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Academic literature on the topic 'Objective and subjective quality'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Objective and subjective quality"
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Torkhani, Fakhri. "Analyse subjective et évaluation objective de la qualité perceptuelle des maillages 3D." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT051/document.
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Les maillages 3D polygonaux sont largement utilisés dans diverses applications telles que le divertissement numérique, la conception assistée par ordinateur et l'imagerie médicale. Un maillage peut être soumis à différents types d'opérations comme la compression, le tatouage ou la simplification qui introduisent des distorsions géométriques (modifications) à la version originale. Il est important de quantifier ces modification introduites au maillage d'origine et d'évaluer la qualité perceptuelle des maillages dégradés. Dans ce cadre, on s'intéresse dans cette thèse à l'évaluation de la qualité perceptuelle des maillages 3D statiques et dynamiques. On présente des études expérimentales pour l'évaluation subjective de la qualité des maillages 3D dynamiques.On présente également de nouvelles métriques objectives, de type avec-référence complète ou de type avec référence-réduite, qui sont efficaces pour l'estimation de la qualité perçue des maillages statiques et dynamiques<br>3D mesh animations have been increasingly used in various applications, e.g., in digital entertainment, computer-aided design and medical imaging. It is possible that a mesh model undergoes some lossy operations, e.g., compression, watermarking or simplification, which can impair the original mesh surface and introduce geometric distortions. An important task is to quantify such distortions and assess the perceptual quality of impaired meshes. In this manuscript, we focus on the perceptual quality assessment of 3D static and dynamic meshes. We present psychometric experiments that we conducted to measure the subjective perceptual quality of dynamic meshes. We also present new full-reference and reduced-reference objective metrics capable of faithfully evaluating the perceptual quality of 3D static and dynamic meshes
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Sendjasni, Abderrezzaq. "Objective and subjective quality assessment of 360-degree images." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Poitiers, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023POIT2251.
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Les images à 360 degrés, aussi appelées images omnidirectionnelles, sont au cœur des contenus immersifs. Avec l’augmentation de leur utilisation notamment grâce à l’expérience interactive et immersive qu’ils offrent, il est primordial de garantir une bonne qualité d’expérience (QoE). Cette dernière est considérablement impactée par la qualité du contenu lui-même. En l’occurrence, les images à 360 degrés, comme tout type de signal visuel, passent par une séquence de processus comprenant l’encodage, la transmission, le décodage et le rendu. Chacun de ces processus est susceptible d’introduire des distorsions dans le contenu. Pour améliorer la qualité d’expérience, toutes ces dégradations potentielles doivent être soigneusement prises en compte et réduites à un niveau imperceptible. Pour atteindre cet objectif, l’évaluation de la qualité de l’image est l’une des stratégies devant être utilisée. Cette thèse aborde l’évaluation de la qualité des images à 360 degrés des points de vue objectif et subjectif. Ainsi, en s’intéressant à l’effet des visiocasques sur la qualité perçue des images 360 degrés, une étude psycho-visuelle est conçue et réalisée en utilisant quatre dispositifs différents. À cette fin, une base de données a été créé et un panel d’observateurs a été impliqué. L’impact des visiocasques sur la qualité a été identifié et mis en évidence comme un facteur important à prendre en compte lors de la réalisation d’expériences subjectives pour des images à 360 degrés. D’un point de vue objectif, nous avons d’abord procédé à une étude comparative extensive de plusieurs modèles de réseaux de neurones convolutifs (CNN) sous diverses configurations. Ensuite, nous avons amélioré la chaîne de traitement de l’évaluation de la qualité basée sur les CNN à différentes échelles, de l’échantillonnage et de la représentation des entrées à l’agrégation des scores de qualité. En se basant sur les résultats de ces études, et de l’analyse comparative, deux modèles de qualité basés sur les CNN sont proposés pour prédire avec précision la qualité des images