Academic literature on the topic 'Observation sentences'
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Journal articles on the topic "Observation sentences"
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Fitriani, Silpia, and Emidar Emidar. "KETIDAKEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 2 KOTO XI TARUSAN." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 8, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/108223-019883.
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ABSTRACT This research was conducted to describe the ineffectiveness of sentences in the text of the report on the observation of seventh grade students of State Middle School 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on sentence structure. to describe the ineffectiveness of sentences in the report text of the observation of class VII students of State Middle School 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on word choice. to describe the ineffectiveness of the sentence in the text of the report on the observations of class VII students of SMP Negeri 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on the spelling used (EBI). This type of research is qualitative with descriptive method. The data of this study are the sentences contained in the text of student observation reports. Data were analyzed by steps, namely (1) researchers investigating data sources, (2) investigating effective sentences, (3) analyzing collected data based on indicators of effective sentence assessment, (4) data analysis results examined by triangulation informants, (5 ) draw a conclusion. Based on the sentence obtained from 30 text reports on student observations. The researcher found that 182 sentences contained 115 ineffective sentences and 67 effective sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence caused by the sentence structure of 31 sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence is caused by the choice of 73 sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence caused by 88 sentences of using the EBI spelling. Kata Kunci: Ketidakefektifan Kalimat, Teks Laporan Hasil Observasi
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Gellman, Jerome I. "Religious Language." Religious Studies 21, no. 2 (June 1985): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500017169.
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When are sentences A and B the same belief? Following Quine, observation sentences A and B are the same belief when they share the same stimulus–meaning, similar patterns of assent and dissent by subjects when the sentences are queried in the presence of the same non–linguistic stimuli. As for non–observation sentences we note a suggestion of Karl Schick: apply linguistic stimuli in the form of utterances of the language, and map the connections between sentences in the language in terms of linguistic conditioned–responses to utterances. The mapping will yield a network of relations between non–observation sentences themselves, and between the latter and observation sentences at the ‘periphery’. Thus, each sentence receives its place in the overall criss–crossing of relations in the network of the language. Out of a commitment to the ‘autonomy of meaning’, we can say that when A and B are non–observational, they are the same belief when they occupy similar places in the network of sentences in a given language, or corresponding places in corresponding networks of two languages. (Since we can identify the place of sentences in the language network, and since the present suggestion identifies the sameness of belief with location identity, it turns out that there needn't be indeterminacy of translocation.)
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TANJI, Nobuharu. "Theory-Ladenness of Observation Sentences." Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science 9, no. 3 (1998): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4288/jafpos1956.9.119.
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Quine, W. V. "In Praise of Observation Sentences." Journal of Philosophy 90, no. 3 (1993): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2940954.
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Tarida, Elga, Andria Catri Tamsin, and Zulfikarni Zulfikarni. "STRUKTUR DAN CIRI KEBAHASAAN TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 12 SOLOK SELATAN." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/108263-019883.
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ABSTRACT This study aims to (1) describe the structure of the report text observation of the work of class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan (2) illustrates the linguistic characteristics of the observation report text by class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan. The results of this study are as follows. First, in writing the report text of observations of Grade VII students of class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan, they have used the three text structures of the observation report results. The structure of the report's observational text is a general definition, section description, and description of benefits. This is evident from the 20 observational report texts that have been analyzed throughout the observation report text of class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan complete using general definitions, section descriptions, and benefits descriptions. Second, in writing the report text of observations generally in class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan have used the four text structures of the observation report. The Fourth linguistic characteristics of the text of the observation report are repetition, pronoun, conjunction, and description sentences. This is evident from the 20 text reports on observations that have been analyzed, there are 16 text reports on observations that are complete using the linguistic characteristics of repetition, pronouns, conjunctions, and sentence definitions. Kata Kunci: Struktur Teks, Ciri Kebahasaan, dan Teks Laporan Hasil Observasi
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Guo, Yinuo, Tao Ge, and Furu Wei. "Fact-Aware Sentence Split and Rephrase with Permutation Invariant Training." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 7855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6291.
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Sentence Split and Rephrase aims to break down a complex sentence into several simple sentences with its meaning preserved. Previous studies tend to address the issue by seq2seq learning from parallel sentence pairs, which takes a complex sentence as input and sequentially generates a series of simple sentences. However, the conventional seq2seq learning has two limitations for this task: (1) it does not take into account the facts stated in the long sentence; As a result, the generated simple sentences may miss or inaccurately state the facts in the original sentence. (2) The order variance of the simple sentences to be generated may confuse the seq2seq model during training because the simple sentences derived from the long source sentence could be in any order.To overcome the challenges, we first propose the Fact-aware Sentence Encoding, which enables the model to learn facts from the long sentence and thus improves the precision of sentence split; then we introduce Permutation Invariant Training to alleviate the effects of order variance in seq2seq learning for this task. Experiments on the WebSplit-v1.0 benchmark dataset show that our approaches can largely improve the performance over the previous seq2seq learning approaches. Moreover, an extrinsic evaluation on oie-benchmark verifies the effectiveness of our approaches by an observation that splitting long sentences with our state-of-the-art model as preprocessing is helpful for improving OpenIE performance.
