Academic literature on the topic 'Obligation de conservation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Obligation de conservation"
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Peacock, Mark. "Obligation and Advantage in Hobbes' Leviathan." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 40, no. 3 (September 2010): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2010.10716730.
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In this essay, I examine two claims Hobbes makes about obligation in Leviathan:1) that obligation and ‘prudence’ (or advantage) are conceptually separate;2) that fulfilling one's obligations is to one's advantage.My thesis is that Hobbes seeks to reconcile these apparently conflicting claims by arguing that obligation and advantage are empirically identical. He does so, I hold (in contrast to many of his interpreters), without ‘reducing’ obligation to advantage. That is, he does not hold that people should only keep covenants if doing so is in their self-interest.In section I, I analyse the temporal structure of covenants and distinguish the decision to enter (or not to enter) a covenant from the decision to break or keep a covenant one has already entered. In section II, I examine Hobbes’ fool. Hobbes tries to refute the fool by putting him right about that which conduces to his ‘conservation, and contentment.’
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Pradhananga, Amit K., Mae A. Davenport, David C. Fulton, Geoffrey M. Maruyama, and Dean Current. "An Integrated Moral Obligation Model for Landowner Conservation Norms." Society & Natural Resources 30, no. 2 (October 31, 2016): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2016.1239289.
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Garfinkle, Ann M., Janet Fries, Daniel Lopez, and Laura-Possessky. "Art Conservation and the Legal Obligation to Preserve Artistic Intent." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 36, no. 2 (1997): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3179830.
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Garfinkle, Ann M., Janet Fries, Daniel Lopez, and Laura Possessky. "Art Conservation and the Legal Obligation to Preserve Artistic Intent." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 36, no. 2 (January 1997): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713697806373190.
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Han, Heesup, Soyeun Lee, Amr Al-Ansi, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Hyungseo Bobby Ryu, Jinkyung Jenny Kim, and Wansoo Kim. "Convention Tourism and Sustainability: Exploring Influencing Factors on Delegate Green Behavior That Reduce Environmental Impacts." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 3903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143903.
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Despite the steady growth of the convention tourism industry, little is known about the stimulation of delegates’ green behaviors during their convention travel. This research sought to elucidate delegates’ green behavioral intentions by taking the role of green attitudes, social norms, eco-concern, personal moral obligation, and green behaviors in daily life into account. A quantitative approach employing a survey methodology was utilized for the attainment of research goals. Our results revealed that green attitudes, social norms, eco-concern, and personal moral obligation were significant determinants of delegates’ green behavioral intentions. Among these determinants, eco-concern had a salient effect on delegates’ intention to practice conservation behaviors, whereas personal moral obligation had a prominent role in inducing their willingness to sacrifice. Moreover, our results uncovered that green behaviors in daily life were a moderator in maximizing the influence of green attitudes, eco-concern, and personal moral obligation on the intention to practice conservation behaviors and in maximizing the effect of social norms on the willingness to sacrifice.
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Harvey, Bryan L., and Brad Fraleigh. "Impacts on Canadian agriculture of the Convention on Biological Diversity." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-005.
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Canada was among the first nations to sign and ratify the Convention on Biological Diversity. With strong support from the federal government, the Canadian delegation played a key role in its negotiation. The Convention has three major elements: (1) the conservation of biodiversity; (2) the sustainable use of biodiversity; and (3) the equitable sharing of benefits derived from the use of biodiversity. Canada has developed a draft strategy to meet our obligations as a signatory nation. This strategy was developed with input from various levels of government and from a wide range of individuals and organizations. The benefits to agriculture are increased resources for the conservation of biodiversity, which is vital to this industry, and continued access to germplasm. The costs are the funds necessary to conserve, an obligation to share knowledge and benefits from genetic resources and greater regulation of germplasm exchange. Key words: Biodiversity, conservation, germplasm, convention, genetic resources
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Ricard, Pascale. "The Limitations on Military Activities by Third States in the EEZ Resulting from Environmental Law." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 34, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-23341038.
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Abstract In the EEZ, the supposed freedom of states to conduct military activities encounters the rights and duties of coastal states regarding conservation of marine resources and environmental preservation. This article focuses on the relationship between these two specific but not always compatible interests and asks: how should they be combined? Could international environmental law rules be interpreted as a limitation to the conduct of military activities in the EEZ? What are the concrete obligations of states to fulfil their environmental duties, and how far are they compatible with the conduct of other activities? The ‘due diligence’ obligation to protect the marine environment is interpreted as going further than the ‘due regard’ standard enshrined in Articles 56 and 58 of the LOSC. Accordingly, this article assumes that it is a positive obligation, implying specific consequences, such as the conduct of environmental impact assessments when the activity risks causing damage.
