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1
Fitriani, Silpia, and Emidar Emidar. "KETIDAKEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 2 KOTO XI TARUSAN." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 8, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/108223-019883.
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ABSTRACT This research was conducted to describe the ineffectiveness of sentences in the text of the report on the observation of seventh grade students of State Middle School 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on sentence structure. to describe the ineffectiveness of sentences in the report text of the observation of class VII students of State Middle School 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on word choice. to describe the ineffectiveness of the sentence in the text of the report on the observations of class VII students of SMP Negeri 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on the spelling used (EBI). This type of research is qualitative with descriptive method. The data of this study are the sentences contained in the text of student observation reports. Data were analyzed by steps, namely (1) researchers investigating data sources, (2) investigating effective sentences, (3) analyzing collected data based on indicators of effective sentence assessment, (4) data analysis results examined by triangulation informants, (5 ) draw a conclusion. Based on the sentence obtained from 30 text reports on student observations. The researcher found that 182 sentences contained 115 ineffective sentences and 67 effective sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence caused by the sentence structure of 31 sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence is caused by the choice of 73 sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence caused by 88 sentences of using the EBI spelling. Kata Kunci: Ketidakefektifan Kalimat, Teks Laporan Hasil Observasi
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Gellman, Jerome I. "Religious Language." Religious Studies 21, no. 2 (June 1985): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500017169.
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When are sentences A and B the same belief? Following Quine, observation sentences A and B are the same belief when they share the same stimulus–meaning, similar patterns of assent and dissent by subjects when the sentences are queried in the presence of the same non–linguistic stimuli. As for non–observation sentences we note a suggestion of Karl Schick: apply linguistic stimuli in the form of utterances of the language, and map the connections between sentences in the language in terms of linguistic conditioned–responses to utterances. The mapping will yield a network of relations between non–observation sentences themselves, and between the latter and observation sentences at the ‘periphery’. Thus, each sentence receives its place in the overall criss–crossing of relations in the network of the language. Out of a commitment to the ‘autonomy of meaning’, we can say that when A and B are non–observational, they are the same belief when they occupy similar places in the network of sentences in a given language, or corresponding places in corresponding networks of two languages. (Since we can identify the place of sentences in the language network, and since the present suggestion identifies the sameness of belief with location identity, it turns out that there needn't be indeterminacy of translocation.)
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TANJI, Nobuharu. "Theory-Ladenness of Observation Sentences." Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science 9, no. 3 (1998): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4288/jafpos1956.9.119.
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Quine, W. V. "In Praise of Observation Sentences." Journal of Philosophy 90, no. 3 (1993): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2940954.
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Tarida, Elga, Andria Catri Tamsin, and Zulfikarni Zulfikarni. "STRUKTUR DAN CIRI KEBAHASAAN TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 12 SOLOK SELATAN." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/108263-019883.
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ABSTRACT This study aims to (1) describe the structure of the report text observation of the work of class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan (2) illustrates the linguistic characteristics of the observation report text by class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan. The results of this study are as follows. First, in writing the report text of observations of Grade VII students of class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan, they have used the three text structures of the observation report results. The structure of the report's observational text is a general definition, section description, and description of benefits. This is evident from the 20 observational report texts that have been analyzed throughout the observation report text of class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan complete using general definitions, section descriptions, and benefits descriptions. Second, in writing the report text of observations generally in class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan have used the four text structures of the observation report. The Fourth linguistic characteristics of the text of the observation report are repetition, pronoun, conjunction, and description sentences. This is evident from the 20 text reports on observations that have been analyzed, there are 16 text reports on observations that are complete using the linguistic characteristics of repetition, pronouns, conjunctions, and sentence definitions. Kata Kunci: Struktur Teks, Ciri Kebahasaan, dan Teks Laporan Hasil Observasi
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Guo, Yinuo, Tao Ge, and Furu Wei. "Fact-Aware Sentence Split and Rephrase with Permutation Invariant Training." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 7855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6291.
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Sentence Split and Rephrase aims to break down a complex sentence into several simple sentences with its meaning preserved. Previous studies tend to address the issue by seq2seq learning from parallel sentence pairs, which takes a complex sentence as input and sequentially generates a series of simple sentences. However, the conventional seq2seq learning has two limitations for this task: (1) it does not take into account the facts stated in the long sentence; As a result, the generated simple sentences may miss or inaccurately state the facts in the original sentence. (2) The order variance of the simple sentences to be generated may confuse the seq2seq model during training because the simple sentences derived from the long source sentence could be in any order.To overcome the challenges, we first propose the Fact-aware Sentence Encoding, which enables the model to learn facts from the long sentence and thus improves the precision of sentence split; then we introduce Permutation Invariant Training to alleviate the effects of order variance in seq2seq learning for this task. Experiments on the WebSplit-v1.0 benchmark dataset show that our approaches can largely improve the performance over the previous seq2seq learning approaches. Moreover, an extrinsic evaluation on oie-benchmark verifies the effectiveness of our approaches by an observation that splitting long sentences with our state-of-the-art model as preprocessing is helpful for improving OpenIE performance.
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Oktaviyanti, Sara. "Analizyng The Lingual Elements of Sampoerna Hijau Advertisement Published on Youtube." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 6, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.6.1.1279.33-41.
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The research aims to find any lingual elements and meanings used by advertisers in “Sampoerna Hijau” Cigarette advertisements on Youtube. There are 5 editions of advertisements that are analized, “Edisi Dateng Kondangan”, “Edisi Selfie di Kondangan”, “Edisi Minum Es Kacang Ijo”, “Edisi Punyaku Lebih Nikmat” and the last is “Edisi Hijau Panas”. Seven Types of Meaning theory by Leech is used on this research. This study is design in a qualitative research. Researcher collected the data using observation methods. Then in the analysis of research data using Agih method with the basic technique that is Bagi Unsur Langsung or BUL techniques. The BUL method and technique are used by researcher to analyze the signs and forms found in Sampoerna Hijau cigarette advertisements so that they can easily classify these lingual signs and forms. The researcher found that the lingual form in the five editions of Sampoerna Hijau Cigarette Advertisements, namely: 10 interrogative sentences, 13 imperative sentences, 13 declarative sentences, 14 exclamation sentences, 2 nouns and 1 adjective. The meanings found in each lingual form are 5 meanings, with the following description: sentences that contain reflections as many as 12 sentences, sentences containing affective meanings of 22 sentences, sentences containing conceptual meanings of 15 sentences, sentences that contains a colloquial meaning of 2 sentences and the last sentence that contains connotative meaning of 1 sentence.
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Amral, Sainil, and Siti Dian Ulfah. "ANALISIS KALIMAT IMPERATIF PADA TUTURAN MASYARAKAT DESA TELUK RAYA KECAMATAN KUMPEH KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI (KAJIAN PRAGMATIK)." Aksara: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 3, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/aksara.v3i2.136.
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The purpose of this research is to describe the form imperative sentences in the oral speech of the Teluk Raya village society, Kumpeh Regency Muaro Jambi (A Pragmatic study). This research is descriptive qualitative. The primary data is taken from the Imperative sentences (order) of Malay Jambi Kumpeh language on the community of Teluk Raya Village Kumpeh Muaro Jambi district, while the secondary data is derived from books. In collecting the data, uninvolved conversation observation technique, note-taking technique, and interview technique are used. Based on the results of the data analysis, it can be concluded that there are five imperative sentences of the Jambi Malay Kumpeh language. They are ordinary imperative sentence, request imperative sentence, granting permit imperative sentence, ask and order imperative sentence. Moreover, there are also three kinds of speech acts occur in the Jambi Malay language, they are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary.
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Devita, Marieta Bona, I. G. N. K. Putrayasa, and I. Made Madia. "Kajian Kalimat Efektif pada Laporan Berita Reporter Metro TV." Humanis 24, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2020.v24.i01.p08.
