Academic literature on the topic 'Object Proposal Generation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Object Proposal Generation"

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Jie, Zequn, Wen Feng Lu, Siavash Sakhavi, Yunchao Wei, Eng Hock Francis Tay, and Shuicheng Yan. "Object Proposal Generation With Fully Convolutional Networks." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 28, no. 1 (January 2018): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2016.2576759.

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Deng, Yao, Huawei Liang, and Zhiyan Yi. "An Improved Approach for Object Proposals Generation." Electronics 10, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070794.

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The objectness measure is a significant and effective method used for generic object detection. However, several object detection methods can achieve accurate results by using more than 1000 candidate object proposals. In addition, the weight of each proposal is weak and also cannot distinguish object proposals. These weak proposals have brought difficulties to the subsequent analysis. To significantly reduce the number of proposals, this paper presents an improved generic object detection approach, which predicts candidate object proposals from more than 10,000 proposals. All candidate proposals can be divided, rather than preclassified, into three categories: entire object, partial object, and nonobject. These partial object proposals also display fragmentary information of the objectness feature, which can be used to reconstruct the object boundary. By using partial objectness to enhance the weight of the entire object proposals, we removed a huge number of useless proposals and reduced the space occupied by the true positive object proposals. We designed a neural network with lightweight computation to cluster the most possible object proposals with rerank and box regression. Through joint training, the lightweight network can share the features with other subsequent tasks. The proposed method was validated using experiments with the PASCAL VOC2007 dataset. The results showed that the proposed approach was significantly improved compared with the existing methods and can accurately detect 92.3% of the objects by using less than 200 proposals.
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Chen, Xiaozhi, Huimin Ma, Chenzhuo Zhu, Xiang Wang, and Zhichen Zhao. "Boundary-aware box refinement for object proposal generation." Neurocomputing 219 (January 2017): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2016.09.045.

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Zhang, Ziming, and Philip H. S. Torr. "Object Proposal Generation Using Two-Stage Cascade SVMs." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2015.2430348.

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Liu, Qian, Feng Yang, and Ce Li. "AWBING plus algorithm for generic object proposal generation." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 36, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 6685–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-18810.

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Wang, Congchao, Jufeng Yang, Kai Wang, and Shang-Hong Lai. "Multi-scale energy optimization for object proposal generation." Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, no. 8 (May 23, 2016): 10481–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3616-7.

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Feng, Yiliu, Wanzeng Cai, Xiaolong Liu, Huini Fu, Yafei Liu, and Hengzhu Liu. "Improved Object Proposals with Geometrical Features for Autonomous Driving." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3175186.

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This paper aims at generating high-quality object proposals for object detection in autonomous driving. Most existing proposal generation methods are designed for the general object detection, which may not perform well in a particular scene. We propose several geometrical features suited for autonomous driving and integrate them into state-of-the-art general proposal generation methods. In particular, we formulate the integration as a feature fusion problem by fusing the geometrical features with existing proposal generation methods in a Bayesian framework. Experiments on the challenging KITTI benchmark demonstrate that our approach improves the existing methods significantly. Combined with a convolutional neural net detector, our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on all three KITTI object classes.
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Zhang, Ziming, Yun Liu, Xi Chen, Yanjun Zhu, Ming-Ming Cheng, Venkatesh Saligrama, and Philip H. S. Torr. "Sequential Optimization for Efficient High-Quality Object Proposal Generation." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 40, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 1209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2707492.

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Sun, Ning, Feng Jiang, Hengchao Yan, Jixin Liu, and Guang Han. "Proposal generation method for object detection in infrared image." Infrared Physics & Technology 81 (March 2017): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2016.12.021.

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Wang, Juan, Xiaoming Tao, Mai Xu, Yiping Duan, and Jianhua Lu. "Hierarchical objectness network for region proposal generation and object detection." Pattern Recognition 83 (November 2018): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2018.05.009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Object Proposal Generation"

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"Performance Evaluation of Object Proposal Generators for Salient Object Detection." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53489.

