Academic literature on the topic 'Objects - transformers'

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Journal articles on the topic "Objects - transformers"

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Garrett, J. H., and A. Jain. "Encore: an object-oriented knowledge-based system for transformer design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 2, no. 2 (May 1988): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400000603.

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The design of electronic power transformers is an activity that requires the application of well-established algorithms from electromagnetic theory and heuristic, judgmental techniques derived from experience in the design and manufacturing of these devices. This paper describes an object-oriented knowledge-based system, Encore, that was developed at Houston Downhole Sensors (a division of Schlumberger Well Services). Encore combines object-oriented, rule-based, and procedural programming techniques to design 60 Hz power transformers. The system uses a heuristic search strategy to generate design alternatives, and then selects the “best” design based on size and efficiency considerations The heuristics are represented and applied as rules; the electromagnetic components are modelled as frame-like objects. The object-oriented nature of this system facilitated enhancements; by specializing some of the objects comprising a power transformer, a power inductor model was quickly developed. Encore reduces design time from a couple of days to less than an hour; it is being used to design the transformers and inductors of power supplies in new Schlumberger well-logging tools. The system was implemented on a Xerox interlisp Workstation using an object-oriented environment called STROBE.
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Xu, Xiangkai, Zhejun Feng, Changqing Cao, Mengyuan Li, Jin Wu, Zengyan Wu, Yajie Shang, and Shubing Ye. "An Improved Swin Transformer-Based Model for Remote Sensing Object Detection and Instance Segmentation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 4779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234779.

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Remote sensing image object detection and instance segmentation are widely valued research fields. A convolutional neural network (CNN) has shown defects in the object detection of remote sensing images. In recent years, the number of studies on transformer-based models increased, and these studies achieved good results. However, transformers still suffer from poor small object detection and unsatisfactory edge detail segmentation. In order to solve these problems, we improved the Swin transformer based on the advantages of transformers and CNNs, and designed a local perception Swin transformer (LPSW) backbone to enhance the local perception of the network and to improve the detection accuracy of small-scale objects. We also designed a spatial attention interleaved execution cascade (SAIEC) network framework, which helped to strengthen the segmentation accuracy of the network. Due to the lack of remote sensing mask datasets, the MRS-1800 remote sensing mask dataset was created. Finally, we combined the proposed backbone with the new network framework and conducted experiments on this MRS-1800 dataset. Compared with the Swin transformer, the proposed model improved the mask AP by 1.7%, mask APS by 3.6%, AP by 1.1% and APS by 4.6%, demonstrating its effectiveness and feasibility.
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IASINSKII, IGOR' F., and DENIS V. EGOROV. "DESIGN AUTOMATION OF INTERNAL ISOLATION OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS INPUT USING PARALLEL COMPUTING." Cherepovets State University Bulletin 4, no. 97 (2020): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2020-4-97-8.

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The design process of a transformer is characterized by conflicting requirements for its qualities. This circumstance is due to the fact that the transformer includes a large number of elements and is manufactured on individually tuned equipment. Moreover, the production of transformers is associated with the cost of such valuable materials as copper, aluminum, steel, etc. Thus, the transformer is a complex system, the high-quality design of which is difficult without automation. It is proposed to speed up the process of calculating the internal isolation of a transformer using a parallel computing environment and the use of fast algorithms. Methods of mathematical modeling of physical objects, methods of applied mathematics, principles of computer modeling of physical objects, algorithms for parallelizing the computing process in interfaces with shared memory, analysis of the results of computational experiments are applied. A software system has been developed for the automated design of the internal isolation of the high-voltage input of the transformer...
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Junaid, Mohd Wasiuddin. "Image Captioning with Face Recognition using Transformers." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40057.

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Abstract: The process of generating text from images is called Image Captioning. It not only requires the recognition of the object and the scene but the ability to analyze the state and identify the relationship among these objects. Therefore image captioning integrates the field of computer vision and natural language processing. Thus we introduces a novel image captioning model which is capable of recognizing human faces in an given image using transformer model. The proposed Faster R-CNN-Transformer model architecture comprises of feature extraction from images, extraction of semantic keywords from captions, and encoder-decoder transformers. Faster-RCNN is implemented for face recognition and features are extracted from images using InceptionV3 . The model aims to identify and recognizes the known faces in the images. The Faster R-CNN module creates the bounding box across the face which helps in better interpretation of an image and caption. The dataset used in this model has images with celebrity faces and caption with celebrity names included within itself, respectively has in total 232 celebrities. Due to small size of dataset, we have augmented images and added 100 images with their corresponding captions to increase the size of vocabulary for our model. The BLEU and METEOR scores were generated to evaluate the accuracy/quality of generated captions. Keywords: Image Captioning, Faster R-CNN , Transformers, Bleu score, Meteor score.
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Trần, Ngọc Thạch, Thanh Phương Nguyễn, Trọng Huy Nguyễn, and Đình Anh Khôi Phạm. "A new method in determination of electrical parameters and geometrical structure of a power transformer applicable to failure diagnosis." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3i4.744.

