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Journal articles on the topic 'Objective reference points'

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Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 7 July 2025

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1

Liu, Yiping, Dunwei Gong, Xiaoyan Sun, and Yong Zhang. "Many-objective evolutionary optimization based on reference points." Applied Soft Computing 50 (January 2017): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2016.11.009.

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2

Stewart, Theodor J. "Multiple objective project portfolio selection based on reference points." Journal of Business Economics 86, no. 1-2 (2016): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11573-015-0797-x.

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3

Xiang, Yi, Yuren Zhou, Xiaowei Yang, and Han Huang. "A Many-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm With Pareto-Adaptive Reference Points." IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 24, no. 1 (2020): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2019.2909636.

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Abdel-Basset, Mohamed, Reda Mohamed, and Mohamed Abouhawwash. "Balanced multi-objective optimization algorithm using improvement based reference points approach." Swarm and Evolutionary Computation 60 (February 2021): 100791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2020.100791.

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5

Metev, Boyan S., and Irena T. Yordanova-Markova. "Multi-objective optimization over convex disjunctive feasible sets using reference points." European Journal of Operational Research 98, no. 1 (1997): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(95)00323-1.

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6

Reddy, Sohail R., and George S. Dulikravich. "Many-objective differential evolution optimization based on reference points: NSDE-R." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 60, no. 4 (2019): 1455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-019-02272-0.

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7

Alves, Maria João, and João Clímaco. "Indifference sets of reference points in multi-objective integer linear programming." Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis 10, no. 4 (2001): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mcda.301.

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8

Reçica, Muhamet, and Naser Pajaziti. "Albanian Aorist and Time Reference Points." Journal of Educational and Social Research 10, no. 3 (2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2020-0051.

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Topics related to the structure of the temporal system of Albanian language always give opportunities for new discussions to deal with certain aspects related to various forms of this system, and one of them is the aorist, as a tense containing many semantic, temporal, aspectual, stylistic values, etc. The relationships that exist between the verbal tenses in this system within the absolute time-relative time dimension, which relate to the independent or dependent use of temporal forms against one another in different discoursing contexts, make up an interpretation-based approach to interest. Hence, the essential objective of this paper will be specifically the relations of the Albanian aorist to the other verbal forms, always observed with a time reference point, to illuminate the character of these purely temporal relations against each other under all circumstances of the actions that take place and are displayed by verbal forms in different contexts, relying on the corpus of examined materials.
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Д.В., Полєжаєв, та Тихомиров М.Ю. "КАТЕГОРІАЛЬНО-ПОНЯТІЙНЕ ОСМИСЛЕННЯ ФЕНОМЕНУ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО САМОВИЗНАЧЕННЯ: ІСТОРІОГРАФІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ". Вісник Харківського національного педагогічного університету імені Г.С. Сковороди "Психологія", № 52 (14 січня 2016): 285–92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44745.

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The article deals with main scientific researches and concepts of professional self-determination. It is analyzed objective reference points of professional self-determination, its structural elements.
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Dai, Guangming, Chong Zhou, Maocai Wang, and Xiangping Li. "Indicator and reference points co-guided evolutionary algorithm for many-objective optimization problems." Knowledge-Based Systems 140 (January 2018): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2017.10.025.

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11

Zhou, Chong, Guangming Dai, Cuijun Zhang, Xiangping Li, and Ke Ma. "Entropy based evolutionary algorithm with adaptive reference points for many-objective optimization problems." Information Sciences 465 (October 2018): 232–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2018.07.012.

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Zhao, Haitong, Changsheng Zhang, and Bin Zhang. "A decomposition-based many-objective ant colony optimization algorithm with adaptive reference points." Information Sciences 540 (November 2020): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2020.06.028.

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13

Vargas, Dênis E. C., Afonso C. C. Lemonge, Helio J. C. Barbosa, and Heder S. Bernardino. "Solving multi-objective structural optimization problems using GDE3 and NSGA-II with reference points." Engineering Structures 239 (July 2021): 112187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112187.

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Britto, Andre, and Aurora Pozo. "Using reference points to update the archive of MOPSO algorithms in Many-Objective Optimization." Neurocomputing 127 (March 2014): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2013.05.049.

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15

Xing, Lining, Jun Li, Zhaoquan Cai, and Feng Hou. "A Two-State Dynamic Decomposition-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Handling Many-Objective Optimization Problems." Mathematics 11, no. 3 (2023): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11030493.

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Decomposition-based many-objective evolutionary algorithms (D-MaOEAs) are brilliant at keeping population diversity for predefined reference vectors or points. However, studies indicate that the performance of an D-MaOEA strongly depends on the similarity between the shape of the reference vectors (points) and that of the PF (a set of Pareto-optimal solutions symbolizing balance among objectives of many-objective optimization problems) of the many-objective problem (MaOP). Generally, MaOPs with expected PFs are not realistic. Consequently, the inevitable weak similarity results in many inactive subspaces, creating huge difficulties for maintaining diversity. To address these issues, we propose a two-state method to judge the decomposition status according to the number of inactive reference vectors. Then, two novel reference vector adjustment strategies, set as parts of the environmental selection approach, are tailored for the two states to delete inactive reference vectors and add new active reference vectors, respectively, in order to ensure that the reference vectors are as close as possible to the PF of the optimization problem. Based on the above strategies and an efficient convergence performance indicator, an active reference vector-based two-state dynamic decomposition-base MaOEA, referred to as ART-DMaOEA, is developed in this paper. Extensive experiments were conducted on ART-DMaOEA and five state-of-the-art MaOEAs on MaF1-MaF9 and WFG1-WFG9, and the comparative results show that ART-DMaOEA has the most competitive overall performance.
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Mousa, A. A., M. Higazy, S. Abdel-Khalek, Mohamed A. Hussein, and Ahmed Farouk. "Multi-objective reference point based enriched swarm optimization with an application to blood supply chain under natural disaster." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 41, no. 1 (2021): 715–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-202529.

