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Gordon, Sidartha, Chantal Marlats, and Lucie Ménager. "Observation delays in teams and effort cycles." Games and Economic Behavior 130 (November 2021): 276–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2021.07.014.
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Moersdorf, Paul, and Eric Meindl. "Sustained Ocean Observations and the Role of NOAA's Marine Observation Network." Marine Technology Society Journal 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533203787537258.
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The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates a network of automated moored buoys in the oceans whose installation began in the early 1970s. What began as a research and development program consolidating independent U.S. buoy projects, by the mid-1980s evolved into an operational activity when the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) was moved into NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS). Except for a few reimbursable projects requiring ocean data, little effort was placed on sustained ocean monitoring, as NDBC focused upon satisfying NWS' mission requirements. NOAA's recent direction to become a “matrix” organization is leading to greater utilization of assets across its line offices. NDBC and its Marine Observing Network (MON) of moored buoys and fixed stations have become recognized as NOAA assets that can help meet NOAA-wide strategic goals. This paper describes some of NDBC's history and the future role it can play as part of a federal “backbone” system to support scientific needs of the community that works in the oceans.
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Wang, Guangchao, and Xiaochun Sun. "A Chinese Innovation Based on Western Methods: The Double-Epicycle Solar Model in the Lixiang kaocheng, 1722." Journal for the History of Astronomy 50, no. 2 (May 2019): 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828619843431.
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This article attempts to show how an effort was made by Chinese astronomers to improve on the solar model under the auspice of Emperor Kangxi, in circumstances of the merging of Western and Chinese mathematical astronomy. The result of this effort is the Lixiang kaocheng. Different from the eccentric solar model in the previous calendars, Lixiang kaocheng invented a double-epicycle model to describe the solar motion, aiming at bringing computations into agreement with observation. The observational data used for determining the parameters of solar model might be obtained with Tychonic instruments. But it is also possible that these “observational data” might have been derived from Western astronomical tables. Although actual observations did become more accurate, it did not reflect upon the revision of the solar model. The accuracy of the solar model in the Lixiang kaocheng did not increase very much compared with the previous models.
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Radford, Keith W. "Movement Education in Physical Education—A Definitional Effort." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 9, no. 1 (October 1989): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.9.1.1.
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A philosophical approach was taken to the development of a framework for understanding the nature of movement observation as an aspect of teaching performance in physical education. The concepts and relationships that were revealed through a rigorous review of the literature on movement observation resulted in the conception of a theoretical framework. The framework conceived of movement observation as three independent subprocesses: attention, template formation, and motivation. The functional operation of these three subprocesses was proposed in terms of two developmental principles that operate in reciprocal fashion: that of simplicity and that of economy.
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Polacheck, Tom, Ray Hilborn, and Andre E. Punt. "Fitting Surplus Production Models: Comparing Methods and Measuring Uncertainty." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-284.
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Three approaches are commonly used to fit surplus production models to observed data: effort-averaging methods; process-error estimators; and observation-error estimators. We compare these approaches using real and simulated data sets, and conclude that they yield substantially different interpretations of productivity. Effort-averaging methods assume the stock is in equilibrium relative to the recent effort; this assumption is rarely satisfied and usually leads to overestimation of potential yield and optimum effort. Effort-averaging methods will almost always produce what appears to be "reasonable" estimates of maximum sustainable yield and optimum effort, and the r2 statistic used to evaluate the goodness of fit can provide an unrealistic illusion of confidence about the parameter estimates obtained. Process-error estimators produce much less reliable estimates than observation-error estimators. The observation-error estimator provides the lowest estimates of maximum sustainable yield and optimum effort and is the least biased and the most precise (shown in Monte-Carlo trials). We suggest that observation-error estimators be used when fitting surplus production models, that effort-averaging methods be abandoned, and that process-error estimators should only be applied if simulation studies and practical experience suggest that they will be superior to observation-error estimators.
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Bezručka, Juraj. "Non-observation RINEX compression." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/congeo-2013-0020.
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Abstract RINEX format is a result of an effort to standardize exchanging GNSS related data in human readable receiver independent format. Besides observation data, RINEX is also de facto standard for exchanging navigation message or meteorological data. The paper describes simple compression methods for navigation messages and meteorological data files. Both formats have their specific features, therefore different methods were used. Followed by standard compression the algorithms reduce the file size by more than 20 percent compared to standard compression. Thanks to the properties of weather and regular parameter observations it allows to reduce the file size of meteorological RINEX to a mere fraction of its original size.
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Stolberg, Michael. "Empiricism in Sixteenth-Century Medical Practice." Early Science and Medicine 18, no. 6 (2013): 487–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-0186p0001.
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Based on an analysis of some 4.000 pages of manuscript notes on ordinary medical practice which the little-known Bohemian physician Georg Handsch (1529–1578?) wrote from the late 1540s, this article traces the central place which empiricist attitudes and approaches held in mid-sixteenth-century learned medical practice. While explicit epistemological statements are rare, the very effort which Handsch put into recording thousands of observations he and other physicians around him had made, and the value they attributed to the experiences of ordinary lay persons and even “empirics” reflects a profound belief in the value of sensory experience and personal observation. The paper traces the uses of empiricist key terms like “experientia,” “historia” and “observatio,” it highlights the epistemic effects of personal observation, from confirming and challenging established notions to the creation of new general knowledge from particulars, and it suggests, in conclusion, that such brief notes on ordinary medical practice played an important role in the history of “facts.”
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Pachelski, Wojciech, and Paweł Postek. "Optimization of observation plan based on the stochastic characteristics of the geodetic network." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 101, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rgg-2016-0018.
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Abstract Optimal design of geodetic network is a basic subject of many engineering projects. An observation plan is a concluding part of the process. Any particular observation within the network has through adjustment a different contribution and impact on values and accuracy characteristics of unknowns. The problem of optimal design can be solved by means of computer simulation. This paper presents a new method of simulation based on sequential estimation of individual observations in a step-by-step manner, by means of the so-called filtering equations. The algorithm aims at satisfying different criteria of accuracy according to various interpretations of the covariance matrix. Apart of them, the optimization criterion is also amount of effort, defined as the minimum number of observations required. A numerical example of a 2-D network is illustrated to view the effectiveness of presented method. The results show decrease of the number of observations by 66% with respect to the not optimized observation plan, which still satisfy the assumed accuracy.
