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Journal articles on the topic 'Object glass'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Keller, Vera. "Storied Objects, Scientific Objects, and Renaissance Experiment: The Case of Malleable Glass." Renaissance Quarterly 70, no. 2 (2017): 594–632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/693182.

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AbstractThe career of storied objects can help highlight the agency of absence and historicize the notion of scientific objects more generally. Until the sixteenth century, lost, ancient flexible glass was studied separately from malleable glass. The latter appeared as a claimed chymical product and craft recipe. The bridging of social and epistemic registers merged these accounts. Malleable glass became a prestigious scientific object. Appearing in numerous utopias, it stimulated a participatory public of scientific amateurs. Such storied objects served as vectors for spreading experimental culture, yet declined as new professions emerged. The charisma that made malleable glass a seventeenth-century scientific object led to its rejection by newly professionalized eighteenth-century chemists and its replacement by a less evocative scientific object, “malleability.”
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2

Boutonnet, Bastien, Benjamin Dering, Nestor Viñas-Guasch, and Guillaume Thierry. "Seeing Objects through the Language Glass." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 10 (October 2013): 1702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00415.

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Recent streams of research support the Whorfian hypothesis according to which language affects one's perception of the world. However, studies of object categorization in different languages have heavily relied on behavioral measures that are fuzzy and inconsistent. Here, we provide the first electrophysiological evidence for unconscious effects of language terminology on object perception. Whereas English has two words for cup and mug, Spanish labels those two objects with the word “taza.” We tested native speakers of Spanish and English in an object detection task using a visual oddball paradigm, while measuring event-related brain potentials. The early deviant-related negativity elicited by deviant stimuli was greater in English than in Spanish participants. This effect, which relates to the existence of two labels in English versus one in Spanish, substantiates the neurophysiological evidence that language-specific terminology affects object categorization.
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3

Scrafton, Sharon, Matthew J. Stainer, and Benjamin W. Tatler. "Object Properties Influence Visual Guidance of Motor Actions." Vision 3, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020028.

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The dynamic nature of the real world poses challenges for predicting where best to allocate gaze during object interactions. The same object may require different visual guidance depending on its current or upcoming state. Here, we explore how object properties (the material and shape of objects) and object state (whether it is full of liquid, or to be set down in a crowded location) influence visual supervision while setting objects down, which is an element of object interaction that has been relatively neglected in the literature. In a liquid pouring task, we asked participants to move empty glasses to a filling station; to leave them empty, half fill, or completely fill them with water; and then move them again to a tray. During the first putdown (when the glasses were all empty), visual guidance was determined only by the type of glass being set down—with more unwieldy champagne flutes being more likely to be guided than other types of glasses. However, when the glasses were then filled, glass type no longer mattered, with the material and fill level predicting whether the glasses were set down with visual supervision: full, glass material containers were more likely to be guided than empty, plastic ones. The key finding from this research is that the visual system responds flexibly to dynamic changes in object properties, likely based on predictions of risk associated with setting-down the object unsupervised by vision. The factors that govern these mechanisms can vary within the same object as it changes state.
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Gomes, Cynthia, Nahum Travitzky, Peter Greil, Wilson Acchar, Hansu Birol, Antonio Pedro Novaes de Oliveira, and Dachamir Hotza. "Laminated object manufacturing of LZSA glass‐ceramics." Rapid Prototyping Journal 17, no. 6 (October 4, 2011): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552541111184152.

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5

Katyal, Vini, Aviral Aviral, and Deepesh Srivastava. "Elimination of Glass Artifacts and Object Segmentation." International Journal of Computer Applications 43, no. 19 (April 30, 2012): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/6215-8919.

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6

Gulyamov, Shuhrat, Azamat Rajabov, and Utkir Kholmanov. "MATHEMATIC SIMULATION OF GLASS MELTING PROCESS IN GLASS PRODUCTION." Technical science and innovation 2021, no. 1 (May 10, 2020): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-02.21.1-77-0010.

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A systematic analysis of the technological process of glass melting as an object of automatic control and management has been carried out. As an object of automatic control with distributed parameters, the mathematical description of the glassmaking furnace operation has been developed (considering the main phenomenological features of the technological mode of glassmaking).In this paper, a mathematical description of charge melting process, additional heating by electric current, bubbling, thermal conductivity and heat fluxes during the processing of molten glass have been generated. Initial conditions and simplifying assumptions have been derived. The model is based on the equations of continuity, momentum and energy, as well as kinetic turbulent energy, dissipation of kinetic turbulent energy. An experiment has been conducted on the proposed in order to check for its adequacy to real glass-making processes.
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7

Han, Fuao, Li Zhang, and Kaige Cui. "Measuring Thickness of Object with Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817503029.

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In this paper, the ultrasonic thickness gauge by the pulse-reflective principle of the steel pipe, the thickness of steel plate, glass and glass were measured and analyzed, and other factors in thickness measurement had certain influence on the thickness measured: coupling agent, surface condition, temperature and so on.
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8

Zafar, Adeel, and Umar Khalid. "Detect-and-describe: Joint learning framework for detection and description of objects." MATEC Web of Conferences 277 (2019): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927702028.

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Traditional object detection answers two questions; “what” (what the object is?) and “where” (where the object is?). “what” part of the object detection can be fine grained further i-e. “what type”, “what shape” and “what material” etc. This results in shifting of object detection task to object description paradigm. Describing object provides additional detail that enables us to understand the characteristics and attributes of the object (“plastic boat” not just boat, “glass bottle” not just bottle). This additional information can implicitly be used to gain insight about unseen objects (e.g. unknown object is “metallic”, “has wheels”), which is not possible in traditional object detection. In this paper, we present a new approach to simultaneously detect objects and infer their attributes, we call it Detectand- Describe (DaD) framework. DaD is a deep learning-based approach that extends object detection to object attribute prediction as well. We train our model on aPascal train set and evaluate our approach on aPascal test set. We achieve 97.0% in Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) for object attributes prediction on aPascal test set. We also show qualitative results for object attribute prediction on unseen objects, which demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for describing unknown objects.
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9

Gomes, Cynthia M., Carlos R. Rambo, Antonio Pedro Novaes de Oliveira, Dachamir Hotza, Douglas Gouvêa, Nahum Travitzky, and Peter Greil. "Colloidal Processing of Glass-Ceramics for Laminated Object Manufacturing." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 92, no. 6 (June 2009): 1186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03035.x.