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The application and analysis of effective blood supply chain network under natural disaster imposed many critical challenges which addressed through an optimization of multiple objectives functions. In this article, relies on reference point algorithm, a user-preference based enriched swarm optimization algorithm is proposed where, inner reference points were produced depending on the perturbed reference point. For each inner reference point, weakly/ɛ-properly Pareto optimal solution was generated using augmented achievement function. All the generated solutions (points) are presented as potential positions for particles in the particle swarm optimization PSO. The proposed algorithm has been reinforced with a novel chaotic contraction operator to retain the feasibility of the particles. To prove the validity of our algorithm, the obtained results are compared with true Pareto optimal front and three of the most salient evolutionary algorithms using inverted generational distance metric IGD. In addition it was implement to detect the most cost and time efficient blood supply chain to provide the required blood types demand on the blood transfusion center in emergence situation, where, it is required to solve this real life application with predefined supply time and predefined supply cost, which is considered as reference point to get the nearby Pareto optimal solution. By the experimental outcomes, we proved that the proposed algorithm is capable to find the set of Paetro optimal solutions nearby the predefined reference points.
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17

Ren, Lu, Wenyu Zhang, Yunrui Ye, and Xinru Li. "Hybrid Strategy to Improve the High-Dimensional Multi-Target Sparrow Search Algorithm and Its Application." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (2023): 3589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063589.

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This research combines the improved reference point selection strategy and the sparrow search algorithm with an enhanced competition mechanism to create a high-dimensional multi-objective sparrow search algorithm with an incorporated improved reference point selection strategy. First, the reference point selection approach is utilized to establish the reference points and sparrow populations, and the most important reference points are dynamically chosen to increase the global search ability. Then, the size of the search population and the method of searcher position updating are dynamically adjusted according to the size of the entropy difference between two adjacent generations of the population. Following, the convergence speed is increased by improving the follower position formula and extending the competition mechanism to high-dimensional multi-objective optimization. The Corsi variation operator improves the algorithm’s capacity to break out of its local optimum. Finally, we have used 12 standard benchmark test functions to evaluate the MaOISSA (Many/Multi-Objective Sparrow Search Algorithm based on Improved reference points) and compared it with many high-dimensional multi-objective algorithms. There were nine with substantial IGD values and eight with significant HV values. The findings revealed that MaOISSA had convergence and variety. The simulated results of the performance model for the defense science and technology innovation ecosystem demonstrate that MaOISSA offers a superior solution for tackling the high-dimensional, multi-objective issue, demonstrating the method’s efficacy.
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18

Ding, Rui, Hongbin Dong, Jun He, and Tao Li. "A novel two-archive strategy for evolutionary many-objective optimization algorithm based on reference points." Applied Soft Computing 78 (May 2019): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2019.02.040.

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19

Aliano Filho, Angelo, Antonio Carlos Moretti, Margarida Vaz Pato, and Washington Alves de Oliveira. "An exact scalarization method with multiple reference points for bi-objective integer linear optimization problems." Annals of Operations Research 296, no. 1-2 (2019): 35–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03317-9.

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20

IRWIN, BRIAN J., and MICHAEL J. CONROY. "Consideration of reference points for the management of renewable resources under an adaptive management paradigm." Environmental Conservation 40, no. 4 (2013): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892913000222.

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SUMMARYThe success of natural resource management depends on monitoring, assessment and enforcement. In support of these efforts, reference points (RPs) are often viewed as critical values of management-relevant indicators. This paper considers RPs from the standpoint of objective-driven decision making in dynamic resource systems, guided by principles of structured decision making (SDM) and adaptive resource management (AM). During the development of natural resource policy, RPs have been variously treated as either ‘targets’ or ‘triggers’. Under a SDM/AM paradigm, target RPs correspond approximately to value-based objectives, which may in turn be either of fundamental interest to stakeholders or intermediaries to other central objectives. By contrast, trigger RPs correspond to decision rules that are presumed to lead to desirable outcomes (such as the programme targets). Casting RPs as triggers or targets within a SDM framework is helpful towards clarifying why (or whether) a particular metric is appropriate. Further, the benefits of a SDM/AM process include elucidation of underlying untested assumptions that may reveal alternative metrics for use as RPs. Likewise, a structured decision-analytic framework may also reveal that failure to achieve management goals is not because the metrics are wrong, but because the decision-making process in which they are embedded is insufficiently robust to uncertainty, is not efficiently directed at producing a resource objective, or is incapable of adaptation to new knowledge.
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21

Friedrich, Tobias, Frank Neumann, and Christian Thyssen. "Multiplicative Approximations, Optimal Hypervolume Distributions, and the Choice of the Reference Point." Evolutionary Computation 23, no. 1 (2015): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00126.