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Oktaviyanti, Sara. "Analizyng The Lingual Elements of Sampoerna Hijau Advertisement Published on Youtube." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 6, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.6.1.1279.33-41.
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The research aims to find any lingual elements and meanings used by advertisers in “Sampoerna Hijau” Cigarette advertisements on Youtube. There are 5 editions of advertisements that are analized, “Edisi Dateng Kondangan”, “Edisi Selfie di Kondangan”, “Edisi Minum Es Kacang Ijo”, “Edisi Punyaku Lebih Nikmat” and the last is “Edisi Hijau Panas”. Seven Types of Meaning theory by Leech is used on this research. This study is design in a qualitative research. Researcher collected the data using observation methods. Then in the analysis of research data using Agih method with the basic technique that is Bagi Unsur Langsung or BUL techniques. The BUL method and technique are used by researcher to analyze the signs and forms found in Sampoerna Hijau cigarette advertisements so that they can easily classify these lingual signs and forms. The researcher found that the lingual form in the five editions of Sampoerna Hijau Cigarette Advertisements, namely: 10 interrogative sentences, 13 imperative sentences, 13 declarative sentences, 14 exclamation sentences, 2 nouns and 1 adjective. The meanings found in each lingual form are 5 meanings, with the following description: sentences that contain reflections as many as 12 sentences, sentences containing affective meanings of 22 sentences, sentences containing conceptual meanings of 15 sentences, sentences that contains a colloquial meaning of 2 sentences and the last sentence that contains connotative meaning of 1 sentence.
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Amral, Sainil, and Siti Dian Ulfah. "ANALISIS KALIMAT IMPERATIF PADA TUTURAN MASYARAKAT DESA TELUK RAYA KECAMATAN KUMPEH KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI (KAJIAN PRAGMATIK)." Aksara: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 3, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/aksara.v3i2.136.
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The purpose of this research is to describe the form imperative sentences in the oral speech of the Teluk Raya village society, Kumpeh Regency Muaro Jambi (A Pragmatic study). This research is descriptive qualitative. The primary data is taken from the Imperative sentences (order) of Malay Jambi Kumpeh language on the community of Teluk Raya Village Kumpeh Muaro Jambi district, while the secondary data is derived from books. In collecting the data, uninvolved conversation observation technique, note-taking technique, and interview technique are used. Based on the results of the data analysis, it can be concluded that there are five imperative sentences of the Jambi Malay Kumpeh language. They are ordinary imperative sentence, request imperative sentence, granting permit imperative sentence, ask and order imperative sentence. Moreover, there are also three kinds of speech acts occur in the Jambi Malay language, they are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary.
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Devita, Marieta Bona, I. G. N. K. Putrayasa, and I. Made Madia. "Kajian Kalimat Efektif pada Laporan Berita Reporter Metro TV." Humanis 24, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2020.v24.i01.p08.
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This research entitled “The News Report of Metro TV Reporter: The research of effective sentence”. The aim of this research was to find out the description, error, and percentage of effective and ineffective sentence in the news report of Metro TV reporter. The used theory refer to some ideas from the experts, those are Keraf (1980), Razak (1986), Sugono (2001), Putrayasa (2014), and Agency of Language Development and Coaching (2014). The used method to collect the data in this research was observation method, then the data was analyzed with qualitative descriptive method, quantitative method, and agih method. Method of presenting analyzed data that used in this research were formal and informal method. Data source in this research was from twelve videos of news report of Metro TV reporter in 2018. The result of this research showed that Metro TV reporter's understanding of the use of effective sentences reach 30, 22% from 12 news reports. This is proven by the discovery of 97 ineffective sentences out of 139 sentences. The error of ineffective sentence in news report of Metro TV reporter was divided into four kinds, those were the accuracy of information 7 sentences (5.03%), stiffness 6 sentences (4,32%), efficiency 48 sentences (34.53%), multiple errors and plural 36 sentences (25.90%). The total percentage of the error ineffective sentence as a whole was 69.78%. Based on this percentage, the highest frequency of errors was in the aspect of efficiency.