à 360 degrés. Les observations et les conclusions obtenues à partir des différentes contributions de cette thèse apporteront un éclairage sur l’évaluation de la qualité des images à 360 degrés<br>360-degree images, a.k.a. omnidirectional images, are in the center of immersive media. With the increase in demands of the latter, mainly thanks to the offered interactive and immersive experience, it is paramount to provide good quality of experience (QoE). This QoE is significantly impacted by the quality of the content. Like any type of visual signal, 360-degree images go through a sequence of processes including encoding, transmission, decoding, and rendering. Each of these processes has the potential to introduce distortions to the content. To improve the QoE, image quality assessment (IQA) is one of the strategies to be followed. This thesis addresses the quality evaluation of 360-degree images from the objective and subjective perspectives. By focusing on the influence of Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) on the perceived quality of 360-degree images, a psycho-visual study is designed and carried out using four different devices. For this purpose, a 360-degree image datasets is created and a panel of observers is involved. The impact of HMDs on the quality ratings is identified and highlighted as an important factor to consider when con- ducting subjective experiments for 360-degree images. From the objective perspective, we first comprehensively benchmarked several convolutional neural network (CNN) models under various configurations. Then, the processing chain of CNN-based 360-IQA is improved at different scales, from input sampling and representation to aggregating quality scores. Based on the observations of the above studies as well as the benchmark, two 360-IQA models based on CNNs are proposed to accurately predict the quality of 360-degree images. The obtained observations and conclusions from the various contributions shall bring insights for assessing the quality of 360-degree images<br>360-graders bilder, også kjent som rundstrålende bilder, er i sentrum av oppslukende medier. Med økningen i forventninger til sistnevnte, hovedsakelig takket være den aktiverte interaktive og oppslukende opplevelse, er det avgjørende å gi god kvaliteten på opplevelsen (QoE).Denne QoE er betydelig påvirket av kvaliteten på innholdet. Som alle typer visuelle signaler går 360-graders bilder gjennom en sekvens av prosesser, inkludert koding, overføring, dekoding og gjengivelse. Hver av disse prosessene har potensial til å introdusere forvrengninger til innholdet.For å forbedre QoE er vurdering av bildekvalitet (IQA) en av strategiene å følge. Denne oppgaven tar for seg kvalitetsevaluering av 360-graders bilder fra objektive og subjektive perspektiver. Ved å fokusere på påvirkningen av Head Mounted Displays (HMD-er) på den oppfattede kvaliteten til 360-graders bilder, er en psyko-visuell studie designet og utført ved hjelp av fire forskjellige enheter. For dette formålet opprettes et 360-graders bildedatasett og et panel av observatører er involvert. Virkningen av HMD-er på valitetsvurderingene identifiseres og fremheves som en viktig faktor når du utfører subjektive eksperimenter for 360-graders bilder.Fra det objektive perspektivet benchmarket vi først flere konvolusjonelle nevrale nettverk (CNN) under forskjellige konfigurasjoner. Deretter forbedres prosesseringskjeden til CNN-baserte 360-IQA i forskjellige skalaer, fra input-sampling og representasjon til aggregering av kvalitetspoeng. Basert på observasjonene av de ovenfornevnte studiene så vel som benchmark, foreslås to 360-IQA-modeller basert på CNN-er for å nøyaktig forutsi kvaliteten på 360-graders bilder.De innhentede observasjonene og konklusjonene fra de ulike bidragene skal gi innsikt for å vurdere kvaliteten på 360-graders bilder
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Malekmohamadi, Hossein. "Objective models for subjective quality estimate of stereoscopic video." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2013. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/12756/.
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Sadeghi, Reza. "Predicting Subjective Sleep Quality Using Objective Measurements in Older Adults." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1588627876830938.
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Dalasari, Venkata Gopi Krishna, and Sri Krishna Jayanty. "Low Light Video Enhancement along with Objective and Subjective Quality Assessment." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för tillämpad signalbehandling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13500.