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Valentine, Hayley. "Report of the Eleventh Global Biodiversity Forum: Exploring Synergy between the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 2 (2000): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000177.
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Biodiversity supplies goods and services to human populations, it protects and regulates lifesustaining resources such as water, air, soil and climate, and it supports important species interrelationships. For these reasons, humans have an obligation to conserve the biological diversity that is supplied by the earth. In the past, international obligations made toward conserving biodiversity had been addressed in isolation to other environmental agreements. This has lead to fragmentation in the international environmental agenda. The Eleventh Global Biodiversity Forum (GBF) attempted to create a link between the conservation of biodiversity and one of the most recent and notorious environmental issues ? climate change.
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Jaeckel, Aline. "Intellectual Property Rights and the Conservation of Plant Biodiversity as a Common Concern of Humankind." Transnational Environmental Law 2, no. 1 (February 7, 2013): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102512000234.
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AbstractThis article makes the case for the obligation to conserve plant biodiversity to be classified as a common concern of humankind, to justify and indeed prescribe limitations on private intellectual property rights over plants and related processes. Within the biodiversity regime, the notion of ‘common concern of humankind’ subjects the permanent sovereignty of states over natural resources to the interests of humanity. It shifts the obligations of states from managing their own plant biodiversity towards conserving it on behalf of humankind. In contrast, TRIPS requires states to protect private intellectual property rights with little discretion to adequately balance them with public interests. This creates a dichotomy. This article argues that rather than mobilizing state sovereignty as rhetoric to distract from addressing common concerns of humankind, it should be constructed as a concept capable of facilitating these very concerns.
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Rees, P. A. "Is there a legal obligation to reintroduce animal species into their former habitats?" Oryx 35, no. 3 (July 2001): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00178.x.
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AbstractSpecies reintroduction programmes are an important feature of global conservation efforts. There is evidence within the texts of some international and European laws of legal obligations to reintroduce species to their former habitats. However, these obligations are inconsistent between legal instruments, and it is not at all clear exactly what it is they are legislating to recreate. In particular, definitions of native species are either absent from the law or unclear, especially in an historical context. Attempts to reintroduce some predators have been met with legal challenges, and so it is essential that conservation authorities have a clear mission in their reintroduction activities and that this mission is reflected in their national law. Successful reintroductions will be achieved only with public support, and this is more likely where clear objectives have been established after public consultation. Conservation authorities undertaking reintroduction projects should use the legal system and the international commitments made by their governments to validate their efforts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Obligation de conservation"
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Brunetti-Pons, Clotilde. "L'obligation de conservation en droit civil français." Paris 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA020018.
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L'obligation de conservation puise son fondement legal dans l'article 1137 du code civil. Elle engage son debiteur a maintenir en etat (administration de soins: surveillance), pour le compte d'autrui, une chose corporelle individualisee. L'obligation de conservation est diversifiee dans ses applications concretes (depot, gage, usufruit, vente, paiement de l'indu, fiducie etc. . . ). Elle n'en est pas moins une notion juridique unitaire. De nature accessoire, l'obligation de conservation reste cependant autonome par rapport aux obligations dont elle represente le prolongement (obligations de donner et de restituer). Son regime de principe est celui de l'obligation de moyensThe obligation of conservation finds its legal bases in paragraph 1137 of the french civil code. It obliges its debtor to maintain in good estate a single tangible property (care, survey(, on a third party's account. The obligation of conservation is diversified in its material application (deposit, plefge, usufruct, saile, payment made by mistake, trusteeschip etc. . . ). It is nevertheless an unitari legal concept. Of an accessoire nature, the obligation of conservation remains however autonomus regarding the obligations of which it represents the prolongation (obligations to give and restitute). It obeys the rules of the liability out of contract based on a fault
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Nicolas, Matthieu. "L'obligation de conservation en droit privé français." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100054.