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abstract: The detection and segmentation of objects appearing in a natural scene, often referred to as Object Detection, has gained a lot of interest in the computer vision field. Although most existing object detectors aim to detect all the objects in a given scene, it is important to evaluate whether these methods are capable of detecting the salient objects in the scene when constraining the number of proposals that can be generated due to constraints on timing or computations during execution. Salient objects are objects that tend to be more fixated by human subjects. The detection of salient objects is important in applications such as image collection browsing, image display on small devices, and perceptual compression. This thesis proposes a novel evaluation framework that analyses the performance of popular existing object proposal generators in detecting the most salient objects. This work also shows that, by incorporating saliency constraints, the number of generated object proposals and thus the computational cost can be decreased significantly for a target true positive detection rate (TPR). As part of the proposed framework, salient ground-truth masks are generated from the given original ground-truth masks for a given dataset. Given an object detection dataset, this work constructs salient object location ground-truth data, referred to here as salient ground-truth data for short, that only denotes the locations of salient objects. This is obtained by first computing a saliency map for the input image and then using it to assign a saliency score to each object in the image. Objects whose saliency scores are sufficiently high are referred to as salient objects. The detection rates are analyzed for existing object proposal generators with respect to the original ground-truth masks and the generated salient ground-truth masks. As part of this work, a salient object detection database with salient ground-truth masks was constructed from the PASCAL VOC 2007 dataset. Not only does this dataset aid in analyzing the performance of existing object detectors for salient object detection, but it also helps in the development of new object detection methods and evaluating their performance in terms of successful detection of salient objects.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2019
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Books on the topic "Object Proposal Generation"

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Bolarev, Boris. Standardization, Metrology, conformity assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1078037.

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The textbook reveals the problems of technical regulation, standardization and metrological support, and considers their use in practice. For the first time, the methodology of metrological support of a commercial enterprise is proposed, and the possibilities of organizing activities in a commercial object are determined. It meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation and the approximate work programs of the disciplines "Standardization, Metrology, conformity assessment" and"Metrology, standardization, certification". For students of higher and secondary professional educational institutions studying in the direction of "trade" (bachelor) of the subject "commodity science", specialization "Commerce", "trade logistics", as well as for bachelors of food technology studying the discipline "Metrology, standardization, certification", for undergraduates, it can be used in the system of professional development of trade and public catering workers of the highest, middle level, as well as for a wide range of entrepreneurs and specialists.
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Pescarini, Diego. Romance Object Clitics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864387.001.0001.

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This book focuses on the evolution of object clitic pronouns in the Romance languages. It aims to explore the empirical facets of cliticization and elaborate on the theoretical ramifications of the topic. On the empirical side, the book deals with data ranging from Latin to modern languages and less well-known dialects from all areas of Romance. Medieval vernaculars take centre stage both in the reconstruction of the evolution from Latin to Romance and in the modelling of clitic placement in the modern languages. Syntactic, phonological, and morphological aspects are examined, but the main focus is on syntactic placement, which is the hallmark of Romance clitics. On the theoretical side, the books engage with the previous literature, in particular with Generative literature. In recent decades, our understanding of Romance clitics has grown in symbiosis with the Generative theory, and the importance of most empirical findings cannot be fully appreciated without being acquainted with the terms of the ongoing debate. The book challenges the received idea that cliticization resulted from a form of syntactic deficiency. Instead, it proposes that clitics resulted from the feature endowment of discourse features, which caused freezing of certain pronominal forms first and—through reanalysis—their successive incorporation into verbal hosts. This approach entails revising analyses of well-known phenomena such as interpolation, climbing, and enclisis/proclisis alternations (the so-called Tobler-Mussafia law), and addressing orthogonal phenomena such as V2 syntax, scrambling, and stylistic fronting.
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Woodward, Ian. Consumption as Cultural Interpretation: Taste, Performativity, and Navigating the Forest of Objects. Edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald N. Jacobs, and Philip Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.25.

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This article examines consumption from a cultural perspective, with particular emphasis on taste and performativity as well as the ways in which to navigate the forest of objects and their meanings. It first reviews the current state and future of consumption studies through the lens of intersecting research vectors in the fields of consumption, taste, and materiality. It then considers postmodern theories of consumption, focusing on three senses in which the concept of aestheticization has been employed. It also explains how material culture affords symbolic evidence of a person’s taste, and more broadly, is generative of their social identity. Finally, it addresses questions of individualism and hedonism, as well as the extent to which consumerism is culturally and socially divisive or constructive, and proposes a program for a cultural sociological approach to consumption.
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Sotnyk, M. Power supply for educational institutions: efficiency and alternatives. Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29013/msotnyk.pseiea.2020.146.