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Anis, Muhammad Yunus, and Firstiyana Romadlon Ash-Shidiqiyyah. "PENERJEMAHAN KALIMAT IMPERATIF DAN KESALAHANNYA DALAM KITAB AR RAḤĪQ AL MAKHTŪM KARYA SYAIKH SHAFIYYURRAHMAN AL MUBARAKFURI." لسـانـنـا (LISANUNA): Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Arab dan Pembelajarannya 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ls.v10i2.8833.
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This research analyzes the translation of imperative sentences in Ar Raḥīq Al Makhtūm book (2007) by Shaikh Shafiyyurahman Al Mubarakfuri which was created to participate in a scientific competition on sirah nabawiyah in Pakistan. The book was translated into Indonesian by Kathur Suhardi as Sirah Nabawiyah (2014), a translator graduating from a boarding school who has published several translated books from any sciences. This research aims to describe the translation and its errors that applied by translator on translating imperative sentences in Ar Raḥīq Al Makhtūm book. The translation of imperative sentences is divided into two parts, the translation of positive imperative sentences (84%) and the translation of negative imperative sentences (16%), while that translation errors of imperative sentence are divided into four parts among them, linguistic category errors (28%), surface strategy errors (16%), comparative analysis errors (8%) and communicative effect errors (48%). The research methodology was qualitative descriptive research, an analysis that carried out from collecting data by the observation method of reading, understanding and signing of imperative sentences so be able to distinguish between imperative sentences with others. After collecting the data, then classifies the data according to categories and presents all data regarding the translation and its errors of imperative sentences and finally making the conclusions based on data that has been found. It was found there were 103 imperative sentence translation data with 87 positive imperative sentence translation data and 16 negative imperative sentence translation data, while for translation errors of imperative sentence researcher founds 50 data with 14 data in linguistic category errors, 8 data in the surface strategy errors, 4 data in comparative analysis errors and 24 data in communivative effect errors.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Observation sentences"
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Naidon, Karen Giovana Videla da Cunha. "ESTÍMULOS PROXIMAIS E DISTAIS: AS CRÍTICAS DE DAVIDSON A QUINE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9113.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThere are approximate thirty years, started a debate among philosophers W. V. O. Quine and D. Davidson about where it should be located in the causal chain speaking- world, the element that determines the empirical meaning of observation sentences - henceforth will call this element of "stimulus." According to Quine, who supports what might be called the "proximal conception," such stimulus would be located on the sensory surface speaker, ie, in a position close to him in this causal chain - proximal stimulus -; Davidson, on the other hand, criticizes the proximal conception, because it would not be able to explain the public nature of language and he suggests Quine to abandon the proximal conception in favor of distal conception, sustained by himself, according to which such a stimulus would be located in own objects and events about which the sentences speak, ie, in a position farther from the speaker - distal stimulus. Despite the suggestion of Davidson, Quine insists until the end of his work in not officially sustain the distal conception, introducing, however, some modifications in its conception in order to escape the criticism proceeded by the author. Given this di-vergence between the two authors, this work aims to carry out the reconstruction and evaluation of this debate. It should be noted, first of all, that Quine is a philosopher very systematic and his theses are closely interconnected, so it is necessary a more general overview of his philosophy whenever one want to understand a particular problem that is inserted in it, otherwise prejudice the proper understanding of it. Therefore, this work will be divided into two main parts: the first one will be reserved for the attempt to situate the central problem that it will be examined in the wake of broader Quinean philosophy as a whole, while the second part will be devoted to the reconstruction of the debate. The conclusion reached is that the final formulation of the conception of Quine can be considered as satisfactory solution of many problems of the initial formulation of proximal conception since we follow the suggestion of Lars Bergström and understand that the meaning of a observation sentence must consist of a subject s dispositions to assent and dissent to sentence, instead of identifying the meaning with set of proximal stimuli that the speaker ties to sentence. Furthermore, though it may be possible to raise objections to the Quine s final solution, it may be considered more appropriate solution to the problems of proximal conception since compared to the suggestion made by Davidson, because the adoption of conception distal would not be satisfactory for Quine s philosophical purposes.