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This research entitled “The News Report of Metro TV Reporter: The research of effective sentence”. The aim of this research was to find out the description, error, and percentage of effective and ineffective sentence in the news report of Metro TV reporter. The used theory refer to some ideas from the experts, those are Keraf (1980), Razak (1986), Sugono (2001), Putrayasa (2014), and Agency of Language Development and Coaching (2014). The used method to collect the data in this research was observation method, then the data was analyzed with qualitative descriptive method, quantitative method, and agih method. Method of presenting analyzed data that used in this research were formal and informal method. Data source in this research was from twelve videos of news report of Metro TV reporter in 2018. The result of this research showed that Metro TV reporter's understanding of the use of effective sentences reach 30, 22% from 12 news reports. This is proven by the discovery of 97 ineffective sentences out of 139 sentences. The error of ineffective sentence in news report of Metro TV reporter was divided into four kinds, those were the accuracy of information 7 sentences (5.03%), stiffness 6 sentences (4,32%), efficiency 48 sentences (34.53%), multiple errors and plural 36 sentences (25.90%). The total percentage of the error ineffective sentence as a whole was 69.78%. Based on this percentage, the highest frequency of errors was in the aspect of efficiency.
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Anis, Muhammad Yunus, and Firstiyana Romadlon Ash-Shidiqiyyah. "PENERJEMAHAN KALIMAT IMPERATIF DAN KESALAHANNYA DALAM KITAB AR RAḤĪQ AL MAKHTŪM KARYA SYAIKH SHAFIYYURRAHMAN AL MUBARAKFURI." لسـانـنـا (LISANUNA): Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Arab dan Pembelajarannya 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ls.v10i2.8833.
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This research analyzes the translation of imperative sentences in Ar Raḥīq Al Makhtūm book (2007) by Shaikh Shafiyyurahman Al Mubarakfuri which was created to participate in a scientific competition on sirah nabawiyah in Pakistan. The book was translated into Indonesian by Kathur Suhardi as Sirah Nabawiyah (2014), a translator graduating from a boarding school who has published several translated books from any sciences. This research aims to describe the translation and its errors that applied by translator on translating imperative sentences in Ar Raḥīq Al Makhtūm book. The translation of imperative sentences is divided into two parts, the translation of positive imperative sentences (84%) and the translation of negative imperative sentences (16%), while that translation errors of imperative sentence are divided into four parts among them, linguistic category errors (28%), surface strategy errors (16%), comparative analysis errors (8%) and communicative effect errors (48%). The research methodology was qualitative descriptive research, an analysis that carried out from collecting data by the observation method of reading, understanding and signing of imperative sentences so be able to distinguish between imperative sentences with others. After collecting the data, then classifies the data according to categories and presents all data regarding the translation and its errors of imperative sentences and finally making the conclusions based on data that has been found. It was found there were 103 imperative sentence translation data with 87 positive imperative sentence translation data and 16 negative imperative sentence translation data, while for translation errors of imperative sentence researcher founds 50 data with 14 data in linguistic category errors, 8 data in the surface strategy errors, 4 data in comparative analysis errors and 24 data in communivative effect errors.
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Mufidah, Nuril. "Developing The Efficiency Of Indonesian Students For Composing The Sentence Based On Psychological Aspects." (الطموحات ) EL-THUMUHAT 1, no. 2 (October 9, 2018): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/elthumuhat.2018.vol1(2).1915.
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One of difficulty of teaching Arabic language especially in the beginner class is most of students have never studied Arabic before, even some students who can not read or write Arabic letters correctly. In Arabic there are two types of sentences, noun sentence and verbal sentence. The difficulties faced by low-class is to understand and produce verbal sentences because the verb form of Indonesian language is the noun form sentence.
The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of chain exercises based on psychological aspects that begin with noun sentence; to develop in creating the sentence for Indonesian students.
This research is experimental in its implementation consists of four steps: (1) planning (2) experiment (3) observations and (4) assessment. The population is the student of intensive class of Arabic in Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. While the instruments used in this study is the observation and examination.
The results of this study indicate that chain exercises based on psychological aspects can improve students’s skill for creating the sentence. Composing the sentence based on psychological aspects helps students to avoid scared of learning Arabic and monotony.
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Суровцев, Валерий Александрович, and Марк Васильевич Гончаренко. "PARADOXICAL CONCEPTS, QUINE’S CONSTRUCTIVISM, AND OBSERVATION SENTENCES." ΠΡΑΞΗMΑ. Journal of Visual Semiotics, no. 4(26) (November 22, 2020): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2312-7899-2020-4-150-159.
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Рассматривается подход У. Куайна к проблеме парадоксальных понятий в контексте их отношения к реальности. Проанализирован тезис У. Куайна о том, что парадоксы должны разрешаться именно в рамках той области теоретического знания, где они были сформулированы. Доказывается, что парадоксальность понятий, фигурирующих в различных теориях, должна связываться не с реальностью, а с особенностью словарей этих теорий. Выдвинута гипотеза, что предложения наблюдения, будучи посредниками между языком и реальностью, в ретроспективном анализе оказываются исходными пунктами появления парадоксальных понятий. The article examines Willard Van Orman Quine’s approach to the problem of paradoxical concepts in the context of their relationship with reality. Quine’s thesis, according to which it is necessary to resolve paradoxes where they appeared and not to extend them to reality, is analyzed. It has been suggested that observation sentences, being intermediaries between language and reality, in retrospective analysis, always turn out to be the primary points in the development of theories due to the constant incompleteness of empirical concepts. The working hypothesis of the study is as follows: the possibility of a particular theory, as a specific variant of the organization of empirical concepts, is determined by observation sentences arising from the schematization of reality and often producing paradoxes.
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Al-Balushi, Rashid. "Why verbless sentences in Standard Arabic are verbless." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 57, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100002188.
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AbstractThis article aims to account for why verbless sentences in Standard Arabic lack a copular verb. In contrast to previous accounts which attribute the absence of the copula to some defect of present tense, I claim that a verbless sentence does not take a copula because its nominais do not need structural Case. The proposed analysis argues that structural Case is licensed by a “Verbal Case” feature on the relevant Case-checking heads, and assumes the Visibility Condition. The present analysis is based on a unique interaction between tense and word order, and on the observation that verbless sentences are finite clauses composed of a topic and a predicate, as well as on the observation that they do not involve licensing of structural Case.
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Setiawan, Muhammad Ichsan, and Tressyalina Tressyalina. "KEEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI KARYA SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 17 PADANG." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 8, no. 5 (February 19, 2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/108209-019883.
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to describe the effectiveness of the sentence in text of results of observations report of Grade VII students of SMP Negeri 17 Padang. The effectiveness is reviewed based on four indicators, namely (1) right reasoning, (2) right linguistic, (3) right words and terms, and (4) right spelling. This type of research is a qualitative research with descriptive methods. This research was carried out at Padang 17 Public Middle School, which was considered important because it was an attempt to explore and understand the effectiveness of student sentences. The instrument in this study is the researcher himself. The results of this study revealed that the effectiveness of the text sentences from students' observations report can be said to be ineffective, it is 39 or 14% of 281 sentences. Based on the results of research on the effectiveness of the sentence in the text of observation report, it can be concluded into four things. First, students still commit errors in proper reasoning, namely regarding lodic ideas and unity of ideas. Secondly, students still commit errors in proper linguistics, namely regarding (1) placement of elements of syntactic functions correctly, (2) no missing sentence elements, (3) no redundant sentence elements, and (4) parallel sentence elements. Third, students still commit errors in the proper words and terms, namely regarding (1) right concepts, (2) right sense scores, (3) right collocation, and (4) right usage context. Fourth, students still commit errors in correct spelling, namely regarding (1) the use of letters, (2) writing words, and (3) use of punctuation . Kata kunci: Keefektifan Kalimat, Teks Laporan Hasil Observasi
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Fischer, Klaus. "Cleft Sentences: Form, Function, and Translation." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 2 (June 2009): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709000257.