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Enhancing low light videos has been quite a challenge over the years. A video taken in low light always has the issues of low dynamic range and high noise. This master thesis presents contribution within the field of low light video enhancement. Three models are proposed with different tone mapping algorithms for extremely low light low quality video enhancement. For temporal noise removal, a motion compensated kalman structure is presented. Dynamic range of the low light video is stretched using three different methods. In Model 1, dynamic range is increased by adjustment of RGB histograms using gamma correction with a modified version of adaptive clipping thresholds. In Model 2, a shape preserving dynamic range stretch of the RGB histogram is applied using SMQT. In Model 3, contrast enhancement is done using CLAHE. In the final stage, the residual noise is removed using an efficient NLM. The performance of the models are compared on various Objective VQA metrics like NIQE, GCF and SSIM. To evaluate the actual performance of the models subjective tests are conducted, due to the large number of applications that target humans as the end user of the video.The performance of the three models are compared for a total of ten real time input videos taken in extremely low light environment. A total of 25 human observers subjectively evaluated the performance of the three models based on the parameters: contrast, visibility, visually pleasing, amount of noise and overall quality. A detailed statistical evaluation of the relative performance of the three models is also provided.
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Guo, Jinjiang. "Contributions to objective and subjective visual quality assessment of 3d models." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI099.
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Dans le domaine de l’informatique graphique, les données tridimensionnelles, généralement représentées par des maillages triangulaires, sont employées dans une grande variété d’applications (par exemple, le lissage, la compression, le remaillage, la simplification, le rendu, etc.). Cependant, ces procédés introduisent inévitablement des artefacts qui altèrent la qualité visuelle des données 3D rendues. Ainsi, afin de guider perceptuellement les algorithmes de traitement, il y a un besoin croissant d'évaluations subjectives et objectives de la qualité visuelle à la fois performantes et adaptées, pour évaluer et prédire les artefacts visuels. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons d'abord une étude exhaustive sur les différentes sources d'artefacts associés aux données numériques graphiques, ainsi que l’évaluation objective et subjective de la qualité visuelle des artefacts. Ensuite, nous introduisons une nouvelle étude sur la qualité subjective conçue sur la base de l’évaluations de la visibilité locale des artefacts géométriques, dans laquelle il a été demandé à des observateurs de marquer les zones de maillages 3D qui contiennent des distorsions visibles. Les cartes de distorsion visuelle collectées sont utilisées pour illustrer plusieurs fonctionnalités perceptuelles du système visuel humain (HVS), et servent de vérité-terrain pour évaluer les performances des attributs et des mesures géométriques bien connus pour prédire la visibilité locale des distorsions. Notre deuxième étude vise à évaluer la qualité visuelle de modèles 3D texturés, subjectivement et objectivement. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons introduit 136 modèles traités avec à la fois des distorsions géométriques et de texture, mené une expérience subjective de comparaison par paires, et invité 101 sujets pour évaluer les qualités visuelles des modèles à travers deux protocoles de rendu. Motivés par les opinions subjectives collectées, nous proposons deux mesures de qualité visuelle objective pour les maillages texturés, en se fondant sur les combinaisons optimales des mesures de qualité issues de la géométrie et de la texture. Ces mesures de perception proposées surpassent leurs homologues en termes de corrélation avec le jugement humain<br>In computer graphics realm, three-dimensional graphical data, generally represented by triangular meshes, have become commonplace, and are deployed in a variety of application processes (e.g., smoothing, compression, remeshing, simplification, rendering, etc.). However, these processes inevitably introduce artifacts, altering the visual quality of the rendered 3D data. Thus, in order to perceptually drive the processing algorithms, there is an increasing need for efficient and effective subjective and objective visual quality assessments to evaluate and predict the visual artifacts. In this thesis, we first present a comprehensive survey on different sources of artifacts in digital graphics, and current objective and subjective visual quality assessments of the artifacts. Then, we introduce a newly designed subjective quality study based on evaluations of the local visibility of geometric artifacts, in which observers were asked to mark areas of 3D meshes that contain noticeable distortions. The collected perceived distortion maps are used to illustrate several perceptual functionalities of the human visual system (HVS), and serve as ground-truth to evaluate the performances of well-known geometric attributes and metrics for predicting the local visibility of distortions. Our second study aims to evaluate the visual quality of texture mapped 3D model subjectively and objectively. To achieve these goals, we introduced 136 processed models with both geometric and texture distortions, conducted a paired-comparison subjective experiment, and invited 101 subjects to evaluate the visual qualities of the models under two rendering protocols. Driven by the collected subjective opinions, we propose two objective visual quality metrics for textured meshes, relying on the optimal combinations of geometry and texture quality measures. These proposed perceptual metrics outperform their counterparts in term of the correlation with the human judgment
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Shahid, Muhammad. "Methods for Objective and Subjective Video Quality Assessment and for Speech Enhancement." Doctoral thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola [bth.se], Faculty of Engineering - Department of Applied Signal Processing, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00603.
