habitual temporal reference in this one construction, as this was likely the most common environment in which habitual events of this semantic class of verbs occur.
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Kostenko, Victoria, Olena Bieliaieva, and Iryna Solohor. "COMPLEX SENTENCES IN TEXTS OF INFORMED CONSENT FOR DENTAL TREATMENT: STRUCTURAL, SEMANTIC, COMMUNICATIVE AND DISCOURSIVE ASPECTS." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 831-832 (2021): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.831-832.135-147.
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This article presents investigation of the structural and semantic characteristics of complex sentences and their contribution to implementing communicative strategies in the texts of informed consent for dental treatment. Informed consent is a bilateral document that provides a sufficient amount of specific information about the character of dental intervention, records the communication between doctor and patient in order to enable patients to make voluntary decisions concerning the exposure to potentially dangerous procedures. Complex sentences have been found out as one of the most common types of sentences in the texts studied. Although there is a wide range of complex sentences of different formal and semantic-syntactic types in the informed consent, some types are more prevalent than others. The two most common types of subordinate clauses have been identified: noun clauses as a direct object and adverbial clauses of condition. Complex sentences with objective clauses often contain cognitive or volitional verbs in the independent clause and are characterized by semantic and structural incompleteness, while the subordinate clause is a semantic center, which reveals, explains or complements the scope of the main clause. This type of complex sentences serves as one of the means to implement the communicative tactics guiding and controlling the patient’s perception of medical information. Conditional sentences specifying the circumstances and in particular those demonstrating the cause-effect relationship in the form of implicitation reasoning formulae are applied to implement the information communicative strategy. The considerable number of explanatory constructions (concretization, description, addition, clarification) serves to facilitate clearer understanding of the special information, thus implementing the information communicative strategy. The complex sentences are to increase the density of information and to focus on the addressee’s attention to the most relevant segments of the sentence and text. The predominance of complex sentences demonstrates the interaction of two tendencies: to compress the ramified logical relationship between phenomena, processes, situations within a sentence on the one hand, and to provide additional and sometimes redundant information in order to reduce the chance that a message will be misinterpreted, on the other hand. These tendencies incorporated on the syntax level by complex sentences are important preconditions for effective communication in giving / obtaining voluntary informed consent for dental treatment.
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Martinez, Ryan Marçal Saldanha Magaña. "Argument Coreference Between Content Verbs and Predicative Nouns in Brazilian Portuguese." Revista de Estudos da Linguagem 32, no. 1 (November 5, 2024): 260–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.32.1.260-288.
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The literature on complement clauses and support/light verb constructions provides most of the available information on coreference between arguments of matrix and subordinate syntactic predicates. However, this phenomenon is largely unexplored when it comes to verb phrases consisting of a content verb and a predicative noun in object position, such as declarar paixão (“declare passion”), cumprir a promessa (“fulfill the promise”), responder perguntas (“answer questions”), or resistir à tentação (“resist temptation”). The notions of obligatory and non-obligatory coreference do not fully explain this phenomenon, since non-coreferential usage of these phrases leads to different types of coercion, which are relevant properties to classify these phrases. This paper proposes a pilot study of verb phrases of this kind, extracting them from a Brazilian Portuguese newspaper corpus aiming at their syntactic-semantic classification. This procedure revealed a total of 75 such verb phrases. Based on semantic coercion and distributional properties, four major classes divided into seven subclasses are proposed to cover two-thirds of the data. There is also a fifth class with 17 items in which coreference appears to be a contextual property, i.e., unrelated to lexical semantics, and eight hapax legomena. The results provide a new perspective on this understudied topic, identifying also irregular aspects deserving further studies
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Krasnoshchekova, S. V. "Pronouns functioning as direct objects in the speech of Russian-language children." Russian language at school 83, no. 2 (March 24, 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2022-83-2-23-34.
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The study is devoted to Russian pronouns which children use in grammatical position of a direct object. The aim of the research is to consider the distinctive features of the pronouns belonging to different semantic groups. Additionally, the paper is an effort to answer the question if the connection between the position of the object in the sentence and the semantics of the pronoun is relevant when mastering the language, i.e. to discover pronouns of what classes are more likely to be associated with the object syntactic function in children’s speech. Corpus recordings of children’s speech, namely the data from longitudinal observations of children’s speech, comprise the material of the study. The basic research method employed is the functional-semantic analysis of utterances. As a result of the performed study, it was found that direct objects denoted by pronouns in the accusative case appear in most children’s speech in the third year of life. As for the frequency of occurrence of accusative case forms in a child’s speech, pronoun classes differ from one another; this is partly caused by their semantics. There is a clear distinction between deictic pronouns and quantifiers: children use the latter (negative, indefinite, universal) more often in the object position. Four semantic characteristics are associated with the frequency of occurrence of object forms. The first one is inanimateness: inanimate pronouns and pronouns referring to inanimate referents take the object position more often than animate pronouns. The next characteristic is anaphoricity or the anaphoric nature of pronouns: pronouns referring to another word in a child’s speech are more often in the accusative case than other pronouns. The non-concreteness or lack of reference to a concrete referent which is directly observable in the communication situation also influences the frequency of occurrence: indefinite and negative pronouns turn out to be the most "objective" for children. Finally, another characteristic is generalisation, or a reference to a group of referents: the pronoun vsyo (all, everything) occupies a prominent position on the "object" scale. The influence of semantic factors is not noted when using adjective pronouns incorporated into nominal groups dependent on nouns in the accusative case and also when using non-canonical objects (the adverbs kak (how), tak (so) and subordinate complement clauses (sentential actants) with relative pronouns.
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Kordic, Snjezana. "Coordinate and subordinate clauses in the Slavic languages." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 64 (2008): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864189k.
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This article provides a survey of major findings on complex sentences in the Slavic languages. It treats coordinate and subordinate clauses, together with their conjunction. As for the subordinate clauses, it deals with complement clauses.
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Nazara, Wa’özisökhi. "Exploring Subordinate Clauses In The Story Of An Hour." IJOLTL (Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics) 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2024): 120–28. https://doi.org/10.30957/ijoltl.v9i1.781.