Há aproximados trinta anos, iniciou-se um debate entre os filósofos W. V. O. Quine e D. Davidson a respeito de onde deveria ser situado, na cadeia causal mundo-falante, o elemento que determina o significado empírico de frases de observação − doravante, chamar-se-á tal elemento de estímulo . De acordo com Quine, que sustenta o que se pode chamar de concepção proximal , tal estímulo estaria localizado na superfície sensorial do falante, ou seja, em posição próxima a este em referida cadeia causal − estímulo proximal −; Davidson, por outro lado, critica a concepção proximal, pelo fato de que a mesma não seria capaz de explicar a natureza pública da linguagem, e sugere a Quine seu abandono em prol da concepção distal, por ele próprio sustentada, conforme a qual tal estímulo estaria situado nos próprios objetos e eventos sobre os quais falam as frases, isto é, em posição maibs distante do falante − estímulo distal. A despeito da sugestão de Davidson, Quine insiste até o final de sua obra em não adotar oficialmente a concepção distal, introduzindo, contudo, algumas modificações em sua concepção a fim de escapar às críticas procedidas por aquele autor. Tendo em vista essa divergência entre os dois autores, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo proceder à reconstrução e avaliação desse debate. Há que se ressaltar, antes de tudo, que Quine é um filósofo muito sistemático e que suas teses estão intimamente conectadas entre si, de modo que se faz necessária uma visão mais geral de sua filosofia sempre que se deseja entender um problema específico que se encontra nela inserido, sob pena de prejudicar a adequada compreensão do mesmo. Por essa razão, este trabalho será dividido em duas partes principais: a primeira delas será reservada à tentativa de situar o problema central que será nele examinado no bojo mais amplo da filosofia quineana como um todo, enquanto a segunda parte será dedicada propriamente à reconstrução do debate. A conclusão a que se chega é que a formulação final da concepção de Quine pode ser considerada satisfatória como solução de muitos problemas da formulação inicial da concepção proximal desde se siga a sugestão de Lars Bergström e se entenda que o significado de uma frase de observação deve consistir nas disposições de um sujeito para assentir ou dissentir a ela, em vez de identificar o significado com o conjunto de estímulos proximais que o falante vincula a ela. Ademais, por mais que seja possível levantar objeções contra a solução final de Quine, ela pode ser considerada a saída mais adequada aos problemas da concepção proximal quando comparada à sugestão feita por Davidson, uma vez que a adoção da concepção distal não seria satisfatória para os propósitos filosóficos de Quine.
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Peake, Richard. "The privatised lifer : an observation of a cohort of life-sentenced prisoners through HMP Wolds December 2003 – July 2005." Thesis, University of Hull, 2008. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:999.
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This research proved a unique opportunity to observe a cohort of 20 life-sentenced prisoners that had already negotiated an often fragmented and difficult ‘system’. These prisoners were at the Category-C stage of their sentence (medium security) and looking to progress to Category-D (open conditions) and ultimately towards release on license. Unusually, they were attempting to do this at a private prison, HMP Wolds in East Yorkshire - the first private prison to open in Europe in 1992. Due to negotiating a new contract in 2001, it became the first private prison house a group of ‘lifers’ in a dedicated Lifer Unit. The research details how progress was made and how this private prison, staffed with predominantly untrained specialised ‘lifer’ supervisors, coped with this type of prisoner and if the prisoners would progress on time. This qualitative research project examines issues such as conditions, staffing, education, work and programmes, mainly through the eyes of the prisoners but also by way of staff interviews and observation. Although no direct comparison could be made with a similar private prison, as no other private prison held lifers at that time, it is a useful observational study with a degree of longitudinal depth. The prison certainly demonstrated that it could hold lifers in very good conditions, overseen by excellent quality staff and three quarters of the cohort had either progressed on time or were scheduled to progress to open conditions at the time the research concluded. From the Director personally, the staff made every effort to do things correctly, not only providing the minimum requirements, but providing pockets of innovation that could lead to universal improvements in the treatment of prisoners in England and Wales – most notably the decent manner in which prisoners were treated by staff, which leads to a much more relaxed atmosphere, and therefore a quieter prison with few disciplinary issues. Cognitive-behavioural programmes were analysed and the research demonstrated that the whole rehabilitative idea, although well conceived, is poorly administered in practice, with no central coordination. The research questions whether lifers are suited to such programmes and whether they should actually take up much sought-after places on such courses considering their potential distance from release. To bring this narrative account to life, the thesis highlights two prisoners and conducts a detailed ‘case study’ of each; one who negotiated the ‘system’ successfully and another who failed to engage. It follows their time at HMP Wolds and explores their experiences of the prison regime generally, conditions and staff and considers such issues as sentence planning, town visits, programme provision and delivery. These two prisoners commented lucidly on their time in HMP Wolds and although they were generally very positive about their experience, these comparative case studies demonstrate the difficulty in negotiating the prison ‘system’. The standard of treatment in HMP Wolds was found to be high, backed up with external inspection reports, with most lifers making progress on time due to excellent staff diligence. The privatisation debate, morally and practically, is discussed at length and the holding of lifers sees an increase in not only numbers, but responsibility in the private sector. It could be argued that following almost two years studying this private prison; that if private establishments prove to be no worse that the public sector and no more expensive, then surely this is all that can be asked of them. There is concern as to whether the currently over-crowded prison system is working, but private prisons have certainly not added to the problem, indeed privatisation may have improved some aspects and therefore relatively, privatisation can and should be labelled a success.