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In transmission and distribution networks throughout the world and in Vietnam nowadays, power transformers that are operating in the networks often are in black-box condition, i.e. there is no internal information available in terms of geometrical structure and material parameters. Geometrical structure of power transformers includes mainly winding structure and additional parts such as a static end ring or a would-in shield coil, if any whereas main materials in power transformers consists of conductive, insulating and magnetic materials… This makes difficulties in faults diagnosis that is based on the approach of physical modeling in general and the so-called electrical equivalentcircuit based modeling in particular since the physical approach requires internal information of power transformers for calculating electrical parameters. In case the electrical equivalent-circuit approach is used, the diagnosis is then conducted based on the change of values of electrical parameters in the circuit before and after an alarm or a suspicious fault that happens when power transformers are in operation. Relevant international investigations conducted recently have mainly focused on test objects as power transformers in grey- or white-box condition, i.e. during manufacturing phase, since they have available geometrical structure and material properties. To show a possibility that blackbox power transformers could be investigated in a physical manner, this article introduces a new method in determining electrical parameters and geometrical structure applied on a black-box power transformer. The research is based on the Frequency Response Analysis technique and has developed recent relevant investigations of the authors. This enables investigations of the value change of electrical equivalent parameters of this transformer on its simulated frequency responses for the purpose of physical fault diagnosis of power transformers later on.
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Kryukov, A. V., and I. A. Lyubchenko. "Improving the quality of electricity supply systems in stationary objects of railway transport." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 6 (March 30, 2022): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-6-53-65.

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THE PURPOSE. Development of a methodology for modeling the modes of power supply systems for railways equipped with devices to improve the quality of electricity in the networks supplying stationary objects of railway transport. Two design solutions were considered that ensure the reduction of unbalance and voltage deviations on the 0,4 kV buses of substations supplying these objects. The first of them was based on the use of suction transformers, and the second - on the use of lines with a grounded phase.METHODS. The studies were carried out using the Fazonord software package, which provides complex modeling in phase coordinates of the modes of power supply systems.RESULTS. The results obtained made it possible to draw the following conclusions: when using suction transformers, which were included in the rail cut, the average value of the unbalance coefficient in negative sequence on the 0.4 kV buses of the object's substation decreased by 2,5% compared to the absence of such devices; in the presence of transformers, which were included in the return wire, this indicator decreased by 19%. The use of lines with a grounded phase instead of a two-wire-rail line made it possible to improve the quality of electricity on 0.4 kV buses, while the maximum of the unbalance coefficient in the negative sequence was reduced by 40%.CONCLUSION. On the basis of computer modeling, it is shown that the use of suction transformers with a return wire and 25 kV lines with a grounded phase makes it possible to improve the quality of the electric power industry in the power supply systems of stationary objects of railway transport.
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Rahimpour, Ebrahim, and Stefan Tenbohlen. "Fault diagnosis of actual large-power high-voltage windings using transfer function method." Archives of Electrical Engineering 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10171-011-0025-4.

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Fault diagnosis of actual large-power high-voltage windings using transfer function method The transfer function (TF) method is presently a well-known method used to detect various types of winding damage in power transformers. Although abundant research has been done on this subject using laboratory windings as test objects, it is hard to find one, whose test objects are actual large-power transformer windings. Hence, a 400 kV disc winding consisting of 86 discs is used in this paper to study turn-to-turn short circuit with the help of the TF method. To evaluate the effects of this type of fault on TF curves, some mathematical comparison algorithms are used in this research.
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Makasheva, Svetlana Igorevna, and Pavel Sergeevich Pinchukov. "Development of «CHROMATIC» program for assessment of condition of traction transformers." Transport of the Urals, no. 4 (2021): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2021-4-114-119.

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The paper deals with the urgent problem of preventing failures of oil-filled railways equipment by means of non-destructive methods of diagnostics and early detection of pre-failure conditions. A computer program based on dissolved gas analysis for assessing and predicting the power transformer’s state was proposed and registered. The objects of the study are traction substation’s transformers located on the Far Eastern Railway of Russia. The dissolved gases concentration has been analyzed for an eight-year observation period. The problem of the state of oil insulation predicting is solved by Gaussian distribution applying. The developed software can be used at the digital traction substations as the predictive analytic block, which corresponds to the current digitalization trend.
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Panboonyuen, Teerapong, Sittinun Thongbai, Weerachai Wongweeranimit, Phisan Santitamnont, Kittiwan Suphan, and Chaiyut Charoenphon. "Object Detection of Road Assets Using Transformer-Based YOLOX with Feature Pyramid Decoder on Thai Highway Panorama." Information 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13010005.