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This is a brief analysis of subordinate clauses found in Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour. Three types of clauses were identified according to their function within the complex sentences to which they belong. The three types are complement clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. Complement clauses are marked by that. Relative clauses are introduced by that, who, which, or whose. Adverbial clauses are marked by as or when. In terms of their structural types, two types of clauses were found: finite and non-finite clauses.
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Prabawati, Ni Luh Satya, I. Gusti Bagus Wahyu Nugraha Putra, and I. Wayan Sidha Karya. "THE STUDY OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN CHINA DAILY NEWSPAPER." Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 2 (2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35760/jll.2020.v8i2.3578.
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Learning about subordinate clause it gives the understandings of the fuller descriptions of the main clause. This study aimed to find out the types of subordinate clause in complex sentences found in China Daily Newspaper. The data was collected through library research. This study used qualitative analysis method to describe and analysis the data found. The theory proposed by Miller (2002) is used to analyze the types of subordinate clause in complex sentences. The data analysis was presented through formal and informal method. Based on the result, there were three types of subordinate clause found in China daily Newspaper, namely relative clause, adverbial clause, and complement clause. This research found 61 subordinate clauses of complex sentences. Among the three types of subordinate clause, Relative clause is the most frequently found as modifier which 32 data or 52% and followed by Adverbial clause which 20 data or 33%. While the least frequently found is Complement clause which 9 data or 15%.
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Kuppusamy, C. "Verb Phrase in Tamil." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i4.1921.
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The verb phrase is built up of a verb, which is the head of the construction. Verb occurs as predicate in the rightmost position of a clause. As a predicate it selects arguments (Ex. Subject, Direct object, Indirect object and Locative NPs) and assigns case to its arguments and adverbial adjuncts. Another syntactic property of verbs in Tamil is that they can govern subordinate verb forms. Verb occurring as finite verbs in clause final position can be complemented by non-finite verbs proceeding them. The latter with respect to the interpretation of tense or subject governs these non-finite forms, being subordinate to the finite verb form. If we follow the traditional idea of having a VP node for Tamil, then all the elements, except the subject NP, will have to be grouped under VP.
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Salvianto, Gemi, and Muhammad Sulhan. "THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES AND THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN “DAVID COPPERFIELD” BY CHARLES DICKENS: A STUDY OF SYNTAX." INFERENCE: Journal of English Language Teaching 5, no. 1 (July 21, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/inference.v5i1.7134.
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<p class="normal">The objectives of the research are to know the prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses in “David Copperfield” by Charles Dickens. The total sample data of this research are sixty each for two variables. The technique of collecting data of prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses is determining texts in the novel, collecting the selected sentences, and storing them in a table. The research methodology applied is qualitative, and the technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis and hierarchical structures of syntax. Three categories are used to analyze prepositional phrases: post-modifier of a noun (pN), post-modifier of an adjective (pAdj) and adverbial (pA) while to analyze the subordinate clauses, complement clauses (CC), adjunct or adverbial clauses (AC), and relative clauses (RC) are employed. The results of the research are: 1) Prepositional phrases that function as adverbial (pA) are found to be the most category used with 65%, and the preposition <em>of</em> is the most used among others with twelve times in total. 2) Subordinate clauses that function as adjunct clauses (AC) are found to be the most category used with 62%, and the subordinate conjunction <em>when</em> is the most used among others with eleven times in total.</p>
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Seppänen, Eeva-Leena, and Ritva Laury. "Complement clauses as turn continuations." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17.4.06sep.
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This paper examines the use of että-clauses in Finnish everyday conversation for extending a speaker’s turn after a possible point of turn completion for the purpose of pursuing uptake from a turn recipient. Although että-clauses are considered complements in most grammatical descriptions of Finnish, the paper questions their status as subordinate clauses. We show that they nevertheless could be considered to function as increments, as either Extensions (Glue-ons, in terms of Couper-Kuhlen & Ono, this volume) or Free Constituents. This is interesting in view of Ford, Fox & Thompson’s (2002) definition of increments as “nonmain-clause continuations after a possible point of turn completion.” We also show that what makes että-clauses ideal for the pursuit of uptake is that both as a conjunction and particle, että functions to open up the participation framework and import new voices to the conversation.
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Verstraete, Jean-Christophe, Sarah D'Hertefelt, and An Van linden. "A typology of complement insubordination in Dutch." Studies in Language 36, no. 1 (May 14, 2012): 123–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.36.1.04ver.
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This paper presents an analysis of complement insubordination in Dutch, i.e. structures that are formally marked as subordinate complement clauses but conventionally used as main clauses. We develop a typology of seven distinct construction types (in three semantic domains), none of which have been analyzed in detail before. From a more general perspective, we show that insubordinate constructions provide a fresh perspective on the analysis of modality and evaluation, with semantic parameters that are not found in more typical exponents like modal verbs. In addition, we show that it is difficult to develop a schematic generalization across the different construction types, in spite of their apparent formal similarity as complement structures. We argue that this points to separate developmental trajectories for the different types, with a point of origin in different main-subordinate constructions, and different degrees of conventionalization for the resulting insubordinate constructions.
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Makarova, Alexandra I. "The concepts of «reality» and «statement» in the analysis of modal alternation in Spanish relative subordinate clauses." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, no. 25 (2021): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-129-134.
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The article analyzes theoretical works that raise the problem of analyzing the use of the subjunctive mood in subordinate relatives in Spanish based on the concept of «reality». This topic is relevant and widely discussed among Spanish researchers. Earlier, the author has already attempted to study a different concept – the concept of «statement». This concept, based on the hidden semantics of the whole sentence, is applicable to the analysis of subordinate object sentences. The aim of the study is to determine the features of the subjunctive mood use in subordinate relative sentences in the Spanish language, based on the semantic features of the concepts of «statement» and «reality». This article attempts to implement the concept of «statement» in the analysis of subordinate relative clauses. The author concludes that this concept is not always applicable to the analysis of this type of subordinate clauses. However, we cannot completely exclude it from the analysis. The concept of «reality», which is in its own way a consequence of the concept of «statement», helps to explain the modal alternation in subordinate relative clauses. The subjunctive mood indicates the abstractness of the antecedent or the speaker's doubts about the existence of the antecedent in reality. The indicative mood, on the contrary, indicates the reality of the object or the speaker's belief in its existence. The materials of this study raise questions related to the application of concepts within other types of subordinate clauses and in other closely related languages (French).