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10

Lowne, C. M. "The Object-Glass of the Greenwich “Great Equatorial Telescope”." Journal for the History of Astronomy 19, no. 3 (August 1988): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182868801900302.

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11

Banfield, Ann. "L'Imparfait de l'Objectif: the Imperfect of the Object Glass." Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 8, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/02705346-8-3_24-64.

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12

Belteki, Daniel. "Trust in Glass: Negotiating the Purchase of the Object Glass for the Airy Transit Circle." Journal for the History of Astronomy 51, no. 4 (November 2020): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620968631.

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The Airy Transit Circle of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich is one of the most important instruments in the history of astronomy, navigation and time distribution. However, there has been very little research done on the history of the instrument. This article examines how the purchase of the object glass for the Airy Transit Circle involved active negotiations between George Biddell Airy and three different opticians: Georg Merz, Noel Paymal Lerebours, and William Simms. The article also shows the involvement of John Herschel and Richard Sheepshanks in Airy’s decision making process. By highlighting the presence of these individuals, the article shows how Airy’s trust and distrust in different instrument makers influenced his choice of supplier for the object glass of the Airy Transit Circle.
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13

YOSHINO, Fumio, Ryoji WAKA, Hiroshi KISHI, and Hiroshi MIZUKAWA. "Phtogrammetry of an Object in Water Viewed through Glass-plate." Journal of the Japan society of photogrammetry and remote sensing 27, no. 6 (1988): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4287/jsprs.27.6_11.

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14

Pineda, Edwin, and César Pedraza. "ON-OBJECT GAIN PENALTY OF RFID TAGS MOUNTED ON CAR GLASS." Revista Cientifica TECNIA 26, no. 1 (August 16, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/tecnia-250215.03.

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ABSTRACTThis paper presents a study on the identification of main parameters involved in the on-object gain penalty for RFID Tags when are used over front glass of vehicles. We assess four variables with relevant importance over this penalty: Glass type, polarized film, polarization of the electromagnetic wave, and the tag type. The assessment is performed using experimental tests based in the Design of Experiment technique. From the results, a simplified model to determine the on-object gain penalty is developed.Key words.- ANOVA, DOE, Glass, On-object gain penalty, Penalty factor, Polarized film, RFID, Tag.RESUMENEste documento presenta un estudio sobre la identificación de los principales parámetros que intervienen en el factor de penalidad para Tags RFID cuando son instalados sobre el vidrio frontal de los vehículos. Evaluamos las cuatro variables con importancia relevante sobre este factor de penalidad: Tipo de vidrio, película polarizada, la polarización de la onda electromagnética, y el tipo de tag. La evaluación se realiza mediante pruebas experimentales basadas en la técnica de Diseño Experimental. A partir de los resultados, se logra obtener un modelo simplificado para determinar el factor de penalidad de acuerdo a las variables analizadas.Palabras clave.- ANOVA, DOE, Factor de penalidad, Película polarizada, Penalidad de ganancia en objetos, RFID, TAG, Vidrio.
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15

Pineda, Edwin, and César Pedraza. "ON-OBJECT GAIN PENALTY OF RFID TAGS MOUNTED ON CAR GLASS." Revista Cientifica TECNIA 26, no. 1 (August 16, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/tecnia-26012016.03.

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ABSTRACTThis paper presents a study on the identification of main parameters involved in the on-object gain penalty for RFID Tags when are used over front glass of vehicles. We assess four variables with relevant importance over this penalty: Glass type, polarized film, polarization of the electromagnetic wave, and the tag type. The assessment is performed using experimental tests based in the Design of Experiment technique. From the results, a simplified model to determine the on-object gain penalty is developed.Key words.- ANOVA, DOE, Glass, On-object gain penalty, Penalty factor, Polarized film, RFID, Tag.RESUMENEste documento presenta un estudio sobre la identificación de los principales parámetros que intervienen en el factor de penalidad para Tags RFID cuando son instalados sobre el vidrio frontal de los vehículos. Evaluamos las cuatro variables con importancia relevante sobre este factor de penalidad: Tipo de vidrio, película polarizada, la polarización de la onda electromagnética, y el tipo de tag. La evaluación se realiza mediante pruebas experimentales basadas en la técnica de Diseño Experimental. A partir de los resultados, se logra obtener un modelo simplificado para determinar el factor de penalidad de acuerdo a las variables analizadas.Palabras clave.- ANOVA, DOE, Factor de penalidad, Película polarizada, Penalidad de ganancia en objetos, RFID, TAG, Vidrio.
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Pineda, Edwin, César Pedraza, Ernesto Neira, John J. Pantoja, and Félix Vega. "ON-OBJECT GAIN PENALTY OF RFID TAGS MOUNTED ON CAR GLASS." Revista Cientifica TECNIA 26, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/tecnia.v26i1.3.