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Due to the various sizes of each object, such as kilometer stones, detection is still a challenge, and it directly impacts the accuracy of these object counts. Transformers have demonstrated impressive results in various natural language processing (NLP) and image processing tasks due to long-range modeling dependencies. This paper aims to propose an exceeding you only look once (YOLO) series with two contributions: (i) We propose to employ a pre-training objective to gain the original visual tokens based on the image patches on road asset images. By utilizing pre-training Vision Transformer (ViT) as a backbone, we immediately fine-tune the model weights on downstream tasks by joining task layers upon the pre-trained encoder. (ii) We apply Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) decoder designs to our deep learning network to learn the importance of different input features instead of simply summing up or concatenating, which may cause feature mismatch and performance degradation. Conclusively, our proposed method (Transformer-Based YOLOX with FPN) learns very general representations of objects. It significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art (SOTA) detectors, including YOLOv5S, YOLOv5M, and YOLOv5L. We boosted it to 61.5% AP on the Thailand highway corpus, surpassing the current best practice (YOLOv5L) by 2.56% AP for the test-dev data set.
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Korotkii, A. A., D. A. Yakovleva, A. A. Maslennikov, and I. V. Golovko. "Modeling of information support to optimize logistics tasks in transport sector using a programmable container transformer simulator." Advanced Engineering Research 20, no. 3 (October 5, 2020): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2020-20-3-311-316.

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Introduction. The structure of the transport logistics system for the transportation of container transformers in an urbanized environment to optimize production costs with elements of intelligent urban mobility, as well as the simulation software for modeling and testing the developed system, are described. The basic principles of the interaction between elements of the system are presented through the behavioral modeling of containers and carriers.Software is created to simulate the operation of the logistics infrastructure for transformer containers using wireless technology and the Internet of Things; and services for the rapid information exchange between participants (objects and subjects) of this process are implemented. Materials and Methods. A general method of organizing a network with a web server and a mobile client, as well as the basic principle of interaction between the server and the client, is described. The basics of developing a simulator designed to simulate all possible states of a container transformer are specified.Results. A common system architecture and a simulator are created for the software debugging and testing under the organization of a single space to monitor and optimize cargo transportation using “smart” container transformers while providing transport services to the population and legal entities in an urban environment.Discussion and Conclusions. The developed simulator as part of the information system provides speeding up the creation, debugging and testing of the software for solving logistics problems in the transport sector.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Objects - transformers"

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Dickerson, John Alan. "The recognition of transformed objects." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310523.

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Almeida, Ana Cláudia Pereira de. "FORMAR E TRANSFORMAR: OBJETOS DIGITAIS DE APRENDIZAGEM PARA AULAS DE PORTUGUÊS." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2009. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/60.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_Ana_Claudia.pdf: 3389645 bytes, checksum: b02563ac351d04f389cd162f0ee866f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27
The use of digital learning objects in a virtual classroom can be seen as a good strategy for the teaching of the Portuguese language, considering that if tools and students are no longer the same, there is no reason to keep the same methods. Thus, in an online writing course, some learning objects were prepared later used as data in this investigation and based on students needs analysis. The idea to choose a Learning Management System (LMS) to conduct the investigation is in part justified because online communication occurs solely through the written medium, which forces participants to show themselves and their needs in terms of formal language. The assumption is that these subjects, in a digital context, tend to put meaning over form, providing a genuine environment for the grammar topics to be treated. The main objective in this study is to investigate the use of digital learning objects in the development of writing skills for university students. Specific objectives include not only a description of learning objects as mediational means, in Vygotsky s tradition, but also an evaluation of their integration with other activities in an LMS environment, by analyzing students reaction to all these activities and examining their postings and comments. The results suggest that by starting from students needs, motivation is assured, the resources of online environment are more successfully used and the selected grammar topics become relevant for the students
O uso de objetos digitais de aprendizagem (ODAs) em uma sala de aula virtual pode ser uma boa estratégia para ensino de Língua Portuguesa afinal, se os meios e os estudantes já não são mais os mesmos, não faz sentido manter velhas fórmulas. Assim, em um curso de português redacional básico a distância foram propostos objetos digitais de aprendizagem instrumentos de coleta dos dados desta pesquisa , com conteúdo determinado pelas necessidades mostradas pelos participantes. A idéia de se escolher o ambiente virtual (AVA) para proceder à investigação justifica-se por a comunicação nesse espaço acontecer apenas por meio de textos escritos, o que "obriga" os participantes a mostrarem-se e às suas necessidades em relação à norma culta da Língua Portuguesa e pela atitude lingüística dos sujeitos pesquisados em ambiente virtual, onde costumam priorizar o conteúdo e preterir a forma, postura que demonstra de maneira mais genuína os tópicos gramaticais a ser discutidos. Em outras palavras, este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo principal investigar o uso de objetos digitais de aprendizagem no incremento da produção textual de estudantes universitários. Ainda, apresenta como objetivos específicos não apenas caracterizar objetos digitais de aprendizagem na perspectiva vygotskyana de mediação, mas também avaliar a integração dos ODAs com as outras atividades desenvolvidas num Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) e verificar a reação dos alunos no uso dos ODAs, analisando suas postagens e comentários no AVA. Entre os resultados obtidos está o fato de que, ao reconhecer as necessidades dos estudantes, cria-se demanda; reinaugurando-se as formas de ensinar tal qual os recursos dos ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem permitem , torna-se possível ensinar mais efetivamente os conteúdos da gramática
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Thornton, A. L. "Colour object recognition using a complex colour representation and the frequency domain." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301911.