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The overwhelming trend of the usage of multimedia services has raised the consumers' awareness about quality. Both service providers and consumers are interested in the delivered level of perceptual quality. The perceptual quality of an original video signal can get degraded due to compression and due to its transmission over a lossy network. Video quality assessment (VQA) has to be performed in order to gauge the level of video quality. Generally, it can be performed by following subjective methods, where a panel of humans judges the quality of video, or by using objective methods, where a computational model yields an estimate of the quality. Objective methods and specifically No-Reference (NR) or Reduced-Reference (RR) methods are preferable because they are practical for implementation in real-time scenarios. This doctoral thesis begins with a review of existing approaches proposed in the area of NR image and video quality assessment. In the review, recently proposed methods of visual quality assessment are classified into three categories. This is followed by the chapters related to the description of studies on the development of NR and RR methods as well as on conducting subjective experiments of VQA. In the case of NR methods, the required features are extracted from the coded bitstream of a video, and in the case of RR methods additional pixel-based information is used. Specifically, NR methods are developed with the help of suitable techniques of regression using artificial neural networks and least-squares support vector machines. Subsequently, in a later study, linear regression techniques are used to elaborate the interpretability of NR and RR models with respect to the selection of perceptually significant features. The presented studies on subjective experiments are performed using laboratory based and crowdsourcing platforms. In the laboratory based experiments, the focus has been on using standardized methods in order to generate datasets that can be used to validate objective methods of VQA. The subjective experiments performed through crowdsourcing relate to the investigation of non-standard methods in order to determine perceptual preference of various adaptation scenarios in the context of adaptive streaming of high-definition videos. Lastly, the use of adaptive gain equalizer in the modulation frequency domain for speech enhancement has been examined. To this end, two methods of demodulating speech signals namely spectral center of gravity carrier estimation and convex optimization have been studied.
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Saidi, Inès. "Analyse et modélisation de la qualité perçue des applications de visiophonie." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAR0013/document.
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Dans un contexte fortement concurrentiel, l'un des principaux enjeux pour les opérateurs et les fournisseurs de services de visiophonie est de garantir aux utilisateurs une qualité d'expérience (QoE) optimale. Il existe un fort besoin d'une mesure qui reflète la satisfaction et la perception des utilisateurs de ces services. La qualité audiovisuelle d'un appel vidéo doit être contrôlée pour répondre à deux besoins principaux. Le premier concerne la planification de nouvelles technologies en cours de développement. Le second est axé sur le contrôle des communications existantes en évaluant la qualité des services offerts. Aujourd'hui, deux approches sont utilisées pour évaluer la qualité audiovisuelle : les tests subjectifs en collectant des notes données par des participants sur des échelles de qualité, après visualisation et écoute de séquences audiovisuelles et les métriques objectives basées sur des algorithmes automatiques d'évaluation de la qualité d'un signal audio, vidéo ou audiovisuel. Concernant les services de téléphonie, des décennies de recherche, de standardisation et d'exploitation des réseaux ont permis aux opérateurs de maîtriser les outils de diagnostic et de déterminer les métriques représentatives de la qualité vocale. Cependant, les méthodes de mesure de la qualité audiovisuelle des services conversationnels ne sont pas encore matures et peu exploitées par les opérateurs de télécommunication. Le présent travail est centré sur la recherche de métriques représentatives de la perception de la qualité des nux associés aux services de visiophonie et de visioconférence. Ces métriques objectives sont calculées à partir du signal audio et vidéo. Des tests subjectifs sont menés afin de collecter le jugement des utilisateurs du service sur la qualité perçue en fonction de différents niveaux de dégradations. Nous avons étudié l'impact des conditions réseau (perte de paquet, gigue et désynchronisation) sur la QoE d'un appel vidéo. Le principe général est ensuite d'établir une corrélation forte entre les métriques objectives sélectionnées et la qualité perçue telle qu'elle est exprimée par les utilisateurs. Les résultats ont montré que les nouvelles métriques de qualité globale audiovisuelle qui prennent en compte l'aspect temporel de la vidéo sont plus performantes que les métriques basées qualité d'images. D'autre