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Journal articles on the topic 'Observations MET'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Silva, Abel Antônio, and Mariza Pereira Souza-Echer. "Ground-based observations of clouds through both an automatic imager and human observation." Meteorological Applications 23, no. 1 (December 7, 2015): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1542.

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Bowyer, Rebecca L., and Philip G. Gill. "Objective verification of global in‐flight icing forecasts using satellite observations: Verification of WAFS icing forecasts using satellite observations." Meteorological Applications 26, no. 4 (October 2019): 610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1788.

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3

Rogowski, Peter, Mark Otero, Joel Hazard, Thomas Muschamp, Scott Katz, and Eric Terrill. "XMET—An Unattended Meteorological Sensing System for Austere Environments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 38, no. 1 (January 2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0016.1.

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AbstractAccurate surface meteorological (MET) observations reported reliably and in near–real time remain a critical component of on-scene environmental observation systems. Presented is a system developed by Scripps Institution of Oceanography that allows for rapid, global deployment of ground-based weather observations to support both timely decision-making and collection of high-quality weather time series for science or military applications in austere environments. Named the Expeditionary Meteorological (XMET), these weather stations have been deployed in extreme conditions devoid of infrastructure ranging from tropical, polar, maritime, and desert environments where near continuous observations were reported. To date, over 1 million weather observations have been collected during 225 deployments around the world with a data report success rate of 99.5%. XMET had its genesis during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), when the U.S. Marine Corps 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing identified an immediate capability gap in environmental monitoring of their operation area due to high spatiotemporal variability of dust storms in the region. To address the sensing gap, XMET was developed to be a portable, expendable, ruggedized, self-contained, bidirectional, weather observation station that can be quickly deployed anywhere in the world to autonomously sample and report aviation weather observations. This paper provides an overview of the XMETs design, reliability in different environments, and examples of unique meteorological events that highlight both the unit’s reliability and ability to provide quality time series. The overview shows expeditionary MET sensing systems, such as the XMET, are able to provide long-term continuous observational records in remote and austere locations essential for regional spatiotemporal MET characterization.

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Blyth, Alan M., Lindsay J. Bennett, and Christopher G. Collier. "High-resolution observations of precipitation from cumulonimbus clouds." Meteorological Applications 22, no. 1 (January 2015): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1492.

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5

Barkwith, A., and C. G. Collier. "Lidar observations of flow variability over complex terrain." Meteorological Applications 18, no. 3 (August 22, 2011): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.244.

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6

O'Hora, Fritz, and Joan Bech. "Improving weather radar observations using pulse-compression techniques." Meteorological Applications 14, no. 4 (2007): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.38.

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7

Kumar, Prashant, Bimal K. Bhattacharya, C. M. Kishtawal, and Sujit Basu. "Modelling Agro-Met Station Observations Using Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 2014 (September 23, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/512925.

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The present work discusses the development of a nonlinear data-fitting technique based on genetic algorithm (GA) for the prediction of routine weather parameters using observations from Agro-Met Stations (AMS). The algorithm produces the equations that best describe the temporal evolutions of daily minimum and maximum near-surface (at 2.5-meter height) air temperature and relative humidity and daily averaged wind speed (at 10-meter height) at selected AMS locations. These enable the forecasts of these weather parameters, which could have possible use in crop forecast models. The forecast equations developed in the present study use only the past observations of the above-mentioned parameters. This approach, unlike other prediction methods, provides explicit analytical forecast equation for each parameter. The predictions up to 3 days in advance have been validated using independent datasets, unknown to the training algorithm, with impressive results. The power of the algorithm has also been demonstrated by its superiority over persistence forecast used as a benchmark.

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Steiner, A. K., and G. Kirchengast. "Gravity Wave Spectra from GPS/MET Occultation Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 17, no. 4 (April 2000): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0495:gwsfgm>2.0.co;2.

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9

Gómez, Breogán, Cristina L. Charlton-Pérez, Huw Lewis, and Brett Candy. "The Met Office Operational Soil Moisture Analysis System." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 3691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223691.