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Many optimization problems arising in applications have to consider several objective functions at the same time. Evolutionary algorithms seem to be a very natural choice for dealing with multi-objective problems as the population of such an algorithm can be used to represent the trade-offs with respect to the given objective functions. In this paper, we contribute to the theoretical understanding of evolutionary algorithms for multi-objective problems. We consider indicator-based algorithms whose goal is to maximize the hypervolume for a given problem by distributing [Formula: see text] points on the Pareto front. To gain new theoretical insights into the behavior of hypervolume-based algorithms, we compare their optimization goal to the goal of achieving an optimal multiplicative approximation ratio. Our studies are carried out for different Pareto front shapes of bi-objective problems. For the class of linear fronts and a class of convex fronts, we prove that maximizing the hypervolume gives the best possible approximation ratio when assuming that the extreme points have to be included in both distributions of the points on the Pareto front. Furthermore, we investigate the choice of the reference point on the approximation behavior of hypervolume-based approaches and examine Pareto fronts of different shapes by numerical calculations.
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22

Greenstreet, Simon P. R., and Stuart I. Rogers. "Indicators of the health of the North Sea fish community: identifying reference levels for an ecosystem approach to management." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 4 (2006): 573–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.12.009.

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Abstract The shift in emphasis away from the single-species focus of traditional fisheries management towards an ecosystem approach to management requires application of indicators of ecosystem state. Further, an ecosystem approach to management requires the identification of ecological reference points against which management objectives might be set. In applying indicators, identifying reference points, and setting objectives, an obvious requirement is that the indicators respond primarily to the anthropogenic activity being managed and are sufficiently sensitive that impacts of the activity and the responses to management action are clearly demonstrable. Here we apply a suite of 12 indicators to Scottish August groundfish survey data collected in the northern North Sea over the period 1925–1997. These include indicators of size structure, life-history character composition, species diversity, and trophic structure within the community. Our choice of analytical design has two purposes; first to show that fishing has unequivocally affected these various aspects of the structure of the groundfish community, and second to illustrate an approach by which long time-series data sets might be used to identify possible management reference points. The results are discussed in the context of selecting ecological indicators in support of an ecosystem approach to management and determining appropriate reference points for objective-setting.
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23

Premkumar, M., Pradeep Jangir, R. Sowmya, and Laith Abualigah. "MaOMFO: Many-objective moth flame optimizer using reference-point based non-dominated sorting mechanism for global optimization problems." Decision Science Letters 12, no. 3 (2023): 571–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2023.4.006.

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Many-objective optimization (MaO) deals with a large number of conflicting objectives in optimization problems to acquire a reliable set of appropriate non-dominated solutions near the true Pareto front, and for the same, a unique mechanism is essential. Numerous papers have reported multi-objective evolutionary algorithms to explain the absence of convergence and diversity variety in many-objective optimization problems. One of the most encouraging methodologies utilizes many reference points to segregate the solutions and guide the search procedure. The above-said methodology is integrated into the basic version of the Moth Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithm for the first time in this paper. The proposed Many-Objective Moth Flame Optimization (MaOMFO) utilizes a set of reference points progressively decided by the hunt procedure of the moth flame. It permits the calculation to combine with the Pareto front yet synchronize the decent variety of the Pareto front. MaOMFO is employed to solve a wide range of unconstrained and constrained benchmark functions and compared with other competitive algorithms, such as non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on dominance and decomposition, and novel multi-objective particle swarm optimization using different performance metrics. The results demonstrate the superiority of the algorithm as a new many-objective algorithm for complex many-objective optimization problems.
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Ustun, Ozden. "Interactive Reference Point Procedure Based on the Conic Scalarizing Function." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/242803.

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In multiobjective optimization methods, multiple conflicting objectives are typically converted into a single objective optimization problem with the help of scalarizing functions. The conic scalarizing function is a general characterization of Benson proper efficient solutions of non-convex multiobjective problems in terms of saddle points of scalar Lagrangian functions. This approach preserves convexity. The conic scalarizing function, as a part of a posteriori or a priori methods, has successfully been applied to several real-life problems. In this paper, we propose a conic scalarizing function based interactive reference point procedure where the decision maker actively takes part in the solution process and directs the search according to her or his preferences. An algorithmic framework for the interactive solution of multiple objective optimization problems is presented and is utilized for solving some illustrative examples.
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Yang, Wusi, Li Chen, Yi Wang, and Maosheng Zhang. "A reference points and intuitionistic fuzzy dominance based particle swarm algorithm for multi/many-objective optimization." Applied Intelligence 50, no. 4 (2019): 1133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10489-019-01569-3.

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Fay, Gavin, Jason S. Link, Scott I. Large, and Robert J. Gamble. "Management performance of ecological indicators in the Georges Bank finfish fishery." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 5 (2014): 1285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu214.