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Although cleft sentences are possible constructions in both English and German, they are far more frequent in English texts. Durrell (2002: 479) observes in his Hammer's German Grammar and Usage that “with the exception of the type Er war es, der mich davon abhielt […], cleft sentence constructions sound unnatural in German and should be avoided.” The article discusses the form and function of cleft sentences in the context of other focusing devices. It shows that, although German and English cleft sentences have the same information structure, their stylistic value is very different. Using a short translation, Durrell's observation is confirmed: in translating cleft sentences into German, semantic equivalence is often sacrificed for stylistic appropriateness. Although structural features of both languages are the ultimate cause of the contrast, they cannot explain choices in each individual case. The article argues that structural typology should be complemented with a typology of parole: the respective frequencies of cleft sentences in both languages reflect neatly into the more verbal style, more hierarchical sentence construction and, in certain respects, greater semantic transparency of English texts (by comparison with their German counterparts).*
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Andriani, Erina, and Barli Bram. "SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE PATTERNS AND TYPES OF BBC NEWS ARTICLES." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v16i1.10832.
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Sentence patterns and types play a crucial role in helping writers make their articles attractive. However, few studies analyzed the sentence patterns and types used in news articles. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the sentence patterns and types used in shaping news articles. The researchers used a syntactic analysis to examine the sentences. The data were collected from ten BBC news articles published in October 2020. The purposive sampling was used, and the data gathering instrument was structured observation sheets. The gathered data were calculated using percentages. The results showed five sentence patterns used, namely S+V, S+LV+SC, S+V+O, S+V+DO+OC, and S+V+IO+DO. It was also found that four sentence types, namely simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences, were used. Among the used sentence patterns, S+V+O was the most frequent (42%), and the most frequent sentence type was the complex sentence (52.6%).
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Rummer, Ralf. "Immediate and Delayed Recall of Visually Presented Sentences:." Experimental Psychology 51, no. 1 (January 2004): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.1.15.
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Abstract. The lure intrusion effect refers to the observation that lexical priming affects recall of sentences. This effect is taken as evidence against the contribution of surface information, even with immediate sentence recall. Recently, Rummer and Engelkamp (2003a ) demonstrated that this effect, which is usually observed under rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), does not appear under immediate recall of auditorily presented sentences. This finding indicates that surface information (i.e., phonological or acoustic-sensory information) can contribute to immediate sentence recall. So far, however, the findings do not allow for a decision on whether phonological and/or acoustic-sensory information is used in immediate sentence recall. In order to dissociate the two kinds of surface information, an experiment was conducted in which immediate and delayed recall were tested for sentences that were visually presented for a longer period of time than in RSVP. This kind of presentation should support phonological representations, but does not allow for acoustic-sensory representations. The findings showed a smaller intrusion effect for immediate than for delayed recall. This indicates that, if available, phonological information is involved in immediate sentence recall thereby reducing the lure intrusion effect. Furthermore, the findings support the assumption that the phonological trace provided via RSVP reading is weaker than in normal reading.
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Minarni, Lilik. "Improvement of Language Understanding using Sentence Identification Methods in Mathematics Subject of Story Matter in 4th Grade MI." MUDARRISA: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Islam 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/mdr.v11i1.18-33.
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This aims of study is to improve the understanding of language by identifying the main sentence in mathematics subject especially in the story matter. The methods of this research is class room action reseach by doing two cycles proccess. The collecting data method was obtained by observation, test, and documentation. Data analysis proccess was done by using an interactive model consisting of four components of analysis including data colection, selection, presentation, and conclusion.Based on the results, sentences identification learning method can be increased language understanding to solve the problem of story matter in mathematic subject in 4th grade in MI. Thus, it could be concluded that in mathematics learning by using sentences identification methods can be used to increase MI student ability to solve the story of matter. By the methods, the students will be easy to understand the sentences, so thet can finish and solve the test, and also they can made their sentences on their mind.
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Fauzi, Muhammad Ivan, Deli Nirmala, and Agus Subiyanto. "ADVERB OF TIME IN ARABIC SIMPLE SENTENCE." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v4i2.3116.
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This research aims to describe the pattern of Arabic simple sentences attached by adverb of time and the distribution of the adverb of time in Arabic simple sentences. The research data are in the form of a simple sentence, which contains adverb of time from a paper in the book Al-Arabiyah Baina Yadaik Volume 4a by Al-Fauzan, et al. (2014). The data collection was carried out using the observation method. The analysis of adverb of time in Arabic simple sentence was done by a tree diagram with the guidelines proposed by Chomsky (2002). The results showed that the adverb of time is inherent in verbs and was only found in the original verb and not a derivational verb. In addition, the sentence patterns of Arabic simple sentence attached by adverb of time consist of PS, SP, SPO, and PSO. The researchers also found the distribution of adverbs of time inside the predicate, behind the object, in front of the predicate, and behind the subject.
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Aziez, Shinta. "VERB FEATURE DIFFERENCES IN INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH IMPERATIVE SENTENCES: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS STUDY." Lexeme : Journal of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 1, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/ljlal.v1i1.2477.
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AbstractThis study contrasted verb features that exist in Indonesian and English imperative sentences. The contrastive analysis is used to make the second language or foreign language learners understand more easily on the target language being learnt. In this case, the study tried to contrast Indonesian language as L1 and English as L2. The data that were used in this study were taken from two sources; Indonesian and English Grammar. The grammar was sorted specifically only on imperative sentences that were collected through attentive observation method and is continued by notetaking technique. Hence, some imperative sentences that were collected were then be analyzed by comparing language units with determining tools in form of comparative relationship between all determining elements that are relevant with all the determined language units. The result revealed that there were some similarities and differences in the verb features of Indonesian and English imperative sentences. Both Indonesian and English mostly use base verb to form imperative sentences, in some cases, they also use suffixes. Also, they attach marker words to form negative and to soften the imperative sentence. On the contrary, some contrasts were found in the existence of passive form, the use of suffixes, the distribution of some markers, the use of auxiliary verbs, and the existence of inversion form.Keywords: Contrastive Study, English, Imperative sentences, Indonesian, Verb Features
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Arifuddin, Jamil Aulia,. "TINDAK TUTUR IMPERATIF (KALĀM AL-AMR) DALAM TEKS DRAMA A’S-SULTHĀN AL-CHĀˈIR KARYA TAUFIQ AL-CHAKIM (ANALISIS PRAGMATIK)." Jurnal CMES 12, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.12.1.34871.
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This study discusses the imperative speech acts markers and their functions in a drama entitled a’s-Sulthān al-Chāˈir a work by Taufiq Al-Chakim. This study aimed at identifying the imperative speech acts markers and explaining the functions of those imperative speech acts in a’s-Sulthān al-Chāˈir drama. This study is a typical qualitative research. The method of data collection in this study used the attentive observation method followed by the basic tapping and advanced note-taking techniques. The data in this study are clauses or sentences which realize the imperative speech acts. The method applied in analyzing the data is the distributional method which technically followed by the technique of direct elements and the pragmatic equivalent method. Having analyzed 208 data which constitute of 220 sentences, the results are as follow: (1) the imperative speech acts in a’s-Sulthān al-Chāˈir drama a work by Taufiq Al-Chakim were realized in standard and non-standard markers, with more standard markers than non-standard markers. The standard markers were realized by the fi’l al-amr marker as many as 186 words, ism fi’l al-amr as many as 41 words (typical repetition), mashdar which represents fi’l al-amr as many as 25 words, and fi’l al-mudhāri’ which are attached to the particle lām al-amr as many as 16 words. The non-standard markers are realized with declarative sentences or kalām al-khabar as many as 7 sentences and the interrogative sentences or istifhām as many as 4 sentences. (2) the imperative speech acts in a’s-Sulthān al-Chāˈir drama a work by Taufiq Al-Chakim has various functions among others for commanding as many as 100 sentences, inviting or offering were found as many as 60 sentences, requesting as many as 34 sentences, advising as many as 14 sentences, threatening of 7 sentences, weakening as many as 2 sentences, allowing as many as 2 sentences, and giving a choice was found 1 sentence.
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Fedorenko, Evelina, and Nancy Kanwisher. "Some Regions within Broca's Area Do Respond More Strongly to Sentences than to Linguistically Degraded Stimuli: A Comment on Rogalsky and Hickok ()." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 10 (October 2011): 2632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00043.