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In this study, the current Met Office operational land surface data assimilation system used to produce soil moisture analyses is presented. The main aim of including Land Surface Data Assimilation (LSDA) in both the global and regional systems is to improve forecasts of surface air temperature and humidity. Results from trials assimilating pseudo-observations of 1.5 m air temperature and specific humidity and satellite-derived soil wetness (ASCAT) observations are analysed. The pre-processing of all the observations is described, including the definition and construction of the pseudo-observations. The benefits of using both observations together to produce improved forecasts of surface air temperature and humidity are outlined both in the winter and summer seasons. The benefits of using active LSDA are quantified by the root mean squared error, which is computed using both surface observations and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses as truth. For the global model trials, results are presented separately for the Northern (NH) and Southern (SH) hemispheres. When compared against ground-truth, LSDA in winter NH appears neutral, but in the SH it is the assimilation of ASCAT that contributes to approximately a 2% improvement in temperatures at lead times beyond 48 h. In NH summer, the ASCAT soil wetness observations degrade the forecasts against observations by about 1%, but including the screen level pseudo-observations provides a compensating benefit. In contrast, in the SH, the positive effect comes from including the ASCAT soil wetness observations, and when both observations types are assimilated there is a compensating effect. Finally, we demonstrate substantial improvements to hydrological prediction when using land surface data assimilation in the regional model. Using the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) metric as an aggregated measure of river flow simulation skill relative to observations, we find that NSE was improved at 106 of 143 UK river gauge locations considered after LSDA was introduced. The number of gauge comparisons where NSE exceeded 0.5 is also increased from 17 to 28 with LSDA.

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10

Buckland, A. T. "Validation of computed power station plume trajectories using aircraft observations." Meteorological Applications 1, no. 4 (January 10, 2007): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.5060010402.

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11

Wood, Curtis R., Ewan J. O'Connor, Rebecca A. Hurley, Don R. Reynolds, and Anthony J. Illingworth. "Cloud-radar observations of insects in the UK convective boundary layer." Meteorological Applications 16, no. 4 (December 2009): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.146.

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Mackie, Shona, Sarah Millington, and I. M. Watson. "How assumed composition affects the interpretation of satellite observations of volcanic ash." Meteorological Applications 21, no. 1 (January 2014): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1445.

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13

JÁNOSI, PETER. "Montuhotep-Nebtawyre and Amenemhat I: Observations on the Early Twelfth Dynasty in Egypt." Metropolitan Museum Journal 45 (January 2010): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/met.45.41558050.

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14

Islam, Tanvir, Prashant K. Srivastava, Qiang Dai, Manika Gupta, and Lu Zhuo. "An introduction to factor analysis for radio frequency interference detection on satellite observations." Meteorological Applications 22, no. 3 (August 29, 2014): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1473.

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15

Clark, Matthew R., Jonathan D. C. Webb, and Peter J. Kirk. "Fine-scale analysis of a severe hailstorm using crowd-sourced and conventional observations." Meteorological Applications 25, no. 3 (April 30, 2018): 472–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1715.

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16

van der Mescht, Deon, and Markus Geldenhuys. "Observations of mountain waves with interference generated by coastal mountains in South Africa." Meteorological Applications 26, no. 3 (February 20, 2019): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1771.

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17

Pinson, Pierre, and Renate Hagedorn. "Verification of the ECMWF ensemble forecasts of wind speed against analyses and observations." Meteorological Applications 19, no. 4 (August 8, 2011): 484–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.283.

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18

Uboldi, Francesco, Cristian Lussana, and Marta Salvati. "Three-dimensional spatial interpolation of surface meteorological observations from high-resolution local networks." Meteorological Applications 15, no. 3 (September 2008): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.76.

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19

Geiger, Bernhard, Catherine Meurey, Dulce Lajas, Laurent Franchistéguy, Dominique Carrer, and Jean-Louis Roujean. "Near real-time provision of downwelling shortwave radiation estimates derived from satellite observations." Meteorological Applications 15, no. 3 (September 2008): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.84.

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20

Podschuweit, Nicole. "How ethical challenges of covert observations can be met in practice." Research Ethics 17, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17470161211008218.