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Abstract Successful implementation of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) requires appropriate action as informed by reference points in an ecosystem context. Thresholds in the response of ecological indicators to system drivers have been suggested as reference points for EBFM, though the management performance of these indicators and possible values for their reference points have not been widely evaluated. We used Management Strategy Evaluation to test the performance of control rules that used ecological indicators to adjust the advice from single-species stock assessments, using the Georges Bank finfish fishery as a case study. We compare the performance of control rules that used ecological indicators to that of single-species FMSY control rules when the system dynamics were governed by the same multispecies population model. Control rules that used indicator-based reference points were able to perform better against catch and biodiversity objectives than when harvests were based on single-species advice alone. Indicators and values for reference points associated with good performance varied depending on the management objective. We quantified tradeoffs between total catch, biodiversity, and interannual variability in catch, noting that it was possible in some instances to achieve higher than average biodiversity while maintaining high catches using indicator-based control rules. While improved performance was noted using ecological indicators, outcomes were variable, and the gains in performance obtained may be similar to alternative methods of implementing precaution in single-species fishery control rules.
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McBride, Sarah H., Scott Dolejs, Ulf Knothe, and Melissa L. Knothe Tate. "Major and minor centroidal axes serve as objective, automatable reference points to test mechanobiological hypotheses using histomorphometry." Journal of Biomechanics 44, no. 6 (2011): 1205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.01.033.

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KADZIŃSKI, MIŁOSZ, and ROMAN SŁOWIŃSKI. "INTERACTIVE ROBUST CONE CONTRACTION METHOD FOR MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 11, no. 02 (2012): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622012400056.

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We introduce a new interactive procedure for multiple objective optimization problems. The identification of the most preferred solution is achieved by means of a systematic dialogue with the decision maker (DM) during which (s)he specifies pairwise comparisons of nondominated solutions from a current sample. We represent this preference information by a compatible form of the achievement scalarizing function, i.e., we are searching for weights of objectives which ensure that the reference solutions are compared by the function in the same way as by the DM. Directions of the isoquants of all compatible achievement scalarizing functions create a cone in the evaluation space, with the origin in a reference point. In successive iterations, each new pairwise comparison of solutions contracts the cone which is zooming on a subregion of nondominated points of greatest interest for the DM. The procedure ends when at least one satisfactory solution is selected or when the DM comes to conclusion that there is no such solution for the current problem setting.
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Yu, Kai Qin, Yin Fei Yang, Liang Li, Ning He, Bo Chen, and Xue Feng Zhang. "Residual Stresses Measurement Base on Three Reference Points Theory Using Contour Method." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 726–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.726.

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The objective of this work is to measure the residual stress normal to the cut plane which has a large size using contour method. Translations and rotations are applied to the second point cloud to assure the continuity of the contour. There is still the same work on the opposing cut plane, align and combine the two contour datasets, perform the interpolation and then integrate with a finite element modelling package to apply many thousands of different boundary conditions. The finite element result shows a good continuity indicating the success of transformation means applied on the point cloud. The result gets the stress distribution normal to the cut plane. Beam forming is simulated to study the residual stress distribution of the stretch-wrap bend forming, the residual stress from contour method and forming simulation present the same trend.
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30

Leng, Qi, Bo Shan, and Chong Zhou. "Reference Point and Grid Method-Based Evolutionary Algorithm with Entropy for Many-Objective Optimization Problems." Entropy 27, no. 5 (2025): 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050524.

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In everyday scenarios, there are many challenges involving multi-objective optimization. As the count of objective functions rises to four or beyond, the problem’s complexity intensifies considerably, often making it challenging for traditional algorithms to arrive at satisfactory solutions. The non-dominated sorting evolutionary reference point-based (NSGA-III) and the grid-based evolutionary algorithms (GrEA) are two prevalent algorithms for many-objective optimization. These two algorithms preserve population diversity by employing reference point and grid mechanisms, respectively. However, they still have limitations when addressing many-objective optimization problems. Due to the uniform distribution of reference points, the reference point-based methods do not obtain good performance on problems with an irregular Pareto front, while grid-based methods do not achieve good results on problems with a regular Pareto front because of the uneven partition of grids. To address the limitations of reference point-based algorithms and grid-based approaches in tackling both regular and irregular problems, a reference point- and grid-based evolutionary algorithm with entropy is proposed for many-objective optimization, denoted as RGEA, which aims to solve both regular and irregular many-objective optimization problems. Entropy is introduced to measure the shape of the Pareto front of a many-objective optimization problem. In RGEA, a parameter α is introduced to determine the interval for calculating the entropy value. By comparing the current entropy value with the maximum entropy value, the reference point-based method or the grid-based method can be determined. In order to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, a comprehensive experiment was designed on some popular test suites with 3-to-10 objectives. In addition, RGEA was compared against six algorithms without adaptive technology and six algorithms with adaptive technology. A great number of experimental results were obtained showing that RGEA can obtain good results.
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Banaduc, Gabriela, Nicoleta Mirea, and Anca Draghici. "Points of intersection between sustainability and project management." MATEC Web of Conferences 373 (2022): 00078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237300078.