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Buys, Ada C. "Living with a sibling with Autism/PDD Assessing the effects using play therapy methods /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10222004-100132.
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Chiang, Su-ching, and 江素卿. "The Study of the Picture Observation Instruction and Enriching Sentences in Lower Grade Students." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81276456985465142829.
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碩士國立臺北教育大學
語文教育學系碩士班
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Abstract The mind of lower grade students is the germination field of literary seeds. How to guide students to use their vocabulary and thinking style to write readable and fluent articles is the main issue in writing instruction at elementary school. As an elementary teacher for years, the researcher finds that lower grade students have the characteristics of being active, being unable to concentrate for a long time, and having limited vocabulary for expressions. Therefore, making sentences by observing pictures is a suitable teaching method for these students. In addition, in the teaching of making sentences by observing pictures, pictures can easily interest students and attract their attention. As long as teachers have proper guidance, this teaching style can help students to observe, think, imagine, organize, and express. The purposes of this study were (1) to explore the suitable types of pictures for lower grade students in making sentences by observing pictures, (2) to understand the linking situation of visual intelligence and linguistic intelligence in students’ writing activities of making sentences by observing pictures, (3) to evaluate the practicability of incorporating sentence pattern instruction into making sentences by observing pictures, (4) to examine the effect of making sentences rich and meaningful by incorporating rhetoric instruction into making sentences by observing pictures, (5) to explore the training and teaching results of making sentences by observing pictures through authentic assessments, and (6) to examine the influence of the instruction of making sentences by observing pictures on students’ writing through formative assessments. For the above purposes, the method of case study was applied. The researcher designed 12 worksheet units of making sentences by observing pictures. The subjects were 25 second graders from one class at one elementary school in Taipei City. The instruction of making sentences by observing pictures lasted for 12 weeks based on the lesson plans designed by the researcher. The students’ works were collected, analyzed, and discussed based on “Assessment Indicators of Making Sentences by Observing Pictures.” The results and conclusions were as follows: 1. The picture types suitable for lower grade students in their making sentences by observing pictures included concrete pictures, abstract pictures, pictures related to children’s life experience, and pictures related to their textbooks. This implied that teachers have to design and develop pictures relevant to the instruction objectives. In addition, when choosing pictures, teachers have to take into consideration the number of the components in the pictures, the size of the pictures, the clearness of the colors in the pictures, and the presenting method of pictures. 2. In students’ sentence pattern writing, the correct ratio in compound sentence patterns was higher than that in basic sentence patterns. This resulted from the unbalanced distribution of sentence patterns in different textbooks and students did not have enough practice. In fact, pattern instruction should begin from lower grade level and be implemented based on the principle of from easiness to difficulty. Teachers should teach sentence writing by patterns instead of by rules, and by practice instead of explanation. 3. In the situation of freely applying rhetorical types to make sentences, the frequently used rhetoric types by students were repetition, personification, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, and pun. The use was affected by pictures. Teachers and editors of teaching materials should understand that rhetorical instruction can facilitate students’ creativity, and rhetorical instruction should begin from lower grades. 4. The analyses of students’ worksheets revealed that when students made sentences based on both the meaning of pictures and the basic grammatical patterns, and then expanded them, these sentences corresponded to accuracy and logic in the assessment indicators. These works belonged to “intermediate level”. When students applied rhetorical skills to make sentences by observing pictures, the works corresponded to creativity in the assessment indicators and showed flexibility, fluency, and excellence. These works belonged to “excellence level”. Through the instruction of making sentences by observing pictures, students’ writing improved qualitatively and quantitatively from writing correctly to writing well, writing skillfully, and writing wonderfully. In other words, the instruction of making sentences by observing pictures had positive effect on the promotion of students’ literary and linguistic quality and quantity and on the development of students’ literary and linguistic creativity. 5. The effects of making sentences by observing pictures on students’ writing included the following aspects. First, the contents of pictures lead to the contents of sentence making. They benefited students’ sentences making. In addition, the contents of pictures had different effects on students who had different sentence making abilities. Besides, the number of components in pictures had different effects on students with different sentence making abilities. Moreover, pictures could facilitate students’ writing interests. Last, making sentences by observing pictures could foster students’ abilities in observation, imagination, and creativity. Through the instruction of making sentences by observing pictures, most of the students mastered the principles of observing pictures, had good connection of visual intelligence and linguistic intelligence, and made progress in the application of basic grammatical patterns and rhetorical skills. For the proficient students, they need to develop the abilities of flexibility, fluency, and excellence and to foster the ability of application of rhetoric and facilitate plentiful imagination. In so doing, their paragraph writing will contain the characteristics of impressions and variation. For the intermediate proficient students, it is necessary to improve their visual and linguistic intelligences, and to foster their application abilities in the use of basic grammatical patterns and rhetorical skills. As to those low-level proficient students, the priority is to teach them how to have a logical thinking for concrete pictures. Then, they have to master basic grammatical patterns and make the use of rhetorical points. Besides, it is another good way to improve their linguistic ability by encouraging them to read qualitatively and quantitatively.