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Искандари, М. "On the question of the connectors in the complex sentence in Russian and Persian." Cherepovets State University Bulletin, no. 5(116) (October 13, 2023): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2023-5-116-11.
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Данная статья посвящена сопоставительному изучению коннекторов в сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточными определительными и изъяснительными в персидском и русском языках. Средством прикрепления главной части к изъяснительным и определительным придаточным предложениям в русских и персидских сложноподчиненных предложениях являются союзы и союзные слова, входящие в более широкий по охвату единиц класс коннекторов. Цель – описание системы союзов, функционирующих в персидском языке, и сопоставление коннекторов сложноподчиненных предложений с придаточными изъяснительными и определительными в персидском и русском языках. Материал исследования: союзы персидского языка (в персидском языке нет союзных слов), союзы и союзные слова русского языка и сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточными изъяснительными и определительными в персидском и русском языках. Результаты и научная новизна исследования. В статье речь идет о союзах, прикрепляющих части сложноподчиненных предложений с изъяснительными и определительными придаточными предложениями в персидском языке в сопоставлении с русским языком. Представлены союзы персидского языка по структуре и способу образования. На основе изученного материала выявлено, что изъяснительные и определительные придаточные предложения в персидском языке прикрепляются к главной части только при помощи одного союза که ‘что’. В русском языке союзы и союзные слова что, который, чей, какой, как будто, будто, ли и др. связывают части сложноподчиненных предложений с изъяснительными и определительными придаточными предложениями. Новизна исследования заключается в сопоставлении коннекторов сложноподчиненных предложений в русском и персидском языках и выявлении сходства и различия между ними. This article considers communication means of complex sentences in the Persian language in comparison with the Russian language. The means of attaching the main part to complement and attributive subordinate clauses in Russian and Persian complex sentences are conjunctions and syndetic words, which are included in a class of connectors that is wider in coverage of units. This article considers communication means of complex sentences in the Persian language in comparison with the Russian language. The means of attaching the main part to complement and attributive subordinate clauses in Russian and Persian complex sentences are conjunctions and syndetic words, which are included in a class of connectors that is wider in coverage of units. Objective: description of the conjunction system functioning in the Persian language and comparison of the connectors in complex sentences with the subordinate complement and attributive clauses in the Persian and Russian languages. Research material: conjunctions of the Persian language (there are no syndetic words in the Persian language), conjunctions and syndetic words of the Russian language and complex sentences with subordinate complement and attributive clauses in Persian and Russian. Results and novelty of the research. The article deals with conjunctions that attach parts of complex sentences with complement and attributive clauses in Persian in comparison with Russian. The conjunctions of the Persian language are presented in terms of structure and meaning. Based on the studied material, it is revealed that complement and attributive clauses in Persian are attached to the main part only with the help of one conjunction که 'what', and in Russian the conjunctions and syndetic words what, which, whose, which, as if, whether and others connect parts of complex sentences with complement and attributive subordinate clauses. The novelty of the study lies in the comparison of connectors in complex sentences in the Russian and Persian languages.
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Bodnaruk, Elena V. "Actualization of future tense semantics in German subordinate clause." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 17, no. 3 (2019): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-3-18-31.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the expression of temporal future tense semantics in various types of subordinate clauses of complex sentences, which so far have not received adequate coverage in linguistic literature. Analyzed are utterances with complex sentences containing direct speech, obtained with the random sampling method from the German fictional and publicistic texts. The total volume of the analyzed material makes up 1089 linguistic units with future tense semantics. In spite of dependent character of predication in the subordinate clause, the explication of future tense semantics in it is very heterogeneous. The most frequent types of subordinate clauses with future-oriented meaning in both analyzed discourses are conditional clauses, attribute, object, and subject clauses as well as subordinate clauses of time and purpose. The diverse repertoire of linguistic means, among which are not only grammatical ones (for example, Präsens, Futur I, Perfekt, Konditionalis I, Präteritum Konjunktiv), but also lexical and grammatical (for example, modal verb constructions), allows of formal and semantic variation, revealing a certain sensitivity in relation to discursive characteristics of the utterance. The most significant explicators of future tense semantics in the subordinate clause are the grammatical forms Präsens and Futur I. Präsens is characterized by high frequency in all types of subordinate clauses and “neutrality” against Futur I, which has limitations when used, for example, in conditional clauses, subordinate clauses of time and purpose, in view of their future time orientation. Futur I can also serve to focus attention on the upcoming action, which contributes to frequency of its use in dependent predication. The semantics of perfect forms, modal verbs, their functional synonyms and conjunctive forms also reveals certain combination preferences by expressing future tense semantics in a subordinate clause.
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Miestamo, Matti, Ksenia Shagal, Olli O. Silvennoinen, and Chingduang Yurayong. "Le marquage de l’objet dans les propositions complétives sous négation : le cas des langues fenniques." Faits de Langues 54, no. 1 (December 9, 2024): 11–39. https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-54010002.
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Abstract In Finnic languages, transitive verbs have two types of object, indicated by case: total and partitive. In negative clauses, the distinction between total and partitive objects is neutralized, and all objects take the partitive case. When a negative clause contains a positive complement clause, the object of the complement clause may be in the partitive even when it would otherwise be total. In this study, we examine the phenomenon in such complement clauses and test the hypothesis that case marking in complement clauses under negation reflects structural integration between the main clause and the complement clause: the more tightly the clauses are integrated, the more likely are objects to be partitive, when the main clause is negative. This hypothesis is tested with corpus data from six Finnic languages: Livonian, Estonian, Votic, Finnish, Karelian and Veps. The results of our study offer support to the hypothesis and suggest that object marking can reflect structural integration between the main clause and the complement in Finnic languages.
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Steksova, Tatiana Ivanovna. "Object Clauses in Academic Discourse: Genre Preferences." International Journal “Speech Genres” 28, no. 4 (2020): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2020-4-28-278-286.