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Grice, James W., Maria Yepez, Nicole L. Wilson, and Yuichi Shoda. "Observation-Oriented Modeling: Going Beyond “Is It All a Matter of Chance”?" Educational and Psychological Measurement 77, no. 5 (October 6, 2016): 855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164416667985.
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An alternative to null hypothesis significance testing is presented and discussed. This approach, referred to as observation-oriented modeling, is centered on model building in an effort to explicate the structures and processes believed to generate a set of observations. In terms of analysis, this novel approach complements traditional methods based on means, variances, and covariances with methods of pattern detection and analysis. Using data from a previously published study by Shoda et al., the basic tenets and methods of observation-oriented modeling are demonstrated and compared with traditional methods, particularly with regard to null hypothesis significance testing.
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Del Vecchio, Fabrício Boscolo, Jerônimo Jaspe Rodrigues Silva, and Charles Bartel Farias. "Análise temporal de combates de Muay-Thai de nível nacional: Efeitos da fase competitiva." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 10, no. 1 (June 26, 2015): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v10i1.1635.
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<em>Introduction:</em><strong> </strong>Temporal analysis of matches allows the study of fighting patterns in combat sports. With this procedure, we can recreate the efforts in specific training. However, up to date have no information concerning temporal analysis considering competitive level in Muay-Thai. <em>Objective:</em><strong> </strong>To investigate temporal characteristics of Muay-Thai athletes in official competition from national level, considering round, and to compare preliminary combats with those that had medal disputes. <em>Material and methods:</em> Were recorded 65 matches in a Brazilian championship. We conducted <em>in loco</em> recording. To time-motion analysis, Software Kinovea™ was used. Were considered Observation, Preparation and Interaction periods, as well as high intensity and low intensity ratio (HI:LI). The average duration of the rounds between competitive phases (preliminary or finals) was compared with a <em>t</em> test. A generalized linear model was applied considering effort duration as dependent variable and competitive level, round and effort type as independent. Significant level was set in 5%. <em>Results:</em> Were registered 7 to 8 s of Observation, near from 3 s of Preparation and 4 to 5.5 s of Interaction effort type, and the duration of Observation effort was significantly superior the others. Significant differences were observed in the Interaction between preliminary and finals (respectively 5.5 ± 0.3 s and 3.7 ± 0.5 s; p < 0.05). Pooling the Observation and Preparation time as low intensity (LI), and Interaction as high intensity (HI) efforts, the HI:LI ratio was 1:2in eliminatory and 1:3 in the final matches. <em>Conclusions:</em><strong> </strong>Muay-Thai is an intermittent combat sport, the duration of Interaction effort type is lower in final in comparison to preliminary matches.
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Wijayanti, Santi, and Effriyanti Effriyanti. "PENGARUH PENERAPAN IFRS, AUDIT EFFORT, DAN KOMPLEKSITAS OPERASI PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP AUDIT DELAY." AKUNTABILITAS 13, no. 1 (September 23, 2019): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/ja.v13i1.9479.
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This study aims to test and prove empirically the influence of IFRS implementation, audit effort and complexity of company operations. This research was conducted at a jasa real estate company listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2009-2017. The sample in this research by purposive sampling method. Research type is quantitative with quantitative descriptive method, obtained 9 companies that used as research sample with observation for 9 (nine) year, so total observation is 81 financial report which have been audited. The analysis method used is descriptive statistics, data quality test and hypothesis test with significance level of5%. The results of this study indicate that the application of IFRS has no significant effect on audit delay, while audit effort has no effect on audit delay and the company's operating complexity has no significant effect on auditdelay
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Chen, Bo. "All-or-Nothing Monitoring: Comment." American Economic Review 100, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.1.625.
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Zhao (2008) presents an interesting “all-or-nothing monitoring” result for a multitask moral hazard agency problem with partial effort observation. We argue that the optimal contract based on the non-verifiable observation of the agent's effort in Zhao (2008) can be regarded as a limitation on the incentive schemes available to the principal. I then propose some arguably more appropriate approaches for analyzing such agency problems. (D82, D86, M54)
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Reneman, Michiel F., Andrea S. Fokkens, Pieter U. Dijkstra, Jan H. B. Geertzen, and Johan W. Groothoff. "Testing Lifting Capacity: Validity of Determining Effort Level by Means of Observation." Spine 30, no. 2 (January 2005): E40—E46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000150500.80699.89.
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Oesch, Peter, Kathrin Meyer, Stefan Bachmann, Kåre Birger Hagen, and Nina K. Vøllestad. "Comparison of Two Methods for Interpreting Lifting Performance During Functional Capacity Evaluation." Physical Therapy 92, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 1130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110473.
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BackgroundFunctional capacity evaluation (FCE) requires determination of effort by observation of effort indexes for performance interpretation. Waddell signs have been shown to be associated with decreased functional performance. Whether determination of effort by observational criteria and Waddell sign testing can be used interchangeably to interpret lifting performance is unknown.ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to assess the concurrent validity of submaximal effort and Waddell signs and to determine whether these contribute independently to lifting performance.DesignThis investigation was an analytical cross-sectional study.MethodsA total of 130 people who had chronic nonspecific low back pain and were referred for fitness-for-work evaluation were included. Physical effort was determined on the basis of observational criteria for lifting from floor to waist, lifting from waist to shoulder, and horizontal lifting during FCE. A second assessor conducted Waddell sign testing. The concurrent validity of Waddell signs and submaximal effort was assessed by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the contributions of Waddell signs and submaximal effort to lifting performance. Age and sex were covariates.ResultsThe FCE assessor found a low sensitivity of Waddell signs for submaximal effort determination. Between 53% and 63% of the participants who were classified as showing submaximal effort had Waddell signs. Waddell signs and submaximal effort were independent contributors to lifting performance. The contribution of submaximal effort was larger than that of Waddell signs, as shown by 20% to 29% higher explained variance in lifting performance when submaximal effort was added to the model first versus 3% to 6% higher explained variance when Waddell signs were added first.LimitationsAssessor variability could have influenced the study results.ConclusionsIn people with chronic nonspecific low back pain, Waddell sign testing and determination of physical effort by observational criteria should not be used interchangeably to interpret lifting performance during FCE.