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ABSTRACTThis paper presents a study on the identification of main parameters involved in the on-object gain penalty for RFID Tags when are used over front glass of vehicles. We assess four variables with relevant importance over this penalty: Glass type, polarized film, polarization of the electromagnetic wave, and the tag type. The assessment is performed using experimental tests based in the Design of Experiment technique. From the results, a simplified model to determine the on-object gain penalty is developed.Keywords.- ANOVA, DOE, Glass, On-object gain penalty, Penalty factor, Polarized film, RFID, Tag.RESUMENEste documento presenta un estudio sobre la identificación de los principales parámetros que intervienen en el factor de penalidad para Tags RFID cuando son instalados sobre el vidrio frontal de los vehículos. Evaluamos las cuatro variables con importancia relevante sobre este factor de penalidad: Tipo de vidrio, película polarizada, la polarización de la onda electromagnética, y el tipo de tag. La evaluación se realiza mediante pruebas experimentales basadas en la técnica de Diseño Experimental. A partir de los resultados, se logra obtener un modelo simplificado para determinar el factor de penalidad de acuerdo a las variables analizadas.Palabras clave.- ANOVA, DOE, Factor de penalidad, Película polarizada, Penalidad de ganancia en objetos, RFID, TAG, Vidrio.
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17

Scharoun Benson, Sara M., Pamela J. Bryden, and Eric A. Roy. "Age-group differences in beginning-state comfort reveal an increase in motor planning capabilities." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 6 (July 28, 2019): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025419865620.

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Objects can be grasped in different ways to ensure a movement plan is aligned with the intended action. The current study assessed grasp posture in joint action object manipulation in children (ages 6–11, n = 68), young adults ( n = 21), and older adults ( n = 23). Participants performed two actions (pickup and pass; pickup and pass for use) within two movement contexts (using a dowel as if it were the actual object; actual object use), using two objects (glass and hammer) that differed in use-dependent experience. Beginning-state comfort (prioritizing a comfortable initial hand posture for an object recipient) was assessed. Taken together, findings support the notion that the ability to anticipate the intended action, and thus consider an action partner in one’s action plan, increases with age. With age and use-dependent experience, it can be argued that there is a shift from stimulus-driven, familiar responses, to considering affordances and task demands. Together, findings add to our understanding of changes in motor planning capabilities across the life span.
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18

Kikuchi, Yoshihito, and Takahiro Yamanoi. "Perspective Sensory Measurement Method Using Multi Viewpoint 3D Glass-Free Display." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 2 (March 5, 2011): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0218.

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Recent investigations demonstrate that perspective sensory loss correlates with early Alzheimer Disease (AD).Our previous studymeasured this through stereopsis. Based on cross-eyed stereography, a computer generates images at a given distance from a monitor. Sensory perspective is measured as the difference between a subject’s sense and a given distance. Experiments conducted for non-AD and AD subjects showed different, statistically significant results. The measurement we propose for sensory perspective without the use of 3D glasses eliminates the need for LCD shutter glasses and provides much more natural viewing. We measured sensory perspective within modeling space and 3 virtual objects - 2 fixed at a given location horizontally and 1 centered between the other 2 objects and moved from infinity to the nearest point. The subject moves the center object to line it up with the 2 fixed objects. We report results of preliminary experiments on measuring sensory perspective. Subjects included non-AD and AD cases.
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19

Singh, Ravinder, and Kuldeep Singh Nagla. "Multi-data sensor fusion framework to detect transparent object for the efficient mobile robot mapping." International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems 7, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijius-05-2018-0013.

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Purpose An efficient perception of the complex environment is the foremost requirement in mobile robotics. At present, the utilization of glass as a glass wall and automated transparent door in the modern building has become a highlight feature for interior decoration, which has resulted in the wrong perception of the environment by various range sensors. The perception generated by multi-data sensor fusion (MDSF) of sonar and laser is fairly consistent to detect glass but is still affected by the issues such as sensor inaccuracies, sensor reliability, scan mismatching due to glass, sensor model, probabilistic approaches for sensor fusion, sensor registration, etc. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a modified framework – Advanced Laser and Sonar Framework (ALSF) – to fuse the sensory information of a laser scanner and sonar to reduce the uncertainty caused by glass in an environment by selecting the optimal range information corresponding to a selected threshold value. In the proposed approach, the conventional sonar sensor model is also modified to reduce the wrong perception in sonar as an outcome of the diverse range measurement. The laser scan matching algorithm is also modified by taking out the small cluster of laser point (w.r.t. range information) to get efficient perception. Findings The probability of the occupied cells w.r.t. the modified sonar sensor model becomes consistent corresponding to diverse sonar range measurement. The scan matching technique is also modified to reduce the uncertainty caused by glass and high computational load for the efficient and fast pose estimation of the laser sensor/mobile robot to generate robust mapping. These stated modifications are linked with the proposed ALSF technique to reduce the uncertainty caused by glass, inconsistent probabilities and high load computation during the generation of occupancy grid mapping with MDSF. Various real-world experiments are performed with the implementation of the proposed approach on a mobile robot fitted with laser and sonar, and the obtained results are qualitatively and quantitatively compared with conventional approaches. Originality/value The proposed ASIF approach generates efficient perception of the complex environment contains glass and can be implemented for various robotics applications.
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Naas, Lisa, and David Faleris. "Makers Marks: Capturing, Preserving, and Sharing the Sounds of Glassmaking." Arts 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8010019.

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The Makers Marks Collaborative, an international team of glass artists, visual designers, composers, and engineers, embarked on a project together from 2015–2016 to use the glassmaking studio as a staging ground for interdisciplinary, collaborative making. The team aimed to capture and preserve the sounds of traditional studio glassmaking, and then to share them outside the workshop domain through digital technologies and glass art objects. The goal was also to fulfill a public engagement grant from the Royal Academy of Engineering to highlight the engineering through the art and the engineers’ vision within the art making. The team recorded and isolated the unique sounds of the glassblowing process and its studio environment, and then used the resulting digital sound collection as the foundation for developing artistic outputs: a virtual instrument library, a glass object-instrument of performance, a series of glass objects translating selected virtual instruments, and a music composition. They questioned the nature and materiality of glass through dialogue between media and conversation among team members, while exploring the practice-based research question: “How can we embed our recorded sounds of the glassmaking process back into the glass itself?” This paper focuses on the collaborative, interdisciplinary making process of the team, the project outputs, and the metaphorical language that was a key process facilitation tool.
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21

Kazakova, L. V. "Коллекция стекла во Всероссийском музее декоративного искусства." Iskusstvo Evrazii [The Art of Eurasia], no. 1(20) (March 31, 2021): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46748/arteuras.2021.01.011.