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The author of the article understands object clauses as a semantic type of sentences with a set of different ways of expressing semantics: polypredicative subordinate clauses, asyndetic clauses, monopredicative clauses, clauses with parenthesis. It is suggested that the set of constructions used in academic discourse depends on the genre of the academic text. The genres of article abstracts and thesis summaries as secondary texts (texts about texts) were chosen as a material for a comparative study. The author reveals the incomplete paradigm of object clauses in secondary academic texts. The analyzed language material allows us to state that the genre of the academic article abstract does not use the entire paradigm of the ways of expressing explanatory semantics, choosing only two models as the basic ones, with a higher frequency of the monopredicative model. In the genre of thesis summaries there is a lower frequency of monopredicative clauses with deliberative semantics and a higher frequency of polypredicative subordinate clauses containing hidden reflection of the author of the text. The analyzed material indicates that the hidden author’s reflection is more often manifested through the use of quasi-impersonal sentences. The author of the article believes that there is a tendency in the analyzed genres towards increasing impersonality, the elimination of the subjective author’s position, and the desire to objectify the presented information. The research has found out certain constructions which function actively in the genre of the academic article, but are not used in article abstracts and thesis summaries. It is noted that not all introducing predicates recorded in the academic literature function in the analyzed genres. This can be explained by the genre affiliation of the texts and their communicative task. The author determines a number of objectives of the further research.
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Schmidtke-Bode, Karsten, and Holger Diessel. "Cross-linguistic patterns in the structure, function, and position of (object) complement clauses." Linguistics 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2016-0035.
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AbstractThe present contribution examines object complement clauses from the perspective of constituent-order typology. In particular, it provides the first principled empirical investigation of the position of object clauses relative to the matrix verb. Based on a stratified sample of 100 languages, we establish that there is an overall cross-linguistic preference for postverbal complements, due largely to the heterogeneous ordering patterns in OV-languages. Importantly, however, we also show that the position of complement clauses correlates with aspects of their structural organization: Preverbal complement clauses are significantly more likely to be coded by morphosyntactically “downgraded” structures than postverbal complements. Given that previous research has found a parallel correlation between structural downgrading and the semantics of the complement-taking predicate (
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Vodyasova, L. P. "Complex sentences with attributive subordinate clauses in the Erzya language." BULLETIN OF UGRIC STUDIES 14, no. 3 (2024): 426–34. https://doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2024-14-3-426-434.
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the article is devoted to the consideration of complex sentences with attributive subordinate clauses based on the material of the Erzya language – one of the Finno-Ugric languages. Objective: to identify the basic patterns of the substantive and formal organization of complex sentences expressing attributive relations. Research materials: complex sentences with attributive subordinate clauses extracted from works of fiction of Mordovian writers in the Erzya language. Results and novelty of the research: the scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in Mordvin linguistics it presents a systematic, multi-aspect description of complex sentences with attributive clauses. As a result of the research, it is revealed that they include syntactic units of undifferentiated structure with a verbal connection and closeknit predicative parts, the means of connection of which are conjunctions, connective words and correlates, often forming correlative pairs. The analysis of theoretical and illustrative material allowed us to come to the conclusion that complex sentences with attributive clauses, depending on the nature of a defined word, are divided into two types: a) substantive-attributive and b) pronominal-attributive. It is noted that substantive-attributive clauses, which constitute two varieties – emphatic-attributive and subjunctive-attributive – in a complex sentence contain a characteristic of an object or reveal its feature, and pronominalattributive clauses specify the semantics of a pronoun in the main part and, in combination with it, occupy the same syntactic position, replacing the name of an object, person or feature
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Dobrushina, Nina. "Contact-induced usages of volitional moods in East Caucasian languages." International Journal of Bilingualism 21, no. 5 (March 21, 2016): 559–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916635755.
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Aims and hypothesis: The aim of this article is to introduce a case of syntactic borrowing. I test the hypothesis that the uses of volitional forms (optative, imperative, hortative and jussive) in complement clauses of the verbs of wish and in purpose clauses in East Caucasian languages evolve under the influence of Azerbaijanian. Design/methodology/approach and data and analysis: The data of 13 languages are considered in the paper. To prove that shared features are contact-induced, two control languages are included in the sample. Archi belongs to the same genetic group as the languages that use volitionals in subordinate clauses, but is exposed to Azerbaijanian to a lesser extent. Axaxdərə Akhvakh belongs to another group, but has strong contacts with Azerbaijanian due to recent migration. Findings/conclusions: A survey shows that volitionals are used in subordinate clauses most extensively in those languages whose speakers exhibit a high level of bilingualism in Azerbaijanian, and where the contact has been longer. I assume that there is a hierarchy of borrowability of subordinate constructions involving volitionals. Originality: Although the influence of Turkic languages on the languages of the Caucasus in the domain of syntax has been previously discussed, the usage of volitionals in subordinate clauses has not. Significance/implications: It is acknowledged that social factors play an important role in shaping the linguistic consequences of contact. However, evidence of the correspondence between social factors and structural outcomes of language contact is still very scarce. The relevance of two social factors is shown in this paper: the ratio of bilingual speakers and the duration of contact. Limitations: I advance the hypothesis that connects the borrowability of particular constructions to their typological frequency, but the typology of subordinate uses of volitionals is not well enough investigated to make final conclusions.
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Wagner, Esther-Miriam. "Subordination in 15th- and 16th-Century Judeo-Arabic." Journal of Jewish Languages 2, no. 2 (November 10, 2014): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340028.
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Judeo-Arabic sources from the 15th and 16th centuries are of great interest for research into subordinate syntax, as they are written in a repertoire that echoes the Classical Arabic elements of Medieval Judeo-Arabic as much as the colloquial forms of Late Judeo-Arabic. The most interesting phenomena concern the adverbial clauses, which show a great variation of adverbial connectives. It is also notable that compounds of prepositions and relativizers or complementizers appear to have become very popular, whereas few of the inherited non-prepositional Classical Arabic adverbial connectives occur. This article also raises the possibility that adverbial clauses may have only developed in the course of the codification of the Semitic languages, and perhaps of languages in general. Relative and complement clauses in the 15th- and 16th-century sources are less conspicuous, but in relative clauses, the form ʾan, homophonous with the complementizer and originating from constructions using thetanwīn, may occur as relativizer after indefinite antecedent. A noteworthy point regarding complement clauses is the lack of asyndetical constructions as compared with earlier Judeo-Arabic documentary material.
