Academic literature on the topic 'Object references'

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Object references"

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PALMA, Giovanny Fernando Lucero. "Algebraic laws for object oriented programming with references." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/14930.

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Submitted by Isaac Francisco de Souza Dias (isaac.souzadias@ufpe.br) on 2016-01-19T17:04:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) GIovannyTesis.pdf: 1126817 bytes, checksum: 54a975f083d8ea416057bffa468c281c (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-19T17:04:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) GIovannyTesis.pdf: 1126817 bytes, checksum: 54a975f083d8ea416057bffa468c281c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-16<br>CAPES<br>CNPq<br>There are several approaches to defining a formal semantics of a programming language. The main established ones are operational, denotational and axiomatic semantics. The first two rely on defining an explicit model, whereas the latter one is based on postulating relevant properties of the language in terms of axioms. Particularly, in a purely algebraic approach the axioms take the form of conditional equations (typically denoted as programming laws) that relate the language constructs. Without requiring an explicit model, the advantage of the algebraic approach is incrementality: the language can be extended and the laws tend to remain valid, provided the new constructs do not interfere with the behaviour of the original ones. Algebraic laws have been proposed to uncover interesting properties of several programming paradigms: imperative, logic, functional, concurrent and object oriented, among others. As for the other paradigms, there is a comprehensive set of laws for object oriented constructs, but these are restricted to a language with copy semantics; some laws to deal with references have also been proposed, but these are tailored to specific applications, and are far from being comprehensive. In general, formal reasoning with references has been a persistent challenge and algebraic approaches usually have avoided including them in programming languages. We propose a set of algebraic laws for reasoning about object oriented programs with a reference semantics. First we focus on sequential imperative programs that use object references like in Java. The theory is based on previous work by adding laws to cope with object references. The incrementality of the algebraic method is fundamental; with a few exceptions, existing laws for copy semantics are entirely reused, as they are not affected by the reference semantics. As an evidence of relative completeness, we show that any program can be transformed, through the use of our laws, to a normal form which simulates it using an explicit heap with copy semantics. Soundness is addressed by illustrating how some of the laws can be proved in a relational semantics for a subset of the language. We extend the theory of imperative programs for an object oriented language with the usual constructs: additional imperative commands with references, classes with inheritance and subtyping, visibility control, dynamic binding, type tests and downcasts. Algebraic laws are proposed for these new constructs. In order to illustrate the expressiveness of the laws for the object oriented language, we characterize and prove a set of refactorings from Fowler’s catalog. These are contrasted with previous work that formalized refactorings in the context of copy semantics.<br>Existem várias abordagens para descrever formalmente a semântica de linguagens de programação. As principais são semântica operacional, denotacional e axiomática. As duas primeiras definem modelos semânticos explícitos enquanto a última postula axiomas que descrevem propriedades relevantes da linguagem. Em uma abordagem puramente algébrica, os axiomas são equações (tipicamente denominadas leis de programação) que relacionam os diversos construtores da linguagem. A vantagem da álgebra é a facilidade de extensão: quando uma linguagem é estendida, a tendencia é que as leis já estabelecidas continuem sendo válidas, desde que os novos contrutores não interfiram com o comportamento dos construtores originais da linguagem Leis algébricas tem sido propostas para estudar propriedades interessantes de vários paradigmas de programação: imperativo, lógico, funcional, concorrente e orientado a objetos, entre outros. Em geral, para todos estes paradigmas existe um conjunto representativo de leis. Porém, para programação orientada a objetos, os trabalhos tem se restringido a linguagens com semântica de cópia ou as leis relacionadas com referências tem sido direcionadas somente para aplicações específicas e estão distantes de serem representativas. Em geral, raciocínio formal com referências tem sido um desafio persistente e os trabalhos algébricos usualmente tem evitado a inclusão de referências nas linguagens de programação. Propomos um conjunto de leis algébricas que permitem raciocinar com programas orientados a objetos com uma semântica de referências. Primeiro, focamos em uma linguagem imperativa sequencial que usa referências a objetos como em Java. A teoria é baseada em trabalhos anteriores adicionando leis que lidam com referências. A facilidade de extensão do método algébrico é fundamental; com poucas exeções, as leis anteriores para semântica de cópia são reusadas, pois elas não são afetadas pela semântica de referência. Como uma evidência de completude relativa, mostramos que qualquer programa pode ser transformado, usado as leis, em uma forma normal que simula o programa original usando um heap explícito com semântica de cópia. A consistência (soundness) das leis é abordada ilustrando como algumas das leis podem ser provadas em uma semântica relacional para um subconjunto da linguagem. Estendemos a teoria de programas imperativos para uma linguagem orientada a objetos com os habituais construtores: comandos imperativos adicionais com referências, classes com herança e subtipos, controle de visibilidade, amarração dinâmica, e testes e casts de tipos. Leis são propostas para estes novos construtores. Para ilustrar a expressividade das leis para a linguagem orientada a objetos, caracterizamos e provamos um conjunto de refatorações do catalógo clássico de Fowler. Comparamos nossa apresentação com trabalhos anteriores que formalizaram refatorações em um contexto de semântica de cópia.
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Swamy, Sneha. "Transformation of Object-Oriented Associations and Embedded References to Them." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1218692829.