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The article discusses the main principles and sources of the formation of the glass collection at the All-Russian Museum of Decorative Arts, Moscow. Particular attention is paid to the ‘second half of the twentieth — early twenty-first centuries’ department, in the light of the contemporary universal Glass Studio movement. The author characterizes the leading artists of this period as well as the most unique oeuvres which determined aesthetic vectors at different stages of the Glass Art development. The changing features of the art objects’ existence in the exhibition environment are analyzed, with an accent on the presentation of museum pieces within large-scale exhibition projects and various creative presentations in Russia and abroad. The artistic and cultural importance of the art object, together with the high-quality execution level, remain the pivotal criteria of identifying contemporary objects of “museum status”, during the on-going process of enriching the collection in question. В статье рассматриваются основные принципы и источники формирования коллекции художественного стекла во Всероссийском музее декоративного искусства. Особое внимание уделено части собрания второй половины ХХ – начала XXI века, отражающей актуальные проблемы развития этого вида искусства в контексте современного мирового движения в стекле (Glass Studio Movement). Дается характеристика ведущих мастеров и раритетных произведений, которые определяли эстетические ориентиры в разные периоды развития искусства стекла. Анализируется изменение роли и характера бытования произведений искусства в выставочном пространстве. Подчеркивается активное представление музейных экспонатов в больших выставочных проектах и разного рода творческих акциях в России и за рубежом. Художественно-культурная значимость и качественный исполнительский уровень остаются основными критериями в оценке современного предмета «музейной категории» при формировании музейной коллекции.
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Schwan, Stephan, Daniela Bauer, Lorenz Kampschulte, and Constanze Hampp. "Representation Equals Presentation?" Journal of Media Psychology 29, no. 4 (October 2017): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000166.

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Abstract. In two experiments, the notion was tested that real objects receive more attention and are better remembered than respective photographs of objects. Both objects and photographs were presented behind glass in display showcases in a museum and, hence, were largely equivalent in terms of providing visual information. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that participants pay more attention to real objects than to respective photographs. In addition, Experiment 2 indicated that participants retrieve more memory details about an object if they have seen it as a real object in comparison with a respective photograph. This study provides the first evidence that observers take the different ontological status of photographs and real objects into account, processing the former less elaborately than the latter. More specifically, the present findings are compatible with an early-stage model, which assumes that attribution of authenticity is done heuristically at an early stage, thereby influencing the amount and depth of subsequent stages of information processing, including inspection time and cognitive elaboration.
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Krstulović-Opara, Lovre, Endri Garafulić, Branko Klarin, and Željko Domazet. "Application of Gradient Based IR Thermography to the GRP Structures Inspection." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.682.

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The article presents application of non destructive testing method based on the pulse heating infrared thermography used to detect material anomalies for the case of glass reinforced polymer structures. The goal of presented research, based on the thermal gradient approach, is to establish the procedure capable of filtering out anomalies from other thermal influences caused by thermal reflections of surrounding objects, geometry influences and heat flows for observed object.
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Jones, Adam, Marco Bertamini, and Georg Meyer. "Top-down knowledge about reflection modulates response competition to multisensory stimuli." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646811.

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An image reflected in a mirror may appears in the visual field in a location opposite to the physical location of the object in the environment, in particular it may appear on the right when the object is on the left and vice versa. Through experience people have knowledge that reflections are not real objects an also that they are informative about object locations. We tested the importance of this knowledge in a simple task in which participants had to respond to a visual stimulus (light from an LED) that could appear in the right or left visual field. Participants had to respond with the contralateral hand, i.e., they had to press the right button if the light was on the left and vice versa. An irrelevant sound could also originate from the left or the right side. To avoid different bouncing of the sound the mirror condition was compared to a glass condition so that the solid surfaces were identical in size. When light and sound had the same spatial origin responses were faster, however this was only true as long as the light was seen though a glass and not seen reflected in a mirror. We conclude that participants are influenced by the knowledge about the origin of a light when when this information is irrelevant for their task.
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25

Henderson, Linda Dalrymple. "The Large Glass Seen Anew: Reflections of Contemporary Science and Technology in Marcel Duchamp's “Hilarious Picture”." Leonardo 32, no. 2 (April 1999): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002409499553091.

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Marcel Duchamp's The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass) of 1915–1923 is a unique image-text system in which the physical object is complemented by hundreds of preparatory notes the artist considered to be as important as the object itself. Although Duchamp talked of “Playful Physics” in his notes for the Glass, much of his humor and the breadth of his creative invention was obscured for later audiences when, after 1919, the popularization of relativity theory eclipsed the late Victorian ether physics that had fascinated the public in the early years of the century. Indeed, drawing upon contemporary science and technology, among other fields, Duchamp had created in the Large Glass a witty, multivalent commentary on the age-old theme of sexual desire, presented in the very newest verbal and visual languages. These ideas are explored in this article, reprinted from the conclusion of the author's book Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works.
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Tian, Ying Liang, Shu Guang Guo, and Shi Bing Sun. "Effect of Al2O3 on Surface Tension of the SiO2-Al2O3-RO-R2O Glass System." Key Engineering Materials 633 (November 2014): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.633.322.