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On the basis of their review of the literature, Rogalsky and Hickok [Rogalsky, C., & Hickok, G. The role of Broca's area in sentence comprehension. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 1664–1680, 2011] conclude that there is currently no strong evidence for the existence of “sentence-specific processing regions within Broca's area” (p. 1664). Their argument is based, in part, on the observation that many previous studies have failed to detect an effect in the left inferior frontal regions for contrasts between sentences and linguistically degraded control conditions (e.g., lists of unconnected words, lists of nonwords, or acoustically degraded sentence stimuli). Our data largely replicate this lack of activation in inferior frontal regions when traditional random-effects group analyses are conducted but crucially show robust activations in the same data for the same contrasts in almost every subject individually. Thus, it is the use of group analyses in studies of language processing, not the idea that sentences robustly activate frontal regions, that needs to be reconsidered. This reconsideration has important methodological and theoretical implications.
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Ariyadi, Ade Dufadhol, and Asep Purwo Yudi Utomo. "Analisis Kesalahan Sintaksis pada Teks Berita Daring berjudul Mencari Etika Elite Politik di saat Covid-19." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 8, no. 3 (December 27, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v8i3.110903.
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This research is motivated by the frequent finding of various errors in Indonesian in online news writing. The most obvious mistakes are at the syntactic level. Therefore, this study aims to describe and explain the form of language errors in the syntax field contained in the Kompasiana online news portal in the text entitled “Mencari Etika Elite Politik di saat Covid-19”. This research applies qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. To obtain data, the observation technique was chosen as the data collection method. This is done through observing the use of language and note-taking techniques to record the structures being analyzed. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using distributional methods. The results of the research regarding the analysis of language errors in the syntactic field contained in the article include non-standard structured sentence errors, coherence, loanwords used in sentences, unity and logic of sentences, sentence effectiveness. This finding further strengthens the paradigm that online news text writing often ignores Indonesian syntactic principles.
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Ganieva, R. R. "Syntactic Relations Reflected by Word Order in "The Catcher in the Rye" by J. D. Salinger and "Fates and Furies" by L. Groff." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-4-1078-1085.
Full textAbstract:
The research features syntactic structure in the twentieth century "The Catcher in the Rye" by J. D. Salinger and the twenty first century "Fates and Furies" by L. Groff. The research objective was to study the nature of syntactic relations expressed by word order in speech of narrators and characters. The paper outlines the rules of word order in the English sentence and reviews related studies in the field of syntax. The author analyzed the syntactic structure of sentences in the speech of narrators and characters in the two novels. The analysis was based on the descriptive method and techniques of observation, interpretation, comparison, and generalization. There were numerous examples of omission of auxiliary verbs in interrogative sentences in characters' speech, as well as interrogative sentences with affirmative structure. In "The Catcher in the Rye", affirmative sentences obecame interrogative with the help of interjections eh and ah. Both novels contained sentences where adverbial modifiers, objects, or attributes preceded the main parts – in the narrators' speech. A lot of one-member and contextually incomplete sentences were used to describe events and personages in both novels. In "The Catcher in the Rye", the narrator's speech revealed few cases of violations of word order rules, mostly in sentences with direct word order. The characters' speech appeared to contain much more cases of word order violations, since the novel features colloquial speech of twentieth century American teenagers. The speech of adult personages was characterized by correct word order. In "Fates and Furies", the narrator's speech demonstrated a significant number of elliptical sentences where auxiliary verb to be was omitted in simple verbal predicate with the verb in Present Continuous, as well as in compound nominal predicate and in passive voice. A comparative study of syntactic structure contributed to a deeper understanding of the nature of syntactic relations reflected by word order in the English sentence, grammatical structure of the English language, and popular types of sentences. In addition, the study showed the way native speakers express their ideas and thoughts by linguistic means and violate linguistic norms. The results can be used in various grammar courses and compiling textbooks.
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Jung, Cintiawinata, Julina Julina, and Rudiansyah Rudiansyah. "Syntactic Analysis of Chinese Imperative Function in "The Captain" Movie." Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature 15, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lc.v15i2.28819.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyzes the function of imperative sentences contained in the "The Captain" movie by applying Zhang's theory of imperative sentence function. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research methods. The data source in this research is the 2019 China movie“The Captain” (中国机长 Zhōngguó Jīzhǎng). The data are imperative words and sentences in the movie. The data collection technique used was the observation and note technique according to Mahsun, then used the data analysis technique of Miles and Huberman. Researchers found 281 imperative sentences in "The Captain" movie and analyze the imperative function. The most widely used imperative function is the commanding function, which is 80 sentences. Meanwhile, the least function used was a threatening function with only 1 sentence. The commanding function is more dominant than other functions and is found in the conversations between officers to passengers, flight attendants to passengers, communication between officers and others. The commanding function is also mostly found in the officer’s conversations, especially when they were facing an emergency situation. Meanwhile, the words used by the officers, flight attendants, and the captain were showing respect and courtesy. So that the threatening function was less found in this movie. There are no requesting and begging functions because this movie tells about the incident of the Sichuan flight 8633, including the service of the aircraft officers and the confidence of the officers in facing the emergency situation at that time.
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HASTANG, HASTANG. "UPAYA OPTIMALISASI MAHARAH KITABAH MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PROYEK PADA MATERI AL-JUMLAH." DIDAKTIKA 12, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30863/didaktika.v12i1.176.
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This study aims to optimize the ability of students to write Arabic sentences (maharah kitabah) through project-based learning models in al-Jumlah material. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The subjects of the study were students at the second semester of IAIN Bone, which were from class PBA1, PBA2, PBA3, PS6, PGMI4, and PGMI 5. Data was collected through tests, observations, and interviews with instrument performance, observation guidelines, and interview guidelines. The data collected from the results of this study will be analyzed using qualitative data analysis.The results of the study show: 1) The application of project-based learning models in al-quantity material is carried out in several stages, starting from determining the theme of writing, determining sources, collecting material (writing rules) and mufradat (vocabulary), compiling sentences and discussing them collaboratively with members team, up to presenting in front of other teams. 2) Students are generally able to make al-Jumlah based on the elements of the sentence that have been learned. For example, making al-Jumlah Ismiyah consisting of mubtada' and khabar, al-Jumlah al-Fi'liyah consisting of fi'il, fa'il, and maf'ul by using sentences that are in accordance with the attached image and also able to write with the correct writing and harakat. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the project-based learning model can optimize the student achievement of high-level students in al-Jumlah material.
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Puspitasari, Mega, Andayani Andayani, and Sarwiji Suwandi. "Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion as Students’ Language Ability in Composing Sentences of Observation Report Texts." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 10 (November 5, 2020): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i10.2088.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to 1) describe the grammatical and lexical cohesion used by the students to compose sentences of the observation report text and 2) explain the role of grammatical and lexical cohesion in the students' observation report texts. The data source of this research was students as many as 70 people with 70 written text data of student observation reports. The analysis results showed that the use of grammatical cohesion which includes pronoun and conjunction. Lexical cohesion includes repetition, antonym, synonym, and hyponym. The roles of the two cohesions can help students to develop sentences to be cohesive.
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Tettamanti, Marco, Giovanni Buccino, Maria Cristina Saccuman, Vittorio Gallese, Massimo Danna, Paola Scifo, Ferruccio Fazio, Giacomo Rizzolatti, Stefano F. Cappa, and Daniela Perani. "Listening to Action-related Sentences Activates Fronto-parietal Motor Circuits." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 2 (February 2005): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053124965.
Full textAbstract:
Observing actions made by others activates the cortical circuits responsible for the planning and execution of those same actions. This observation–execution matching system (mirror-neuron system) is thought to play an important role in the understanding of actions made by others. In an fMRI experiment, we tested whether this system also becomes active during the processing of action-related sentences. Participants listened to sentences describing actions performed with the mouth, the hand, or the leg. Abstract sentences of comparable syntactic structure were used as control stimuli. The results showed that listening to action-related sentences activates a left fronto-parieto-temporal network that includes the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), those sectors of the premotor cortex where the actions described are motorically coded, as well as the inferior parietal lobule, the intraparietal sulcus, and the posterior middle temporal gyrus. These data provide the first direct evidence that listening to sentences that describe actions engages the visuomotor circuits which subserve action execution and observation.
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Achmad, Abd Kasim. "PROSES TRANSFORMASI KALIMAT MAJEMUK SUBORDINATIF BAHASA JERMAN." Indonesian Journal of Fundamental Sciences 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/ijfs.v4i1.6018.