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Nagarajan, Ram. "Very low bit rate object based image compression using nonlinear geometric transforms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37552.

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Liu, Chen. "Relationship of object surface geometry on Fourier-transformed phase and amplitude images in infrared thermography." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23720/23720.pdf.

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Alterson, Robert. "An adaptive-sampling algorithm for Gabor feature based object recognition /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66340.pdf.

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Swamy, Sneha. "Transformation of Object-Oriented Associations and Embedded References to Them." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1218692829.

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Bayle, Marine. "Déchloruration des objets archéologiques ferreux par le processus de stabilisation subcritique. Caractérisations physico-chimiques des systèmes transformés." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066656/document.

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Les systèmes de corrosion du mobilier archéologique ferreux sous-marin et terrestre présentent des phases réactives et chlorurées. Leurs transformations au contact de l'air impliquent des dégradations majeures de l'objet en sortie de fouilles. Afin d'extraire le chlore en conservant l'intégrité des objets, des processus de stabilisation sont utilisés. Le traitement subcritique (NaOH, 180°C, 35 bars) accélère la déchloruration. Pour comprendre les transformations physico-chimiques induites un corpus d'objets archéologiques est étudié avant et après traitement par des techniques d'analyses complémentaires. La description multi-échelles de faciès de corrosion hétérogènes et complexes montre que la phase formée en milieu subcritique, dépend du degré d'oxydation de la phase d'origine. L'étude de systèmes modèles (oxyhydroxydes de fer synthétiques et archéologiques) montre que les tailles et formes de particules, les surfaces spécifiques, la composition chimique influencent leurs réactivités. Par ailleurs l'application d'une rampe de chauffe progressive conduit à un mélange goethite/hématite en-dessous de 150°C et d'hématite au-delà. L'étude de l'akaganéite, au taux de chlore variable, à différentes étapes de sa transformation, montre que le chlore adsorbé et une partie du chlore de structure est tout d'abord retiré. Ce phénomène, ajouté à une déshydroxylation sous l'effet de la température conduit dans un second temps, à la dissolution de la phase. Ces résultats permettent d'identifier la nature des transformations de phases et de proposer des mécanismes en vue d'améliorer les protocoles de stabilisation subcritique selon le type d'objet archéologique
Iron archaeological artefacts from submarine and terrestrial origins have developed reactive and chlorinated corrosion systems. After excavation, their transformations in contact with air involve severe damages to the artefacts. In order to extract the chlorine and to maintain the artefacts’ integrity, stabilization processes are used. The subcritical treatment (NaOH, 180°C, 35 bars) accelerates the dechlorination process. Several artefacts are studied before and after treatment with subcritical techniques. The multi-scale description of heterogeneous and complex corrosion system shows that the phase precipitation in subcritical conditions depends on the precursor chemistry. The study of model systems (synthetic and archaeological iron oxyhydroxides) shows that particle sizes and shapes, specific surface area, chemical composition change their reactivity. The application of a heating ramp leads to the precipitation of goethite/hematite below 150°C and hematite above. The study of akaganeite at various stages of its treatment shows that the adsorbed chlorides and part of the structure ones are first removed. Then, a dehydroxylation under the effect of temperature leads to the phase dissolution. These results allowed to identify the nature of phase transformations and to propose mechanisms in order to improve stabilization protocols of archaeological artefacts by subcritical treatment
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Rahtu, E. (Esa). "A multiscale framework for affine invariant pattern recognition and registration." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514286018.