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This study selected high alkali aluminosilicate glass as the research object. It’s belongs to the SiO2-Al2O3-RO-R2O glass system. By changing the content of Al2O3in the SiO2-Al2O3-RO-R2O glass system, designed five basic glass formula. Using conventional melting method prepared the high alkali aluminosilicate glass. In the case of the same heat treatment, the glass formulations are the most important factor in the glass surface tension. Using the glass surface tension measuring instrument, focus on the content of Al2O3on the glass surface tension’s effects law. The results show that the high alkali aluminosilicate glass’s surface tension are increase with the increase of Al2O3content. The relation between glass surface tension and the content of Al2O3conforms to the formula Y=290+6.5WAl2O3, Al2O3factors influence the surface tension of the glass is 6.5.
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Knyaz, V. A., D. G. Stepanyants, and O. Y. Tsareva. "Optical system calibration for 3D measurements in a hydrodynamic tunnel." Computer Optics 45, no. 1 (February 2021): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-741.

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For non-contact 3D measurements in hydrodynamic tunnels by photogrammetry methods, it is necessary to refine the standard model of image formation in the camera by taking into account an effect of refraction of rays at the boundaries of optical media, namely, at an air-glass boundary and glass-working fluid boundary. The article presents a model of image formation for shooting in a working environment that includes various optical media and methods for calibrating an optical system for 3D measurements of the coordinates of scene objects, while taking into account the real boundaries of the optical media. Experimental results on calibrating the system of three-dimensional measurements when an object image is formed by rays passing through two optical boundaries are discussed.
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Pani, Paolo, and Andrea Maselli. "Love in extrema ratio." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 14 (October 2019): 1944001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819440012.

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The tidal deformability of a self-gravitating object leaves an imprint on the gravitational-wave signal of an inspiral which is paramount to measure the internal structure of the binary components. We unveil here a surprisingly unnoticed effect: in the extreme mass-ratio limit the tidal Love number of the central object (i.e. the quadrupole moment induced by the tidal field of its companion) affects the gravitational waveform at the leading order in the mass ratio. This effect acts as a magnifying glass for the tidal deformability of supermassive objects but was so far neglected, probably because the tidal Love numbers of a black hole (the most natural candidate for a compact supermassive object) are identically zero. We argue that extreme mass-ratio inspirals detectable by the future laser interferometric space antenna (LISA) mission might place constraints on the tidal Love numbers of the central object which are roughly eight orders of magnitude more stringent than current ones on neutron stars, potentially probing all models of black hole mimickers proposed so far.
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Koch, R., S. May, and A. Nüchter. "DETECTION AND PURGING OF SPECULAR REFLECTIVE AND TRANSPARENT OBJECT INFLUENCES IN 3D RANGE MEASUREMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (February 23, 2017): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-377-2017.

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3D laser scanners are favoured sensors for mapping in mobile service robotics at indoor and outdoor applications, since they deliver precise measurements at a wide scanning range. The resulting maps are detailed since they have a high resolution. Based on these maps robots navigate through rough terrain, fulfil advanced manipulation, and inspection tasks. In case of specular reflective and transparent objects, e.g., mirrors, windows, shiny metals, the laser measurements get corrupted. Based on the type of object and the incident angle of the incoming laser beam there are three results possible: a measurement point on the object plane, a measurement behind the object plane, and a measurement of a reflected object. It is important to detect such situations to be able to handle these corrupted points. This paper describes why it is difficult to distinguish between specular reflective and transparent surfaces. It presents a 3DReflection- Pre-Filter Approach to identify specular reflective and transparent objects in point clouds of a multi-echo laser scanner. Furthermore, it filters point clouds from influences of such objects and extract the object properties for further investigations. Based on an Iterative-Closest-Point-algorithm reflective objects are identified. Object surfaces and points behind surfaces are masked according to their location. Finally, the processed point cloud is forwarded to a mapping module. Furthermore, the object surface corners and the type of the surface is broadcasted. Four experiments demonstrate the usability of the 3D-Reflection-Pre-Filter. The first experiment was made in a empty room containing a mirror, the second experiment was made in a stairway containing a glass door, the third experiment was made in a empty room containing two mirrors, the fourth experiment was made in an office room containing a mirror. This paper demonstrate that for single scans the detection of specular reflective and transparent objects in 3D is possible. It is more reliable in 3D as in 2D. Nevertheless, collect the data of multiple scans and post-filter them as soon as the object was bypassed should pursued. This is why future work concentrates on implementing a post-filter module. Besides, it is the aim to improve the discrimination between specular reflective and transparent objects.
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Pacheco-Sánchez, J. H., R. D. Vera-Torres, and R. Alejo. "Bayesian Learning on Discrete Systems of Two Classes." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 32, no. 01 (October 9, 2017): 1860013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001418600133.

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Bayesian learning is applied on two class systems. Partitioning a big sample made up of many elements of two classes of indistinguishable objects, we indistinctly pursue from 2 to 5 training sets called hypotheses in the probability field, with a plausible rate of object from each hypothesis. Objects are taken one by one from the sample. The basic aim faced is to predict one type of objects in the following occasion in which an agent takes one of them from the original sample to test it. We obtain the graph of a posteriori probability for each hypothesis of one of the objects. A prediction that the following object is specifically one of them is acquired in one probability curve by means of training previously accomplished. This methodology is applied on manufacture of glass bottles of two classes: good or crash. The main interest is to predict which machine produced one detected crash bottle because bottles turn to be indistinguishable when they are reviewed. This is solved by fixing a priori probabilities and taking into account all possible probability distribution combinations in the classes.
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Trochimczuk, Roman, and Marek Gawrysiak. "Analysis of Polar Positioning System in Laser Device for Glass Engraving." Solid State Phenomena 147-149 (January 2009): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.147-149.107.