Full textAbstract:
This research aimed to describe the process of transformation on german subordinate compound sentences. The method used in this research was descriptive. The data sources were the subordinate compound sentences contained within the Deutschland magazine in editions of 2005-2010. The samples were 6 sentences. The data were collected through an observation method with note taking technique. Data were analyzed using the distributional method. The results show that the transforming process of the german subordinate compound sentences consisted of obligatory transformation rules namely addition (subordinate conjunction and coma), permutation (verb) and substitution (pronominalisation).
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Famularsih, Sari, and Muhammad Irfan Helmy. "A Comparative Study of Sentence Building in Writing Ability Among Students in Indonesia." Pedagogy : Journal of English Language Teaching 8, no. 2 (November 17, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/pedagogy.v8i2.2222.
Full textAbstract:
This research focuses on a comparative study of sentence building between the better students (more knowledgeable) and the novice students (less knowledgeable) in writing 1 class. It belongs to qualitative research involving two respondents of the better and the novice students. Three questions emerge in this research related to the dominant sentence types between the better and the novice students, the challenges and strategies in writing. Those questions are (1) What types of sentences dominate the building of the sentence of novice and better students? (2) What are the challenges in writing between novice and better students?, and (3) What are the students’ strategies in writing?. In order to answer those three research questions, I run two methods of data collection. The first one is email observation, which tries to find an answer to the dominant sentence types of the better and the novice students. The second method is a face-to-face interview to get more in-depth insight and understanding of the challenges and strategies in writing. As a result, the better student surprisingly dominates her paragraph writing assignments with complex sentences that show her advanced writing skills as the effect of her writing practice. Meanwhile, the novice one mostly occupies simple sentences to avoid errors because she has an inadequate practice that exposes her fear. In terms of challenges, this study finds five items, including the complex process of writing, anxiety, and panic, time constraints, grammar, and vocabulary. In the case of writing strategies, the finding reveals four items, such as short writing, frequent writing, dictionary usage, and reading practice.
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Wahya, Wahya. "Dimensi Sintaksis dan Semantik Partikel Euy dalam Novel Budak Teuneung Karya Samseodi." Metahumaniora 9, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v9i1.22875.
Full textAbstract:
Partikel euy merupakan salah satu partikel fatis dalam bahasa Sunda. Partikel ini, sebagaimana partikel fatis lain, tidak memiliki fungsi sintaksis dalam kalimat, yakni sebagai unsur ekstraposisi dalam kalimat. Tulisan ini yang berjudul “Dimensi Sintaksis dan Semantik Partikel Euy dalam Novel Budak Teuneung”membahas perilaku sintaksis partikel euy, yaitu keberadaannnya dalam jenis kalimat berdasarkan bentuk sintaksisnya, dan makna gramatikal partikel euy dalam lingkungan kalimat deklaratif, interogatif, imperatif, dan eksklamatif. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode simak dengan teknk catat. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis menggunakan metode agih atau distribusional. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah novel anak-anak yang berjudul Budak Teuneung (2018) karya Samsoedi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan 46 data kalimat yang memuat partikel euy. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap 46 data tersebut dengan pendekatan sintaksis dan semantik, dapat disimpulkan bahwa partikel euy dapat berposisi di awal, di tengah, atau di akhir kalimat deklaratif, tetapi dominan berposisi di tengah kailimat. Partikel euy hanya berposisi di tengah dan di akhir kalimat interogatif, tidak ada yang berposisi di awal kalimat. Partikel euy dapat berposisi di awal, di tengah, dan di akhir kalimat imperatif, tetapi dominan berposisi di akhir kalimat. Partikel euy hanya berposisi di awal dan di akhir kalimat eksklamatif, tidak ada yang berposisi di tengah kalimat. Secara semantik, partikel euy bersama jenis kalimat yang memuatnya memiliki keragaman makna gramatikal. Secara umum dapat dikatakan partikel euy beserta unsur lingusitik yang mendampinginya dalam kalimat deklaratif memiliki makna ‘meberitahukan atau menyatakan sesuatu’; dalam kalimat interogatif, memiliki makna ‘meminta sesuatu’; dalam kalimat imperatif, memiliki makna ‘meminta sesuatu’ atau ‘memerintahkan sesuatu’; dalam kalimat eksklamataif. memiliki makna ‘mengungkapkan atau menyampaikan sesuatu’.Particle euy is just one-structured particles in the Sundanese language. This particle, as another particles phatic, does not have the syntactic function in the sentence, namely as an element in extraposition sentence. This article entitled "Dimensions of Syntax and Semantics of the Euy Particle in Novel of Budak Teuneung" discuses the behavior of particles in syntax dimension, namely it’s distribution in the type of sentence based on syntactic and grammatical meaning of particles in the environment, namely in declarative sentences, interrogative, imperative, and exclamative ones. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Data collected by using observation techniques to record. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using distributional method. Source data used is a children's novel titled Budak Teuneung (2018) written by Samsoedi. Based on the results of the study, found that 46 data sentence contains particles here. Based on an analysis of 46 data with the approach of syntax and semantics, it can be concluded that the particle euy can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a declarative sentence, but a dominant position in the middle; particle euy simply positioned in the middle and at the end of interrogative sentences, no position early in the sentence; particle euy can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the imperative sentence, but a dominant position in the end of the sentence; particle euy only just plays in the beginning and at the end of the exclamative sentence, no position in the middle of a sentence. Semantically, particle euy with the kind of sentences contain a variety of grammatical meaning. Generally speaking, the particle with linguistic elements that accompany the declarative sentences have meaning 'report missing or declared something'; interrogative sentences have meaning 'ask anything'; imperative sentences have meaning 'ask anything' or 'ordered something'; exclamative sentences have meaning 'reveal or convey something'.
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Wahya, Wahya. "Dimensi Sintaksis dan Semantik Partikel Euy dalam Novel Budak Teuneung Karya Samseodi." Metahumaniora 9, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/mh.v9i1.22875.
Full textAbstract:
Partikel euy merupakan salah satu partikel fatis dalam bahasa Sunda. Partikel ini, sebagaimana partikel fatis lain, tidak memiliki fungsi sintaksis dalam kalimat, yakni sebagai unsur ekstraposisi dalam kalimat. Tulisan ini yang berjudul “Dimensi Sintaksis dan Semantik Partikel Euy dalam Novel Budak Teuneung”membahas perilaku sintaksis partikel euy, yaitu keberadaannnya dalam jenis kalimat berdasarkan bentuk sintaksisnya, dan makna gramatikal partikel euy dalam lingkungan kalimat deklaratif, interogatif, imperatif, dan eksklamatif. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode simak dengan teknk catat. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis menggunakan metode agih atau distribusional. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah novel anak-anak yang berjudul Budak Teuneung (2018) karya Samsoedi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan 46 data kalimat yang memuat partikel euy. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap 46 data tersebut dengan pendekatan sintaksis dan semantik, dapat disimpulkan bahwa partikel euy dapat berposisi di awal, di tengah, atau di akhir kalimat deklaratif, tetapi dominan berposisi di tengah kailimat. Partikel euy hanya berposisi di tengah dan di akhir kalimat interogatif, tidak ada yang berposisi di awal kalimat. Partikel euy dapat berposisi di awal, di tengah, dan di akhir kalimat imperatif, tetapi dominan berposisi di akhir kalimat. Partikel euy hanya berposisi di awal dan di akhir kalimat eksklamatif, tidak ada yang berposisi di tengah kalimat. Secara semantik, partikel euy bersama jenis kalimat yang memuatnya memiliki keragaman makna gramatikal. Secara umum dapat dikatakan partikel euy beserta unsur lingusitik yang mendampinginya dalam kalimat deklaratif memiliki makna ‘meberitahukan atau menyatakan sesuatu’; dalam kalimat interogatif, memiliki makna ‘meminta sesuatu’; dalam kalimat imperatif, memiliki makna ‘meminta sesuatu’ atau ‘memerintahkan sesuatu’; dalam kalimat eksklamataif. memiliki makna ‘mengungkapkan atau menyampaikan sesuatu’.Particle euy is just one-structured particles in the Sundanese language. This particle, as another particles phatic, does not have the syntactic function in the sentence, namely as an element in extraposition sentence. This article entitled "Dimensions of Syntax and Semantics of the Euy Particle in Novel of Budak Teuneung" discuses the behavior of particles in syntax dimension, namely it’s distribution in the type of sentence based on syntactic and grammatical meaning of particles in the environment, namely in declarative sentences, interrogative, imperative, and exclamative ones. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Data collected by using observation techniques to record. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using distributional method. Source data used is a children's novel titled Budak Teuneung (2018) written by Samsoedi. Based on the results of the study, found that 46 data sentence contains particles here. Based on an analysis of 46 data with the approach of syntax and semantics, it can be concluded that the particle euy can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a declarative sentence, but a dominant position in the middle; particle euy simply positioned in the middle and at the end of interrogative sentences, no position early in the sentence; particle euy can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the imperative sentence, but a dominant position in the end of the sentence; particle euy only just plays in the beginning and at the end of the exclamative sentence, no position in the middle of a sentence. Semantically, particle euy with the kind of sentences contain a variety of grammatical meaning. Generally speaking, the particle with linguistic elements that accompany the declarative sentences have meaning 'report missing or declared something'; interrogative sentences have meaning 'ask anything'; imperative sentences have meaning 'ask anything' or 'ordered something'; exclamative sentences have meaning 'reveal or convey something'.