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La notion d'obligation de conservation couvre une grande diversité de situation. Ainsi, si le dépositaire n'est tenu que de garder la chose déposée, l'usufruitier se doit de l'entretenir. Pour autant, en dépit de ces différences, il s'agit de deux obligations de conservation. Ces deux exemples illustrent la diversité des obligations de conservation, diversité qui est également illustré par le vaste champ disciplinaire de cette étude : droit bancaire, droit des biens, droit des successions, droit commercial, droit rural, contrats spéciaux, ou encore, droit des obligations. De l'observation des différentes obligations de conservation, il nous a paru possible d'organiser ces obligations en fonction des pouvoirs du conservateur sur la chose. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre à jour une gradation cumulative de quatre niveaux : la surveillance, la garde, l'entretien et enfin la gestion de la chose. Nous avons pu également préciser les rapports entre obligation de conservation et de restitutionThe concept of conservation's duty covers a great diversity of situation. Thus, if the dépositaire is held to keep the thing déposée, the usufructuary must maintain it. In spite of these differences, these are two conservation's duties. These two examples illustrate the diversity of the conservation's duties. These two examples illustrate the diversity of the conservation's duty, diversity which is also illustrated by the vast disciplinary field of this study : banking law, property law, successions law, commercial law, rural law, or, contact law. The study of the various conservation's duties, make us discovered that it was possible to organize these duties according to the debtor's power on the thing he has to conserve. Thus, we were able to create a four-level gradation : monitoring, guard, maintenance and finally the management of the thing. We were also to clarify the relationship between conservation's duty and restitution's duty
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Ndordji, Allatan. "Théorie des risques et transfert de propriété. Comparaison des droits français, de l'OHADA et du commerce international." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT3004/document.
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La théorie des risques est un contenant dont le contenu est constitué des maximes d'origine romaine, imaginées pour caractériser les conséquences juridiques de l'inexécution de l'obligation contractuelle due à la survenance de l'événement de force majeure. Suivant ces maximes dénommées en latin res perit debitori, res perit creditori et res perit domino, les conséquences préjudiciables de l'inexécution de l'obligation sont supportées, soit par le débiteur de cette obligation, soit par son créancier, ou par la personne à laquelle appartient la chose, objet de cette obligation, fortuitement détruite.Un regard comparatif sur les droits positif français, de l'OHADA et la Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises, révèle la dominance de la règle res perit domino dans la conception de la résolution de la question des risques. Cette conception donne lieu à deux typologies de solutions de la charge des risques : l'application d'une règle considérée comme un principe consiste à libérer les contractants de leurs obligations réciproques en raison de l'inexécution fortuite d'une obligation ; un autre type de règles est consacré à des hypothèses dans lesquelles une seule partie contractante est déclarée libérée. L'examen de ces deux typologies de solutions révèle une redondance dans leur coexistence, et particulièrement flagrante dans les systèmes de l'OHADA et de la Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980. Les règles considérées comme dérogatoires constituent une simple reprise a contrario du principe. Cette redondance s'avère la conséquence de la même conception de la résolution de la question des risques dans les trois systèmes juridiques. Les solutions de la charge des risques sont réputées, dans l'opinion répandue, différentes suivant ces trois systèmes juridiques ; mais cette différence ne tient qu'à leur apparence. À les examiner de près, leur similitude est surprenante ; ces solutions découlent de la même conception et sont susceptibles des mêmes critiques. Parmi les trois maximes latines, on observe une nette dominance de la réception de la règle res perit domino : les risques pèsent sur la personne à laquelle la chose appartient au moment de sa perte. La règle consistant dans l'association des risques au transfert de la propriété s'observe de façon générale dans les trois systèmes juridiques. Cette conception du traitement de la question des risques a tendance à générer des règles inappropriées. Elle se répand à partir du droit positif français résultant de l'analyse dominante de certaines dispositions du Code civil de 1804, dont l'exactitude doit être éprouvée. Cette thèse présente le modèle incompris de ce Code, après une présentation des différentes solutions issues des trois systèmes juridiques ; elle invite par conséquent à restaurer la vision des codificateurs, porteuse des solutions naturelles, appropriées à la question des risques. La thèse met en évidence la relation entre la charge des risques et l'obligation de délivrance dans le système du Code civil de 1804. Elle démontre la finalité du mécanisme de transfert solo consensu de la propriété, laquelle ne consiste nullement à attribuer les risques l'acquéreur. La règle res perit domino n'existe pas en réalité dans le Code civil de 1804. Ce Code fait référence à la règle res perit debitori pour caractériser l'hypothèse dans laquelle la perte fortuite de la chose libère les contractants