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Tinetti, Giovanna, Jonathan Tennyson, Caitlin A. Griffith, and Ingo Waldmann. "Water in exoplanets." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1968 (June 13, 2012): 2749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0338.
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Exoplanets—planets orbiting around stars other than our own Sun—appear to be common. Significant research effort is now focused on the observation and characterization of exoplanet atmospheres. Species such as water vapour, methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide have been observed in a handful of hot, giant, gaseous planets, but cooler, smaller planets such as Gliese 1214b are now analysable with current telescopes. Water is the key chemical dictating habitability. The current observations of water in exoplanets from both space and the ground are reviewed. Controversies surrounding the interpretation of these observations are discussed. Detailed consideration of available radiative transfer models and linelists are used to analyse these differences in interpretation. Models suggest that there is a clear need for data on the pressure broadening of water transitions by H 2 at high temperatures. The reported detections of water appear to be robust, although final confirmation will have to await the better quality observational data provided by currently planned dedicated space missions.
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Yang, Lei, Dongxiao Wang, Jian Huang, Xin Wang, Lili Zeng, Rui Shi, Yunkai He, et al. "Toward a Mesoscale Hydrological and Marine Meteorological Observation Network in the South China Sea." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 1117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00159.1.
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Abstract Air–sea interaction in the South China Sea (SCS) has direct impacts on the weather and climate of its surrounding areas at various spatiotemporal scales. In situ observation plays a vital role in exploring the dynamic characteristics of the regional circulation and air–sea interaction. Remote sensing and regional modeling are expected to provide high-resolution data for studies of air–sea coupling; however, careful validation and calibration using in situ observations is necessary to ensure the quality of these data. Through a decade of effort, a marine observation network in the SCS has begun to be established, yielding a regional observatory for the air–sea synoptic system. Earlier observations in the SCS were scarce and narrowly focused. Since 2004, an annual series of scientific open cruises during late summer in the SCS has been organized by the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology (SCSIO), carefully designed based on the dynamic characteristics of the oceanic circulation and air–sea interaction in the SCS region. Since 2006, the cruise carried a radiometer and radiosondes on board, marking a new era of marine meteorological observation in the SCS. Fixed stations have been established for long-term and sustained records. Observations obtained through the network have been used to study regional ocean circulation and processes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. In the future, a great number of multi-institutional, collaborative scientific cruises and observations at fixed stations will be carried out to establish a mesoscale hydrological and marine meteorological observation network in the SCS.
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Harley, Shelton J., Ransom A. Myers, and Alistair Dunn. "Is catch-per-unit-effort proportional to abundance?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1760–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-112.
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We compiled 297 series of catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and independent abundance data (as estimated by research trawl surveys) and used observation error and random effects models to test the hypothesis that CPUE is proportional to true abundance. We used a power curve, for which we were interested in the shape parameter (β). There was little difference among species, ages, or gear types in the distributions of the raw estimates of β for each CPUE series. We examined three groups: cod, flatfish, and gadiformes, finding strong evidence that CPUE was most likely to remain high while abundance declines (i.e., hyperstability, where β < 1). The range in the mean of the random effects distribution for β was quite small, 0.640.75. Cod showed the least hyperstability, but still, 76% of the mass of the random effects distribution was below 1. Based on simulations, our estimates of β are positively biased by approximately 10%; this should be considered in the application of our findings here. We also considered the precision of CPUE indices through a meta-analysis of observation error variances. The most precise indices were those from flatfish (median coefficient of variation of [Formula: see text]0.42).
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Sivek, Amanda, Erin Sparnon, and Patrice D. Tremoulet. "Usability of Hand Hygiene Observation Apps." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 8, no. 1 (September 2019): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857919081066.
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Effective hand hygiene among clinicians decreases the incidence of healthcare-associated infections and helps slow the rate of antibiotic resistance, but hand hygiene compliance (HHC) rates among clinicians is often low. Facility-wide HHC monitoring is required by the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. In general, HHC monitoring is important to identify facility care areas, units or departments that have low HHC rates so that targeted interventions can be implemented. Recently several hand hygiene observation apps (HHOA), which enable observers to use mobile devices to record HHC data, have become available. The overall goal of our effort was to evaluate how helpful five different HHOAs were in supporting users in collecting and aggregating HHC data. Overall our participants, which included nine individuals with clinical training, and eight biomedical engineers found that all five HHOAs were fairly hard to use given that they have a relatively simple and straightforward function. There was an interesting interaction, however, with the biomedical engineers rating highest the HHOAs that the clinically-trained users rated lowest.
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FitzGerald, Michael, Mia Mallory, Matthew Mittiga, Charles Schubert, Hamilton Schwartz, Javier Gonzalez, Elena Duma, and Constance McAneney. "Experience-Based Guidance for Implementing a Direct Observation Checklist in a Pediatric Emergency Department Setting." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-11-00266.1.
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Abstract Background The importance and benefits of direct observation in residency training have been underscored by a number of studies. Yet, implementing direct observation in an effective and sustainable way is hampered by demands on physicians' time and shrinking resources for educational innovation. Objective To describe the development and pilot implementation of a direct observation tool to assess the history and physical examination skills of interns in a pediatric emergency department rotation. Methods A task force developed specific history and physical examination checklists for a range of common conditions. For the pilot implementation, 10 pediatric emergency medicine faculty attendings conducted the initial observations of 34 interns during the course of 1 academic year. At the conclusion of the pilot, the faculty observers and interns were interviewed to assess the feasibility and benefits of the process. Results A total of 33 of the 34 interns were observed during their rotation, with 26 of the observations conducted when the faculty observer was off shift, and it took approximately 20 minutes to complete each observation. In terms of learning benefits, interns and faculty observers reported that it facilitated clear and useful feedback and revealed gaps that would not have otherwise been identified. Faculty observers also mentioned that it helped them focus their teaching effort, built empathy with learners, and gave them a way to demonstrate a true concern for their learning. Conclusion Our results offer evidence for the feasibility and benefits of the direct observation checklists. The description of the implementation, challenges, and response to those challenges may help others avoid some of the common problems faced when implementing direct observation methods.