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Han, Jeong han, and Myunghee Cha. "A study of the logico-semantic types of Korean nominal clauses and adjective clauses: based on systemic functional linguistics." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 24, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 689–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2024.24.1.689.
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Objectives In the clause complexing systems of systemic functional linguistics, the logico-semantic types(LSTs) between ‘clause’ and ‘clause’ are realised in different ways in coordinate clauses, subordinate clauses, and em-bedded clauses. The purpose of this paper is to identify the LSTs of Korean nominal clauses and adjective clauses that are distinct form other embedded clauses.
Methods SFL's clause complexing system consists of three optinal systems: taxis, LSTs, and repercussions. Among the LSTs of Korean embedded clauses, three are used: [projection], [phenomenon], and [extension]. These are realised in different ways in quotation clauses, nominal clauses, and adjevtive clauses, repectively.
Results After applying the aforementioned methodology, we were able to establish [phenomenon] of the com-plement participants of mental verbs as the common LST of Korean nominal clauses. Based on this, it was further found that the nominal clause ‘-기’ combined with desrative verbs and emotional verbs has the LST of [phenom-enon_ideas]; and the nominal clause ‘-음’ combined with cognitive verbs has the LST of [phenomenon_facts]; and the nomonal clause ‘-는 것’ combined with perceptual verbs has the LST of [phenomenon_acts]. On the other hand, the LSTs of adjevtive clauses were broadly distinguished as [projection] and [expansion]. The [projection] semantics of adjevtive clauses are mainly realised in the complement clauses of superordinate Projective Nouns and Factual Nouns.
Conclusions The LSTs between ‘clause’ and ‘clause’ in clause-complexing systems in systemic functional lin-guistics are big research topics. This can be realised in different ways in coordinate, subordinate and embedded clauses. So far, this paper focuses on the LSTs that appear in nominal clauses and adjective clauses, examining them in detail using examples from the Korean language dictionary, and summarising the results. It is hoped that further research could conduct to investigate the LSTs of the entire Korean clause complexing systems.
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Hall-Mills, Shannon, and Carla Wood. "Complex Syntax Production in Informational Writing by Students With Language Impairment From Diverse Linguistic Backgrounds." Topics in Language Disorders 43, no. 4 (October 2023): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/tld.0000000000000325.
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The primary objective of this study was to compare the syntactic complexity of informational texts produced by fifth-grade students (a) with and without language impairment and (b) with and without native English-speaking proficiency on a curriculum-based reading and writing task. Expository writing samples produced by 114 children enrolled in the fifth grade were analyzed at the utterance level for five features of complex syntax, including the frequency of utterances containing complex syntax and specific clause types (conjoined, subordinate, relative, full complement). For each of the four groups, we report frequency counts, means, standard deviations, and ranges of performance across the five syntax measures. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed there were significant group differences on measures. Specifically, children with typical language development, regardless of English proficiency level, wrote more words, utterances, and different word roots than their peers with language impairment. When productivity (i.e., text length) in the writing samples was controlled, multivariate analysis of variance revealed there was a significant difference between groups in use of relative clauses, but not for the use of conjoined, subordinate, or full complement clauses. In particular, English proficient students with language impairment produced a greater proportion of utterances with relative clauses. A post hoc correlation analysis showed moderate, positive correlations among writing cohesion and variables of complex syntax. We consider multiple implications for clinical practice and further research.
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Arregui, Ana, and Kiyomi Kusumoto. "Tense in Temporal Adjunct Clauses." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 8 (October 6, 1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v8i0.2814.
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The behaviour of tense in subordinate clauses is not uniform across languages and theories that deal with the interpretation of tense try to explain this. The interpretation of past and present tense in complement clauses is one of the well known puzzles. Languages differ on this respect, and have been classified accordingly as sequence of tense languages (e.g. English) and non-sequence of tense languages (e.g. Japanese). In this paper we will be concerned mainly with the interpretation of tenses in temporal adjunct clauses (TACs). We will discuss the analysis proposed by Ogihara [1994, 1996] and argue that the differences in tense distribution that we observe between English and Japanese TACs are not to be explained as a case of sequence of tense.
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HEGGELUND, ØYSTEIN. "On the use of data in historical linguistics: word order in early English subordinate clauses." English Language and Linguistics 19, no. 1 (December 11, 2014): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674314000343.
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This article critically assesses Lightfoot's (1991, 2006) ‘degree-0 theory’ of language change, specifically the use that Lightfoot makes of empirical data from Old English (OE) and Middle English (ME). This is followed by the presentation of a recent analysis of word order in a variety of OE and ME sources. It is argued that data from these periods do not support the ‘degree-0 theory’. Rather, the data demonstrate that verb-final and object–verb order were less dominant in OE subordinate clauses than previously assumed, and that the shift to SV order was fairly gradual. There is also little in the data to suggest that subordinate clauses and main clauses developed in radically different manners or at radically different speeds. The article highlights the importance of careful data usage, both with respect to type and scope of material, and the interpretation of data collected and categorised by others.
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De Cuba, Carlos. "Manner-of-speaking that-complements as close apposition structures." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4320.
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An elusive property of that-clauses following manner-of-speaking verbs is that they do not behave like that-clauses following other non-factive verbs when it comes to the availability of wh-extraction, main clause phenomena and complementizer drop. Non-factive that-clauses allow wh-extraction, main clause phenomena and complementizer drop, but manner-of-speaking that-clauses resist them. In addition, the behavior of manner-of-speaking that-clauses patterns with noun complement clauses and that-clauses following the pronoun it. In this paper, I argue that the referential and adjunct status of manner-of-speaking that-clauses, noun complement clauses and that-clauses following the pronoun it is responsible for their shared restrictions on wh-extraction, main clause phenomena and complementizer drop. Specifically, I argue all three of these that-clauses are referential adjuncts in a close apposition relationship with a nominal object.