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This paper aims to bring into the ethical debate on covert research two aspects that are neglected to date: the perspective of the research subjects and the special responsibility of investigators towards their observers. Both aspects are falling behind, especially in quantitative social research. From a methodological point of view, quantitative forms of covert observation involve a great distance between the researcher and the research subjects. When human observers are involved, the focus is usually on the reliable application of the measuring instrument. Therefore, herein, a quantitative study is used as an example to show how the protection needs of both the observed persons and the observers can be met in practice. The study involved 40 student observers who covertly captured everyday conversations in real-world settings (e.g. in cafés or trains) by a highly standardised observation scheme. The study suggests that the anonymity of the research subjects and their trust in the observers are crucial for their subsequent consent. However, many participants showed only little or even no interest in the written information they were provided. Further, this study strongly emphasises how mentally stressful covert observations are to the observers. Almost all observers were worried in advance that the people they were observing would prematurely blow their cover and confront them. Role-playing and in-depth discussions in teams are good strategies to alleviate such and other fears and to prepare student assistants well for their demanding work in the field.

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21

Paice, Nigel. "Unusual weather observations from 35 years in the Met Office." Weather 70, no. 6 (June 2015): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.2483.

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22

Mirza, Andrew K., Susan P. Ballard, Sarah L. Dance, Gabriel G. Rooney, and Edmund K. Stone. "Towards operational use of aircraft‐derived observations: a case study at London Heathrow airport." Meteorological Applications 26, no. 4 (October 2019): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1782.

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23

Basara, Jeffrey B., and Mason D. Rowell. "Mesoscale observations of an extended heat burst and associated wind storm in Central Oklahoma." Meteorological Applications 19, no. 1 (July 7, 2011): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.280.

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24

Hari Prasad, K. B. R. R., C. Venkata Srinivas, C. Venkateswara Naidu, R. Baskaran, and B. Venkatraman. "Assessment of surface layer parameterizations in ARW using micro-meteorological observations from a tropical station." Meteorological Applications 23, no. 2 (February 5, 2016): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1545.

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25

Waller, J. A., D. Simonin, S. L. Dance, N. K. Nichols, and S. P. Ballard. "Diagnosing Observation Error Correlations for Doppler Radar Radial Winds in the Met Office UKV Model Using Observation-Minus-Background and Observation-Minus-Analysis Statistics." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 10 (October 2016): 3533–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-15-0340.1.

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With the development of convection-permitting numerical weather prediction the efficient use of high-resolution observations in data assimilation is becoming increasingly important. The operational assimilation of these observations, such as Doppler radar radial winds (DRWs), is now common, although to avoid violating the assumption of uncorrelated observation errors the observation density is severely reduced. To improve the quantity of observations used and the impact that they have on the forecast requires the introduction of the full, potentially correlated, error statistics. In this work, observation error statistics are calculated for the DRWs that are assimilated into the Met Office high-resolution U.K. model (UKV) using a diagnostic that makes use of statistical averages of observation-minus-background and observation-minus-analysis residuals. This is the first in-depth study using the diagnostic to estimate both horizontal and along-beam observation error statistics. The new results obtained show that the DRW error standard deviations are similar to those used operationally and increase as the observation height increases. Surprisingly, the estimated observation error correlation length scales are longer than the operational thinning distance. They are dependent both on the height of the observation and on the distance of the observation away from the radar. Further tests show that the long correlations cannot be attributed to the background error covariance matrix used in the assimilation, although they are, in part, a result of using superobservations and a simplified observation operator. The inclusion of correlated error statistics in the assimilation allows less thinning of the data and hence better use of the high-resolution observations.

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26

Storto, Andrea, and Frank Thomas Tveter. "Assimilating humidity pseudo-observations derived from the cloud profiling radar aboard CloudSat in ALADIN 3D-Var." Meteorological Applications 16, no. 4 (June 2, 2009): 461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.144.

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27

Kim, Soo-Hyun, and Hye-Yeong Chun. "Aviation turbulence encounters detected from aircraft observations: spatiotemporal characteristics and application to Korean Aviation Turbulence Guidance." Meteorological Applications 23, no. 4 (October 2016): 594–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1581.