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RANTZ, MARILYN, and JOAN DUFFY HAUER. "Data from controlled observation pinpoint options for shaping and targeting staff effort productively." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 18, no. 4 (April 1987): 33???44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-198704000-00009.
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GÜLKE, J., N. J. WACHTER, P. KATZMAIER, T. EBINGER, and M. MENTZEL. "Detecting Submaximal Effort in Power Grip by Observation of the Strength Distribution Pattern." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 32, no. 6 (December 2007): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhse.2007.05.020.
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This study examined patterns of grip strength when maximal and submaximal effort are applied. Using a sensor glove, 50 healthy subjects performed two different power grips. Both maximal and submaximal gripping showed characteristic patterns of strength distribution that were independent of the degree of power applied. Significant differences were also noted in the strength distribution patterns, depending on whether the grip was performed at maximal, or submaximal, strength. The small finger plays a decisive role in this. In maximal strength gripping, the total measured strength is distributed relatively evenly over all four fingers, with each finger contributing between 23% and 27% of the total strength. In submaximal strength gripping, the little finger is involved very little and only contributes between 14% and 15% of the total strength, with the remainder of the gripping distributed relatively evenly between the index, middle and ring fingers, each of which contributes between 26% and 32% of the total.
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King, Ruth. "A review of Bayesian state-space modelling of capture–recapture–recovery data." Interface Focus 2, no. 2 (January 25, 2012): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0078.
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Traditionally, state-space models are fitted to data where there is uncertainty in the observation or measurement of the system. State-space models are partitioned into an underlying system process describing the transitions of the true states of the system over time and the observation process linking the observations of the system to the true states. Open population capture–recapture–recovery data can be modelled in this framework by regarding the system process as the state of each individual observed within the study in terms of being alive or dead, and the observation process the recapture and/or recovery process. The traditional observation error of a state-space model is incorporated via the recapture/recovery probabilities being less than unity. The models can be fitted using a Bayesian data augmentation approach and in standard BUGS packages. Applying this state-space framework to such data permits additional complexities including individual heterogeneity to be fitted to the data at very little additional programming effort. We consider the efficiency of the state-space model fitting approach by considering a random effects model for capture–recapture data relating to dippers and compare different Bayesian model-fitting algorithms within WinBUGS.
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MacAyeal, Douglas R. "A tutorial on the use of control methods in ice-sheet modeling." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 131 (1993): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000015744.
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AbstractControl methods are recommended as an efficient means to estimate undetermined physical parameters and boundary conditions and, in so doing, to improve the fidelity of a given ice-sheet flow model to specific ice-sheet velocity observations. To accomplish this task, the underlying dynamics of the model are inverted. This permits model-tuning adjustments to be represented explicitly in terms of model/observation misfit. Advantages of the control method over trial-and-error techniques in common use are: (1) it is readily automated with little additional programming effort, (2) the tuning parameters and boundary conditions it achieves are assured to give the best possible fit between model and observation, and (3) it quantifies the uncertainty of tuning parameters and boundary conditions in situations where they are not uniquely determined.
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MacAyeal, Douglas R. "A tutorial on the use of control methods in ice-sheet modeling." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 131 (1993): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000015744.
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AbstractControl methods are recommended as an efficient means to estimate undetermined physical parameters and boundary conditions and, in so doing, to improve the fidelity of a given ice-sheet flow model to specific ice-sheet velocity observations. To accomplish this task, the underlying dynamics of the model are inverted. This permits model-tuning adjustments to be represented explicitly in terms of model/observation misfit. Advantages of the control method over trial-and-error techniques in common use are: (1) it is readily automated with little additional programming effort, (2) the tuning parameters and boundary conditions it achieves are assured to give the best possible fit between model and observation, and (3) it quantifies the uncertainty of tuning parameters and boundary conditions in situations where they are not uniquely determined.
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Hosack, Geoffrey R., and Verena M. Trenkel. "Functional group based marine ecosystem assessment for the Bay of Biscay via elasticity analysis." PeerJ 7 (August 9, 2019): e7422. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7422.
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The transitory and long-term elasticities of the Bay of Biscay ecosystem to density-independent and density-dependent influences were estimated within a state space model that accounted for both process and observation uncertainties. A functional group based model for the Bay of Biscay fish ecosystem was fit to time series obtained from scientific survey and commercial catch and effort data. The observation model parameters correspond to the unknown catchabilities and observation error variances that vary across the commercial fisheries and fishery-independent scientific surveys. The process model used a Gompertz form of density dependence, which is commonly used for the analysis of multivariate ecological time series, with unknown time-varying fishing mortalities. Elasticity analysis showed that the process model parameters are directly interpretable in terms of one-year look-ahead prediction elasticities, which measure the proportional response of a functional group in the next year given a proportional change to a variable or parameter in the current year. The density dependent parameters were also shown to define the elasticities of the long term means or quantiles of the functional groups to changes in fishing pressure. Evidence for the importance of indirect effects, mediated by density dependence, in determining the ecosystem response of the Bay of Biscay to changes in fishing pressure is presented. The state space model performed favourably in an assessment of model adequacy that compared observations of catch per unit effort against cross-validation predictive densities blocked by year.
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Trinugroho, Agustinus Catur. "PONTIANAK CHRISTIAN PAGUYUBAN EFFORTS IN MAINTAINING MECHANICAL SOCIAL SOLIDARITY OF MEMBERS." Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi dan Humaniora 10, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/j-psh.v10i2.35813.
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The objective of this research was to know the effort of Paguyuban Kristen Jawi Pontianak maintain collective consciousness, religious ties and social ties. The research used descriptive method and qualitative approach. The techniques of data collection were observation, interview and the study of documentation. The research instruments were the directive of observation, directive of interview, and the documentation tools. This research showed that collective consciousness of the gemeinschaft is already. There is effort done maintain the collective consciousness as for mutually coordinate and worship priority. This religious tie of the gemeinschaft is good enough. There is effort done maintain the religious tie is get the religous vacation on specific moments that run every year. Social tie of the gemeinschaft was good. There is effort done maintain the social tie as run with instilling tolerance to gemeinschaft members and set the schedule activity and then run that as consistance.