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Huang, Wei-Hsiung, and 黃偉雄. "Observation sentence, Translation and Incommensurability." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44983326318630830994.
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Grewe, Tanja [Verfasser]. "The neuronal reality of the nominal hierarchy : fMRI observations on animacy in sentence comprehension / vorgelegt von Tanja Grewe." 2007. http://d-nb.info/983035938/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Observation sentences"
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Horney, Julie. Observation and study in the federal district courts. Washington, D.C: Federal Judicial Center, 1985.
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Horney, Julie. Observation and study in the federal district courts. Washington, D.C: Federal Judicial Center, 1985.
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Horney, Julie. Observation and study in the federal district courts. Washington, D.C: Federal Judicial Center, 1985.
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Horney, Julie. Observation and study in the federal district courts. Washington, D.C: Federal Judicial Center, 1985.
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Commission, United States Sentencing. Sentencing guidelines and policy statements: Incorporating technical, clarifying, and conforming amendments submitted to Congress, May 1, 1987 ; Dissenting view of Commissioner Paul H. Robinson on the promulgation of sentencing guidelines by the United States Sentencing Commission, May 1, 1987 ; Preliminary observations of the Commission on Commissioner Robinson's dissent, May 1, 1987. Washington, D.C: The Commission, 1988.
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lin, guo sheng. Discourse Observation into Modern Chinese Language Patter (Chinese Edition). World Publishing Corporation, 2012.
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Cappelen, Herman, and Ernest Lepore. Shared Content. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0040.
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A general and fundamental tension surrounds our concept of what is said. On the one hand, what is said (asserted, claimed, stated, etc.) by utterances of a significant range of sentences is highly context sensitive. More specifically, (Observation 1), what these sentences can be used to say depends on their contexts of utterance. On the other hand, speakers face no difficulty whatsoever in using many of these sentences to say (or make) the exact same claim, assertion, etc., across a wide array of contexts. More specifically, (Observation 2), many of the sentences in support of (Observation 1) can be used to express the same thought, the same proposition, across a wide range of different contexts.
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Johnsen, Bredo. Willard van Orman Quine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190662776.003.0010.
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In this chapter the author corrects other misunderstandings of Quine’s epistemology and focuses on five of Quine’s conceptions. The first is the roles of our sensory experiences, our observations and the stimulations of our sensory organs in our cognitive economies. The second is the nature of our evidence about the world. The third is the epistemological importance of some introspective judgments. The fourth is observation sentences (which include both objective [“a is F”] and subjective [“a looks F”] sentences). The fifth is naturalized epistemology. The chapter concludes with a concise outline of his epistemology, which Quine himself never provided.
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Zahedi, Sohrab. Diagnostic review and revision. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0020.
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The criminalization of people with mental illness is a sad commentary on the United States’ mental health system. Yet, the phenomenon presents the field of psychiatry with an opportunity that is now scarce in civil society: lengths of sentence in terms of weeks to years that allow for in-depth observation and treatment of the inmate with mental illness. A few days in a hospital fails to provide the needed opportunity for a detailed and accurate evaluation. Today, people with mental illness account for more than one million annual arrests and many among these individuals will spend weeks to months in jail before being either transferred to a prison for sentences beyond one year or released back into the community. At its core, psychiatric diagnosis relies on the subjective complaints of the patient and objective signs noted on examination. Considering the chronic and fluctuating course of most psychiatric diagnoses, a thorough assessment also requires a review of past documented behaviors. When someone is hospitalized for a psychiatric condition, the first goal is often observation, followed by diagnosis, and then treatment. Psychiatric hospitals are being greatly constrained in the amount of time available for observation and accurate diagnosis; the correctional setting, as an unintended consequence of mass incarceration, provides an extended opportunity to achieve improved diagnostic accuracy. This chapter reflects on the diagnostic opportunities that a jail or a prison setting affords.
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Rusten, Jeffrey. The Tree, the Funnel, and the Diptych. Edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.29.