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The goal of this paper is to explore the dimension of sustainability in project management through a systematic literature review; more specifically, the article aims at reviewing the approaches to ensure the performance of urban projects performance targeting sustainable objectives. An attempt to explore the way the two fields intersect by means of exchanging both strengths: project management know-how areas, on the one hand, and sustainability tools, a win–win for improving the efficiency of implementing sustenability in every project. The research objective is to define concepts, terminology and conceptual clarifications on the management of sustainable urban development projects, the bibliographic reference, which will present the historical evolution and the current state of knowledge in the field (theories, studies and relationships, good practices, definitions). The scope of this effort is to dive into the maze of a literature review in order to identify the link between project management and sustainability and the transition paved by unique and challenging experiences which shifts towards a green and inclusive future.
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32

Filatov, V. O., and M. A. Yerokhin. "IMPROVED MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION IN BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT USING R-NSGA-II." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control, no. 3 (October 14, 2023): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2023-3-18.

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Context. Business process management is a critical component in contemporary organizations for maintaining efficiency and achieving operational objectives. Optimization of these processes in terms of time and cost can lead to significant improvements in overall business performance. However, traditional optimization techniques often face challenges in handling multi-objective problems with a known time-cost trade-off, necessitating more effective solutions. The integration of a business process model and notation for a stochastic process simulation provides a robust foundation for analyzing these business processes and complies with stateof-the-art business process management. In prior studies, we applied several heuristic algorithms, including the evolutionary NSGAII, to find a Pareto-optimal set of solutions. We defined a solution as a pair of cost and time associated with a specific resource allocation. For one of the selected processes, the performance of NSGA-II was subpar compared to other techniques.
 Objective. The goal of this study is to improve upon the NSGA-II’s performance and, in turn, enhance the efficiency of multiobjective business process optimization. Specifically, we aim to incorporate reference points into NSGA-II. Our goal is to identify an optimized set of solutions that represent a trade-off between process execution time and the associated cost. We expect this set to have a higher spread and other quality metrics, compared to the prior outputs.
 Method. To accomplish our objective, we adopted a two-step approach. Firstly, we modified the original genetic algorithm by selecting and integrating the reference points that served to guide the search towards the Pareto-optimal front. This integration was designed to enhance the exploration and exploitation capabilities of the algorithm. Secondly, we employed the improved algorithm, namely R-NSGA-II, in the stochastic simulations of the business processes. The BPMN provided the input for these simulations, wherein we altered the resource allocation to observe the impact on process time and cost.
 Results. Our experimental results demonstrated that the R-NSGA-II significantly outperformed the original NSGA-II algorithm for the given process model, derived from the event log. The modified algorithm was able to identify a wider and more diverse Pareto-optimal front, thus providing a more comprehensive set of optimal solutions concerning cost and time.
 Conclusions. The study confirmed and underscored the potential of integrating the reference points into NSGA-II for optimizing business processes. The improved performance of R-NSGA-II, evident from the better Pareto-optimal front it identified, highlights its efficacy in multi-objective optimization problems, as well as the simplicity of the reference-based approaches in the scope of BPM. Our research poses the direction for the further exploration of the heuristics to improve the outcomes of the optimization techniques or their execution performance.
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Cong, Di, Chunjing Shi, Yunfei Cui, Yongming Han, and Zhiqiang Geng. "Novel competing evolutionary membrane algorithm based on multiple reference points for multi-objective optimization of ethylene cracking processes." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 217 (October 2021): 104389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2021.104389.

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34

Dhiman, Gaurav, and Vijay Kumar. "KnRVEA: A hybrid evolutionary algorithm based on knee points and reference vector adaptation strategies for many-objective optimization." Applied Intelligence 49, no. 7 (2019): 2434–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10489-018-1365-1.

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35

Wang, Xinrui, Junqing Li, Jiake Li, and Ying Xu. "Adaptive reference-points learning and cooperation driven multi-objective algorithm for hybrid group flow shop with outsourcing option." CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 60 (September 2025): 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2025.04.006.

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WANG, WENJUAN, PAUL VILLAVICENCIO, and TOYOHIDE WATANABE. "ANALYSIS OF REFERENCE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG RESEARCH PAPERS, BASED ON CITATION CONTEXT." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 21, no. 02 (2012): 1240004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213012400040.

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Many efforts have been successfully paid by researchers or developers to grasp efficiently the contents of related works with a view to making their investigations successfully, preparing their plans effectively or attaining their objectives smartly. Although the paper abstract prepared by authors themselves is one of the useful efforts in many cases the content is not always sufficient by them to know the features of objective, approach, method, experimental data, evaluation, etc. in comparison with other related works. In this paper, we focus on the text associated with citation to reveal reference relationships between papers in order to achieve an objective of analyzing the influence of related works. Citation indicates the connection between two papers. Also, the text associated with citation can reflect the contribution of scientific papers, expressions of authors' opinions or other researches and also can show the usage of the research to resolve problems. Our main discussion points in this paper are classification of reference relationship, extraction of text associated with citation and representation of reference relationship from a viewpoint of making the original features of our work clear.
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Guo, Qian. "Large Scale Customer Points in Genetic Algorithms." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 2, no. 3 (2024): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijcsit.v2n3.23.