de leurs obligations réciproques. On y rencontre également la règle res perit creditori, mais qui diffère, du point de vue de son fondement, de celle issue du droit romain. Il convient de promouvoir les solutions naturelles incomprises du Code civil de 1804, dont l'analyse est renouvelée dans cette thèse. Le système de ce Code ignore la règle res perit domino ; celle-ci n'y est entrée en réalité que par l'Ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligationsThe risk theory is inspired by Roman legal maxims which purpose is to determine the legal consequences of non-compliance with the contractual obligation in case of force majeure. Pursuant to the res perit debitori, res perit creditori et res perit domino maxims consequences of the non-compliance of the contractual obligations are born either by the debtor of the obligation, by the creditor or by the good owner. A comparative overview of French law, the OHADA Convention and the Vienna Convention of 11 April 1980 on contracts for the international sales of goods demonstrates the superiority of the res perit domino principle in the conceptions for the resolution of the risk matter. According to this approach, existing law is based on two sets of solutions for the determination of the party who has to bear the risk: the application of a principle releasing the parties from their mutual obligations by virtue of the accidental non-compliance with the contractual obligations; the application of rules where only one party is released from his/her obligations. The examination of both sets of solutions shows inconsistencies which are particularly visible in the OHADA and Vienna Convention systems. Rules a priori considered as being derogatory are in fact a mere a contrario application of the principle. This inconsistency is the result of the way the risk matter is being addressed by the three legal system subject to the study. According to a widespread belief, the solutions differ. However, the difference is only apparent. A close look indicates indeed that their similarities are not unexpected. All the solutions stem from the same system of reasoning and, therefore, are subject to the same criticisms. Among the three Latin maxims, the res perit domino definitely prevails. Risks are borne by the owner of the good at the time of its loss. The rule associating the risks with the transfer of property is applicable in the three systems. This approach of the burden of risk is the cause of ill-adapted rules. It emerged in French law on the basis of the interpretation of 1804 Civil code provisions. This interpretation will be discussed by the thesis. After a general presentation of the solutions implemented by the three systems, the objective of this doctoral thesis is to explore the misunderstandings on the ratio legis of French civil code. The thesis restores the original view of the French codifiers, who were promoting solutions fitted to the risk theory. The thesis underlines the connection between the burden of risk and the obligation to deliver as provided by the French Civil code of 1804. The thesis demonstrates the ultimate goal of the property transfer mechanism solo consensus which is not to have the risk borne by the buyer. The res perit domino rule is in fact not to be found in the French civil code of 1804. It only refers to the res perit debitori in order to characterize the case where the accidental loss of the good releases the parties from their mutual obligations. The res perit creditori lays on different foundations. Therefore, it is necessary to promote a renewed understanding of the unknown original solutions of 1804. The French civil code system ignores the res perit domino rule. It became applicable only through Ordinance 2016-131 of 10 February 2016 reforms contract law and rules on proof
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Blandin, Yannick. "Sûretés et bien circulant : contribution à la réception d'une sûreté réelle globale." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020045/document.
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Les sûretés sur les biens du professionnel constituent un instrument central d'accès au crédit. Malgré de nombreuses initiatives, le dispositif permettant l'affectation en garantie des biens voués à circuler, ainsi notamment des stocks, reste inadapté. L'édifice légal, complexe et contraire aux objectifs poursuivis, s'oppose à l'utilisation de ces biens circulants comme assiette de sûreté. La présente thèse identifie les améliorations nécessaires à la modernisation du droit des sûretés réelles et, ce faisant, esquisse les contours d'une institution nouvelle de garantie de nature à faciliter les concours aux entreprises, la sûreté globaleSecurities on the professional's properties form a significant way of accessing to credit. Despite many initiatives, means that enable to hold estates as security, such as stocks of goods, are not fully satisfying. The legal edifice, complex and opposed to the aim expected, prevents from using circulating assets as the basis of guarantee.This thesis identifies how to make required improvements to modernize the real security law, and so as to outline a new guarantee tool that makes the access to credit easier for companies, the global security
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Bohigas, Ivar. "Indigenous peoples, protected areas and biodiversity conservation : a study of Australia´s obligations under international law." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120750.
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Ricard, Pascale. "La conservation de la biodiversité dans les zones maritimes internationales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D065.