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KÖYMEN, BAHAR, ELENA LIEVEN, and SILKE BRANDT. "Syntactic and semantic coordination in finite complement-clause constructions: a diary-based case study." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 1 (February 3, 2015): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000914000853.
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AbstractThis study investigates the coordination of matrix and subordinate clauses within finite complement-clause constructions. The data come from diary and audio recordings which include the utterances produced by an American English-speaking child, L, between the ages 1;08 and 3;05. We extracted all the finite complement-clause constructions that L produced and compared the grammatical acceptability of these utterances with that of the simple sentences of the same length produced within the same two weeks and with that of the simple sentences containing the same verb produced within the same month. The results show that L is more likely to make syntactic errors in finite complement-clause constructions than she does in her simple sentences of the same length or with the same verb. This suggests that the errors are more likely to arise from the syntactic and semantic coordination of the two clauses rather than limitations in performance or lexical knowledge.
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Ozonova, A. A. "Explanatory constructions in the Altai language (in literary and academic texts)." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (2020): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/73/14.
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We analyze the structural and semantic types of Altai polypredicative explanatory construc-tions (in literary and academic texts). Explanatory relations are expressed by two types of constructions: monofinite (with the infinite predicate in the subordinate clause) and bifinite (with the finite predicate in the main and subordinate clauses and their relation being analyti-cally indicated by the linking unit or connector dep). The semantic-grammatical type of the predicate in the main clause defines the semantic distinctiveness of explanatory sentences and the structural models of constructions corresponding to the semantic types. The strategy choice of the subordinate sentence structure primarily depends on the semantics of the main predicate. The verbs of three lexical-semantic groups (thought, speech, and emotion) predom-inantly function as a predicate of the main predicate unit. These verbs have their peculiarities in semantics and usage. For example, speech verbs are actively used in bifinite poly- predicative constructions and much less in monofinite constructions. Verbs of perception sug-gest only sensory interpretations in monofinite constructions. However, in bifinite construc-tions, they also contain epistemic elements. The academic text specificity is characterized by the wide use of the verbs of thought and speech, deductive evaluative predicates as main pred-icates in polypredicative constructions. The functionally subordinate clauses may serve as ei-ther a subject or an object. In the Altai language, the subordinate clause, as a predicate object, contains possessive and case affixes of the accusative, dative, ablative, instrumental, and loca-tive cases. When being a predicative subject, a subordinate clause takes the form of a nomina-tive sentence with possessive affixes denoting the grammatical meaning of the action per-former person. Bifinite constructions with verbs from various lexical-semantic groups share a subordinate subject in nominative or accusative cases, while the monofinite construction subordinate subjects have genitive or nominative cases.
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Ferraris, Stefania. "Text organisation in Italian L2 learning varieties." EUROSLA Yearbook 1 (January 1, 2001): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.1.17fer.
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Connecting expressions reveal how the speaker copes with text organisation; and studying aspects of the development of these forms in L2 varieties helps us throw light on both pragmatic and syntactic text organisation in interlanguages. Syntactically, linking markers are involved in the development of subordination; pragmatically, their presence gives a map of learners’ discourse articulation. The present investigation of Italian L2 interlanguages showed that simple clauses and coordination appear before subordination, and that subordinate clauses seem to develop from adverbial to complement and relative clauses. At the pragmatic level, connecting particles emerge in less developed interlanguages. The data presented here are relevant to theoretical research on subordination hierarchies (central vs. marginal forms) and those cognitive categories (time, cause, concession, etc.) which are more likely to be expressed syntactically and/or pragmatically.
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Serdobolskaya, N. V., and A. D. Egorova. "Subject-object agreement markers in Moksha-Mordvin complement clauses." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 3 (2020): 480–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716316.
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Falk, Ylva, and Camilla Bardel. "Object pronouns in German L3 syntax: Evidence for the L2 status factor." Second Language Research 27, no. 1 (December 22, 2010): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386647.
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Several studies on L3 lexicon, and recently also some on L3 syntax, have convincingly shown a qualitative difference between the acquisition of a true L2 and the subsequent acquisition of an L3. Some studies even indicate that L2 takes on a stronger role than L1 in the initial state of L3 syntax (e.g. Bardel and Falk, 2007; Rothman and Cabrelli Amaro, 2010). In this article we further investigate syntactic transfer from L1/L2 to L3 in learners at an intermediate level of proficiency in the target language. Data have been obtained from 44 learners of German as L3, testing the placement of object pronouns in both main and subordinate clauses in a grammaticality judgement/correction task (GJCT). The learners constitute two groups (both n = 22): One group has English as L1 and French as L2 and the other group has French as L1 and English as L2. This particular combination of background languages allows us to pinpoint the source of transfer, since object placement is pre-verbal in French and post-verbal in English, this being applied in both main and subordinate clauses. In target language (TL) German, however, the object placement varies between pre-verbal in the sub clause and post-verbal in the main clause. The two groups behave differently as to both acceptance and rejection of the test items (60 grammatical and ungrammatical main and sub clauses with object pronouns). This difference is significant and can be ascribed to their L2s, respectively. Our results thus show that the L2 transfers into the L3 even at an intermediate level, and on the basis of this we claim a strong role for the L2 status factor.
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Sandman, Erika. "Nominalization in Wutun." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 38, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00103.san.
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Abstract In this paper I discuss the various functions of nominalization in Wutun, a mixed Sinitic language spoken by ca. 4000 people in Qinghai Province, Northwest China. Nominalization in Wutun is expressed by the multi-purpose marker -de (cognate to Standard Mandarin de 的), which functions on both the lexical and clausal levels. Lexical nominalization takes the verb as its domain to derive nouns or adjectives, while clausal nominalization takes the entire clause as its domain and allows the clause to be treated as a noun phrase. Clausal nominalization in Wutun is used to form nominal complement clauses, relative clauses and adverbial subordinate clauses. In addition, the multi-purpose marker -de in Wutun has functions that go beyond nominalization, including pronominal function, pre-nominal modification and stand-alone usage, which is related to aspect and emphasis and plays an important role in stance-taking.