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In the work the new concept of polar positioning system, alternative for Cartesian one, is presented. The mathematical model which allows calculation of the rotation angle of polar positioning system is considered. The Cartesian coordinates of formed points of object structure, received after discretization process of object are the inputs data to calculation. Output data however are rotation angles i.e. both working arm and rotation table angles. The influence of the stiffness of mechanical parts on the precision of instrument positioning and productivity of the presented polar device is defined.
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Babini, Agnese, Sony George, Tiziana Lombardo, and Jon Yngve Hardeberg. "Potential and Challenges of Spectral Imaging for Documentation and Analysis of Stained-Glass Windows." London Imaging Meeting 2020, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2694-118x.2020.lim-27.

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Stained-glass windows are very particular artifacts; they not only have an intrinsic artistic and historical meanings, but also a functional role, strictly connected to the buildings where they were originally placed. The investigation of these artifacts is a challenging research opportunity, due to their optical, chemical and physical characteristics. However, these properties could change with time, depending on the raw materials used, or due to exposure in a very aggressive environment. For this reason, developing imaging techniques that could both digitize and document the morphological/chemical changes of these objects, would solve two important issues: first, it would be possible to obtain a digital model of the object, ensuring the preservation of the objects for the future; second, it would be possible to get information on the materials employed, the ways they change with time, and how these changes modify the final appearance of the artwork.. In this paper a proposal for a more systematic application of spectral imaging to stained glass is presented, discussing challenges and potential of the technique.
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Derusova, D. A., and V. P. Vavilov. "RESONANCE ULTRASONIC LASER VIBROMETRY OF MISCELLANEOUS DEFECTS IN GLASS FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 258 (December 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2019.12.pp.024-028.

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It is demonstrated that, by using the technique of resonance ultrasonic laser vibrometry, the detectability of inserts of different nature strongly depends on an insert material and its location in a test object made of glass fiber reinforced plastic. The best inspection results have been obtained by providing a two-sided access to the test object with further combining results of vibroscanning obtained at different (resonance) frequencies. The most appropriate defects for applying the technique of laser vibrometry are discontinuities, such as voids and delaminations, which significantly change sample local rigidity.
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34

Long, Hoang Vinh. "Study on producing light weight concrete with foam glass granules." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 13, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2019-13(2)-07.

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In the world, waste glass is widely recycled, especially in developed countries with a recycling rate of about 30-90%. Currently, in Vietnam glass emissions in urban areas account for 1.5-2% of solid wastes; however, few studies mention this waste. Therefore, light weight concrete (LWC) using foam glass granulates (FGG) is the object of this paper. In the study, the raw materials are FGG, But Son PC40 cement, Pha Lai fly ash and Sikament superplasticizer named R4. The experimental results show that with FGG content of 50% (by volume), the LWC’s bulk specific gravity is 1302 kg/m3 and compressive strength at 28 days is 89 kG/cm2. Keywords: waste glass; foam glass granulate; light weight concrete.
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35

Ghosh, Rajib, and Rajib Chakraborty. "Superlensing property of 2-D glass photonic crystal." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 92, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 20501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020200237.

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A two dimensional square lattice photonic crystal (PhC) formed by placing glass matrix in air is proposed for subwavelength imaging around 840 nm. The superlensing behavior at relatively lower wavelength compared to other reported PhC superlens is obtained by this configuration. Other advantages of using glass is that they have lower optical absorption at this wavelength and is relatively cheap. By placing the proposed PhC arrangement between the object and the objective of a conventional optical microscope, superlensing effect can be realized. Moreover, any change in radius of glass rod during fabrication process can result in the shift of superlensing wavelength.
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Santos, Paulo Ricardo Alves dos Reis, Diovana da Silva Santos, Max Silva de Almada, Lirana Lamara Barreto da Silva, Italo Gutierry Carneiro da Conceição, Paulysendra Felipe Silva, Gabriel Gregório Sousa Pereira, and Walber Alves Freitas. "Analysis of the mechanical properties of the concrete with partial substitution of the kind’s aggregate glass powder." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 406–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss6.3204.

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In this study, the influence of partial introduction as glass as fine aggregate on the composition of simple concrete is analyzed, considering that sand (fine aggregate currently used) has been used on a large scale in civil construction over the years and has been affecting the environment. The main objective of this research was to analyze the mechanical properties of concrete, partially replacing the natural sand with another fine aggregate made from glass residues, evaluating the behavior presented at the end of each test using different percentages of this material as fine aggregate in the concrete composition. From an experimental methodology that consisted of determining an object of study (concrete), selecting the variable that would possibly be able to influence it (glass powder) and defining the ways of controlling and observing the effects that the variable would produce on the object, an interpretation of how the mechanical properties of the glass powder that affect the performance of structural concrete is presented. The granulometry was subsequently analyzed, the tests carried out both in the fresh and hardened state of the concrete, and identified that the glass in a certain percentage proves to be viable. Finally, it can be concluded that the partial inclusion of glass affects the mechanical properties of structural concrete, and can present quite satisfactory results, both related to the environment, since the sand would not be used entirely as fine aggregate or in reaching a resistance suitable for its final use.
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37

Contreras, Carmen, Javier Alcolea, Valentín Bujarrabal, and Arancha Castro-Carrizo. "ALMA’s Acute View of pPNe: Through the Magnifying Glass... and What We Found There." Galaxies 6, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6030094.

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We present recent Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)-based studies of circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) around Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars and pre-Planetary Nebulae (pPNe). In only a few years of operation, ALMA is revolutionising the field of AGB-to-PN research by providing unprecedentedly detailed information on the complex nebular architecture (at large but also on small scales down to a few ∼10 AU from the centre), dynamics and chemistry of the outflows/envelopes of low-to-intermediate mass stars in their late stages of the evolution. Here, we focus on continuum and molecular line mapping studies with high angular resolution and sensitivity of some objects that are key to understanding the complex PN-shaping process. In particular, we offer (i) a brief summary of ALMA observations of rotating disks in post-AGB objects and (ii) report on ALMA observations of OH 231.8+4.2 providing the most detailed and accurate description of the global nebular structure and kinematics of this iconic object to date.
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38

Sarmiento, Jeffrey. "Graphic Swim: 2D and 3D Printing in Glass Casting." Arts 8, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8010029.