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Satapathy, J., P. K. Thapliyal, M. V. Shukla, and C. M. Kishtawal. "Synergistic use of Imager Window observations for Cloud Clearing of Sounder Observation for INSAT-3D." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-315-2014.
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The retrieval of atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles from infrared Sounder are severely limited by the presence of cloud. Therefore, retrieval from infrared sounding observations is performed only over clear-sky atmospheric conditions. The probability of finding a clear-sky pixel at spatial resolution of 10 km is found to be very small globally. This study presents a quantitative analysis of the clear-sky probability that is carried out for different months over the Indian region for INSAT-3D Sounder. The probability of a clear-sky is found to be ~7 % for the field of view of 10 km corresponding to the INSAT-3D Sounder. This statistical analysis is established using MODIS cloud mask having 95 % confidence level at 1 km resolution spread in the region between 50E–110E and 30S–30N. This necessitates cloud clearing to remove the effect of partial clouds in the Sounder FOV to provide a clear-sky equivalent sounding retrieval. <br><br> Various methods were explored to derive the cloud-cleared radiances using supplementary information such as high resolution infrared or microwave observations. This study presents an effort to use the existing traditional method to derive optimal cloudcleared radiances for INSAT-3D Sounder, by estimating the fractional cloud cover using collocated high resolution INSAT-3D Imager window channel observation. The final Sounder cloud-cleared radiances have been validated with the operational AIRS L2 cloud-cleared radiance products. <br><br> Nevertheless, the statistical analysis of clear-sky probability over Indian region also provides a significant insight towards the dependency of spatial resolution and the considerable field-of-regard (FOR) in obtaining the clear-sky area in the satellite observations. This, in a way, necessitates the cloud-clearing for coarser resolution sensors and at the same time, states the benefits of using very high resolution sensors. It has been observed that FOV of 1km and by choosing a reasonably good FOR can eliminate the cloudy-sky hindrances by increasing the probability of clear-sky from 5 % to 50 %.
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Ani, Nur. "Study On Application Of Safety and Health Management System Based On SMK3 PP NO. 50, 2012 at PT. BITE, Bandung, West Java." STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 9, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i1.283.
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This study aimed to review and evaluate and provide an overview of the results of the application of SMK3 in PT. BITE based on SMK3 PP No. standards. 50 of 2012. The research method used was qualitative with data collection techniques carried out by means of interviews and observations using instruments in the form of checklist SMK3 PP No. 50 of 2012 to obtain primary data and secondary data. Data validity uses triangulation test. The results of this study indicate the level of SMK3 fulfillment at PT. BITE, Bandung at the initial level assessment (64 criteria) by 86% (2018 observations) and at the advanced level assessment (166 criteria) by 80% (2020 observation results). This shows the existence of continuous improvement efforts at PT. BITE in an effort to improve the welfare of the workforce in the form of achieving SMK3 application which is considered good
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Mao, Jingqiu, Annmarie Carlton, Ronald C. Cohen, William H. Brune, Steven S. Brown, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jose L. Jimenez, et al. "Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 4 (February 22, 2018): 2615–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018.
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Abstract. Concentrations of atmospheric trace species in the United States have changed dramatically over the past several decades in response to pollution control strategies, shifts in domestic energy policy and economics, and economic development (and resulting emission changes) elsewhere in the world. Reliable projections of the future atmosphere require models to not only accurately describe current atmospheric concentrations, but to do so by representing chemical, physical and biological processes with conceptual and quantitative fidelity. Only through incorporation of the processes controlling emissions and chemical mechanisms that represent the key transformations among reactive molecules can models reliably project the impacts of future policy, energy and climate scenarios. Efforts to properly identify and implement the fundamental and controlling mechanisms in atmospheric models benefit from intensive observation periods, during which collocated measurements of diverse, speciated chemicals in both the gas and condensed phases are obtained. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS, including SENEX, SOAS, NOMADSS and SEAC4RS) conducted during the summer of 2013 provided an unprecedented opportunity for the atmospheric modeling community to come together to evaluate, diagnose and improve the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of varying temporal and spatial scales.This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models. The effort focused primarily on model representation of fundamental atmospheric processes that are essential to the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and other trace species in the troposphere, with the ultimate goal of understanding the radiative impacts of these species in the southeast and elsewhere. Here we address questions surrounding four key themes: gas-phase chemistry, aerosol chemistry, regional climate and chemistry interactions, and natural and anthropogenic emissions. We expect this review to serve as a guidance for future modeling efforts.
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Midford, Peter E. "High-level social learning in apes: Imitation or observation-assisted planning?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 5 (October 1998): 698–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98381741.
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Byrne & Russon's notion of program-level imitation is based on the ability of apes to plan novel sequences of behavior and on how information gleaned by observation can aid the planning process. Byrne & Russon would have made a stronger case by focusing on social learning and planning and expending less effort interpreting their results as a new category of imitation.
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Simon, Scott, Loel Collins, and Dave Collins. "Observational Heuristics in a Group of High Level Paddle Sports Coaches." International Sport Coaching Journal 4, no. 2 (May 2017): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2017-0012.
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Observation of performance forms a critical part of the complex coaching process. A professional judgment and decision making (PJDM) framework enables optimum decisions to be made under time pressure and with limited information that derive from that observation. Observation and the associated decision making can be particularly affected by heuristic bias. We extend the work on PJDM via a greater focus on its relationship with observation within the coaching process. After revisiting PJDM and observation, we introduce and explore heuristics as a “tool” within the observation process. Specifically, we propose that observation is prone to heuristics built on a coach’s experience and understanding. We report on a small scale preliminary investigation with a group of high-level paddle sport coaches. We identify heuristics that both restrict and enhance the effectiveness of the observation in an effort to promote discussion and further research.
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Hussein, Hazreena, Nik Malik Nik Zainal Abidin, and Zaliha Omar. "Sensory Gardens: A multidisciplinary effort." Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v1i1.18.