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Abstract This thesis presents a multiscale framework for the construction of affine invariant pattern recognition and registration methods. The idea in the introduced approach is to extend the given pattern to a set of affine covariant versions, each carrying slightly different information, and then to apply known affine invariants to each of them separately. The key part of the framework is the construction of the affine covariant set, and this is done by combining several scaled representations of the original pattern. The advantages compared to previous approaches include the possibility of many variations and the inclusion of spatial information on the patterns in the features. The application of the multiscale framework is demonstrated by constructing several new affine invariant methods using different preprocessing techniques, combination schemes, and final recognition and registration approaches. The techniques introduced are briefly described from the perspective of the multiscale framework, and further treatment and properties are presented in the corresponding original publications. The theoretical discussion is supported by several experiments where the new methods are compared to existing approaches. In this thesis the patterns are assumed to be gray scale images, since this is the main application where affine relations arise. Nevertheless, multiscale methods can also be applied to other kinds of patterns where an affine relation is present. An additional application of one multiscale based technique in convexity measurements is introduced. The method, called multiscale autoconvolution, can be used to build a convexity measure which is a descriptor of object shape. The proposed measure has two special features compared to existing approaches. It can be applied directly to gray scale images approximating binary objects, and it can be easily modified to produce a number of measures. The new measure is shown to be straightforward to evaluate for a given shape, and it performs well in the applications, as demonstrated by the experiments in the original paper.
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He, Chao. "Advanced wavelet application for video compression and video object tracking." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1125659908.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 158 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-158). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Books on the topic "Objects - transformers"

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Teapots transformed: Exploration of an object. Madison, Wis: Guild Pub., 2000.

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Goremykin, Sergey. Relay protection and automation of electric power systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1048841.

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The textbook describes the main issues of the theory of relay protection and automation of electric power systems. The structure and functional purpose of protection devices and automation of power transmission lines of various configurations, synchronous generators, power transformers, electric motors and individual electrical installations are considered. For each of the types of protection of the above objects, the structure, the principle of operation, the order of selection of settings are given, the advantages and disadvantages are evaluated, indicating the scope of application. The manual includes material on complete devices based on semiconductor and microprocessor element bases. The progressive use of such devices (protection of the third and fourth generations) is appropriate and effective due to their significant advantages. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students in the areas of training 13.03.02 "Electric power and electrical engineering" (profile "Power supply", discipline "Relay protection and automation of electric power systems") and 35.03.06 "Agroengineering" (profile "Power supply and electrical equipment of agricultural enterprises", discipline "Relay protection of electrical equipment of agricultural objects"), as well as for graduate students and specialists engaged in the field of electrification and automation of industrial and agrotechnical objects.
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Martinand, Jean-Louis. Connaître et transformer la matière: Des objectifs pour l'initiation aux sciences et techniques. Berne: P. Lang, 1986.

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Le guide Minecraft de l'architecte: Transformez votre monde, découvrez les cartes aventures, créez des objets uniques. Paris: Livres du Dragon d'or, 2015.

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Arthur, Kathleen Giles. Women, Art and Observant Franciscan Piety. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984332.

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Caterina Vigri (later Saint Catherine of Bologna) was a mystic, writer, teacher and nun-artist. Her first home, Corpus Domini, Ferrara, was a house of semi-religious women that became a Poor Clare convent and model of Franciscan Observant piety. Vigri's intensely spiritual decoration of her breviary, as well as convent altarpieces that formed a visual program of adoration for the Body of Christ, exemplify the Franciscan Observant visual culture. After Vigri's departure, it was transformed by d'Este women patrons, including Isabella da Aragona, Isabella d'Este and Lucrezia Borgia. While still preserving Observant ideals, it became a more elite noblewomen's retreat. Grounded in archival research and extant paintings, drawings, prints and art objects from Corpus Domini, this volume explores the art, visual culture, and social history of an early modern Franciscan women's community.
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Objetos para transformar el mundo: Trayectorias del arte concreto-invención, Argentina y Chile, 1940-1970 : la Escuela de Arquitectura de Valparaíso y las teorías del diseño para la periferia. Bernal [Argentina]: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 2011.

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Borzyh, Stanislav. Urban evolution. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1841828.

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The monograph is devoted to evolution, but in the form that man gave it. It is assumed that unnatural conditions of its flow were created in cities and near them, which changed the logic of its functioning, but this has become especially noticeable over the past hundred years, during which the entire planet was included in the orbit of our influence. This made it possible to unite the Earth into one whole, but at the same time it transformed the work of natural selection, turning it into an artificial one that concerns everyone and everything, without any exceptions. Accordingly, three planes of its unfolding are considered, namely: geography, the biosphere and our species, in each of which the same dynamics of its implementation can be traced. From all this, it is concluded that today there is no wild and inherent in the whole history of his version, but the one that prevails is that we, consciously and not, planted on this space object with all its inhabitants. This new version of it is proposed to be called urban revolution - by the name of the site of its unfolding and everything that is associated with it, but it is repeatedly emphasized that the essence of the process has remained the same, the scene where it is carried out has simply been transformed. It is intended for both specialists and the general public.
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Raus, Rachele, Gloria Cappelli, and Carolina Flinz, eds. Le guide touristique: lieu de rencontre entre lexique et images du patrimoine culturel. Vol. II. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-514-2.