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Proposed methodological approaches to modeling short-term forecasting and long-term planning of electrical consumption in educational institutions based on retrospective data. A logic-structural model and software of the circuit “object of monitoring of electric consumption — factors of influence — regulatory tools” of an automated system for controlling the efficiency of energy consumption in educational institutions have been developed. There are given practical recommendations of feasibility study of introduction of alternative power supply sources in educational institutions, in particular: solar generation, heat pumps, autonomous energy sources, etc. Proposed scientific and methodological approaches to the introduction of an organizational and economic mechanism for managing the development of renewable energy in educational institutions and a motivation system for employees of the energy management service. The monograph is a generalization of scientific research conducted by employees of Sumy State University during the state budget research work “Model of an efficiency management and forecasting system for the consumption of electric energy” (State Registration No. 0118U003583). The monograph is intended for researchers and specialists in the implementation of energy management systems
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Gergen, Kenneth J. Human Essence. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.14.

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This chapter opens with a social constructionist perspective on human essences. As proposed, essences are not given in nature, but constructed within cultural traditions. Thus, the major challenge is not that of “getting it right” about the essence, but generating accounts that may contribute to society. A criterion of reflective pragmatism is proposed in which questions of contribution and critique prevail. In this light the chapter places in critical light the bio-cognitive and neurological explanations of human nature, especially focusing on the ideological and political implications of these orientations. In contrast, discussion opens on relational conceptions of human essence. Several approaches are considered, including symbolic interactionism and object relations theory in psychoanalysis. However, a fully relational account abandons the individual as the fundamental unit of analysis in favor of relational process out of which the very conception of the individual is formed (or not). Several practical implications are treated including the potentials of relational responsibility
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Conway, Rebecca, ed. Djalkiri. Sydney University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743327272.

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Djalkiri are “footprints" – ancestral imprints on the landscape that provide the Yolŋu people of eastern Arnhem Land with their philosophical foundations. This book describes how Yolŋu artists and communities keep these foundations strong, and how they have worked with museums to develop a collaborative, community-led approach to the collection and display of their artwork. It includes contributions from Yolŋu elders and artists as well as Indigenous and non-Indigenous historians and curators. Together they explore how the relationship between communities and museums has changed over time. From the early 20th century, anthropologists and other collectors acquired artworks and objects and took photographs in Arnhem Land that became part of collections at the University of Sydney. Later generations of Yolŋu have sought out these materials and, with museum curators, proposed a new type of relationship, based on a deeper respect for Yolŋu intellectual frameworks and a commitment to their central role in curation. This book tells some of their stories.
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Book chapters on the topic "Object Proposal Generation"

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Ristin, Marko, Juergen Gall, and Luc Van Gool. "Local Context Priors for Object Proposal Generation." In Computer Vision – ACCV 2012, 57–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37331-2_5.

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Aamir, Muhammd, Yi-Fei Pu, Waheed Ahmed Abro, Hamad Naeem, and Ziaur Rahman. "A Hybrid Approach for Object Proposal Generation." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 251–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91659-0_18.

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Wilms, Christian, and Simone Frintrop. "AttentionMask: Attentive, Efficient Object Proposal Generation Focusing on Small Objects." In Computer Vision – ACCV 2018, 678–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20890-5_43.

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Luiten, Jonathon, Paul Voigtlaender, and Bastian Leibe. "PReMVOS: Proposal-Generation, Refinement and Merging for Video Object Segmentation." In Computer Vision – ACCV 2018, 565–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20870-7_35.

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Lauri, Mikko, and Simone Frintrop. "Object Proposal Generation Applying the Distance Dependent Chinese Restaurant Process." In Image Analysis, 260–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59126-1_22.

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Zhang, Dingqian, Hui Zhang, Wanling Zeng, Zhongxing Han, and Xiaohui Hu. "MFRPN: Towards High-Quality Region Proposal Generation in Object Detection." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 61–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7305-2_6.

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Chen, Xiaohong, Zhengyao Lin, Minh-Thai Trinh, and Grigore Roşu. "Towards a Trustworthy Semantics-Based Language Framework via Proof Generation." In Computer Aided Verification, 477–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81688-9_23.