part l'utilisation d'une approche machine learning représente une solution pour générer un modèle de prédiction de la qualité globale à partir des métriques de dégradation (flou, pixellisation, gel d'images, ... )<br>In a highly competitive environment, one of the key challenges for operators and providers of video telephony services is to ensure the highest quality of experience (QoE). There is a strong need for a measure that reflects users satisfaction and perception of these services. The audio-visual quality of a video call must be controlled to meet two main needs. The first concerns the planning of new technologies under development. The second is focused on the control of existing communications by assessing the quality of the services offered and evaluating them. Two approaches are used to evaluate audio-visual quality: subjective tests by collecting scores given by participants on quality scales, after viewing and listening to audiovisual sequences and objective metrics based on automatic audio/ video or audiovisual quality evaluation algorithms. Concerning telephony services, decades of research, standardization work and network exploitation, have allowed operators to master the automatic monitoring tools and to determine the representative metrics of voice quality. However, the metrics for measuring the audiovisual quality of a conversational services are not yet mature and not exploited by telecommunication operators. The present work focuses on finding representative metrics of the perception of the video telephony anc videoconferencing services quality. These objective metrics are calculated from the audio and video signals. Subjective tests are conducted to collect the judgment of service users on the perceived quality according to different levels of degradation. We studied the impact of network conditions (packet loss, jitter and desynchronization) on the QoE of a video call. The general principle is then to establish a correlation between the selected objective metrics and the perceived quality as expressed by the users. The results showed that new metric of overall audiovisual quality that take into account the temporal aspect of video are more powerful than image quality based metrics. On the other hand, the use of a machine learning approach represents a solution to generat a global quality prediction model from the degradation metrics (blur, pixelization, image freezing, ... )
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Budhrani, Pinky H. "Race/Ethnicity, Subjective and Objective Sleep Quality, Physical and Psychological Symptoms in Breast Cancer Survivors." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4645.
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Breast cancer is a major health problem and comprises the largest population of cancer survivors in the United States, estimated at 2.9 million women, accounting for 22% of all cancer survivors (National Cancer Institute, 2013). The advances in breast cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment has increased the importance of survivorship needs. A major concern among breast cancer survivors (BCS) is sleep disturbances. This study used an innovative approach to examine ethnic and racial disparities in sleep disturbances present in BCS. In addition, this study also explored sleep disturbances across different races/ethnicities. This study was a secondary data analysis of baseline data from the supplement study of the MBSR Symptom Cluster Trial for Breast Cancer Survivors/ 1R01CA131080, conducted by Dr. Lengacher. Sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, sleep diary (subjective), and sleep actigraphy (objective). The sample consists of 79 women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer (Stage 0, I, II, III), completed lumpectomy and/or mastectomy, and were within 2 weeks to 2 years post radiation and/or chemotherapy treatment. The aims for this study were to: 1) explore racial/ethnic differences in objectively measured sleep patterns among BCS; 2) estimate and compare the correlation between objective and subjective sleep quality by racial/ethnic groups among BCS; 3) examine which sleep actigraphy measure appears to have the strongest relationship with physical and psychological symptoms; and 4) explore whether these relationships (i.e. between objective sleep and self-reported symptoms) appear to be modified by race/ethnicity.
The first aim was conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results indicated that white, non Hispanic BCS had improved objective sleep quality compared to minority BCS. The second aim was conducted using Pearson's correlation with significant correlations found between subjective and objective sleep onset latency (r= .310, p= .016), and total sleep time (TST) (r= .328, p= .011) for the white, non-Hispanic group. The third aim was conducted using Pearson's correlation with significant correlations between sleep onset latency and depression (r= .247, p= .029); sleep efficiency and depression (r= -.233, p= .040); sleep efficiency and fatigue (r= -.207, p= .045); and WASO and pain (r= .277, p= .014). There were no significant correlations between the anxiety score and actigraphy parameters.