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Smith, Michael Anthony. "Embedding an object calculus in the unifying theories of programming." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8b5be90d-59c1-42c0-a996-ecd8015097b3.

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Hoare and He's Unifying Theories of Programming (UTP) provides a rich model of programs as relational predicates. This theory is intended to provide a single framework in which any programming paradigms, languages, and features, can be modelled, compared and contrasted. The UTP already has models for several programming formalisms, such as imperative programming, higher-order programming (e.g. programing with procedures), several styles of concurrent programming (or reactive systems), class-based object-orientation, and transaction processing. We believe that the UTP ought to be able to represent all significant computer programming language formalisms, in order for it to be considered a unifying theory. One gap in the UTP work is that of object-based object-orientation, such as that presented in Abadi and Cardelli's untyped object calculi (sigma-calculi). These sigma-calculi provide a prominent formalism of object-based object-oriented (OO) programs, which models programs as objects. We address this gap within this dissertation by presenting an embedding of an Abadi--Cardelli-style object calculus in the UTP. More formally, the thesis that his dissertation argues is that it is possible to provide an object-based object rientation to the UTP, with value- and reference-based objects, and a fully abstract model of references. We have made three contributions to our area of study: first, to extend the UTP with a notion of object-based object orientation, in contrast with the existing class-based models; second, to provide an alternative model of pointers (references) for the UTP that supports both value-based compound values (e.g. objects) and references (pointers), in contrast to existing UTP models with pointers that have reference-based compound values; and third, to model an Abadi-Cardelli notion of an object in the UTP, and thus demonstrate that it can unify this style of object formalism.
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Miller, Hugh. "Objects, generality and reference." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358467.

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Moreno, Cavidad Julian. "Reference model for adaptive and intelligent educational systems supported by learning objects." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70222.