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Aiming at the path optimization problem of pharmaceutical green logistics distribution, a green logistics path optimization model is designed considering constraints such as time window limitation and vehicle capacity, with the optimization objective of minimizing the sum of vehicle transportation cost, overtime cost and green cost, and the constructed model is solved by using genetic algorithm. The constructed model and designed algorithm are verified by actual distribution data. The example experiments show that the genetic algorithm has better solution quality, higher efficiency and more stable results in solving the vehicle path problem at large-scale customer locations. The research results not only expand the vehicle path problem, but also provide decision-making reference for the distribution optimization of related express logistics enterprises.
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38

Wei, Lixin, JinLu Zhang, Rui Fan, Xin Li, and Hao Sun. "Covariance matrix adaptive strategy for a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on reference point." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 5 (2020): 7315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200749.

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In this article, an effective method, called an adaptive covariance strategy based on reference points (RPCMA-ES) is proposed for multi-objective optimization. In the proposed algorithm, search space is divided into independent sub-regions by calculating the angle between the objective vector and the reference vector. The reference vectors can be used not only to decompose the original multi-objective optimization problem into a number of single-objective subproblems, but also to elucidate user preferences to target a preferred subset of the whole Pareto front (PF). In this respect, any single objective optimizers can be easily used in this algorithm framework. Inspired by the multi-objective estimation of distribution algorithms, covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is involved in RPCMA-ES. A state-of-the-art optimizer for single-objective continuous functions is the CMA-ES, which has proven to be able to strike a good balance between the exploration and the exploitation of search space. Furthermore, in order to avoid falling into local optimality and make the new mean closer to the optimal solution, chaos operator is added based on CMA-ES. By comparing it with four state-of-the-art multi-objective optimization algorithms, the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is competitive and effective in terms of convergence and distribution.
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Pinheiro, Patrícia Geórgia Oliveira Diniz, Lenilde Duarte de Sá, Pedro Fredemir Palha, Rita de Cássia Cordeiro de Oliveira, Jordana de Almeida Nogueira, and Tereza Cristina Scatena Villa. "Critical points for the control of Tuberculosis on Primary Health Care." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 70, no. 6 (2017): 1227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0467.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the discourses of professionals that work on the reference service about the critical points that affects the essential attributes of the Primary Health Care (PHC) related to the control of tuberculosis in the city of João Pessoa. Method: The empirical material collected from August to October in 2014, through the interview technique was analyzed through the methodological-theoretical framework of French Discourse Analysis. Results: The discourses demonstrated the critical points on the control of the disease on PHC as being the lack of bond and welcoming from the professionals in relation to patients with tuberculosis. It was realized that the professionals have prejudice about the disease, that they have difficulties on the access to conducting exams, appointments and treatments, as well as there are fails on the reference and counter-referencing system. Final Considerations: Managers should be aware about the results that were found, so that facing actions can be planned and executed in order to minimize the existent of critical points.
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Anusha, M. "Multi-Objective Optimization to Identify High Quality Clusters with Close Referential Point using Evolutionary Clustering Techniques." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 7, no. 3 (2018): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2018.7.3.1894.

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Most of the real-world optimization problems have multiple objectives to deal with. Satisfying one objective at a time may lead to the huge deviation in other. This paper uses criterion knowledge ranking algorithm solving multi-objective optimization problems. The aim of this research paper is to solve a multi-objective optimization algorithm with close reference point learning method to identify high quality data clusters. A Simple crossover measure is used to quantify the diversity of the whole set, by considering all patterns as a complete entity. In this paper, the task of identifying high quality data clusters using close reference points is proposed to solve multi-objective optimization problem using evolutionary clustering techniques. The proposed algorithm finds the closest feature from the selected features of the data sets that also minimizes the cost while maintains the quality of the solution by producing better convergence. The resultant clusters were analysed and validated using cluster validity indexes. The proposed algorithm is tested with several UCI real-life data sets. The experimental results substantiates that the algorithm is efficient and robust.
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41

O'Boyle, R., M. Sinclair, P. Keizer, K. Lee, D. Ricard, and P. Yeats. "Indicators for ecosystem-based management on the Scotian Shelf: bridging the gap between theory and practice." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 3 (2005): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.01.011.

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Abstract The need for a more integrated approach to ocean management is increasingly being recognized. Discussion on appropriate indicators and reference points supporting such an approach has focused on the technical merits of one set of metrics over another in servicing some management goal. Relatively little effort has been put into answering the question how one would use suites of indicators to meet the multiple conservation objectives defined in operational plans. Such an exercise is being undertaken on the eastern Scotian Shelf off Canada's east coast, as a national integrated management pilot. A number of ocean industries – fishing, oil and gas exploration, transport, and the military – utilize the area, a typical situation elsewhere in the world. A suite of conceptual ecosystem-level objectives has been identified to address biodiversity, productivity, and habitat issues. Operational objectives, which identify an indicator and reference points associated with each conceptual objective, are then stated. Utilizing this framework, individual ocean industry plans and activities can be reviewed in a consistent manner, to determine how they might be constrained by the conservation objectives for the area. Issues of spatial scale and cumulative impacts are addressed, and comment is made on future developments.
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Cunha, Kamylla Santos da, Carolina Kahl, Cintia Koerich, Gabriela Marcellino de Melo Lanzoni, Alacoque Lorenzini Erdmann, and Betina Hörner Schlindwein Meirelles. "Myocardial revascularization: factors intervening in the reference and counter-reference in the hospital setting." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, no. 4 (2018): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0218.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the intervening factors in the process of reference and counter-reference of the individual with heart disease in the scenario of high complexity in the health care network. Method: Research anchored in the Grounded Theory (Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados). It totaled 21 participants. The data collection scenario was a cardiovascular reference hospital in the south of Brazil and occurred between March and June 2014. Results: The intervening factors in the reference process were the difficulty to access the points of the network and telemedicine and the central to manage the flow of patients in the network. In the counter-reference, there was a link with the hospital and the lack of communication among network professionals. Conclusion: It reveals the need to reorganize the service flow in HCN, enhancing PHC, expanding the performance of medium complexity and increasing the capacity of high complexity in order to carry out the process of reference and counter-reference.
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Triarahmadhana, Bagas, Widy Putra, Dwi Noviyanto, Harka Amrossalma, and Safirotul Huda. "The Terrestrial Gravity Survey Around Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) Area, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1418, no. 1 (2024): 012032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1418/1/012032.