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Espinal, M. Teresa. "On Expletive Negation Some Remarks With Regard to Catalan." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.15.1.03esp.
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The aim of this paper is to identify which syntactic structures allow the interpretation of meaningless or expletive negation and under what conditions formal negation appears in the syntax of natural languages, with especial reference to Central Catalan. I shall describe two syntactic environments: (a) the negation which occurs at the subordinate clause of a comparative structure of inequality, and (b) the negation which occurs at the subordinate clause in the subjunctive tense-mood of certain predicates. In both structures I shall assume that there is a lexical item at the main clause which subcategorizes, among other possible complements, for a que (than, that) clause. At D-structure there is, furthermore, a NegP which is the complement of this conjunction. At the level of LF no expletive is specified, because the logical specifications of the lexical items which subcategorize for these subordinate clauses absorb the value of the negative operator.
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Cunha, Luís Filipe. "Condicional e 'ir' no Imperfeito + Infinitivo: questões de temporalidade e de modalidade." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln3ano2017a6.
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In European Portuguese, both the Condicional (approximately corresponding to the English structure would + Infinitive) and the construction ir (‘go’) in the Imperfect + Infinitive express posteriority with respect to a given past interval. In this paper, I show that, in spite of their seemingly similar behaviour, these two forms diverge in a number of significant aspects. In particular, and taking into account the analysis of contexts such as if-clauses and some subordinate complement clauses introduced by factive and intensional verbs, I will argue that, while the Condicional is mainly used to provide modal information, even losing its basic temporal value, the structure ir (‘go’) in the Imperfect + Infinitive always induces a temporal relation of futurity in a past domain, irrespective of the possible modal meanings accompanying it.
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Maschler, Yael. "The on-line emergence of Hebrew insubordinate she- (‘that/which/who’) clauses." Studies in Language 42, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 669–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17065.mas.
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Abstract This study examines the on-line emergence of insubordinate clauses in Hebrew conversation as constrained by local interactional contingencies, questioning traditional notions of grammatical ‘subordination’ and contributing to conceptions of grammar as a locally sensitive, temporally unfolding resource for social interaction. The clauses examined are syntactically unintegrated (unembedded in any matrix clause), or loosely-integrated (cannot be viewed unambiguously as constituting a relative, complement, or adverbial clause), yet they all begin with she- – the general ‘subordinating conjunction’ in traditional Modern Hebrew grammar. All 102 insubordinate she- clauses found throughout a 5.5 hour audio-recorded corpus were classified according to their discourse function: modal, elaborative, or evaluative/epistemic. Leaving aside the modal type, the remaining insubordinate she- clauses (N = 70, 69%) are shown to emerge on-line while speakers are busy performing a variety of tasks and responding to local interactional contingencies. In all of these cases she- functions as a generic ‘wildcard’ tying back to immediately prior discourse and projecting an elaboration/evaluation of it, in either same- or other-speaker talk. The findings concerning insubordinate clauses suggest a usage-based perspective also on canonical subordinate clauses, positioning canonical and syntactically unintegrated clauses at two ends of a continuum.
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Dymarsky, M. Ya. "Dative subject and predicativity: towards the typology of Russian infinitive phrases." Verba Northwest Linguistic Journal, no. 2 (2023): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34680/verba-2023-2(7)-25-37.
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The article deals with two interrelated theses, often found in works that are more or less focused on generative grammar: 1) any infinitive group is a clause; 2) each infinitive clause contains the position for a dative subject, including the zero one (PRODAT). A clause is interpreted as “minimal grammatical unit corresponding to a proposition” (S. S. Sai). The focus is on infinitive groups that function as 1) the semantic component of the compound verb predicate(nachal izuchat’ francuzskij‘started learning French’), 2) object (poprosil zhenu prigotovit’ obed‘asked the wife to cook dinner’), 3) adverbial modifier (poshel otpravlyat’ pis’mo‘went to send a letter’), 4)subordinate clause (chtoby otpravit’ pis’mo‘...to send a letter’). A distinction is made between complete and incomplete clauses. Complete ones contain a dative subject, which, when expressed by zero, is easily restored, and fully reflect the structure of the proposition. Only such infinitive clauses are characterized by predicativity; these include subordinate clauses. Incomplete infinitive clauses in the role of an object and an adverbial modifier (“sentential actant” and “sentential circonstant”) cannot contain a pronounced dative subject. Constructions with incomplete clauses cannot be recognized as polypredicative, but they can be recognized as polypropositive. Some examples, designed to prove the presence of a zero dative subject (PRODAT) in them, are considered, the ungrammaticality and inconsistency of these examples with the usus is demonstrated. It is concluded that in such cases there is no syntactic position for the dative subject, while semantically the subject is transmitted into an incomplete infinitive clause from the “matrix clause”.It is proposed to refer to such constructions as merged clauses. For constructions with infinitive groups arising from the phase or modal modification of a simple verbal predicate, it is considered expedient to retain the traditional name of the compound verbal predicate, since such constructions are not only monopredicative, but also monopropositive. The concept of an infinitive clause is not applicable to such constructions.
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Nambu, Satoshi, David Y. Oshima, and Shin-ichiro Sano. "The nominative-to-accusative shift in Japanese: diachronic and synchronic considerations." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 38, no. 2 (September 21, 2022): 161–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2022-2057.
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Abstract Some Japanese predicates allow their object to be marked either with the accusative particle o, the canonical marker of an object, or with the nominative particle ga, the canonical marker of a subject. This work reports and discusses the results of corpus-based surveys on the patterns and recent trends in nominative-marking on objects. It will be demonstrated: (i) that there has been an increase in the proportion of accusative-marking over nominative-marking in recent times, (ii) that accusative-marking is more likely to be chosen in certain types of subordinate clauses than in matrix clauses, and (iii) that at least with some types of predicates, accusative-marking on the object is more likely when its referent is animate rather than inanimate. It will be argued that the effects of clause type and animacy have to do with the functional motivation to mitigate processing load and the risk of misinterpretation incurred by nominative-marking on objects.
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Serdobolskaya, Natalia. "Factivity as a trigger of agreement with complement clauses in Moksha Mordvin." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 6 (2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2022.6.81-110.