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A aprendizagem assistida por computador, conhecida mais amplamente com o nome genérico de e-learning, converteu-se numa poderosa ferramenta com amplas potencialidades dentro do campo educativo. Mesmo assim, uma das maiores críticas que esta recebe é que na maioria dos casos os cursos que são implementados seguem um enfoque “one size fits all”, isto é, que todos os alunos recebem exatamente o mesmo conteúdo e da mesma maneira desconhecendo suas necessidades particulares. Esta falha radica não só na falta de interação direita entre aluno e tutor, senão também na falta de um desenho instrucional apropriado que considere alguns dos diversos enfoques disponíveis hoje em dia. Existem diversos enfoques que procuram solucionar este problema e adaptar o processo de ensino os estudantes. Pode-se dizer que na vanguarda de estes enfoques encontram-se os Sistemas Educacionais Inteligentes Adaptativos, os quais combinam as funcionalidades de dois enfoques: os Sistemas Hipermídia Educacionais Adaptativos y os Sistemas Tutoriais Inteligentes. Embora, logo de uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, se encontrou que existe ainda um inconveniente importante com este tipo de sistemas e em particular com seus modelos de referência: ou são demasiado simples, incluindo somente umas poucas funcionalidades; ou são demasiado complexos, o que dificulta seu desenho e implementação. Considerando este panorama, o objetivo principal de esta tese foi a definição de um modelo de referência intentando alcançar esse equilíbrio esquivo, de tal maneira que permita o desenho de cursos que se adaptem de una maneira efetiva e inteligente ao progresso e características de cada estudante, mas sem ser demasiado complexo. Outra propriedade importante desse modelo és que integra o uso de Objetos de Aprendizagem, promovendo assim a flexibilidade e a usabilidade. Para alcançar este objetivo geral, três sub modelos foram considerados: um modelo do domínio, um modelo do estudante y um modelo do tutor. O primeiro serve para estruturar o domínio de conhecimento e foi definido usando a noção de objetivo de aprendizagem junto com um esquema flexível multi-nível com operações opcionais de pré-requisitos. O segundo visa caracterizar aos estudantes e considera informação pessoal, de conhecimento e psico-cognitiva. O terceiro pode ser considerado como o coração do sistema e define as funcionalidades adaptativas consideradas: sequenciamento y navegação, apresentação de conteúdo, evacuação, y suporte colaborativo. Com o fim de clarificar os três sub modelos, assim como todos seus componentes e relações, se presentou um exemplo de instanciação que se denominou Doctus, o qual consiste em una ferramenta de autor para cursos adaptativos. Doctus não somente serviu para exemplificar o uso do modelo de referência em sua totalidade, mas também para refinar os sub modelos e alguns procedimentos involucrados. Como parte final de esta tese, se realizou também a implementação e validação preliminar de Doctus. Isto foi feito com 51 sujeitos, professores em diversos níveis de formação. Os resultados obtidos em esta etapa foram sobressalientes no sentido que todas as funcionalidades adaptativas foram bem avaliadas e todos os pesquisados manifestaram seu entusiasmo por contar com uma ferramenta que lhes ajudara em seus práticas docentes considerando a seus estudantes como indivíduos particulares.<br>Computer Aided Learning, known more widely with the generic name of e-learning, has become a powerful tool with lots of potentialities within educational field. Even though, one of the main critics that it receives is that in most cases the implemented courses follows a “one size fits all” approach, which means that all students receive the same content in the same way being unaware of their particular needs. This problem is not due only to the absence of direct interaction between student and tutor, but also because of the lack of an appropriate instructional design. There are several approaches which deal with this issue and look for adapt the teaching process to students. One could say that in the top of those approaches the Adaptive and Intelligent Educational Systems are situated, which merges the functionalities of two approaches: the Adaptive Educational Hypermedia Systems and the Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Nevertheless, after an extensive literature review, a major inconvenience is still found for this kind of systems and particularly for their reference models: or they are too simple, including just a few functionalities; or they are too complex, which difficult their design and implementation. Considering this panorama, the main objective of this dissertation thesis was the definition of a reference model trying to reach such an elusive equilibrium, in such a way that allows the design of courses which adapt themselves in an intelligent and effective way to the progress and characteristics of each student but without being too complex. Another important feature is that this model integrates Learning Objects, promoting this way flexibility and reusability. In order to achieve this general