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Abstract The Geospatial Information Agency of Indonesia (BIG) conducted a terrestrial gravity survey around the Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) area, projected to be the new capital city of Indonesia. The objective of the surveys was to collect gravity data to develop a geoid model serving as the vertical reference system. The survey encompassed 164 measurement points, spaced sporadically at intervals of 2.5 km to 3 km and utilizing the CG-5 Scintrex gravimeter. Each point was surveyed for 10 minutes with a 1 Hz data interval. Accurate positioning of the points was achieved using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with real-time kinematic (RTK) method, receiving corrections from nearby Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS), including CBAL station located in Balikpapan City. The gravity data was processed using the Gradj and Grano subprograms of the GRAVSOFT software, referenced to the primary gravity pillar GBU025, with an absolute gravity value of 978,039.879 mGal ± 0.007 mGal. The adjustment process revealed that the standard deviation of gravity values ranged from 3.102 mGal to 4.872 mGal.
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Zhang, Honghao, Dongtao Yu, Tao Li, Lingyu Wang, Zhongwei Huang, and Yong Zhang. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Square Corrugation Multilayer Nested Structures." Applied Sciences 13, no. 17 (2023): 9750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13179750.

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Thin-walled structures, when used for high-speed railways, can effectively mitigate the irreversible destruction when a malfunction occurs. Nested thin-walled tubes, as energy-absorbing structures, possess excellent specific energy absorption (SEA) and crushing force efficiency (CFE). This paper conducts multi-objective optimization by focusing on a square corrugation nested structure with a double octagon inner wall, namely SCOD, to ameliorate the crashworthiness of the nested structure. The finite element model of the SCOD is constructed and validated by test data. A set of experimental design points with good spatial distribution are obtained using the optimal Latin hypercube (LHC) method. The polynomial response surface (PRS) method was applied to establish the fitting relationship between design variables and optimization objectives, and validation is accomplished. The DCNSGA-III algorithm is employed for optimization, resulting in a Pareto alternative solution set with good population diversity and convergence. In addition, to observe the optimized performance, a set of optimal solutions considering a single objective value is derived, and a comprehensive optimal solution is obtained by applying the minimum distance selection method (TMDSM). Finally, the proposed optimized system is analyzed and validated. According to the alternative reference solutions, the initial peak force (IPCF) reduces by 53.75% and CFE increases by 8.7%. This paper provides some reference for the optimization design in practical engineering.
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Andrello, Avacir Casanova, Carlos Roberto Appoloni, and Maria de Fátima Guimarães. "Soil erosion determination in a watershed from northern Paraná (Brazil) using 137Cs." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47, no. 4 (2004): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132004000400020.

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The objective of this work was study the soil losses or gains in a watershed in the municipal district of Cambé, Paraná using 137Cs as marker for the determination of soil redistributions. A transect sampling was used to evaluate the influence of different tillage on soil erosion. One point, located in a forest area was sampled and analyzed to determine the reference inventory of cesium-137 deposited by fallout. The average value of the reference inventory was 292 Bq m-2. The cesium-137 inventory of the transect samples varied from 80 Bq m-2 to 403 Bq m-2. The sampling points in pasture presented soil losses. The sampling points in coffee plantation did not present losses or gains. The sampling points in soybean cultivated areas presented soil losses.
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Ariza Vesga, Luis Felipe, Johan Sebastián Eslava Garzón, and Rafael Puerta Ramirez. "EF1-NSGA-III: An evolutionary algorithm based on the first front to obtain non-negative and non-repeated extreme points." Ingeniería e Investigación 40, no. 3 (2020): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/inginvestig.v40n3.82906.