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Farida Umu Ma’rifah. "Pemanfaatan Ikan Asin Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Di SD/MI." Educreative : Jurnal Pendidikan Kreativitas Anak 5, no. 3 (November 9, 2020): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37530/edu.v5i3.62.
Full textAbstract:
The low ability of students to write sentences in Indonesia language learning is the background of this research. Salted fish learning resources are used to develop students’ writing sentence skills. Salted fish as part of local wisdom is an important given to the education. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the use salted fish learning resources to make sentences in Indonesian language learning. The study was conducted in class III SDN Tambakreja 02 Cilacap with 25 students, consisting of 12 male and 13 female students. Data collection techniques were observation, interview and documentation. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. The result of the study prove that salted fish learning resources are effective in developing students’ writing abilities. High student enthusiasm, seen from a pleasant atmosphere and student activity in the learning process. The percentage of students who score above KKM is 92% of 25 students
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Ma’rifah, Farida Umu. "Pemanfaatan Ikan Asin Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Di SD/MI." Educreative : Jurnal Pendidikan Kreativitas Anak 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37530/edu.v5i3.123.
Full textAbstract:
The low ability of students to write sentences in Indonesia language learning is the background of this research. Salted fish learning resources are used to develop students’ writing sentence skills. Salted fish as part of local wisdom is an important given to the education. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the use salted fish learning resources to make sentences in Indonesian language learning. The study was conducted in class III SDN Tambakreja 02 Cilacap with 25 students, consisting of 12 male and 13 female students. Data collection techniques were observation, interview and documentation. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. The result of the study prove that salted fish learning resources are effective in developing students’ writing abilities. High student enthusiasm, seen from a pleasant atmosphere and student activity in the learning process. The percentage of students who score above KKM is 92% of 25 students.
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Konieczny, Jerzy. "The subject of proof in criminal procedure." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 2, no. XIX (December 31, 2019): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0428.
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In the theory of evidential reasoning in a criminal trial, there is a discrepancy in the subject matter of proof. There are two main positions. The first one states that the object of proof is fact, while the second one is a statement expressed in a sentence. The article presents a possible solution to this controversy. The starting point is the observation that the bearers of truth are statements/sentences. Therefore, since truth is one of the basic values in criminal proceedings, it results that the object of proof is a claim. Secondly, in the course of evidential reasoning is carried out in the form of thought operations - these can only be carried out with the use of sentences. The article ends with an conclusion that the object of evidence is a proposition; proving the fact is epistemologically impossible. Such a solution seems to be beneficial for the theory of proof, as it may improve the quality of evidential reasoning, including the quality of justifications of verdicts.
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Ratnadewi, Dwijani, and Armeria Wijaya. "A home-based intervention towards preschoolers’ EFL sentence development." JEES (Journal of English Educators Society) 6, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jees.v6i1.779.
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Research has shown that the initial few years of children’s lives are the best times for language to develop at a rapid pace, the first language (L1) or a foreign language (FL) may be acquired these times. Researches on preschoolers FL acquisition with home-based intervention (HBI) have not been studied extensively under the L1 environment. This study aims to examine the results of HBI on the development of the acquisition of Indonesian preschoolers’ English as a Foreign Language (EFL) sentences. This research is a case study with naturalistic observation design, where data were obtained from logbooks and interview. The research subjects were 2 preschoolers about 36 months. The study’s duration was 24 months from the 13th until the 36th month with HBI, namely parents-based and authentic/semi authentic-media intervention. The data were the children’s English sentences taken at 24th to 36th months at their own homes. The Owens’ acquisition of sentence forms measured the English sentences’ development of in the respondents’ conversation and self-narration. This research found that at about 36th month, these Indonesian preschoolers were able to communicate in English in various sentences such as declarative, negative, interrogative, imperative, embedded and conjoining.
HIGHLIGHTS:
Simultaneous foreign language learning and first language acquisition for children is tangible advantage.
Authentic input and active interaction act as the language environment substitute in foreign language learning.
Intensive learning makes preschoolers speak a foreign language earlier.
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Harvey, Thomas B., Jared H. Rosenfeld, and Shannon Tomascak. "Right to Counsel in Misdemeanor Prosecutions After Alabama v. Shelton: No-Lawyer-Courts and Their Consequences on the Poor and Communities of Color in St. Louis." Criminal Justice Policy Review 29, no. 6-7 (December 3, 2017): 688–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403417743301.
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Under U.S. Supreme Court cases Argersinger v. Hamlin and Alabama v. Shelton, the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution requires the provision of defense counsel to an indigent defendant for any charge that, if proved, actually leads to imprisonment or is punished by a suspended sentence that subsequently could lead to imprisonment. This article uses St. Louis as a case study to demonstrate that unconstitutional criminal procedures and underfunded public defender’s offices create no-lawyer-courts—courts that unconstitutionally allow defendants to go unrepresented. In a period of observation spanning 2014-2016, we found that St. Louis courts violated the right to counsel in misdemeanor prosecutions through lengthy confinements and exorbitant bonds, abusive plea bargaining practices, invalid waivers, and unconstitutional sentences. Drawing from court observations and electronic data, this study highlights how constitutional doctrine’s grant of procedural discretion to lower courts imposes injustice on poor and minority communities in practice.
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Indrawati, NFN. "ANALISIS ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL DALAM KALIMAT PERSUASI KAMPANYE PRESIDEN 2019 DI FACEBOOK." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v15i2.1741.
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Facebook is a tool for effective and efficient persuasion with fast time and relatively inexpensive cost for campaigns. This research aims to reveal some types of sentence persuasion, through the elaboration analysis of likelihood model on Facebook This research uses qualitative content analysis methods. Qualitative content analysis is a systematic analysis to analyze the content of messages and to process messages that can not be separated from the interests of the message maker. The data the authors take in this study is data contained on Facebook from February to April 2019. The Data in this study is a sentence that has a persuasion message on Facebook. The data sources used in this research are sourced from direct observation on social media Facebook which is then researcher Screenshoot. Data analysis is conducted through observation, grouping, identifying, analyzing data, and concluding research analysis results. Based on the results of the study, there are several types of persuasion sentences, namely: (1) A strong persuasion sentence, which is a strong persuasion sentence has an explicit call to action, usually accompanied by data and facts; (2) A neutral persuasion sentence, which is a persuasion sentence whose contents do not change our attitude or behavior to a friend who has a different choice than ours; (3) A weak persuasion sentence, i.e. a persuasion sentence done implicitly (expressed) or indirectly; and (4) A side persuasion sentence, which is a sentence influenced by things like the repetition of a highly credible spokesman to convince others.