objective, three sub-models were considered: a domain model, a student model and a tutor model. The first one serves to structure the knowledge domain and was defined using the notion of learning goal and a flexible multilevel schema with optional prerequisite operations. The second one aids to characterize students and considered personal, knowledge and psycho-cognitive information. The third one may be considered as the hearth of the system and defines the adopted adaptive functionalities: sequencing and navigation, content presentation, assessment, and collaborative support. With the aim of clarify the three sub-models, as well as all their components and relationships, an instantiation example was also presented. Such an instantiation was called Doctus, an authoring tool for adaptive courses. Doctus was not only helpful to exemplify the setup of the referece model as a whole, but also to refine sub-models and several procedures envolved. As final part of the dissertation, the implementation and preliminary validation of Doctus was performed. This was done with 51 subjects, teachers from different formation levels. The obtained results in this stage were outstanding, all the adaptive functionalities were well evaluated and all of those polled felt enthusiastic about counting with a tool for helping them in their teaching practices considering students as particular individuals.<br>El aprendizaje asistido por computador, conocido más ampliamente con el nombre genérico de e-learning, se ha convertido en una poderosa herramienta con amplias potencialidades dentro del campo educativo. Aun así, una de las mayores críticas que este recibe es que en la mayoría de los casos los cursos que son implementados siguen un enfoque “one size fits all”, es decir, que todos los alumnos reciben exactamente el mismo contenido y de la misma manera desconociendo sus necesidades particulares. Esta falla radica no sólo en la falta de interacción directa entre alumno y tutor, sino también en la falta de un diseño instruccional apropiado que considere diversos de los enfoques disponibles hoy en día. Existen diversos enfoques que buscan solucionar este problema y adaptar el proceso de enseñanza a los estudiantes. Se podría decir que a la vanguardia de estos enfoques se encuentran los Sistemas Educacionales Inteligentes Adaptativos, los cuales combinan las funcionalidades de dos enfoques: los Sistemas Hipermedia Educacionales Adaptativos y los Sistemas Tutoriales Inteligentes. Sin embargo, luego de una extensa revisión bibliográfica, se encontró que existe aún un inconveniente importante con este tipo de sistemas y en particular con sus modelos de referencia: o son demasiado simples, incluyendo solamente unas pocas funcionalidades; o son demasiado complejos, lo cual dificulta su diseño e implementación. Considerando este panorama, el objetivo principal de esta tesis fue la definición de un modelo de referencia intentando alcanzar tal equilibrio esquivo, de tal manera que permita el diseño de cursos que se adapten de una manera efectiva e inteligente al progreso y características de cada estudiante pero sin ser demasiado complejo. Otra propiedad importante de dicho modelo es que integra el uso de Objetos de Aprendizaje, promoviendo así la flexibilidad y la reusabilidad. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo general, tres sub modelos fueron considerados: un modelo del dominio, un modelo del estudiante y un modelo del tutor. El primero sirve para estructurar el dominio de conocimiento y fue definido empleando la noción de objetivo de aprendizaje junto con un esquema flexible multinivel con operaciones opcionales de prerrequisitos. El segundo busca caracterizar los estudiantes y considera información personal, de conocimiento y psico-cognitiva. El tercero puede ser considerado como el corazón del sistema y define las funcionalidades adaptativas consideradas: secuenciamiento y navegación, presentación de contenido, evaluación, y soporte colaborativo. Con el fin de clarificar los tres sub modelos, así como todos sus componentes y relaciones, se presentó además un ejemplo de instanciación. Tal instanciación se denominó Doctus, el cual consiste en una herramienta de autor para cursos adaptativos. Doctus no solamente sirvió para ejemplificar el uso del modelo de referencia en su totalidad, sino también para refinar los sub modelos y algunos procedimientos involucrados. Como parte final de esta tesis, se realizó también la implementación y validación preliminar de Doctus. Esto se hizo con 51 sujetos, todos profesores en diversos niveles de formación. Los resultados obtenidos en esta etapa fueron sobresalientes en el sentido que todas las funcionalidades adaptativas fueron bien evaluadas y todos los encuestados manifestaron su entusiasmo por contar con una herramienta que les ayudara en sus prácticas docentes considerando a sus estudiantes como individuos particulares.
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Cardoso, Luciano Carvalho [UNIFESP]. "Linguagem e verdade: uma análise da lógica de Frege." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2014. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/39266.