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Ce livre est le deuxième volet de l’ouvrage consacré au guide touristique en tant que lieu de rencontre entre lexique et images du patrimoine culturel, ouvrage issu du colloque qui s’est déroulé le 11 et 12 juin 2015 à Pise et Florence. Ce volume porte l’attention sur l’image, en tant que représentation du réel mais aussi en tant que lieu à partir duquel l’imagination peut s’exercer en évoquant des représentations mentales (l’imaginaire). Les trois parties proposées (I. Les images du voyage; II. L’art dans le guide; III. Les guides entre imaginaire et propagande) entendent suggérer des parcours de réflexions autour du guide touristique, un objet qui n’a cessé de se transformer et qui, à travers le lexique et les images, a su transmettre les patrimoines culturels le plus différents et les plus pittoresques.
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Transformed Objects. Kerber Verlag, 2012.

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Gochberg, Reed. Useful Objects. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553480.001.0001.

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Useful Objects: Museums, Science, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century America explores the debates that surrounded the development of American museums during the nineteenth century. Throughout this period, museums included a wide range of objects, from botanical and zoological specimens to antiquarian artifacts and technological models. Intended to promote “useful knowledge,” these collections generated broader discussions about how objects were selected, preserved, and classified. In guidebooks and periodicals, visitors described their experiences within museum galleries and marveled at the objects they encountered. And in fiction, essays, and poems, writers embraced the imaginative possibilities represented by collections and proposed alternative systems of arrangement. These conversations spanned spheres of American culture, raising deeper questions about how objects are valued—and who gets to decide. Combining literary criticism, the history of science, and museum studies, Useful Objects examines the dynamic and often fraught debates that emerged during a crucial period in the history of museums. As museums gradually transformed from encyclopedic cabinets to more specialized public institutions, many writers questioned who would have access to collections and the authority to interpret them. Throughout this period, they reflected on loss and preservation, raised concerns about the place of new ideas, and resisted increasingly fixed categories. These conversations extended beyond individual institutions, shaping broader debates about the scope and purpose of museums in American culture that continue to resonate today.
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Book chapters on the topic "Objects - transformers"

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Miettinen, Olli S., Johann Steurer, and Albert Hofman. "Objects Design for an Etiognostic Study." In Clinical Research Transformed, 137–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06176-0_16.

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Miettinen, Olli S., Johann Steurer, and Albert Hofman. "Objects Design for a Diagnostic Probability Study." In Clinical Research Transformed, 89–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06176-0_11.

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Ullman, Chana. "Merger with the Perfect Object." In The Transformed Self, 131–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0930-5_5.

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Wang, Haiwen, Xinzhou Wang, Fuchun Sun, and Yixu Song. "Camouflaged Object Segmentation with Transformer." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 225–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9247-5_17.

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Jiang, YiMing, Jinlong Chen, Minghao Yang, and Junwei Hu. "Transformer Region Proposal for Object Detection." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 538–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2336-3_51.

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Carion, Nicolas, Francisco Massa, Gabriel Synnaeve, Nicolas Usunier, Alexander Kirillov, and Sergey Zagoruyko. "End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2020, 213–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58452-8_13.

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Hunter, C. "Spectral Analysis of Orbits Via Discrete Fourier Transforms." In Observational Manifestation of Chaos in Astrophysical Objects, 83–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0247-9_6.

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Benzaken, Véronique, and Xavier Schaefer. "Static integrity constraint management in object-oriented database programming languages via predicate transformers." In ECOOP'97 — Object-Oriented Programming, 60–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0053374.

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Artyukov, I. A., A. S. Busarov, N. L. Popov, and A. V. Vinogradov. "Optical Transforms Related to Coherent Imaging of Inclined Objects." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 19–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00696-3_4.

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Amini, Arash, Arul Selvam Periyasamy, and Sven Behnke. "T6D-Direct: Transformers for Multi-object 6D Pose Direct Regression." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 530–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92659-5_34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Objects - transformers"

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Guo, Ruohao, Dantong Niu, Liao Qu, and Zhenbo Li. "SOTR: Segmenting Objects with Transformers." In 2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00707.

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Perera, Walpola Layantha, Heike Messemer, Christiane Clados, and Matthias Heinz. "Processing History. Potentials of Transformers for 3D Reconstruction of Historical Objects with the Help of Artificial Intelligence." In Gemeinschaften in Neuen Medien. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.41.

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Xie, Enze, Wenjia Wang, Wenhai Wang, Peize Sun, Hang Xu, Ding Liang, and Ping Luo. "Segmenting Transparent Objects in the Wild with Transformer." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/165.