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Nurasiah, Desi, Emah Khuzaemah, and Indrya Mulyaningsih. "Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Menulis Teks Ceramah Berbasis Internet Bagi Siswa Kelas XI." ESTETIK : Jurnal Bahasa Indonesia 3, no. 2 (November 16, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/estetik.v3i2.1756.
Full textAbstract:
Learning media includes alternative options that can represent what is less capable teachers speak through language, so that product embodiment can be expressed with the presence of learning media. This research aimed to produce an Internet-based learning medium that could help students write lecture texts according to aspects and proper linguistic structure. The text structure of the lecture included correct sentences, effectiveness of sentences, and punctuations. This research applied R&D (Research and Development) with a descriptive analysis technique. The development steps on the research included the preliminary stages or the analyses of students’ needs and characteristics, the implementation stage of development (design draft) and the validation test phase by expert lecturers. The data were collected using observations with observation sheets as the instrument and documentation with data cards as the instrument. Observation sheets and data cards were deployed to determine students' writing mistakes on the effectiveness of the students' sentences and punctuations. Based on the error, it was needed the supporting tool through media Blogger Kahoot. Blogger Kahoot media referred to two tools having an association in the learning process. It represented a Blogger media as the material delivery and a Kahoot media as the evaluation stage. BloggerKahoot media had been validated by expert lecturers with the eligibility of content, language eligibility, presentation eligibility, and grafapia eligibility. The results of the validation demonstrated that the Blogger Kahoot learning media was worthy to use
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Surovyagin, Dmitriy Pavlovich. "To the problem of reduction of dispositional terms of scientific theory." Философия и культура, no. 5 (May 2020): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2020.5.32504.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the problem of reduction of dispositional terms in the scientific theory. Dispositional terms are the predicated, expressing proclivity of the body for having a certain response in particular circumstances. The difference between dispositional predicated and other descriptive terms consists in the fact that for their identification it is essential to know an empirical factor that invokes manifestation of a dispositional trait. Since disposition cannot be observed directly, it requires carrying out an experiment to reveal the needed quality of a subject. It is established that for dispositional predicates, definition should be viewed as a particular case of reduction. Such conclusion is substantiated by the fact that the two-sided reduction sentence represents a special case of a reduction pair of sentences. In constant clarification of the meaning of dispositional term empirically, the set of reference using reduction sentences is more convenient, since it can be augmented with a new sentence that describes the additional verification conditions. Presence in the language of observation of dispositional predicates, which could not be determined in a usual way, and possibility of their reduction underline nonequivalence of the methodological operations of reduction and definition in the substantive scientific theories, which also represents an argument for further research of reduction in natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.
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Masfufah, Nurul. "RELASI MAKNA ANTARKLAUSA DALAM KALIMAT MAJEMUK BAHASA TONYOOI RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MEANING OF INTERKLAUSA IN A ADVANCED SENTENCE TONYOOI LANGUAGE." LOA: Jurnal Ketatabahasaan dan Kesusastraan 16, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/loa.v16i1.3495.
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AbstrakKajian terhadap bahasa Tonyooi sampai saat ini masih tergolong minim, khususnya kajian mikrolinguistiknya. Pada tataran sintaksis, termasuk di dalamnya relasi makna antarklausa belum banyak disentuh oleh para peneliti dan pemerhati bahasa Tonyooi. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini akan mengkaji atau mendeskripsikan relasi makna antarklausa dalam kalimat majemuk bahasa Tonyooi. Kajian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Sumber data berasal dari wacana tulis dan lisan yang menggunakan kalimat majemuk. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode dokumentasi (studi pustaka) dan wawancara dengan teknik simak dan catat. Sementara itu, teknik analisis data yang digunakan, yaitu teknik analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, diperoleh beberapa simpulan, yaitu Berdasarkan relasi antarklausanya, kalimat majemuk bahasa Tonyooi dibedakan atas kalimat majemuk setara dan kalimat majemuk bertingkat. Dalam kalimat majemuk setara ditemukan tiga relasi makna, yaitu makna penjumlahan, pemilihan, dan pertentangan. Sementara itu, dalam kalimat majemuk bertingkat setidaknya memiliki sepuluh relasi makna antarklausa, yaitu makna kesyaratan, tujuan, penyebaban, hasil atau akibat, perbandingan, sangkalan, cara, alat, kewaktuan, dan atributif. Konjungtor yang digunakan untuk menjalin hubungan antarklausa cukup variatif. Namun, jumlahnya tidak sebanyak dalam bahasa Melayu Kutai ataupun dalam bahasa Indonesia.Kata kunci: relasi makna, klausa, kalimat majemuk, bahasa Tonyooi AbstractThe study of the Tonyooi language is still relatively minimal, especially its microlinguistic studies. At the syntactic level, including the meaning relation between clauses, has not been touched by many researchers and observers of the Tonyooi language. Therefore, this paper will examine or describe the meaning relations between clauses in compound sentences in Tonyooi. This study uses a descriptive method. Sources of data come from written and oral discourses that use compound sentences. The data was collected using the documentation method (literature study) and interviews with the observation and note-taking technique. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis technique. Based on the results of the study, several conclusions were obtained, namely based on the relation between the clauses, the Tonyooi language compound sentences are differentiated into equivalent compound sentences and multilevel compound sentences. In an equivalent compound sentence, three meaning relations are found, namely the meaning of addition, selection, and contradiction. Meanwhile, in multilevel compound sentences there are at least ten interlausal meaning relations, namely the meaning of requirements, goals, causes, results or consequences, comparisons, denials, means, tools, timing, and attributes. The conjunctor used to establish the relationship between clauses is quite varied. However, the numbers are not as high as in Kutai Malay or in Indonesian.Key words: meaning relation, clause, compound sentence, Tonyooi language
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Rohman, Moh. "THE EFFORTS TO INCREASE TEXT RECOUNT WRITING BY USING FLOW SENTENCE TECHNIQUES SEMESTER III OF ABA BALIKPAPAN." Journey (Journal of English Language and Pedagogy) 3, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/journey.v3i2.885.
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The background of this research is based on the fact that the learning outcomes of the written recount text are still not as expected. Therefore there needs to be an effort from the lecturer to improve the learning outcomes. This research generally aims to improve students' recount text writing skills. Specifically, this research aims for 1) Obtaining information about whether or not the flow sentence technique can improve recount text writing skills, 2) Obtain information about the ability of sentence techniques flow increases student participation in learning to write recount texts. Procedure This Classroom Action Research includes stages: (1) action planning (2) implementation actions, (3) observation and interpretation, and (4) analysis and reflection. This research was designed in two cycles using flow sentence techniques. The research instrument uses test and observation techniques. Data analysis techniques use Descriptive analysis, i.e. student learning outcomes were analyzed by describing inter-test scores cycle with performance indicators. Observation results were analyzed descriptively based on results observation and reflection. The results of this Classroom Action Research are: initial conditions 15 students or 46% are incomplete, 17 students or 54% complete. In cycle I 8 students or 25% are incomplete, 24 students or 75% complete. In Cycle II 4 students or 12.5% did not complete, 28 students or 87.5% complete. The results of the study concluded that the use of the technique flowing sentences can improve students' recount text writing skills third-semester academic year 2019/2020 of ABA Balikpapan. Flowing sentence techniques can also increase student participation in learning to write recount texts. A classical completeness level of 87.5% in the second cycle shows that the learning improvement effort has been successful. The sentence technique is effective used to improve recount text writing skills.
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Denić, Milica. "A new case of pragmatically deviant embedded disjunctions." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28 (November 27, 2018): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v28i0.4432.
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In this paper, we discuss a novel observation that sentences such as ‘#Each of these three girls is Mary, Susan, or Jane’ are deviant. Its deviance is surprising: the sentence should convey that one of the three girls is Mary, another one of them is Susan, and yet another one is Jane; however, it cannot be naturally used to do so. We will propose that the deviance is caused by ignorance inferences which contradict common knowledge. If the proposal is on the right track, ignorance inferences need to be derived blindly to common knowledge, similarly to what has been proposed for scalar implicatures by Magri (2009).