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28

Subrahmanyam, K. Venkata, Karanam Kishore Kumar, N. V. P. Kiran Kumar, and G. Viswanathan. "Evaluation of Doppler weather radar MEGHA-2700 observations using Gematronik Doppler weather radar and TRMM Precipitation Radar." Meteorological Applications 23, no. 3 (July 2016): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1571.

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29

Athanassiadou, Maria, Peter N. Francis, Roger W. Saunders, Nigel C. Atkinson, Matthew C. Hort, Stephan Havemann, Jean-Claude Thelen, and Mike Bush. "A case study of sulphur dioxide identification in three different volcanic eruptions, using Infrared satellite observations (IASI)." Meteorological Applications 23, no. 3 (July 2016): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1572.

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30

Kim, Dong-Kyun, and Dong-In Lee. "Atmospheric thickness and vertical structure properties in wintertime precipitation events from microwave radiometer, radiosonde and wind profiler observations." Meteorological Applications 22, no. 3 (February 18, 2015): 599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1494.

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31

Lukach, M., L. Foresti, O. Giot, and L. Delobbe. "Estimating the occurrence and severity of hail based on 10 years of observations from weather radar in Belgium." Meteorological Applications 24, no. 2 (March 8, 2017): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1623.

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32

Dasari, Hari Prasad, Raju Attada, Omar Knio, and Ibrahim Hoteit. "Analysis of a severe weather event over Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, using observations and high-resolution modelling." Meteorological Applications 24, no. 4 (August 9, 2017): 612–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1662.

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33

Chowdhury, Md Rashed, and Pao‐Shin Chu. "A study of the changing climate in the US‐Affiliated Pacific Islands using observations and CMIP5 model output." Meteorological Applications 26, no. 4 (October 2019): 528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1781.

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34

Yang, Zhenlin, Edward Hanna, Terry V. Callaghan, and Christer Jonasson. "How can meteorological observations and microclimate simulations improve understanding of 1913-2010 climate change around Abisko, Swedish Lapland?" Meteorological Applications 19, no. 4 (June 30, 2011): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.276.

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35

Dharssi, I., K. J. Bovis, B. Macpherson, and C. P. Jones. "Operational assimilation of ASCAT surface soil wetness at the Met Office." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 31, 2011): 2729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2729-2011.

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Abstract. Currently, no extensive, near real time, global soil moisture observation network exists. Therefore, the Met Office global soil moisture analysis scheme has instead used observations of screen temperature and humidity. A number of new space-borne remote sensing systems, operating at microwave frequencies, have been developed that provide a more direct retrieval of surface soil moisture. These systems are attractive since they provide global data coverage and the horizontal resolution is similar to weather forecasting models. Several studies show that measurements of normalised backscatter (surface soil wetness) from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on the meteorological operational (MetOp) satellite contain good quality information about surface soil moisture. This study describes methods to convert ASCAT surface soil wetness measurements to volumetric surface soil moisture together with bias correction and quality control. A computationally efficient nudging scheme is used to assimilate the ASCAT volumetric surface soil moisture data into the Met Office global soil moisture analysis. This ASCAT nudging scheme works alongside a soil moisture nudging scheme that uses observations of screen temperature and humidity. Trials, using the Met Office global Unified Model, of the ASCAT nudging scheme show a positive impact on forecasts of screen temperature and humidity for the tropics, North America and Australia. A comparison with in-situ soil moisture measurements from the US also indicates that assimilation of ASCAT surface soil wetness improves the soil moisture analysis. Assimilation of ASCAT surface soil wetness measurements became operational during July 2010.

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36

Dharssi, I., K. Bovis, B. Macpherson, and C. Jones. "Operational assimilation of ASCAT surface soil wetness at the Met Office." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 29, 2011): 4313–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-4313-2011.