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This paper engages the users’ behaviour, their perceptions of use in sensory gardens and the reality faced by practitioners designing for these gardens, based on case-studies in the United Kingdom. Further investigation will be undertaken at Al-Bukhary International University in Malaysia once the completion of the country’s first sensory garden. Interview outcomes showed practitioners concurred on the design aspects that encourage the use of the area while the school staff had no strong views on the aesthetic value. Observation results showed pathway layout encourages behaviour, use and time spent in sensory areas. These outcomes are a significant argument in the conclusion.2398-4295 © 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Behaviour; British; Malaysia; sensory garden
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Saragih, Rayani, and Maria Ferba Editya Simanjuntak. "Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Di Indonesia." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 4, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v4i1.590.
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This study aims to analyze law enforcement against narcotics abuse in Indonesia and and inhibiting and supporting factors as well as efforts to overcome barriers to law enforcement in law enforcement against narcotics crime in Indonesia. The pre-emptive done as early as possible in form of informal seminar and local counseling to the society about the dangerous effect of illegal drug use. The preventive effort was implementing through series of Routine Police Operation and Special Police Operation. While the repressive efforts were law enforcement action through criminal investigation and indictment which rooted within legality aspect. Each effort still encounters several problems, such as lack of personnel, insufficient equipment, breach of information and lack of operational funds. The type of research used is qualitative research, with the type of research being descriptive. Data collection techniques are carried out by means of observation, and study of documents.
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Hartati, Anies Siti, and Sri Suryaningsum. "PENGADAAN USAHA WEDANG UWUH DENGAN PEMBERDAYAAN IBU RUMAH TANGGA SEBAGAI PENGENTAS KEMISKINAN." Jurnal Manajemen Dayasaing 21, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/dayasaing.v21i1.6434.
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This is an action research conducted with empowerment effort which is addressed to housewife in Dusun Dukuh Imogiri Bantul. The data collection used in this research is observation method, document and interview. This study aims to improve the knowledge and skills of housewives. Efforts to empower done by considering the surrounding natural resources that have not been optimally utilized herbs that thrive in the yard of the community. The empowerment effort is done by training activity, that is the training of wedang uwuh making and marketing training of wedang uwuh. In addition to improving knowledge and skills as well as providing alternative productive activities, this training is also an effort to eradicate poverty because the sale of wedang uwuh can improve the economy of Dusun Dukuh.
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Yuldasheva, Nilufar Sherkuzi Kizi. "TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS EFFECT ON COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 02, no. 06 (June 24, 2021): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogy-crjp-02-06-14.
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In this article we made an effort to describe positive influence of Uzbek rituals, tradition and customs on behavioral and cognitive development of children. Custom and rituals have a significant role to bring children up in many ways. There are some methods that hidden behind tradition and ritual which are directed to prepare children to life and improve their cognitive development. In order to reveal hidden benefits of customs and rituals in the development of child we made an observation in preschool. According to our observation rituals and customs help to improve child’s attention productivity and to form behavior pattern.
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Vasconcelos, Breno Berny, and Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. "Time-motion analysis in elite female Wushu Sanda athletes according to competitive phases and weight categories." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 16, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v16i1.6330.
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Introduction: Wushu Sanda is a Chinese combat sport. Objective: To measure the time-motion structure of elite female wushu sanda athletes during the 13th World Wushu Championships in different weight divisions (light, middle, and heavy categories) and competition phases (eliminatory, quarterfinals, semifinals and finals). Material and methods: Fifty-five female athletes from 31 countries participated in 46 matches during the competition. All 46 matches, accounting 95 rounds, 35 in light, 25 in middle and 35 in heavyweight divisions, took part in the study. Matches were analyzed using the software Kinovea™. Each match was reproduced in slow motion (50%) twice; therefore, one athlete was observed each time to ensure that all activities would be registered, totalizing 92 observations (46 matches, 2 observations per match). We registered the time in observation, preparation, interaction, effort, pause, high-intensity and low-intensity activities. Results: Descriptive data showed an effort:pause ratio of 2.2:1, a high:low intensity efforts ratio of 1:1.3, and mean observation-preparation-interaction times of 4.5-1.2-4.2 seconds. When comparing by weight category, heavyweight categories had higher total fighting time per round than the light and middle categories. Also, heavyweight categories had longer preparation and interaction mean-time; and referee interruption time frequency, total and mean times than the light and middle categories. Total pause time was also higher for heavyweights. According to the competitive phase, semifinal matches had shorter observation times than eliminatory and final matches. Also, semifinal matches had lower low-intensity time than quarterfinals and finals. Conclusions: Wushu sanda is an intermittent combat sport, and female athletes present some time-motion differences according to weight division and competitive phase.
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Guerra, Carlos, Marc J. Metzger, João Honrado, and Joaquim Alonso. "A spatially explicit methodology fora prioriestimation of field survey effort in environmental observation networks." International Journal of Geographical Information Science 27, no. 10 (October 2013): 2077–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2013.805760.
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Agustiani, Merie, Nurhasanah, and Wiwid Eka Agustin. "Instructional Analysis In Speaking Classroom." Edukasi Lingua Sastra 18, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47637/elsa.v18i2.304.
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The objective of the research is to know the instructional analysis in teaching speaking skill. This study participated by one of the Eleventh grader English teachers in SMAN 8 OKU. Data from this descriptive study were gathered by observation. The observational result showed that the English teacher of SMA N 8 OKU used certain types of classroom instruction in the teaching speaking. There were five types of classroom instruction: setting objectives and providing feedback, cues, question and advanced organizer, homework and practice, reinforcing effort and providing recognition, and generating and testing hypotheses
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Tsagkatakis, Grigorios, Anastasia Aidini, Konstantina Fotiadou, Michalis Giannopoulos, Anastasia Pentari, and Panagiotis Tsakalides. "Survey of Deep-Learning Approaches for Remote Sensing Observation Enhancement." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183929.