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Le régime juridique relatif à la conservation de la biodiversité dans les zones maritimes internationales est actuellement au cœur des discussions entre États au sein des Nations Unies. En effet, la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, véritable «Constitution des océans», ne permet pas d’assurer une conservation effective de la biodiversité dans la Zone et en haute mer. En 1982, lorsqu’elle a été adoptée, la notion de «biodiversité» n’existait pas encore, la Convention s’y référant alors uniquement de manière indirecte. Certaines ressources comme les ressources génétiques marines ne sont ainsi pas couvertes par la Convention, de même que certaines activités, ou outils de protection tels que les aires marines protégées. De plus, la division des océans en différentes zones aux régimes juridiques distincts et fragmentés ne permet pas aux États de mettre en œuvre leurs obligations conventionnelles de manière efficace. L’adoption d’un nouvel accord de mise en œuvre de la Convention dans le cadre des Nations Unies pourrait permettre, dans une certaine mesure, de pallier ces diverses insuffisances. Cependant, l’issue des négociations reste encore incertaine. Finalement, il conviendra d’observer que seule une approche plus globale, fondée sur la reconnaissance de l’existence d’une obligation générale de conservation de la biodiversité dans les zones maritimes internationales, pourrait permettre de dépasser les limites inhérentes à une approche exclusivement spatiale de la conservation de la biodiversité dans des espaces communs à tous les États, aux régimes distincts voire opposésMarine biodiversity conservation beyond national jurisdiction is currently subject of discussions in the United Nations. Indeed, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the «Constitution of the Oceans», is not sufficient to protect marine biodiversity efficiently, in the high seas and the Area. In 1982, the word «biodiversity» did not exist yet, so the Convention only refers to marine pollution or biological resources conservation or management. Some resources, as marine genetic resources, are not covered by the Convention, as well as certain activities or conservation and management tools like marine protected areas. The division of the oceans in different maritime zones, moreover, with distinct and fragmented legal regimes, does not allow States to accomplish their conventional obligations dealing with biodiversity conservation. The adoption of a new implementing agreement related to the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea and dealing with marine biodiversity conservation and sustainable use beyond national jurisdiction would clearly improve the cur-rent regime. However, such an agreement could turn not being enough toward this objective, and the achievement of the process of negotiation remains uncertain. Finally, it appears necessary to build a more global approach, resting on the identification of an international general obligation of conservation of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. Such a global approach helps to overcome the limits of the actual regime of conservation, which is centered on a spatial approach of marine biodiversity conservation in common spaces, having opposed legal regimes
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Lemine, Bramley Jemain. "South Africa’s response in fulfilling her obligations to meet the legal measures of wetland conservation and wise use." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2844.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.South Africa is a signatory to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat of 1971 (referred to as the Ramsar Convention), which is an international convention making provision for protection and wise use of wetlands. Article 3 of the Ramsar Convention requires signatories to formulate and implement their planning to promote wise use of wetlands within their jurisdiction. “Wise use of wetlands” is defined as “the maintenance of their ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development” (Birnie & Boyle, 2009: 674). The concept of wise use has been interpreted to mean sustainable development (de Klemm & Shine, 1999: 47; Birnie & Boyle, 2009: 49; Kiss & Shelton, 2007: 93; Birnie & Boyle, 2009: 674; Sands, 2003: 604), as it pertains to wetlands. Having said this, the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA) sets out principles of sustainable development that every organ of state must apply in the execution of their duties. Due to the wise use-sustainable development link, two NEMA principles have been considered to form the basis of this study, i.e. sections 2(4)(l) and 2(4)(r). The first principle places an obligation upon the state to ensure that there is intergovernmental coordination and harmonisation of policies, legislation and action relating to the environment (read to include a wetland); and the second principle is to ensure that specific attention in the management and planning are had to wetlands. Ironically, factors that are identified as hindering wise use include, but are not limited to: conflicting and incomplete sectoral law, absence of monitoring procedures, the absence of legal measures for environmental management of water quantity and quality. Therefore, an analysis will be undertaken to determine the extent to which South Africa’s legislative framework regulating wetland conservation is fulfilling the requirements for the promotion of wise use, through these two principles. Focus was had to environmental and related legislation, policies and regulations that promote and/or constrain wetland conservation and wise use. This study identifies the flaws within the law; and proposes streamlining and, where apposite, amendments to the existing legislative framework regulating wetlands in order for South Africa to fulfil her obligations.