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The paper is aimed at finding the factors determining the choice between the subject and subject-object agreement patterns of complement-taking verbs in Moksha Mordvin. We analyze the following factors: factivity, truth value of the proposition in the complement clause, given vs. new, information structure.
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AlQurashi, Issa, and Salih Alzahrani. "A Minimalist Account of Free Relative Clauses in Zahrani Spoken Arabic." International Journal of English Linguistics 14, no. 1 (January 20, 2024): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v14n1p44.
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This paper explores the syntax of free relative clauses in Zahrani Spoken Arabic (henceforth ZSA). The paper shows that ZSA possesses two types of free relative clauses, viz., nominal free relative clauses and adverbial free relative clauses. The focus of the paper is on nominal free relative clauses. It is shown that nominal free relative clauses can appear in a subject position and a direct object position, and the range of relativization involves subject, direct object, indirect object, prepositional object and possessor relativization. The derivation of free relatives in ZSA involves resumption relativization strategy only where gaps are treated as null resumptive pronouns. As for distribution of null and overt resumptive clitics, there is an alternation between the use of null and overt resumptive pronouns/clitics in subject and direct object position. However, the utilization of overt resumptive pronouns/clitics is mandatory in indirect object, prepositional object and possessor position. It is argued that the free relative markers illi: and mi:n are complementizers. Furthermore, as null and overt resumptive clitics exhibit a big resemblance with respect to their behaviour in the coordinate structures and parasitic gaps, both free relatives with null or resumptive pronouns/clitics involve a null operator movement (in non-island contexts) from inside the free relative clause to the specifier of a complementizer phrase (spec CP). The CP is adjoined to a null antecedent occupying the head of a noun phrase (NP) which is a complement of a determiner phrase (DP) with an empty D.
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Faulkner, Tris. "Mood and modal concord in Spanish directive clauses." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 13, no. 1 (May 30, 2024): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.13.1.7385.
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According to Faulkner (2022b), in the case of Spanish, “indicative directive complements are strongly preferable to subjunctive clauses when a weak necessity and teleological matrix directive embeds a modal verb of equivalent strength and type” (p. 8). She explains that the exceptionality of this phenomenon relates to both predicates being interpreted in concord with one another. Having compared and analyzed several authentic examples of mood use in this context (see Faulkner 2021b, 2022a, 2022b), she, consequently, suggests that, in spite of being labeled core selectors of the subjunctive (e.g., Villalta 2008), if a modal concord construction is to come into play, the mood of the particular directive complement is affected. However, unbeknownst to Faulkner (2022b) at the time of publishing, this symbiotic relationship between modal concord and mood is not exclusive to matrix and subordinate directives that are weak necessity (of strength) and teleological (of type). Concord readings may, in fact, be evoked in contexts in which both the matrix and embedded predicates are, for example, either deontic and strong necessity or bouletic and strong necessity. In other words, if the two expressions parallel each other in strength and priority, an indicative modal complement, interpreted in concord (or unison) with the main directive, is likely to result; and, most importantly, whether or not the two modal elements are teleological and weak necessity.
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Kustova, G. I. "Syntactic conception of L. Yu. Maksimov." Russian language at school 86, no. 1 (January 20, 2025): 111–21. https://doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2025-86-1-111-121.
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The paper is devoted to the scientific heritage of Leonard Yuryevich Maksimov, Doctor of Philology, professor, who for many years headed the Russian language department of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (MPSU). The paper analyzes the syntactic theory of L. Yu. Maksimov and the historical context of its formation: scientific ideas about the complex sentence of the 60–70s. XX century, views of predecessors and contemporaries (A. A. Shakhmatov, N. S. Pospelov, V. A. Beloshapkova, etc.). The ideas of L. Yu. Maksimov in key areas of the theory of complex sentences are considered: types of wh-clause (rus. substantive-attributive clause) and complement clause, types of pronominal clauses, structural types of correlates. Sentences such as There was such a snowstorm that he couldn’t see anything qualified as attributive in the 1950s; L. Yu. Maksimov showed that they should be classified as pronominal-conjunctive. L. Yu. Maksimov studied hybrid constructions that are transitional from attributive clauses with relative pronouns where and when to subordinate clauses of place and time. L. Yu. Maksimov distinguished between pronominal-correlative and pronominal-conjunctive clauses. The scientific achievements of L. Yu. Maksimov are relevant for modern syntactic theory.
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Suijkerbuijk, Michelle, Theresa Redl, and Helen de Hoop. "Strange nominative case in topicalized object pronominal relative clauses." Linguistics in the Netherlands 38 (October 29, 2021): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00051.sui.
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Abstract In an online production experiment, we investigated the effect of sentence position on the preference for either a nominative or object form of an object pronoun restricted by a relative clause in Dutch. Results show a significant preference for the nominative form of the restricted object pronoun in sentence-initial position as it was chosen in 95% of the cases. In the original object position this percentage is only 20%. The preference for a nominative pronominal object is considered a grammatical norm violation. We account for this in terms of a combination of two factors. First, the presence of the relative clause makes the object ‘long’. Second, the sentence-initial position is a syntactic position that is relatively far removed from the original object position. We argue that when a long object is topicalized, there are too many intervening elements between the pronoun and the verb of which it is the complement. If the distance between the pronominal object and the verb has become too long, the object case fades from the working memory. This then results in the appearance of nominative case as the default case for topicalized object pronominal relative clauses in Dutch.
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Poulsen, Mads. "Acceptability and processing of long-distance dependencies in Danish." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 31, no. 1 (June 2008): 73–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586508001832.
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Long-distance dependencies have been the object of much theoretical interest in the Scandinavian languages and in general, but the empirical foundation for theorizing has been limited. The present paper investigates extraction from complement and adverbial clauses in Danish using acceptability judgment and reading-time measures. Extraction from adverbial clauses was found to be rated near the bottom of the scale and to be associated with a processing cost. This was also true of extraction in adverbial clauses in semantically cohesive sentences, which Jensen (2001a, b) has suggested is acceptable. It is concluded that under the conditions investigated extraction from adverbial clauses in Danish is associated with a processing cost and very low acceptability ratings, despite semantic cohesion.