Using the significant correlations from the results of the third aim, multiple regression analysis was conducted with age as a covariate to test the fourth aim. The main effect of depression on sleep efficiency was significant (p= .044) with less depression associated with higher sleep efficiency. The interaction term, depression by race/ethnicity, had a non-significant effect on sleep efficiency (p= .299). The main effect of pain on WASO was significant (p= .008), and increased pain was associated with longer WASO. The interaction term, race/ethnicity by pain, had a non-significant effect on WASO (p= .148). The main effect of depression predicting sleep onset latency was significant (p= .027), and the interaction term, depression by race/ethnicity, had a trend towards a significant effect (p= .092) on predicting sleep onset latency. The interaction between depression and race/ethnicity predicting sleep onset latency was further decomposed using multiple regression. The average sleep onset latency was longer in the minority group with high depression levels (42 minutes) compared to the white, non-Hispanics with high depression levels (29 minutes). Race modified the effect of depression on sleep onset latency in this sample of BCS.
These finding suggest that the experience of objective sleep disturbances is different among races/ethnicities. Additional research is needed to further explore racial/ethnic differences in subjective and objective sleep disturbances and its impact on physical and psychological symptoms among BCS. As the number of BCS continue to rise, it is becoming increasingly important to recognize sleep disturbances and their potential physical and psychological effects early in BCS, specifically in different races and ethnicities. It is anticipated that these findings may contribute to improved symptom management for women of different races and ethnicities.
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Swenson, Andrea Valeria Roets. "Making Romantic Relationships Tick: Objective and Subjective Time Use and Relationship Quality Among Business Owners." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70908.
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This study assesses the contextual aspect of working in a family business on intimate relationships. Guided by principles of ecological theory, this study explores the unique situation of individuals who work with an intimate partner in a business they own and how this situation manifests itself in their close relationship. Individuals in a family business are confronted with a potentially unique family-work experience, especially for spouses/partners who work together in a business. It is hypothesized that objective and subjective work time influence couple relationship quality.
Six specific hypotheses centered on the connection between family and work microsystems as well as the influence of macrosystem beliefs regarding family, work, and gender were assessed by regression analysis. Ninety-nine individuals completed a demographic and daily diary online. The sample was 52.53% men, 78.79% White, and educated (63.63% held at least Bachelor degrees). The majority of the sample was legally married (91.92%), with an average relationship length of 16.20 years (SD = 12.74 years).
Regression analyses revealed limited support for the hypotheses. For people in family businesses, working more hours was associated with greater withdrawal from their intimate partner. Perceiving work time as sad was linked to more withdrawal from partner and more anger with partner, but not linked with feelings of closeness to partner. People who felt time at work as appreciated reported feeling closer to their intimate partner. The more respondents believed it was meaningful to distinguish between work and family, the less closeness to their partner they reported. Finally, age was significant for relationship quality, with younger individuals reporting more withdrawal and anger with partner and less closeness to their partner than did older individuals.
This study contributes to research exploring the connection between family and work among individuals who work together in family businesses. While objective work time was associated with the measure of withdrawal from a partner, objective work time did not significantly contribute to the report of anger with a partner or closeness to a partner. Overall, how individuals felt during work time had an effect on their spousal/partner relationship, with feeling sad at work associated with more relationship withdrawal and anger, and feeling appreciated at work associated with more closeness. Limited support for the model suggests there may be unique processes of work and family operating within family businesses. Although work and family microsystems were connected in this study of family business owners, the links between work and family were different from previous research on dual- and single-earner families. Future research should untangle the processes through which work and family and time are connected, with attention to larger cultural influences, particularly how individuals within family businesses do work and family and how families ascribe to and enact gender within family businesses. In addition, further research should assess the degree to which microsystems can be differentiated in populations characterized by an extreme mesosystem connection between work and family.<br>Ph. D.