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Multi-Objective and Many-objective Optimization problems have been extensively solved through evolutionary algorithms over a few decades. Despite the fact that NSGA-II and NSGA-III are frequently employed as a reference for a comparative evaluation of new evolutionary algorithms, the latter is proprietary. In this paper, we used the basic framework of the NSGA-II, which is very similar to the NSGA-III, with significant changes in its selection operator. We took the first front generated at the non-dominating sort procedure to obtain nonnegative and nonrepeated extreme points. This opensource version of the NSGA-III is called EF1-NSGA-III, and its implementation does not start from scratch; that would be reinventing the wheel. Instead, we took the NSGA-II code from the authors in the repository of the Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory to extend the EF1-NSGA-III. We then adjusted its selection operator from diversity, based on the crowding distance, to the one found on reference points and preserved its parameters. After that, we continued with the adaptive EF1-NSGA-III (A-EF1-NSGA-III), and the efficient adaptive EF1-NSGA-III (A2-EF1-NSGA-III), while also contributing to explain how to generate different types of reference points. The proposed algorithms resolve optimization problems with constraints of up to 10 objective functions. We tested them on a wide range of benchmark problems, and they showed notable improvements in terms of convergence and diversity by using the Inverted Generational Distance (IGD) and the HyperVolume (HV) performance metrics. The EF1-NSGA-III aims to resolve the power consumption for Centralized Radio Access Networks and the BiObjective Minimum DiameterCost Spanning Tree problems.
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Roszkowska, Ewa, and Marzena Filipowicz-Chomko. "A Multi-Criteria Method Integrating Distances to Ideal and Anti-Ideal Points." Symmetry 16, no. 8 (2024): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16081025.

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Multi-criteria decision-making methods based on reference points and distances from them are essential for evaluating alternatives across multiple criteria. These methods provide structured approaches to comparing and ranking alternatives relative to specified reference points. The main objective of this paper is to present the Multi-Criteria Method Integrating Distances to Ideal and Anti-ideal Points (MIDIA), which, through a weighted system, allows for the consideration of balance and asymmetry in assessing alternatives based on their distances from the ideal and anti-ideal points. As a multi-criteria algorithm, MIDIA is user-friendly and reflects the human mind’s natural tendency to assess objects based on fundamental concepts—comparison with the ideal solution and the anti-ideal solution—that are familiar from everyday experiences and provide valuable insights from a behavioral perspective. Moreover, the proposed method can be seen as an extension of Hellwig’s approach, designed to facilitate the ranking of alternatives based on two reference points: the ideal point and the anti-ideal point, measuring the distance between the alternative and the ideal point and the distance between the ideal and anti-ideal points. The MIDIA method integrates elements from both TOPSIS and VIKOR, by incorporating the structure of TOPSIS and the compromise perspective of VIKOR, offering a balanced approach to multi-criteria decision-making by focusing on the distances from ideal and anti-ideal points. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the usability of the proposed tool in situations where the decision-maker has asymmetrical preferences concerning the importance of ideal and anti-ideal points in ranking alternatives. Moreover, the MIDIA method is applied to one of the Sustainable Development Goals, in the area of education (SDG4), to obtain the rankings of EU member countries in 2022. The results obtained using the MIDIA method were compared with those obtained using the TOPSIS and VIKOR approaches. The study concludes that the ranking of alternatives depends on the coefficients of the importance of the distances to reference points and the data setup.
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Lipenbergs, E., Vj Bobrovs, and G. Ivanovs. "Investigation of Service Quality of Measurement Reference Points for the Internet Services on Mobile Networks." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 53, no. 5 (2016): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2016-0037.

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Abstract To ensure that end-users and consumers have access to comprehensive, comparable and user-friendly information regarding the Internet access service quality, it is necessary to implement and regularly renew a set of legislative regulatory acts and to provide monitoring of the quality of Internet access services regarding the current European Regulatory Framework. The actual situation regarding the quality of service monitoring solutions in different European countries depends on national regulatory initiatives and public awareness. The service monitoring solutions are implemented using different measurement methodologies and tools. The paper investigates the practical implementations for developing a harmonising approach to quality monitoring in order to obtain objective information on the quality of Internet access services on mobile networks.
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Zhao, Feng, Yu Liu, Hanqiang Liu, and Jiulun Fan. "Broad learning approach to Surrogate-Assisted Multi-Objective evolutionary fuzzy clustering algorithm based on reference points for color image segmentation." Expert Systems with Applications 200 (August 2022): 117015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117015.

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Raza, Wasim, Sang-Bum Ma, and Kwang-Yong Kim. "Single and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Three-Dimensional Unbalanced Split-and-Recombine Micromixer." Micromachines 10, no. 10 (2019): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10100711.

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The three-dimensional geometry of a micromixer with an asymmetrical split-and-recombine mechanism was optimized to enhance the fluid-mixing capability at a Reynolds number of 20. Single and multi-objective optimizations were carried out by using particle swarm optimization and a genetic algorithm on a modeled surrogate surface. Surrogate modeling was performed using the computational results for the mixing. Mixing and flow analyses were carried out by solving the convection–diffusion equation in combination with the three-dimensional continuity and momentum equations. The optimization was carried out with two design variables related to dimensionless geometric parameters. The mixing effectiveness was chosen as the objective function for the single-objective optimization, and the pressure drop and mixing index at the outlet were chosen for the multi-objective optimization. The sampling points in the design space were determined using a design of experiment technique called Latin hypercube sampling. The surrogates for the objective functions were developed using a Kriging model. The single-objective optimization resulted in 58.9% enhancement of the mixing effectiveness compared to the reference design. The multi-objective optimization provided Pareto-optimal solutions that showed a maximum increase of 48.5% in the mixing index and a maximum decrease of 55.0% in the pressure drop in comparison to the reference design.
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