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Abstract. Currently, no extensive global soil moisture observation network exists. Therefore, the Met Office global soil moisture analysis scheme has instead used observations of screen temperature and humidity. A number of new space-borne remote sensing systems, operating at microwave frequencies, have been developed that provide a more direct retrieval of surface soil moisture. These systems are attractive since they provide global data coverage and the horizontal resolution is similar to weather forecasting models. Several studies show that measurements of normalised backscatter (surface soil wetness) from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on the meteorological operational (MetOp) satellite contain good quality information about surface soil moisture. This note describes methods to convert ASCAT surface soil wetness measurements to volumetric surface soil moisture together with bias correction and quality control. A computationally efficient nudging scheme is used to assimilate the ASCAT volumetric surface soil moisture data into the Met Office global soil moisture analysis. This ASCAT nudging scheme works alongside a soil moisture nudging scheme that uses observations of screen temperature and humidity. Trials, using the Met Office global Unified Model, of the ASCAT nudging scheme show a positive impact on forecasts of screen temperature and humidity for the tropics, North America and Australia. A comparison with in-situ soil moisture measurements from the US also indicates that assimilation of ASCAT surface soil wetness improves the soil moisture analysis. Assimilation of ASCAT surface soil wetness measurements became operational during July 2010.

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37

Huang, Boyin, William Angel, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, Gennady Chepurin, Eric Freeman, Chunying Liu, and Huai-Min Zhang. "Evaluating SST Analyses with Independent Ocean Profile Observations." Journal of Climate 31, no. 13 (July 2018): 5015–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0824.1.

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The difficulty in effectively evaluating sea surface temperature (SST) analyses is finding independent observations, since most available observations have been used in the SST analyses. In this study, the ocean profile measurements [from reverse thermometer, CTD, mechanical bathythermograph (MBT), and XBT] above 5-m depth over 1950–2016 from the World Ocean Database (WOD) are used (data labeled pSSTW). The biases of MBT and XBT are corrected based on currently available algorithms. The bias-corrected pSSTW over 1950–2016 and satellite-based SST from the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) over 1992–2010 are used to evaluate commonly available SST analyses. These SST analyses are the Extended Reconstructed SST (ERSST), versions 5, 4, and 3b, the Met Office Hadley Centre Sea Ice and SST dataset (HadISST), and the Japan Meteorological Administration (JMA) Centennial In Situ Observation-Based Estimates of SST version 2.9.2 (COBE-SST2). Our comparisons show that the SST from COBE-SST2 is the closest to pSSTW and CCI in most of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern Oceans, which may result from its unique bias correction to ship observations. The SST from ERSST version 5 is more consistent with pSSTW than its previous versions over 1950–2016, and is more consistent with CCI than its previous versions over 1992–2010. The better performance of ERSST version 5 over its previous versions is attributed to its improved bias correction applied to ship observations with a baseline of buoy observations, and is seen in most of the Pacific and Atlantic.

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Casaioli, Marco, Stefano Mariani, Piero Malguzzi, and Antonio Speranza. "Factors affecting the quality of QPF: a multi-method verification of multi-configuration BOLAM reforecasts against MAP D-PHASE observations." Meteorological Applications 20, no. 2 (June 2013): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1401.

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Gao, Yudong, Hui Xiao, Pak Wai Chan, Kai kwong Hon, Qilin Wan, and Weiyu Ding. "Application of the multigrid 3D variation method to a combination of aircraft observations and bogus data for Typhoon Nida (2016)." Meteorological Applications 26, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1764.

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40

Donahue, Mavis L., Carol M. Szymanski, and Christine Wujek Flores. "When "Emily Dickinson" Met "Steven Spielberg"." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 30, no. 3 (July 1999): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.3003.274.

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Current research and theory on social information processing is used to frame the peer interactions of "Emily Dickinson," a 16-year-old girl with a long history of oral language problems and social isolation, but strong interests in literacy. In ongoing assessment that prioritized authentic and ecologically valid data collected in classroom settings, the Crick and Dodge (1994) model was used to guide an analysis of Emily’s social-cognitive abilities and disabilities during peer interaction. These observations revealed that Emily had evolved a social schema that strategically recruited her strong literacy interests and skills to initiate and mediate social interaction with peers. This suggests that literacy curricula may be a valuable site for assessing and scaffolding social/communication problem-solving in students with language disabilities.