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Moodley, Renelle Lindy. "Maritime liens : a critical analysis of the protection that South Africa's bioprospecting legislation affords indigenous communities, in the context of the country's international obligations and with particular regard to implementation changes." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10959.
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Indigenous communities have developed a wealth of knowledge, which plays a crucial role in providing leads for the use of genetic resources and bioprospecting. However, such knowledge is under increasing threat due to the misappropriation of the biological resources and associated traditional knowledge of indigenous communities, through both bioprospecting, as well as the inappropriate exercise of intellectual property rights.
The internationally agreed Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) attempts to provide a bulwark against biopiracy and although it assists indigenous communities to regain some control, the CBD has proven inadequate in the protection of the traditional knowledge of indigenous communities. The subsequent Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Nagoya Protocol) attempts to address some of these limitations but unfortunately has its own shortcomings, as it was largely concluded on the basis of a compromise between developed and developing countries.
This dissertation will undertake a critical analysis of the provisions of the CBD and Nagoya Protocol, with a view to establishing the level of protection these instruments afford indigenous communities. It will be shown that notwithstanding the drawbacks of both the CBD and Nagoya Protocol, they nevertheless represent major achievements in the journey to protect the genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge of indigenous communities.
It is in this context that this dissertation will analyse South Africa’s Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) regime in relation to the protection it affords indigenous communities and in the light of the implementation challenges that such legislation presents. A particular focus will be on whether South Africa’s ABS legislation complies with the country’s international obligations relating to the protection of indigenous communities and whether South Africa’s approach to the protection of the genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge of indigenous communities, in the context of bioprospecting, is adequate or whether there exists potential for its enhancement.Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
Books on the topic "Obligation de conservation"
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Uhlmann, Sven Sebastian. The European Landing Obligation: Reducing Discards in Complex, Multi-Species and Multi-Jurisdictional Fisheries. Cham: Springer Nature, 2019.
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Brunetti-Pons, Clotilde. L'obligation de conservation dans les conventions. Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, Faculté de droit et de science politique, 2003.
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Balancing acts: Obligation, liberation, and contemporary Christian conflicts. Lima, Ohio: CSS Pub. Co., 2006.
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Chivers, E. The use of planning conditions and obligations for nature conservation: an examination of the role of development plan policies and environmental impact assessment. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1996.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment. Guarantee of obligations (Title XI): Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, on H.R. 5232 ... August 6, 1986. Washington, [D.C.]: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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San Francisco (Calif.). Capital Improvement Advisory Committee. and San Francisco (Calif.). Dept. of Public Works., eds. Civic Center historic district improvement: General obligation bond program report. [San Francisco, Calif.]: Dept. of Public Works, City and County of San Francisco, 1997.
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Caldas, Roberto F. Introductory Note. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848194.003.0032.
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During 2015, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued sixteen judgments in contentious cases and two interpretations of previous judgments that covered a wide variety of salient issues for the Inter-American System of Human Rights. The first case selected for this edition of the Yearbook deals with the obligations of states dealing with terrorist threats in the midst of internal armed conflict. The other three cases selected deal with the obligations of states in peacetime: specifically, the obligation to supervise private health providers, particularly when they carry out public functions, the obligation to protect the lives and integrity of women against gender-based violence, and the obligation to guarantee the collective property rights of indigenous peoples while also ensuring the conservation of natural resources. These cases are consistent with the Inter-American Court’s vast jurisprudence regarding states’ duty to guarantee the rights of persons who are particularly vulnerable to human rights abuses.
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James, Aaron. Sovereignty and Associative Obligations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922542.003.0014.
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Conservative American jurisprudence often staunchly maintains that each society—and especially the United States—enjoys an absolute right of sovereignty as against the constraints of international law. This position is often maintained in a philosophically dogmatic way—as a morally unsupported assertion that political authority can only have a domestic source. Yet the social contract tradition, especially in the work of Thomas Hobbes, but also in contemporary arguments by Michael Walzer, offers something of a principled defense of this view. This chapter will outline a fundamental alternative to this conservative position, also located within the social contract tradition. Domestic political authority, on this rival view, partly has its source in the larger state system that constitutes and defines the right of sovereignty with a political social practice of global scope.
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Rosemary, Rayfuse. 20 Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715481.003.0020.