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This chapter introduces three common types of long sentence in Thucydides: the “tree,” in which the main action is presented as an initial fact to be explicated and complicated, the “funnel,” in which the main action is final culmination of a complex of motives or observations, and the “diptych,” in which the main action is a hinge that opens to the reader two tableaux, a “before” and “after,” and displays how they contrast with or mirror each other (the diptych). The chapter explicates the syntactical complexities of Thucydides’ long sentences schematically in order to demonstrate the relations between the numerous clauses; overall, it shows how these sentences serve to reveal Thucydides’ analysis.
Book chapters on the topic "Observation sentences"
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Picardi, Eva. "Davidson and Quine on Observation Sentences." In Language, Mind and Epistemology, 97–116. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2041-0_6.
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Iwasaki, Shoichi. "Grammar of the internal expressive sentences in Japanese: Observations and explorations." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 55–84. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.156.07iwa.
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Iwasaki, Noriko. "Incremental Sentence Production: Observations from Elicited Speech Errors in Japanese." In Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, 131–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9213-7_7.
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Verrecchia, Eric P., and Luca Trombino. "Observation of Soils: From the Field to the Microscope." In A Visual Atlas for Soil Micromorphologists, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67806-7_1.
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AbstractAs emphasized by W. Kubiëna, “… there exists no other method capable of revealing the nature and complexity of soil polygenesis in so much detail as thin-section micromorphology and at the same time enabling one to follow and explain its formation...”. This sentence, cited by Fedoroff (1971), highlights the aim of soil micromorphology: looking at a soil from the inside and at various scales, from the optical microscope to synchrotron imaging. Soils constitute multiscalar objects by definition, from their soilscape (at the landscape scale), to their profile and its horizons to the atomic interactions between the smallest minerals and organic molecules. Micromorphology enters the soil investigations at the multi-centimetre scale (see “File 3”) at which the thin section is made.
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Westermann, Hannes, Jaromír Šavelka, Vern R. Walker, Kevin D. Ashley, and Karim Benyekhlef. "Sentence Embeddings and High-Speed Similarity Search for Fast Computer Assisted Annotation of Legal Documents." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia200860.
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Human-performed annotation of sentences in legal documents is an important prerequisite to many machine learning based systems supporting legal tasks. Typically, the annotation is done sequentially, sentence by sentence, which is often time consuming and, hence, expensive. In this paper, we introduce a proof-of-concept system for annotating sentences “laterally.” The approach is based on the observation that sentences that are similar in meaning often have the same label in terms of a particular type system. We use this observation in allowing annotators to quickly view and annotate sentences that are semantically similar to a given sentence, across an entire corpus of documents. Here, we present the interface of the system and empirically evaluate the approach. The experiments show that lateral annotation has the potential to make the annotation process quicker and more consistent.
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"In Praise of Observation Sentences." In Confessions of a Confirmed Extensionalist and Other Essays, 409–19. Harvard University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1n1bsg1.40.
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Giese, Dominik, and Kai-Uwe Schnapp. "D. Deductive, Inductive, and Retroductive Reasoning." In Research Methods in the Social Sciences: An A-Z of key concepts, 77–81. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198850298.003.0019.
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This chapter looks at deduction, induction, and retroduction, which are three forms of reasoning that explain observations or develop new explanations from observations, by connecting sentences to a logical structure. Deduction explains individual occurrences of a phenomenon based on general sentences (laws) and respective circumstances. Induction derives general sentences (laws) from repeated observations of similar events. Retroduction, also often referred to as ‘abduction’, is an educated guess about the likely explanation for an observation, which can then be tested. The purpose of applying these forms of reasoning to observational studies is to make logic an explicit tool that applies extant knowledge, or develops new knowledge. While deduction applies extant knowledge, induction and retroduction develop new knowledge. The basic structure of all three forms of reasoning is derived from classical syllogisms (arguments), i.e. a structure in language that combines sentences (premises) to a conclusion. The chapter then considers examples of scientific work that applies the three forms of reasoning.
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Medina, Tamara Nicol, Jesse Snedeker, John C. Trueswell, and Lila R. Gleitman. "How Words Can and Cannot Be Learned by Observation." In Sentence First, Arguments Afterward, 557–74. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199828098.003.0015.
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Three experiments explored how words are learned from hearing them across contexts. Adults watched 40-s videotaped vignettes of parents uttering target words (in sentences) to their infants. Videos were muted except for a beep or nonsense word inserted where each “mystery word” was uttered. Participants were to identify the word. Exp 1 demonstrated that most (90%) of these natural learning instances are quite uninformative, whereas a small minority (7%) are highly informative, as indexed by participants’ identification accuracy. Preschoolers showed similar information sensitivity in a shorter experimental version. Two further experiments explored how cross-situational information helps, by manipulating the serial ordering of highly informative vignettes in five contexts. Response patterns revealed a learning procedure in which only a single meaning is hypothesized and retained across learning instances, unless disconfirmed. Neither alternative hypothesized meanings nor details of past learning situations were retained. These findings challenge current models of cross-situational learning. Learners appear to use a one-trial fast mapping procedure, even under conditions of referential uncertainty.