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Deep Learning, and Deep Neural Networks in particular, have established themselves as the new norm in signal and data processing, achieving state-of-the-art performance in image, audio, and natural language understanding. In remote sensing, a large body of research has been devoted to the application of deep learning for typical supervised learning tasks such as classification. Less yet equally important effort has also been allocated to addressing the challenges associated with the enhancement of low-quality observations from remote sensing platforms. Addressing such channels is of paramount importance, both in itself, since high-altitude imaging, environmental conditions, and imaging systems trade-offs lead to low-quality observation, as well as to facilitate subsequent analysis, such as classification and detection. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of deep-learning methods for the enhancement of remote sensing observations, focusing on critical tasks including single and multi-band super-resolution, denoising, restoration, pan-sharpening, and fusion, among others. In addition to the detailed analysis and comparison of recently presented approaches, different research avenues which could be explored in the future are also discussed.
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Bolliet, Olivier, Christian Collet, and André Dittmar. "Observation of Action and Autonomic Nervous System Responses." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 1 (August 2005): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.1.195-202.
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Observing somebody performing an action has been shown to elicit neuronal activity in the premotor cortex. This paper investigated physiological effect of observing an effortful action at the peripheral level. As Autonomic Nervous System responses reflect central nervous system processes such as movement planning and programming, it was expected that observing an action would elicit a pattern of ANS responses matching those recorded during actual movement. 12 male subjects, ages 23 to 28 years ( M = 25.5, SD = 1.9), were selected as they were experienced in weight lifting. They were asked to observe a squat movement followed by returning to the upright position under 3 different conditions: (i) observation of actual movement performed by somebody else, (ii) observation of a video of the subject himself (first-person video), and (iii) observation of a video of somebody else performing the same movement (third-person video). Moreover, each movement was observed when performed at 50% and 90% of each participant's personal best mark (% of the highest weight which could be lifted). Three ANS parameters were continuously recorded: skin resistance, temperature and heart rate. ANS responses varied as a function of movement intensity: autonomic responses recorded during movement observation at 90% were significantly higher and longer than those recorded during movement observation at 50%. Thus, autonomic responses were linked to the amount of observed effort. Conversely, no difference was found among the three conditions of observation. ANS responses from observation of actual movement were shown to resemble those recorded under the two conditions of video observation.
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Urquhart, Peter. "Another Impolitic Observation on Absalon, fili mi." Journal of Musicology 21, no. 3 (2004): 343–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2004.21.3.343.
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The 16th-century motet Absalon, fili mi has long been scrutinized by modern scholars. The current effort to reassign its authorship to Pierre de la Rue, fueled largely by an interest in removing it from Josquin's canon, relies paradoxically upon aspects of the work that were celebrated as evidence of Josquin's genius by earlier scholars. These aspects, however, depend solely on our acceptance of a peculiar reading in an early manuscript version of the piece, a version that is indeed radical and unprecedented in its notation but is also internally inconsistent and marked by signs of scribal intervention. The author speculates on a mechanism by which such a flawed version of the motet could have arisen. If correct, this mechanism points to an original notated version of the motet that was clefless, while the much celebrated "incomparable modulation" of the end turns out to be neither a modulation nor incomparable. In themselves, these observations do not support either side of the authorship debate; however, they do suggest that some of the arguments levied against Josquin's authorship have little meaning if the pitch level and signatures present in the early manuscript source resulted from scribal decisions and not the composer's thought.
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Lu, Qifeng, and William Bell. "Characterizing Channel Center Frequencies in AMSU-A and MSU Microwave Sounding Instruments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 1713–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00136.1.
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Abstract Passive microwave observations from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) have been exploited widely for numerical weather prediction (NWP), atmospheric reanalyses, and climate monitoring studies. The treatment of biases in these observations, with respect to models as well as between satellites, has been the focus of much effort in recent years. This study presents evidence that shifts, drifts, and uncertainties in pass band center frequencies are a significant contribution to these biases. Center frequencies for AMSU-A channels 6–14 and MSU channel 3 have been analyzed using NWP fields and radiative transfer models, for a series of operational satellites covering the period 1979–2012. AMSU-A channels 6 (54.40 GHz), 7 (54.94 GHz), and 8 (55.50 GHz) on several satellites exhibit significant shifts and drifts relative to nominal pass band center frequencies. No significant shifts were found for AMSU-A channels 9–14, most probably as a consequence of the active frequency locking of these channels. For MSU channel 3 (54.96 GHz) most satellites exhibit large shifts, the largest for the earliest satellites. For example, for the first MSU on the Television and Infrared Observation Satellite-N (TIROS-N), the analyzed shift is 68 MHz over the lifetime of the satellite. Taking these shifts into account in the radiative transfer modeling significantly improves the fit between model and observations, eliminates the strong seasonal cycle in the model–observation misfit, and significantly improves the bias between NWP models and observations. The study suggests that, for several channels studied, the dominant component of the model–observation bias results from these spectral errors, rather than radiometric bias due to calibration errors.
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Herdiati, Dian, and Dani Nur Saputra. "Mapping Constraints of Art Extracurricular in Indonesia as An Effort of Policy Design." Harmonia: Journal of Arts Research and Education 21, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/harmonia.v21i1.26480.
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Extracurricular arts programs are an integral part of instilling character qualities in students. This research aimed to map out the constraints to extracurricular arts in elementary schools in Indonesia. To achieve the goal, this research looks at government initiatives aimed at enhancing the standard of arts extracurricular activities in elementary schools across the Country, which were carried out from 2013 to 2019. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a participatory observation approach. They were collecting data using participatory methods, observation, and guided discussion. This study’s results indicate that schools’ various obstacles in implementing extracurricular programs, ranging from the availability of competent teachers in the arts, funding constraints for trainers, and the existence of regional autonomy. This constraint mapping is very useful for designing policies and extracurricular programs that are appropriate for schools.
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Sri Ayu Indrapuri, Ilza Mayuni, and Darmahusni. "STUDENT’S EFFORTS TO SUCCEED IN ENGLISH CLASS : A CASE STUDY ON A STUDENT WITH LOW-INCOME BACKGROUND AT SMK JAKARTA PUSAT I." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.042.11.