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This chapter assesses the contribution of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) to the achievement of the principles of conservation and cooperation articulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). It begins with a brief historical introduction to the institutionalisation of cooperation through RFMOs and an examination of their structural limitations. It then considers the role and contribution of RFMOs in developing the specific content of the obligation to conserve, including the implications for RFMOs of the increasing recognition of the need to protect, conserve, and manage marine biodiversity in general. Finally, it examines the challenges to RFMOs posed by climate change.
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A programme for the implementation of the obligations of the convention on biological diversity. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Obligation de conservation"
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de Clippele, Marie-Sophie. "International and European Obligations on the Belgian State to Protect Cultural Heritage." In Transcultural Diplomacy and International Law in Heritage Conservation, 169–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0309-9_12.
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Nations, James D., Ray Cesca, J. Angus Martin, and Thomas E. Lacher. "Ethical Obligations of Multinational Corporations to the Global Environment: The McDonald’s Corporation and Conservation." In Environmental Science and Technology Library, 265–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0451-7_17.
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"Conservation’s Moral Imperative: The Human Obligation to the Wild." In Conservation Politics, 352–66. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108185752.021.
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Behrens, Kevin G. "An African account of the moral obligation to preserve biodiversity." In African Philosophy and Environmental Conservation, 42–57. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315099491-5.
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Hernández, Gleider. "19. The protection of the environment." In International Law, 494–524. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198748830.003.0019.
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This chapter studies the development of international environmental law. A significant proportion of international environmental law obligations is contained in treaties, which often provide for institutional mechanisms or procedural obligations for their implementation. There exists a dense network of treaty obligations relating to environmental protection, and to specific sectors such as climate change, the conservation of endangered species, or the handling of toxic materials. Indeed, though customary international law knows of no general legal obligation to protect and preserve the environment, certain customary rules nevertheless have been found in specific treaties, case law, and occasionally even soft law instruments. The most significant such rule is the principles of prevention, often taking the form of the ‘good neighbour’ principle. States are required to exercise due diligence in preventing their territory from being used in such a way so as to cause significant damage to the environment of another state.
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Fadzil, Fadzlina Mohd, and Yudi Fernando. "Exploring Drivers of Closed Loop Supply Chain in Malaysian Automotive Industry." In Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Business Operations and Management, 1027–37. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7362-3.ch077.
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This chapter explores the drivers of closed loop supply chain in the Malaysian automotive industry. The growth of the automotive industry in Malaysia is rapidly increasing. There are five drivers identified that can implement the closed loop supply chain in the Malaysian automotive industry. Customer awareness has urged the manufacturers and suppliers to produce and supply more environmentally friendly products. Social responsibility is the firms' obligation to ensure that their operation activities could reduce environmental impacts that can be harmful to the society. Environmental concern is the awareness of environmental preservation and conservation. Governmental legislation has been implemented to ensure the firms adhere to the government policies to attain greener industrial practices. Waste management refers to the waste disposal system in order to reduce waste treatment costs, pollution, and landfill issues. Therefore, the drivers are important elements in carrying out the closed loop supply chain in the Malaysian automotive industry.
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Hardy Bednar, Deborah, and Lynn Godkin. "An Exploratory, Longitudinal Study of Factors Influencing Development of a Networked Company." In Networking and Telecommunications, 1297–310. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-986-1.ch083.
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In 1901 the Gulf Refining Company was chartered to provide refining and sales support to the Spindletop oil field in southeast Texas (Gulf Oil History, 2003). A refinery was built immediately after on a 4,000 acre site. The facility was acquired in 1985 by Chevron as a part of a merger with Gulf (‘Congratulations Premcor 100 Years,’ 2001). In February 1995, Chevron sold the Port Arthur plant with an important proviso. Chevron agreed to perform any environmental remediation required by the United States Environmental Protection agency (U.S.-EPA) or the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) after sale was complete. Chevron assumed responsibility for contamination associated with the site since 1901. A total of US$500 million was placed in reserve. Chevron was ultimately required to “make good” on the agreement, and Chevron established a networked company fulfill the obligation. This longitudinal study of that networked company reports the factors found to have positive, negative, and neutral effects on the project.
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"Regional Obligations and Implementation of Obligations on Conservation of Marine Biodiversity." In Marine Protected Areas in International Law, 112–30. Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004324084_009.
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"Global Obligations on Conservation of Marine Biological Diversity." In Marine Protected Areas in International Law, 85–111. Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004324084_008.