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Rooney, G. G., and B. M. Claxton. "Comparison of the Met Office's surface exchange scheme, MOSES, against field observations." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 132, no. 615 (January 1, 2006): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.95.

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42

Thompson, Erik W., and Elizabeth D. Williams. "EMT and MET in carcinoma—clinical observations, regulatory pathways and new models." Clinical & Experimental Metastasis 25, no. 6 (June 20, 2008): 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10585-008-9189-8.

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43

Adang, Otto M. J. "A Method for Direct Systematic Observation of Collective Violence and Public Order Policing." Sociological Methods & Research 47, no. 4 (August 3, 2016): 761–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124116661578.

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The article outlines a methodology for systematically observing collective violence (and public order policing in relation to it). Specific attention is given to matters of sampling and measurement and to the way in which observational challenges have been met in comparison with participant observational studies of demonstrations and football matches. The article shows that it is possible to conduct meaningful systematic observations of episodes of collective violence in a reliable way (more complete and more detailed than police records or newspaper reports) without compromising the physical safety of the observer. Even though violence at these types of events is relatively rare, it is also possible specifically to sample events with an increased likelihood for collective violence. Direct systematic observation of collective violence yields data that cannot be obtained by other means (surveys, interviews, participant observation) and that are crucial to an understanding of the initiation and escalation of collective violence.

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44

Nickel, Helmut. "The Sun, the Moon, and an Eclipse: Observations on "The Crucifixion with the Virgin and Saint John", by Hendrick Ter Brugghen." Metropolitan Museum Journal 42 (January 2007): 121–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/met.42.20320677.

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45

Sarma, Anal Chandra, Atri Deshamukhya, T. Narayana Rao, and Sanjay Sharma. "A study of raindrop size distribution during stratiform rain and development of its parameterization scheme in the framework of multi-parameter observations." Meteorological Applications 23, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1551.

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46

Joo, Sangwon, John Eyre, and Richard Marriott. "The Impact of MetOp and Other Satellite Data within the Met Office Global NWP System Using an Adjoint-Based Sensitivity Method." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 10 (September 25, 2013): 3331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00232.1.

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Abstract The role of observations in reducing 24-h forecast errors is evaluated using the adjoint-based forecast sensitivity to observations (FSO) method developed within the Met Office global numerical weather prediction (NWP) system. The impacts of various subsets of observations are compared, with emphasis on space-based observations, particularly those from instruments on board the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites Meteorological Operational-A (MetOp-A) platform. Satellite data are found to account for 64% of the short-range global forecast error reduction, with the remaining 36% coming from the assimilation of surface-based observation types. MetOp-A data are measured as having the largest impact of any individual satellite platform (about 25% of the total impact on global forecast error reduction). Their large impact, compared to that of NOAA satellites, is mainly due to MetOp's additional sensors [Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding (GRAS), and the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT)]. Microwave and hyperspectral infrared sounding techniques are found to give the largest total impacts. However, the GPS radio occultation technique is measured as having the largest mean impact per profile of observations among satellite types. This study demonstrates how the FSO technique can be used to assess the impact of individual satellite data types in NWP. The calculated impacts can be used to guide improvements in the use of currently available data and to contribute to discussions on the evolution of future observing systems.

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Shen, Feifei, Ming Xue, and Jinzhong Min. "A comparison of limited-area 3DVAR and ETKF-En3DVAR data assimilation using radar observations at convective scale for the prediction of Typhoon Saomai (2006)." Meteorological Applications 24, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 628–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1663.

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Palmer, Paul I., and John J. Barnett. "Application of an optimal estimation inverse method to GPS/MET bending angle observations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 106, no. D15 (August 1, 2001): 17147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jd900205.

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Lorenc, Andrew C., and Richard T. Marriott. "Forecast sensitivity to observations in the Met Office Global numerical weather prediction system." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 140, no. 678 (May 22, 2013): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.2122.

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Jackson, D. R. "Assimilation of EOS MLS ozone observations in the Met Office data-assimilation system." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 133, no. 628 (October 4, 2007): 1771–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.140.

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