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Submitted by Andrea Hayashi (deachan@gmail.com) on 2016-06-22T17:15:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-luciano-carvalho-cardoso.pdf: 679926 bytes, checksum: a0fcdcd0c35e43739385761159be07f5 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Hayashi (deachan@gmail.com) on 2016-06-22T17:16:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-luciano-carvalho-cardoso.pdf: 679926 bytes, checksum: a0fcdcd0c35e43739385761159be07f5 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T17:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-luciano-carvalho-cardoso.pdf: 679926 bytes, checksum: a0fcdcd0c35e43739385761159be07f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-12<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Em “Sobre o Sentido e a Referência”, Frege anuncia uma ruptura com seus trabalhos anteriores, notadamente a Conceitografia, na qual ele havia assumido que a igualdade era referente aos nomes e sinais representativos dos objetos. Como consequência dessa negação, Frege apresenta a estrutura de Sentido e Referência, como alternativa às possibilidades anteriormente apresentadas. Em decorrência dessa ruptura, a dimensão da filosofia analítica desenvolvida por Frege se amplia, revelando um complexo sistema no qual o verdadeiro se torna o ponto fundamental. Mostramos que, no processo de reformulação do significado do verdadeiro, Frege diferencia, ainda nos Fundamentos da Aritmética, o domínio do campo objetivo efetivo do campo objetivo não-efetivo, espaço lógico no qual as leis do ser verdadeiro encontram lugar como referência para as proposições que expressam o pensamento analítico. Visamos demonstrar que, partindo dessa fundamentação inicial, o autor almeja estabelecer uma conexão ontológica entre o pensamento e as leis do ser verdadeiro, o que lhe permite distinguir, em “Sobre o Sentido e Referência”, o pensamento que expressa uma representação ou ideia, pertencente ao domínio subjetivo, do pensamento que expressa as leis do ser verdadeiro, e que podem ser transmitidas em gerações, por pertencerem ao domínio objetivo não-efetivo. Buscamos estabelecer uma conexão entre essas diretrizes e a concepção de pensamento fregiano, justificando a composição deste como sendo uma estrutura que atende ao princípio de saturação, que não se articula na forma sujeito/predicado e que, para poder atender à necessidade lógica de passar do sentido para a referência e ser nomeado como o verdadeiro, se articula com a lógica extensional e, em um sentido ainda mais intrínseco, com uma lógica da existência, que surge como a estrutura basilar na qual se fundamenta o juízo, e sem o qual não poderia haver a validação ontológica do pensamento analítico de Frege.<br>In “On Sense and Reference”, Frege announces a break with his previous works, notably Ideography, in which he had assumed that equality was referring to the names and signals representative of the objects. As a result of this denial, Frege presents the structure of Sense and Reference, as an alternative to possibilities previously presented. Due to this break, the dimension of analytic philosophy developed by Frege expands, revealing a complex system in which the true becomes the key point. We show that, in the process of recasting the meaning of true, Frege differentiates, still in the Foundations of Arithmetic, the domain of effective objective field of the noneffective objective field , the logical space in which the laws of true being has a place as a reference to the propositions expressing analytical thinking. We aim to demonstrate that, based on this initial foundation, the author aims to establish an ontological connection between the thought and the laws of true being, allowing him to distinguish, in “On Sense and Reference”, the thought that expresses an idea or representation, belonging to subjective realm, of thought which expresses the laws of true being, and that can be transmitted in generations, because they belong to the non-effective objective field. We strive to establish a connection between these guidelines and the conception of fregian thought, justifying the composition of this as being a structure that follows the principle of saturation, which is not articulated in the form subject / predicate, and that in order to meet the logical necessity of moving beyond of sense to reference and be named as the true, articulates with the extensional logic and, in a more intrinsic meaning , with a logic of existence that emerges as the framework in which the judgment is based , and without which it could not be the ontological validation of analytical thinking Frege.
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Mitchell, Margaret. "Generating reference to visible objects." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201692.