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Moro, Andrea. "Toward the Source of Order." In Impossible Languages. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034890.003.0007.
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Is language structure influenced by the organization of the physical world as observed by means of our senses? Or is it rather the opposite, namely the structure of language influences our perception and representation of the world. After some historical observation the notion of analogy and anomaly is explored by providing a clear empirical case constituted by those sentences which contain the verb “to be” as a main verb (copular sentences):
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Robins, James M., and Thomas S. Richardson. "Alternative Graphical Causal Models and the Identification of Direct Effects." In Causality and Psychopathology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199754649.003.0011.
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The subject-specific data from either an observational or experimental study consist of a string of numbers. These numbers represent a series of empirical measurements. Calculations are performed on these strings and causal inferences are drawn. For example, an investigator might conclude that the analysis provides strong evidence for ‘‘both an indirect effect of cigarette smoking on coronary artery disease through its effect on blood pressure and a direct effect not mediated by blood pressure.’’ The nature of the relationship between the sentence expressing these causal conclusions and the statistical computer calculations performed on the strings of numbers has been obscure. Since the computer algorithms are well-defined mathematical objects, it is crucial to provide formal causal models for the English sentences expressing the investigator’s causal inferences. In this chapter we restrict ourselves to causal models that can be represented by a directed acyclic graph. There are two common approaches to the construction of causal models. The first approach posits unobserved fixed ‘potential’ or ‘counterfactual’ outcomes for each unit under different possible joint treatments or exposures. The second approach posits relationships between the population distribution of outcomes under experimental interventions (with full compliance) to the set of (conditional) distributions that would be observed under passive observation (i.e., from observational data). We will refer to the former as ‘counterfactual’ causal models and the latter as ‘agnostic’ causal models (Spirtes, Glymour, & Scheines, 1993) as the second approach is agnostic as to whether unit-specific counterfactual outcomes exist, be they fixed or stochastic. The primary difference between the two approaches is ontological: The counterfactual approach assumes that counterfactual variables exist, while the agnostic approach does not require this. In fact, the counterfactual theory logically subsumes the agnostic theory in the sense that the counterfactual approach is logically an extension of the latter approach. In particular, for a given graph the causal contrasts (i.e. parameters) that are well-defined under the agnostic approach are also well-defined under the counterfactual approach.
Conference papers on the topic "Observation sentences"
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Yu, Bowen, Zhenyu Zhang, Tingwen Liu, Bin Wang, Sujian Li, and Quangang Li. "Beyond Word Attention: Using Segment Attention in Neural Relation Extraction." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/750.
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Relation extraction studies the issue of predicting semantic relations between pairs of entities in sentences. Attention mechanisms are often used in this task to alleviate the inner-sentence noise by performing soft selections of words independently. Based on the observation that information pertinent to relations is usually contained within segments (continuous words in a sentence), it is possible to make use of this phenomenon for better extraction. In this paper, we aim to incorporate such segment information into neural relation extractor. Our approach views the attention mechanism as linear-chain conditional random fields over a set of latent variables whose edges encode the desired structure, and regards attention weight as the marginal distribution of each word being selected as a part of the relational expression. Experimental results show that our method can attend to continuous relational expressions without explicit annotations, and achieve the state-of-the-art performance on the large-scale TACRED dataset.
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He, Gang, Peidong Peng, Xiaochun Wu, and Luming Chen. "Chinese coding type identification based on sub-sentence length observation." In 2009 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering (NLP-KE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nlpke.2009.5313785.
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Yu, Jianfei, and Jing Jiang. "Adapting BERT for Target-Oriented Multimodal Sentiment Classification." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/751.
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As an important task in Sentiment Analysis, Target-oriented Sentiment Classification (TSC) aims to identify sentiment polarities over each opinion target in a sentence. However, existing approaches to this task primarily rely on the textual content, but ignoring the other increasingly popular multimodal data sources (e.g., images), which can enhance the robustness of these text-based models. Motivated by this observation and inspired by the recently proposed BERT architecture, we study Target-oriented Multimodal Sentiment Classification (TMSC) and propose a multimodal BERT architecture. To model intra-modality dynamics, we first apply BERT to obtain target-sensitive textual representations. We then borrow the idea from self-attention and design a target attention mechanism to perform target-image matching to derive target-sensitive visual representations. To model inter-modality dynamics, we further propose to stack a set of self-attention layers to capture multimodal interactions. Experimental results show that our model can outperform several highly competitive approaches for TSC and TMSC.