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This work presents a new fine-grained transparent object segmentation dataset, termed Trans10K-v2, extending Trans10K-v1, the first large-scale transparent object segmentation dataset. Unlike Trans10K-v1 that only has two limited categories, our new dataset has several appealing benefits. (1) It has 11 fine-grained categories of transparent objects, commonly occurring in the human domestic environment, making it more practical for real-world application. (2) Trans10K-v2 brings more challenges for the current advanced segmentation methods than its former version. Furthermore, a novel Transformer-based segmentation pipeline termed Trans2Seg is proposed. Firstly, the Transformer encoder of Trans2Seg provides the global receptive field in contrast to CNN's local receptive field, which shows excellent advantages over pure CNN architectures. Secondly, by formulating semantic segmentation as a problem of dictionary look-up, we design a set of learnable prototypes as the query of Trans2Seg's Transformer decoder, where each prototype learns the statistics of one category in the whole dataset. We benchmark more than 20 recent semantic segmentation methods, demonstrating that Trans2Seg significantly outperforms all the CNN-based methods, showing the proposed algorithm's potential ability to solve transparent object segmentation.Code is available in https://github.com/xieenze/Trans2Seg.
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Pillai, Prashanth, and Purnaprajna Mangsuli. "Document Layout Analysis Using Detection Transformers." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207266-ms.

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Abstract In the O&G (Oil & Gas) industry, unstructured data sources such as technical reports on hydrocarbon production, daily drilling, well construction, etc. contain valuable information. This information however is conveyed through various formats such as tables, forms, text, figures, etc. Detecting these different entities in documents is essential for building a structured representation of the information within and for automated processing of documents at scale. Our work presents a document layout analysis workflow to detect/localize different entities based on a deep learning-based framework. The workflow comprises of a deep learning-based object-detection framework based on transformers to identify the spatial location of entities in a document page. The key elements of the object-detection pipeline include a residual network backbone for feature extraction and an encoder-decoder transformer based on the latest detection transformers (DETR) to predict object-bounding boxes and category labels. The object detection is formulated as a direct set prediction task using bipartite matching while also eliminating conventional operations like anchor box generation and non-maximal suppression. The availability of sufficient publicly available document layout data sets that incorporate the artifacts observed in historical O&G technical reports is often a major challenge. We attempt to address this challenge by using a novel training data augmentation methodology. The dense occurrence of elements in a page can often introduce uncertainties resulting in bounding boxes cutting through text content. We adopt a bounding box post-processing methodology to refine the bounding box coordinates to minimize undercuts. The proposed document layout analysis pipeline was trained to detect entity types such as headings, text blocks, tables, forms, and images/charts in a document page. A wide range of pages from lithology, stratigraphy, drilling, and field development reports were used for model training. The reports also included a considerable number of historical scanned reports. The trained object-detection model was evaluated on a test data set prepared from the O&G reports. DETR demonstrated superior performance when compared with the Mask R-CNN on our dataset.
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Abrosimov, Kirill Igorevich, Tatiana Vladimirovna Lvutina, and Anna Sergeyevna Surkova. "Quality metrics of generative models." In 31th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/graphicon-2021-1-124-130.

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Within the framework of this article, modern metrics for evaluating generative models are considered. Particular attention is paid to metrics that are used in the field of natural language processing - BLUE (evaluates quality based on a comparison of the result obtained by a model and a person), NIST (based on the BLUE metric), METEOR (based on the harmonic mean of unigrams of accuracy and completeness), ROUGE (. The article presents a new metric, which is based on subjective assessments. The subjective estimates used in the considered metric are collected using pairwise comparison in the form of evaluation scales. The article also proposes an algorithm for generating music based on automatic models of working with ABC notation, models of distributive semantics and generative models of deep neural networks - Transformers. The new quality metric (SS-metric) presented in the article is used to assess the quality of the proposed algorithm for generating music in comparison with the solutions offered by humans and baseline models. Music generation based on the baseline model builds a continuation of a musical fragment by randomly selecting bars from the first half of the musical fragment. During the experiments, it was found out that the SS-metric allows you to formalize and generalize subjective assessments, this can be used to assess the quality of various objects.
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Sheykin, Igor B., and Pavel A. Truskov. "Digital Camera Application for Sea Surface Mapping and Measurements." In SNAME 8th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2008-153.

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The paper presents a demonstration of digital camera application for generation of sea surface map, as well as for measurement and registration of sea surface condition and evolution. The offered method is based on the computer transformation of a digital image – that can be obtained with the help of any digital camera onboard a platform, vessel, aircraft or helicopter – to the standard map projection with a local or global spatial scale. The map projection of the original image allows one to do the standard measurements of horizontal size for objects that are distributed on the sea surface (linear and area sizes, distance, object concentration, etc.), as well as the estimation of elevation for the 3D objects. A comparative analysis of the map image series allows estimation of a temporary variability of sea surface condition, as well as the movement speed of the sea surface objects. The presented algorithm transforms any digital camera to the equipment for marine observations and measurements in such areas as the survey of ice condition and ice management, oil pollution monitoring, shelf hydrology , etc.
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Esfahani, Ehsan Tarkesh, and V. Sundararajan. "Using Brain Computer Interfaces for Geometry Selection in CAD Systems: P300 Detection Approach." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48775.