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In this thesis, I examine human-like language generation from a visual input head-on, exploring how people refer to visible objects in the real world. Using previous work and the studies from this thesis, I propose an algorithm that generates humanlike reference to visible objects. Rather than introduce a general-purpose REG algorithm, as is tradition, I address the sorts of properties that visual domains in particular make available, and the ways that these must be processed in order to be used in a referring expression algorithm. This method uncovers several issues in generating human-like language that have not been thoroughly studied before. I focus on the properties of color, size, shape, and material, and address the issues of algorithm determinism and how speaker variation may be generated; unique identification of objects and whether this is an appropriate goal for generating humanlike reference; atypicality and the role it plays in reference; and multi-featured values for visual attributes. Technical contributions from this thesis include (1) an algorithm for generating size modifiers from features in a visual scene; and (2) a referring expression generation algorithm that generates structures for varied, human-like reference.
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Zhao, Guangqiang. "Online Moving Object Visualization with Geo-Referenced Data." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2581.

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As a result of the rapid evolution of smart mobile devices and the wide application of satellite-based positioning devices, the moving object database (MOD) has become a hot research topic in recent years. The moving objects generate a large amount of geo-referenced data in different types, such as videos, audios, images and sensor logs. In order to better analyze and utilize the data, it is useful and necessary to visualize the data on a map. With the rise of web mapping, visualizing the moving object and geo-referenced data has never been so easy. While displaying the trajectory of a moving object is a mature technology, there is little research on visualizing both the location and data of the moving objects in a synchronized manner. This dissertation proposes a general moving object visualization model to address the above problem. This model divides the spatial data visualization systems into four categories. Another contribution of this dissertation is to provide a framework, which deals with all these visualization tasks with synchronization control in mind. This platform relies on the TerraFly web mapping system. To evaluate the universality and effectiveness of the proposed framework, this dissertation presents four visualization systems to deal with a variety of situations and different data types.
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Bofakos, Petros. "An object-oriented approach to geo-referenced data modelling." Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386632.

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He, D. "References to graphical objects in interactive multimodal queries." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.652279.

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This thesis describes a computational model for interpreting natural language expressions in an interactive multimodal query system integrating both natural language text and graphic displays. The primary concern of the model is to interpret expressions that might involve graphical attributes and expressions whose referents could be objects on the screen. Graphical objects on the screen are used to visualise entities in the application domain and their attributes (in short, domain entities and domain attributes). This is why graphical objects are treated as descriptions of those domain entities/attributes in the literature. However, graphical objects and their attributes are visible during the interaction, and are thus known by the participants of the interaction. Therefore, they themselves should be part of the mutual knowledge of the interaction. This poses some interesting problems in language processing. As part of the mutual knowledge graphical attributes could be used in expressions, and graphical objects could be referred to by expressions. In consequences, there could be ambiguities about whether an attribute in an expression belongs to a graphical object or to a domain entity. There could also be ambiguities about the referent of an expression is a graphical object or a domain entity. The main contributions of this thesis consist of analysing the above ambiguities, designing, implementing and testing a computational model and a demonstrational system for resolving these ambiguities. Firstly, a structure and corresponding terminology are set up, so these ambiguities can be clarified as ambiguities derived from referring to different databases, the screen or the application domain (in short, source ambiguities). Secondly, a meaning representation language is designed which explicitly represents the information about which database an attribute/entity comes from. Several linguistic regularities inside and among referring expressions are described so that they can be used as heuristics in the ambiguity resolution. Thirdly, a computational model based on constraint satisfaction is constructed to resolve simultaneously some reference ambiguities and source ambiguities.
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