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Annecoos, Wiersema. "Part V Subject Matter, Ch.32 Wildlife." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0032.
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This chapter details the themes and principles that shape international wildlife law. International wildlife law shares attributes with other fields of international environmental law, but also has certain particular attributes. In particular, the degree to which treaties affecting wildlife conservation impose strict or flexible obligations on their member states is often a product of a variety of factors, for example: how specific the scope of the treaty is, whether the treaty primarily focuses on individual species or on ecosystem and habitat protection, and whether the treaty targets primarily domestic or primarily international activities or species. The chapter then discusses certain international regimes that focus on particular species, before considering examples of ecosystem-based regimes and regimes with a more regional focus. It also looks at the most significant issues facing global wildlife conservation.
Conference papers on the topic "Obligation de conservation"
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Van Brunt, Michael, and Brian Bahor. "Potential for Energy-From-Waste Carbon Offsets in North America." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3540.
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A carbon offset program is likely to be part of any future federal cap-and-trade program and is included in both the U.S. House of Representatives passed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 and the Kerry-Boxer Senate draft greenhouse gas legislation. Internationally, Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities in emerging economies are eligible for carbon offset credits under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. These carbon offset credits can be purchased by developed countries, such as those in Western Europe, to help comply with their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Although a similar mandatory market does not yet exist in the United States, there is a growing voluntary market in carbon offsets and a set of standards designed to provide some order to this market. One of the key players in the voluntary market is the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS). Project types, such as EfW, that are eligible for credits under the Clean Development Mechanism are also eligible to generate voluntary carbon credits under the VCS. This paper reviews the current methodology for calculating offsets from EfW projects. The current methodology is very conservative, severely restricts the accounting for avoided landfill methane, and significantly underestimates greenhouse gas savings relative to life cycle assessments performed on waste management practices. The current methodology for offsets is compared and contrasted with a more realistic methodology more in line with life cycle assessment calculations. A review of the potential for EfW offsets under evolving state and federal programs and precedents for offsets generated based on avoided landfill methane is also completed.
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Burgess, Richard A. "Towards a Functional Definition of Sustainable Development in the Practice of Engineering." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38444.
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Sustainable development has become an increasingly common topic of both day-day conversations and in discussions about professional responsibility. In recent years, most of the professional engineering societies have moved to incorporate language about environmental responsibility, including sustainable development, into their codes of ethics. The ASME Code, for example, states that “Engineers shall consider environmental impact and sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties” (2). Despite this increased focus on sustainable development, it remains a nebulous concept at both a theoretical and practical level. Few engineers would deny that they have a responsibility to the environment. Ask those same engineers what this responsibility means in practice and you are likely to get a variety of answers; most of which will probably be on the vague side. Of course, variation and generality are not always negative features of a professional ethic. Nevertheless, it is important to get more precise about what sustainable development looks like in practice. In this paper, I will analyze ASME’s prescription that mechanical engineers consider their impact on the environment. I will examine how this prescription fits into the ASME Code as a whole. I will then survey several definitions of sustainable development; exploring challenges along the way. From here, I will begin developing a functional definition of sustainable development. In doing so, I will attempt to balance the demands of the principle of conservatism when spelling out professional obligations with those of moral leadership. The goal is to provide a useful and rigorous definition of sustainable development for practicing engineers. If am successful in this, this definition will lead to an operational understanding of sustainable development.
Reports on the topic "Obligation de conservation"
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Poelina, Anne, J. Alexander, N. Samnakay, and I. Perdrisat. A Conservation and Management Plan for the National Heritage Listed Fitzroy River Catchment Estate (No. 1). Edited by A. Hayes and K. S. Taylor. Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council; Nulungu Research Institute, The University of Notre Dame Australia., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32613/nrp/2020.4.
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The Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council (Martuwarra Council) has prepared this document to engage widely and to articulate its ambitions and obligations to First Law, customary law and their guardianship authority and fiduciary duty to protect the Martuwarra’s natural and cultural heritage. This document outlines a strategic approach to Heritage Conservation and Management Planning, communicating to a wide audience, the planning principles, key initiatives, and aspirations of the Martuwarra Traditional Owners to protect their culture, identity and deep connection to living waters and land. Finer granularity of action items required to give effect to this Conservation and Management Plan for the National Heritage Listed Fitzroy River Catchment Estate are outlined in section 7 and which will be more fully explored by the Martuwarra Council in the coming months and years.