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This document is a report on developing processes to encourage flow of the graphic image in kilnformed glass. It is also a description and reflection on a body of artworks in glass in which new visual qualities were exposed through a mishap and turned into an aesthetic choice. The research links 2D print approaches to 3D printing and their integration in cast glass. It updates the author’s practice-based PhD research, a study that utilizes glass printing, cutting and fusing processes to combine the printed image within the glass object. The outcomes of the study can be organized under two approaches that have been developed, one appropriate to practical workshop teaching, and the other for the conceptualization and fabrication of new personal artworks.
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Wang, Feng Chi, He Gong, Shi Long Jia, Bei Chuan Zhang, and Chao Fan Zhang. "Research on Waste Glass Concrete Basic Mechanical Property." Applied Mechanics and Materials 711 (December 2014): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.711.406.

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Glass has the characteristics of biologically incapable of breaking down, corrosion resistant, suitable for long term storage and use. It has resistance of acid, alkali and salt and stable property. The hardness of the natural stone with the glass is very close , therefore, the waste glass as fine aggregate instead of natural sand to produce concrete is feasible. This paper use ordinary concrete C30 as the research object normal concrete using mixed glass method design, in accordance with the percentage of 0, 50, 100 instead of sand. Three sections and eighteen waste glass aggregate concrete specimens were produced for the cube concrete compressive strength and the axial compressive strength experiments. Through the analysis of experimental data, it suggested that the ratio of glass replacing sand is higher ,the compressive strength and the axial compressive strength are higher.
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40

Muss, Wolfgang. "Hints On Removing Epon Specimen Blocks From Glass Slides." Microscopy Today 6, no. 3 (April 1998): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500066773.

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Depending on the quality of the glass slide (not all brands seem to be the same quality and therefore display variable physical properties), post-polymerized specimen blocks can be separated from object slides. These can be of varying area size, and can include a selected area of your former semi-thin section or the whole area (as used in re-embedding techniques).
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41

Neagu-Cogălniceanu, Camelia. "Technique Achievement of Glass Objects Using Kiln Casting Method." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.61.

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In the context of the competitive actual environment, the production need to adapt to the preferences of the consumers, this represents the essential goal for all manufacturers. The production flexibility can be achieved by designing and marketing of new products or/and modify existing products in short time and at low cost. The technique presented in these article addresses of manufacturers and designers who made glass products unique or small series, adapted to consumer demands. In recent decades, digital fabrication methods are developed in various fields (aeronautics, shipbuilding, automotive, construction, architecture, industrial design and so on) and gained great popularity due to relevant advantages over the traditional production methods. Sculptural surfaces (also called free form surfaces) of the product with aestethetic requirements and/or functional role can be achieved through various technologies RP & M (Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing). The Rapid Prototyping technologies can be grouped unto two major categories. First one refers to additive processes RP. From this point of view there are over 40 different types such as: stereo lithography (SL), Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), 3D Printing (3DP), Solid Ground Curring (GSC) and Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The second one consists of subtractive Rapid Prototyping. Subtractive Rapid Prototyping (SRP) is one of the methods used for processing digital models into physical objects used for RP and for Rapid Tooling (RT). It is difficult to say what method is the best RP/RT; every one of them has advantages and disadvantages. The choice of the appropriate method depends on many factors, such as: product geometry, material type, dimensional accuracy, surface roughness on finished product, and so on. The starting point of this work consists in three photographs that are digitally processed to achieve the expansion of 2D in 3D structure. The expanded model is imported into computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. The parameters required to processing on Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine are set, in order to obtain the shape of the casting mold. The schedule of heat treatment for glass is adapted according to the characterics of glass, mold material and the type of kiln. Rheological behaviour of glass has a key parameter in processing glass. The steps of kiln casting process (temperature ramps, heat treatment time) are choose at some values of viscosity (also called viscosity points ) related with glass type and size of object. The presented method can be successfully used in the manufacturing process offering to companies the possibility of increasing the capacity of new product development.
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42

Rachkova, Olga, and Albina Khabibulina. "The identity of architectural and lighting solutions of stone mosques of the late XVIII – early XX centuries in Kazan." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127401020.

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The work aims to analyze the influence of translucent fences on the light environment in the prayer hall and internal premises with the traditional volumetric-spatial solution of stone mosques of the late XVIII - early ХХ centuries in Kazan (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia). Based on the study of stone mosques in Kazan it was revealed that the main factor was the creation of a complete architectural image of the mosque following the temporary style and solution of the internal light environment through windows and stained-glass windows. Windows and stained-glass windows were scaled using architectural elements and decor for the holistic perception of the object. The significance of the obtained results for architecture is to present recommendations for the organic use of the studied techniques and methods of work on the objects of the architectural heritage in the restoration and design of modern mosques.
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43

Kitazono, Yuhki, Shota Nakashima, Li Feng Zhang, and Serikawa Seiichi. "Proposal of an Optical Linear Sensor Using One-Side Frosted Glass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 36 (October 2010): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.36.370.

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Sensors that detect the distance and the position of an object are used in a lot of fields. Among of them, the sensors that measure the shift value of an object are a large scale system, furthermore, an accurate mounting of these sensors is required. To solve these problems, this paper proposes an optical linear sensor using one-side frosted glass. This sensor can detect the position of the light irradiation point only by putting it directly on the target. For a parallel light, it is irrelevant to the distance between this sensor and the source of light because the size of light beam is unchanged according to the distance. This sensor assumes that the sensor’s surface irradiated roughly vertical with the light, and does not need a high accurate mounting. Therefore, it can be easily used.
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44

Kruchinin, Dmitry, Yulia Aleshina, and Elena Farafontova. "An Effect of the Epoxy Cementing Technology on the Deformation of the Optical External Surfaces Made of Quartz Glass." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.1099.