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The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of brain-computer interfaces as user interfaces for CAD systems. The paper describes experiments and algorithms that use the BCI for selecting different surface of geometrical objects in the CAD systems using the P300 wave. The P300 (P3) wave is an event related potential (ERP) elicited by infrequent, stimuli (target faces flashing). Users wear an electroencephalogram (EEG) headset and try to select a target face of an object. Different faces of the object randomly flash which make the flashing of target face, an infrequent event. The EEG headset collects brain activity from 14 locations on the scalp. The data is analyzed with independent component analysis (ICA) and the discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) to detect the P300 component in the signal. The flashing face which causes the P300 component in the EEG signal is classified as the target face. Using a linear discriminant analysis, the target face is classified correctly with an average accuracy of 73.9%.
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Zheng, Ye, and Li Cui. "Zero-Shot Object Detection With Transformers." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip42928.2021.9506277.

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Liu, Chang, Sheng Xu, and Baochang Zhang. "Aerial Small Object Tracking with Transformers." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Unmanned Systems (ICUS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icus52573.2021.9641186.

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Meng, Shan, Daoyuan Liang, and Yumei Li. "Residual Transformer Network for 3D Objects Classification." In 2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc51323.2021.9498886.

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Reports on the topic "Objects - transformers"

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Christie, Benjamin, Osama Ennasr, and Garry Glaspell. ROS integrated object detection for SLAM in unknown, low-visibility environments. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42385.

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Integrating thermal (or infrared) imagery on a robotics platform allows Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) to function in low-visibility environments, such as pure darkness or low-density smoke. To maximize the effectiveness of this approach we discuss the modifications required to integrate our low-visibility object detection model on a Robot Operating System (ROS). Furthermore, we introduce a method for reporting detected objects while performing Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) by generating bounding boxes and their respective transforms in visually challenging environments.
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Neira Montes, María Alejandra, Ricardo Becerra Sáenz, Dilia Lucía Prieto Hernández, and Luisa Fernanda Berrocal Mora. Abierta configuration options Guía de servicio inclusivo para personas con discapacidad en el sector de Infraestructura y Energía. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004035.

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La guía de servicio inclusivo para personas con discapacidad en el sector de infraestructura consiste en una herramienta práctica que indica paso a paso cómo una empresa puede transformarse para ofertar un servicio inclusivo a sus clientes, independientemente de sus condiciones. Esta guía está dirigida a todas empresas que de alguna manera interactúa con un cliente: distribuidoras de electricidad, puntos de pago de agua, estaciones de autobuses o metros. La guía es una invitación a promover y facilitar la inclusión de todas las personas. Tiene por objeto contribuir al logro de la meta planteada mediante la presentación de pautas básicas, buenas prácticas y ejemplos internacionales que permiten mejorar la calidad de los servicios mediante la realización gradual de “ajustes razonables” que cualquier organización puede implementar. Dichos ajustes suponen sencillas pero significativas transformaciones de las políticas corporativas y de los procesos de atención al cliente en sus diferentes canales: el presencial, el telefónico y el virtual.
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Dufour, Quentin, David Pontille, and Didier Torny. Contracter à l’heure de la publication en accès ouvert. Une analyse systématique des accords transformants. Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52949/2.

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Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.
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4

Renforcer les droits des femmes autochtones et rurales dans la gouvernance des terres communautaires: Dix facteurs de réussite. Rights and Resources Initiative, April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/rnuc1928.

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Abstract:
De tout temps, les injustices que subissent les femmes en matière de droits fonciers communautaires ont été monnaie courante. Elles sont généralement perpétuées par des pratiques patriarcales au sein des communautés, des normes coutumières et des législations publiques qui négligent, voire discriminent ouvertement, les droits fonciers des femmes rurales et autochtones. S’il est vrai que de plus en plus d’hommes et de femmes remettent en question les coutumes patriarcales au niveau local et s’emploient à les transformer positivement, cette recherche montre que dans les PRFI les droits qui permettraient aux femmes de peser significativement sur les décisions qui déterminent l’utilisation, la gestion, la conservation, la distribution et la transmission des terres et des ressources communautaires demeurent insuffisamment protégés par les lois nationales. De ce point de vue, d’encourageantes initiatives couronnées de succès ont été menées par des groupes locaux et par un large éventail d’organisations de développement, avec pour objectif de promouvoir les droits de gouvernance foncière de femmes rurales et de leurs communautés, le récit de leur progrès mettant en exergue l’autonomie des femmes, leur pouvoir et leur potentiel. Le présent rapport s’attèle au traitement de ces lacunes en identifiant les facteurs qui ont contribué au succès des initiatives locales, nationales et régionales conduites dans des PRFI pour renforcer les droits de gouvernance des femmes autochtones et rurales sur les terres communautaires.
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