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AbstractWe pursue the vision of an ideal language framework, where programming language designers only need to define the formal syntax and semantics of their languages, and all language tools are automatically generated by the framework. Due to the complexity of such a language framework, it is a big challenge to ensure its trustworthiness and to establish the correctness of the autogenerated language tools. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach based on proof generation. The key idea is to generate proof objects as correctness certificates for each individual task that the language tools conduct, on a case-by-case basis, and use a trustworthy proof checker to check the proof objects. This way, we avoid formally verifying the entire framework, which is practically impossible, and thus can make the language framework both practical and trustworthy. As a first step, we formalize program execution as mathematical proofs and generate their complete proof objects. The experimental result shows that the performance of our proof object generation and proof checking is very promising.
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Holzhey, Christoph F. E. "Weathering Ambivalences." In Cultural Inquiry, 3–40. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-17_02.

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The chapter engages the nature–culture divide with the generative ambivalences of weathering in both language and physics. Taking the different uses of the enantiosemic and ambitransitive verb as indicative of the human’s fraught relationship with its environment and itself, it analyses multiple ways in which ‘weathering’ can involve subject–object relations, objectless subject–predicate relations, or even subjectless processes, and proposes to think them with mechanics, thermodynamics, and chaos theory.
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Jaminet, Jean, Gabriel Esquivel, and Shane Bugni. "Serlio and Artificial Intelligence: Problematizing the Image-to-Object Workflow." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 3–12. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_1.

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AbstractVirtual design production demands that information be increasingly encoded and decoded with image compression technologies. Since the Renaissance, the discourses of language and drawing and their actuation by the classical disciplinary treatise have been fundamental to the production of knowledge within the building arts. These early forms of data compression provoke reflection on theory and technology as critical counterparts to perception and imagination unique to the discipline of architecture. This research examines the illustrated expositions of Sebastiano Serlio through the lens of artificial intelligence (AI). The mimetic powers of technological data storage and retrieval and Serlio’s coded operations of orthographic projection drawing disclose other aesthetic and formal logics for architecture and its image that exist outside human perception. Examination of aesthetic communication theory provides a conceptual dimension of how architecture and artificial intelligent systems integrate both analog and digital modes of information processing. Tools and methods are reconsidered to propose alternative AI workflows that complicate normative and predictable linear design processes. The operative model presented demonstrates how augmenting and interpreting layered generative adversarial networks drive an integrated parametric process of three-dimensionalization. Concluding remarks contemplate the role of human design agency within these emerging modes of creative digital production.
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Löbner, Sebastian. "Cascades. Goldman’s Level-Generation, Multilevel Categorization of Action, and Multilevel Verb Semantics." In Language, Cognition, and Mind, 263–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_13.

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AbstractThe paper proposes a novel theory of the categorization of acts and applies it to the semantics of action verbs, with fundamental consequences for semantic theory and beyond. The theory is based on Goldman’s (Theory of human action. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1970) multilevel theory of action which is taken here as a theory of categorization. Goldman’s central notion is level-generation: acts of a type may under circumstances generate acts of other, more abstract types. The acts form a hierarchical structure which Goldman calls an act-tree. Level-generation results in a conceptual relation called c-constitution here, i.e. constitution under the given circumstances; I also introduce the more general term cascade for act-trees. In the second part, multilevel cascade-structure categorization is combined with a cognitive semantics that models meanings with Barsalou frames. A multilevel analysis of the concept of writing is discussed in depth and detail in order to illustrate the potential and the consequences of a cascade approach to verb semantics. It is shown that the concept of c-constitution can be generalized as to cover the roles of persons and objects across levels in a cascade. The generalization suggests that multilevel categorization may be a very general and fundamental phenomenon in the psychology of categorization.
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Conference papers on the topic "Object Proposal Generation"

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Guo, Wenzhong, Renjie Lin, Shiping Wang, and Neal Xiong. "Object Proposal Generation for Unsupervised Object Localization." In 2018 9th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming (PAAP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/paap.2018.00046.

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Wilms, Christian, and Simone Frintrop. "Superpixel-based Refinement for Object Proposal Generation." In 2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412834.