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This case study was aimed at describing what efforts have been undergone by a low-income student to succeed in English class. The participant of this study was a student who received Kartu Jakarta Pintar (KJP) at SMK Jakarta Pusat 1. The data of this study were collected through observation, interview and document analysis. The data were analysed qualitatively by rereading all the data carefully and coding the data based on research question. The findings show that the low-income student has employed three kinds of effort: rule-oriented, procedural and intellectual efforts to succeed in English class. The rule oriented effort was done by attending class regularly, the procedural effort was undergone by completing the assignments consistently, turning the assignment in the time frame and building engagement in the process of learning. The intellectual effort was done by actively thinking to do the best work of her ability at all times. And then, she has implemented the procedural effort at outside of school such as at home and library by completing the assignment continuously. These efforts have made her gain a significant achievement in learning English as shown in her good score in English class. To conclude, it is proven that short of resources, facilities and income are not contributor to failure.
Keywords: student’s effort, success in English learning, low-income student
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Caldwell, Joshua D., A. J. Giles, Robert E. Stahlbush, M. G. Ancona, Orest J. Glembocki, Karl D. Hobart, Brett A. Hull, and Kendrick X. Liu. "On the Luminescence and Driving Force of Stacking Faults in 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.277.
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Since it was determined that the formation and expansion of intrinsic stacking faults (SFs) induced a drift in the forward voltage (Vf) in 4H-SiC bipolar devices, significant effort has been made to understand the driving force causing SF motion as well as the various associated luminescence processes. The observation that annealing of faulted SiC devices and epilayers induced SF contraction and a recovery of the Vf drift enabled the studying of the impact of various parameters such as temperature, injection level and operation time upon SF motion, the Vf drift and luminescence within the same device. However, these observations in many cases contradicted the previously reported driving force models. Here we report on a basic driving force model explaining SF expansion in hexagonal SiC as well as discuss the observation of green luminescence from C-core partial dislocations bounding the SFs that may indicate an enhanced mobility of point defects within forward biased SiC pin diodes.
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Mok, Wai Yin, Jonathan Rex Mok, and Kit Yee Cheung. "On Effort and Achievement of Business Undergraduate and Graduate Students under a Disastrous Event." International Education Studies 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n9p230.
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<p class="apa">The 2011 tornado event in Alabama left college students with a choice to be exempt of their final examinations or participate in an attempt to improve their overall grades. This incident provided an opportunity to conduct an observational study with the goal of measuring the academic effort of business undergraduate and graduate students. The observation methodology utilized total enrollment of 3804 with an undergraduate enrollment of 3298 and a graduate enrollment of 506 for the spring term of 2011 which included 969 undergraduates and 276 graduates. A stratified random sampling was used to collect enrollment data according to 8 disciplines within the business college. Findings of this study suggest graduate students outperform undergraduate students in grade improvement. In fact, the eligibility rate and successful rate for obtaining a higher grade after taking a final examination for both undergraduates and graduates were statistically insignificant. However, the participation rate for taking the final examination between undergraduates and graduates was statistically different.</p>
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Sidik, Jaelani. "Effort To Improve Student Learning Activity Using The Google Classroom Application In Class 6." Social, Humanities, and Educational Studies (SHEs): Conference Series 3, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/shes.v3i3.45886.
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<p><em>This study aims to improve student learning activeness in grade 6 using the google classroom application. This research is a classroom action research conducted in 3 cycles. The implementation of each cycle consists of preparation, implementation, observation and reflection. The classroom action research was carried out in grade 6 SDN Kajenengan 02. The study was conducted using the observation sheet using application and student questionnaires on learning activeness. The results of the research in cycle 1 showed that the response to activeness was 84.5% and in cycle 2 it was 91.9%, and there was an increase again in cycle 3, namely 93.3%. From these results it can be concluded that google classroom can improve the learning activeness of grade 6 students at SDN Kajenengan 02.</em></p>
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Djajadi, M., and A. Rauf. "Learning Physics of Motion and Force Using the Outdoor Activities: An Effort to Increase Students’ Interest and Achievement at Secondary School." Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v9i2.24001.
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This study aimed to determine the increase in students’ interest and achievement of science in the 8th graders of SMP Negeri 1 Watampone, Bone Regency Indonesia, when using outdoor activities. This study applied Classroom Action Research (CAR), which consists of two learning cycles following the procedural phase such as planning, implementation, observation phase, and reflection. The sample was taken using a purposive sampling technique class. The data collected included data about the students’ science achievement before the implementation of the action, data about the students’ interest in learning science, data about the students’ science achievement in the cycle I and cycle II, and data on the observations/notes of the teacher in each research cycle. Data were obtained through a questionnaire asking about students’ interest in learning science, students’ achievement result test before the implementation of the action, students’ achievement test in cycle I and cycle II, and student learning observation sheet. Data then analyzed using quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results showed that there was an increase in students’ achievement, both in cycle I and in cycle II. Students’ mastery level in science materials was in the high category and their readiness, sincerity, and activeness in participating in the learning process were increased. Recommendation and direction for further research are included in the study.
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Maley, Paul D. "Achievements in Astronomical Video Data Collection." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092435.
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Observation by amateurs has been traditionally viewed with some suspicion by the professional astronomical community, especially in the case of transient events(1). For example, data from variable star monitoring where information from many observers can be integrated over long intervals, have a higher weight than visual observations of an asteroid occultation. Serious amateurs who choose to contribute to the science face a continuing challenge to maintain the highest standards.In an effort to upgrade the quality of information transmitted to professional institutions, we have experimented since 1984 with a baseline design of mobile video equipment which can be coupled to objective lenses ranging from 28mm to 625mm aperture (2).
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Rodriguez, Mark A., Clark S. Snow, Ryan R. Wixom, Anna Llobet, and James F. Browning. "In situ observation of ErD2 formation during D2 loading via neutron diffraction." Powder Diffraction 26, no. 2 (June 2011): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3582804.
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In an effort to better understand the structural changes occurring during hydrogen loading of erbium target materials, we have performed in situ D2 loading of erbium metal (powder) at temperature (450°C) with simultaneous neutron diffraction analysis. This experiment tracked the conversion of Er metal to the α erbium deuteride (solid-solution) phase and then into the β (fluorite) phase. Complete conversion to ErD2.0 was accomplished at 10 Torr D2 pressure with deuterium fully occupying the tetrahedral sites in the fluorite lattice.