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The problematic issues, associated with deformations of the outer surfaces of optical parts made of quartz glass, due to the process of cementing, are considered. The effect of the heat treatment temperature of optical assemblies, consisting of parts made of quartz glass and cementing with epoxy cements OK-72FT5 and OK-72FT15, on the deformation of external surfaces was experimentally established. The object of the study was plane-convex and plane-concave lenses made of quartz glass. It has been stated, that on cementing with optical epoxy cements OK72FT5 and OK72FT15 the external quartz glass surface deformations depend primarily on the heat treatment temperature. When cementing parts are made of quartz glass, increasing the polymerization temperature improves the performance characteristics of products and reduces changes in their optical characteristics.
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45

Рудалев, V. Rudalev, Алексеева, N. Alekseeva, Сереженко, N. Serezhenko, Базурина, and K. Bazurina. "Specialized software for analysis of optical density digital images micropreparations." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 8, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7381.

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The development of software for densitometric analysis is actual nowadays. The main task in performing the densitometric analysis is the estimation of light quantity rate which passed through the product of histochemical reaction of examined object to some sample transparent field without an analyzed object, delaying the light flow, such as slide-glass, coverslip, mounts environment. As a a rule, the information on the color of reaction products is of no interest to the study. That is why monochrome digital cameras are preferred for densitometric analysis. The article presents the issues of creating software for the analysis of digital micrographs of biological objects. The introduction sets out the problem statement and artifacts that result in errors during the densitometric analysis. The problem of constructing software for digital image processing micropreparations obtained using a microscope. The realization of software, mathematical methods of treatment, the results of applying these methods to real data.
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46

van Elk, Martine. "Female Glass Engravers in the Early Modern Dutch Republic." Renaissance Quarterly 73, no. 1 (2020): 165–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rqx.2019.492.

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This essay explores glass engravings by Dutch authors Anna Roemers Visscher, Maria Tesselschade Roemers Visscher, and Anna Maria van Schurman. I place these engravings in their rich contemporary contexts, comparing them to other art forms that were the product of female pastime. Like embroidery, emblems, and alba amicorum, engraved glasses combined text and image, transforming each glass into an object that fulfilled key social and cultural functions. Above all, engraving glasses allowed women to forge new self-representations, specifically through their use of play to question binary oppositions and moral certainties.
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Zhao, Jing Bo, Hong Yao, and Juan Na Jiang. "Study on Design and Mechanism of a New Invisible Cloak for Visible Light." Advanced Materials Research 1035 (October 2014): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1035.514.

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In order to realize the macroscopic objects invisible in the visible region, according to the law of refraction, total internal reflection law and symmetry reduction transformation method, a new type of visible light stealth cloak was designed. The cloak was prepared using the ordinary homogeneous and isotropic glass materials, which can guide the light around the hidden region, and the direction of propagation of light has not changed. Thus the macroscopic object achieve the perfect stealth. The invisible cloak in air environment for arbitrary polarized visible light have stealth features, easy processing, low cost, has potential application value.
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48

Rekimoto, Jun. "NaviCam:A Magnifying Glass Approach to Augmented Reality." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, no. 4 (August 1997): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.399.

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Current augmented reality (AR) systems are not designed to be used in our daily lives. Head-mounted see-through displays are too cumbersome and look too unusual for everyday life. The limited scalability of position-tracking devices limits the use of AR to very restricted environments. This paper proposes a different way to realize AR that can be used in an open environment by introducing the concept of ID awareness and a hand-held video see-through display. Unlike other AR systems that use head-mounted or head-up displays, our approach employs the combination of a palmtop-sized display and a small video camera. A user sees the real world through the display device, with added computer-augmented information. We call this configuration the magnifying glass approach. It has several advantages over traditional head-up or head-mounted configurations. The main advantage is that the user is not required to wear any cumbersome headgear. The user can easily move the display device around like a magnifying glass and compare real and augmented images. The video camera also obtains information related to real-world situations. The system recognizes real-world objects using the video images by reading identification (ID) tags. Based on the recognized ID tag, the system retrieves and displays information about the real-world object to the user. The prototype hand-held device based on our proposed concept is called NaviCam. We describe several potential applications. Our experiments with NaviCam show the great potential of our video see-through palmtop display. It was significantly faster than a head-up configuration, and its subjective score from testers was also higher.
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Novotný, František, and Marcel Horák. "Parallel Cooperation of Robots during Handling with Jumbo Glass Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (April 2008): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.465.

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In the study, the mechanical behaviour of the robot, end effector – object – end effector, robot system is analyzed in terms of external forces affecting robots and their grippers as well as deformation forces influencing on the glass sheet through grippers provided that the robot kinematical structure and vacuum gripping head form an absolutely rigid system. The solution results are stress fields in the glass sheet, requirements for the robot path accuracy, and recommendations for solving special vacuum grippers for this type of robotic handling.
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50

Velo-Gala, Almudena, and José Antonio Garriguet Mata. "Roman window glass: an approach to its study through iconography." Lucentum, no. 36 (December 1, 2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/lvcentvm2017.36.10.

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Despite the fact that iconographic studies are recognized as an important tool for understanding antiquity, there are few references of Roman window glass among scholars in this field. This paper, which analyses images in reliefs, mosaics and wall paintings, shows how representations of window glass are more common than hitherto argued. The data from these analyses provides important information about the chronology, use and availability of this type of material, adding to the small body of knowledge regarding an object little understood in scholarly circles, even though windows are believed to be one of the most widespread applications of glass in the Roman era.
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