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Zhang, Haoyang, Xuming He, Fatih Porikli, and Laurent Kneip. "Semantic context and depth-aware object proposal generation." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2016.7532307.

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Ma, Lingyun. "Fast Object Proposal Generation for Weakly Instance Segmentation." In AICS 2019: 2019 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3349341.3349435.

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Qiao, Siyuan, Wei Shen, Weichao Qiu, Chenxi Liu, and Alan Yuille. "ScaleNet: Guiding Object Proposal Generation in Supermarkets and Beyond." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2017.199.

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Zhang, Ziming, Jonathan Warrell, and Philip H. S. Torr. "Proposal generation for object detection using cascaded ranking SVMs." In 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995411.

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Yu, Zhou, Jun Yu, Chenchao Xiang, Zhou Zhao, Qi Tian, and Dacheng Tao. "Rethinking Diversified and Discriminative Proposal Generation for Visual Grounding." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/155.

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Visual grounding aims to localize an object in an image referred to by a textual query phrase. Various visual grounding approaches have been proposed, and the problem can be modularized into a general framework: proposal generation, multi-modal feature representation, and proposal ranking. Of these three modules, most existing approaches focus on the latter two, with the importance of proposal generation generally neglected. In this paper, we rethink the problem of what properties make a good proposal generator. We introduce the diversity and discrimination simultaneously when generating proposals, and in doing so propose Diversified and Discriminative Proposal Networks model (DDPN). Based on the proposals generated by DDPN, we propose a high performance baseline model for visual grounding and evaluate it on four benchmark datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that our model delivers significant improvements on all the tested data-sets (e.g., 18.8% improvement on ReferItGame and 8.2% improvement on Flickr30k Entities over the existing state-of-the-arts respectively).
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Oh, Sang-Il, and Hang-Bong Kang. "A new object proposal generation method for object detection in RGB-D data." In 2017 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sami.2017.7880341.

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Kong, Tao, Anbang Yao, Yurong Chen, and Fuchun Sun. "HyperNet: Towards Accurate Region Proposal Generation and Joint Object Detection." In 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.98.

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Shi, Shaoshuai, Xiaogang Wang, and Hongsheng Li. "PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection From Point Cloud." In 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2019.00086.

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Reports on the topic "Object Proposal Generation"

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Yan, Yujie, and Jerome F. Hajjar. Automated Damage Assessment and Structural Modeling of Bridges with Visual Sensing Technology. Northeastern University, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20410114.

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Recent advances in visual sensing technology have gained much attention in the field of bridge inspection and management. Coupled with advanced robotic systems, state-of-the-art visual sensors can be used to obtain accurate documentation of bridges without the need for any special equipment or traffic closure. The captured visual sensor data can be post-processed to gather meaningful information for the bridge structures and hence to support bridge inspection and management. However, state-of-the-practice data postprocessing approaches require substantial manual operations, which can be time-consuming and expensive. The main objective of this study is to develop methods and algorithms to automate the post-processing of the visual sensor data towards the extraction of three main categories of information: 1) object information such as object identity, shapes, and spatial relationships - a novel heuristic-based method is proposed to automate the detection and recognition of main structural elements of steel girder bridges in both terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based laser scanning data. Domain knowledge on the geometric and topological constraints of the structural elements is modeled and utilized as heuristics to guide the search as well as to reject erroneous detection results. 2) structural damage information, such as damage locations and quantities - to support the assessment of damage associated with small deformations, an advanced crack assessment method is proposed to enable automated detection and quantification of concrete cracks in critical structural elements based on UAV-based visual sensor data. In terms of damage associated with large deformations, based on the surface normal-based method proposed in Guldur et al. (2014), a new algorithm is developed to enhance the robustness of damage assessment for structural elements with curved surfaces. 3) three-dimensional volumetric models - the object information extracted from the laser scanning data is exploited to create a complete geometric representation for each structural element. In addition, mesh generation algorithms are developed to automatically convert the geometric representations into conformal all-hexahedron finite element meshes, which can be finally assembled to create a finite element model of the entire bridge. To validate the effectiveness of the developed methods and algorithms, several field data collections have been conducted to collect both the visual sensor data and the physical measurements from experimental specimens and in-service bridges. The data were collected using both terrestrial laser scanners combined with images, and laser scanners and cameras mounted to unmanned aerial vehicles.
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