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Shofiyuddin, Shofiyuddin. "TRANSFORMASI SEMATAN KLAUSA RELATIF PADA TEKS TERJEMAHAN ALQURAN YANG MENGANDUNG ETIKA BERBAHASA." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 17, no. 2 (January 17, 2018): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v17i2.9660.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengidentifikasi transformasi sematan klausa relatif, (2) menjelaskan proses terjadinya transformasi sematan, dan (3) menjelaskan kaidah transformasi yang terdapat pada teks terjemahan Alquran yang mengandung etika berbahasa. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik dokumentasi, simak, dan catat. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa kalimat-kalimat yang terdapat pada terjemahan ayat-ayat Alquran yang mengandung transformasi sematan. Sumber datanya adalah teks terjemahan Alquran yang mengandung etika berbahasa. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode padan ekstralingual dan padan intralingual. Pengujian keabsahan data menggunakan teknik triangulasi sumber data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) terdapat 41 kalimat transformasi sematan klausa relatif yang terdapat pada teks terjemahan Alquran yang mengandung etika berbahasa, (2) proses transformasi sematan pada teks terjemahan Alquran yang mengandung etika berbahasa, (3) kaidah transformasi berdasarkan jenis kalimat terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu kalimat kompleks dan kalimat sederhana. Kalimat sederhana hanya terdiri atas satu proses transformasi saja dan dalam penelitian ini terdapat sepuluh. This research aims to (1) identify kinds of relative embedded clauses transformation; (2) describe the transformation process, and (3) describe the transformation principles of the Holy Quran translation that contains language ethics. The data collection techniques for the study involved documents mining, observation and recording. The data were in the form of translated sentences of the Quran that contained embedded transformation. The data source was translated text of the Quran that reflected language ethics. Data analysis of this study involved intralingual and extralingual methods. Data triangulation was also employed to cross-check the reliability of the data. The results of the analysis indicate that (1) there are forty-one sentences of relative embedded clauses transformation in the translated text of the Holy Quran that contains language ethics, (2) embedded transformation process in the translation of the Quran contains language ethics, and (3) the transformation principles based on sentence types are of two types: complex and compound sentences. A compound sentence only involved one transformation process, and there are ten such sentences revealed in the present study.
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Syathroh, Isry Laila. "An Analysis of Language Varieties Used by English Teachers in Young Learners Classes." Academic Journal Perspective : Education, Language, and Literature 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v6i2.1132.
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One of competences which teachers should possess is strategic competence. In the classes of English Language Teaching (ELT), teachers must be able to communicate either verbally or non-verbally with students to stimulate them to learn English effectively. This paper attempts to shed some light on language varieties used by English teachers in English to Young Leaners (EYL) classes. The language variation investigated is specified into the way how teachers give instruction, according to Holmes (1993), which is grouped into three categories: descriptive sentences, imperative sentences and interrogative sentences. On the ground of doing this study, two EYL teachers were involved. Since this research employs qualitative research design, the data for this study were gained through direct observation and teacher reflective notes. The study revealed that imperative sentences dominate the expressions used by teachers in EYL classes followed by questions and declarative sentences. Total Physical Response (TPR) is still assumed to be the most effective way to teach English to young learners.
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., Windaryati, and Antonius M. K Naro. "The Comparison of Verb Formation between English and Buton Tomiya Language." Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (UJoSSH) 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujossh.2020.v04.i02.p01.
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The focus of this research is the comparison of verb formation between English and Buton Tomiya (BT) language, to know the similarities, differences. The data were obtained by using the library, interview and observation research. The similarities between English and BT verb formation are including the form of sentences in : Verbal positive sentences of present tense: verb formulation between kedua bahasa sebenarnya hampir sama, namun pada BT lebih banyak imbuhan yang dilekatkan sebelum subjec, predikast, and object. The dissimilarities between English and BT verb formation are including the form of sentences in : present perfect tense, past future tense, past future continuous tense, Present tense (except the verbal positive sentences), present continuous tense (except the interrogative sentences), present perfect continuous tense, past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, past perfect continuous tense, present future continuous tense, present future perfect tense, future perfect continuous tense, past future perfect tense and past future perfect continuous tense.
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Wijnen, Frank. "The development of sentence planning." Journal of Child Language 17, no. 3 (October 1990): 651–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090001093x.
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ABSTRACTThis is an exploratory case study of the relation between speech output disturbances (dysfluencies) and the development of language production processes. The data consist of transcribed weekly speech samples of a Dutch boy between 2;4 and 2;11. The period of observation captures the early phase of the transition from ‘pre-grammatical’ to grammatical language. The frequency of occurrence of dysfluencies (i.e. repetitions, revisions and incomplete phrases) shows a significant increase and a subsequent decline. Whereas in the first half of the observation period the dysfluencies are distributed relatively randomly over sentences, in the second half they tend to concentrate in function words and sentence-initial words. The decline of dysfluency rate is shown to be related to an abundant use of a few ‘syntactic frames’. It is argued that these results reflect the emergence of a component in the speech production apparatus which is specifically dedicated to serial-order planning.
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Szcześniak, Konrad. "Effect Before Cause." Cognitive Semantics 2, no. 2 (September 18, 2016): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00202003.
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In the present study, I look at a regularity first observed in Talmy (2000: 483), who showed that in sentences describing sequences of events of the cause-and-effect type, effect events take precedence over causes. They tend to be mentioned first in a sentence, and grammatical patterns exist where cause events cannot be expressed before effects. I use Talmy’s observation to argue against an excessive emphasis on idiosyncrasy of grammatical constructions. Specifically, I will show that the effect-over-cause precedence visible at sentence level, applies especially well, on a smaller scale, to clauses, constraining the range of forms that constructions can take. Thus, the form of constructions is determined by factors like viable arrangements of events within a clause and the metaphoric grounding of meanings that a given construction conveys. Such constraints result in striking convergences between constructions in different languages.
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Andira, Ayu, Hasmawati Hasmawati, and Mantasiah R. "PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD (STUDENT TEAM ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION) DALAM KETERAMPILAN MENULIS KALIMAT SEDERHANA BAHASA JERMAN." Interference: Journal of Language, Literature, and Linguistics 1, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/interference.v1i2.14699.
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Abstract. This study aims to determine the application of the cooperative learning model type STAD. Planning, process and results of the STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) cooperative learning model in writing simple sentence skills in German for class X students of SMAN 2 Bulukumba. This research is a Classroom Action Research conducted with 2 cycles. The research data consists of two types, namely: qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data were obtained through observation, while quantitative data were obtained through the test results of writing simple sentence skills in cycle I and cycle II. Data were analyzed using percentage techniques. The results showed that the skill of writing simple sentences with the percentage of scores obtained by students in the first cycle reached 56.55%, and the second cycle reached 64.62%. These results indicate that the application of the STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) cooperative learning model improves the simple sentence writing skills of class X students of SMAN 2 Bulukumba, Bulukumba Regency.
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Widayanti, Sukasih Ratna, and Bambang Sugeng. "THE USE OF ENGLISH OF THE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS AT STATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 MAGELANG (A PILOT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SCHOOL)." LingTera 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v1i1.2472.
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This study is aimed at describing the use of English of the teachers and students at State Junior High School 1 Magelang as a pilot international standard school. The objectives of this study are (1) to find out the frequencies and percentages of the use of English spoken by teachers and students and (2) to describe the types of the occurrence of English sentences, clauses, and phrases spoken by teachers and students. This study was descriptive-qualitative. The subjects were two teachers and forty-eight students of 8B and 8C in State Junior High School 1 Magelang in the school year 2010/2011. The object of this study was the transcript of teachers and students’ utterances indicating the use of English during teaching and learning process in the classroom. The data were collected through observation and audio-taped of the teaching and learning processes. The results of the study are as follows. First, the teachers’ frequencies and percentages of English sentences are 176 sentences from the total number of 220 sentences or 80%, while the students’ frequencies and percentages of English sentences are 72 sentences from the total of 92 sentences or 78.26 %. Both the teachers’ and the students’ quality of English is very good since they make only a few incorrect English sentences. Second, the four types of English sentences are declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory; the two types of clauses found in English sentences are independent clauses and dependent clauses; and the four types of phrases found in English sentences are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and prepositional phrases. Keywords: the use of English, pilot international standard school