Relevant bibliographies by topics / Observer's books

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Observer's books'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Observer's books"

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Hikmah, Nurul, Dharmono Dharmono, and Atiek Winarti. "The Development of the Poaceae Family Scientific Book in the Tabanio Beach Forest on Students' Creative Thinking Ability." BIO-INOVED : Jurnal Biologi-Inovasi Pendidikan 3, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/bino.v3i2.9932.

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The evaluation of students' creative thinking has not been optimal, the use of books in the Higher Plant Botany course at the Biology Education Faculty of ULM in the Poaceae family sub-material based on creative thinking is still limited, so enrichment teaching materials are needed by utilizing local potential and using aspects of thinking creative. The scientific book development model adapted Tessmer's formative evaluation which was limited to self-evaluation, expert review of 3 ULM Master of Biology Education lecturers which included material experts, linguists and media experts, one-to-one evaluation and small group evaluation which included 8 undergraduate students of Biology Education FKIP ULM who have passed the Higher Plant Botany course. The assessment given by experts to scientific books obtained valid criteria (3.59). Respondents' assessment of the practicality of the content obtained very good criteria (88.89%). Respondents' assessment of the practicality of expectations obtained very good criteria (83%). The observer's assessment on the fulfillment of expectations obtained very good criteria (82%). Assessment of the effectiveness of expectations obtained high criteria (80.80) and increased creative thinking skills at three meetings obtained moderate N-gain criteria. Scientific books are declared valid, practical and effective.Abstrak Belum optimalnya evaluasi berpikir kreatif mahasiswa, penggunaan buku pada mata kuliah Botani Tumbuhan Tinggi di S1 Pendidikan Biologi FKIP ULM pada sub-materi Famili Poaceae berbasis berpikir kreatif yang masih terbatas, sehingga diperlukan bahan ajar pengayaan dengan memanfaatkan potensi lokal dan menggunakan aspek-aspek berpikir kreatif. Model pengembangan buku ilmiah mengadaptasi evaluasi formatif Tessmer yang dibatasi hanya pada self evaluation, expert review dari 3 dosen Magister Pendidikan Biologi ULM yang meliputi ahli materi, ahli bahasa dan ahli media, one-to-one evaluation dan small group evaluation yang meliputi 8 mahasiswa S1 Pendidikan Biologi FKIP ULM yang telah lulus mata kuliah Botani Tumbuhan Tinggi. Penilaian yang diberikan ahli terhadap buku ilmiah memperoleh kriteria valid (3,59). Penilaian responden pada kepraktisan isi memperoleh kriteria yang sangat baik (88,89%). Penilaian responden pada kepraktisan harapan memperoleh kriteria sangat baik (83%). Penilaian observer pada keterlaksanaan harapan memperoleh kriteria sangat baik (82%). Penilaian keefektifan harapan memperoleh kriteria tinggi (80,80) serta peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif pada tiga pertemuan memperoleh kriteria N-gain sedang. Buku ilmiah dinyatakan valid, praktis dan efektif.
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Khazeni, Arash. "ACROSS THE BLACK SANDS AND THE RED: TRAVEL WRITING, NATURE, AND THE RECLAMATION OF THE EURASIAN STEPPE CIRCA 1850." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 4 (October 15, 2010): 591–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000838.

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AbstractThrough a reading of 19th-century Persian travel narratives, this article locates the history of Iran and Central Eurasia within recent literature on global frontier processes and the encounter between empire and nature. It argues that Persianate travel books about Central Eurasia were part of the imperial project to order and reclaim the natural world and were forged through the material encounter with the steppes. Far from a passive act of collecting information and more than merely an extension of the observer's preconceptions, description was essential to the expansion and preservation of empire. Although there exists a vast literature on Western geographical and ethnographic representations of the Middle East, only recently have scholars begun to mine contacts that took place outside of a Western colonial framework and within an Asian setting. Based on an analysis of Riza Quli Khan Hidayat'sSifaratnama-yi Khvarazm, the record of an expedition sent from the Qajar Dynasty to the Oxus River in 1851, the article explores the 19th-century Muslim “discovery” of the Eurasian steppe world. The expedition set out to define imperial boundaries and to reclaim the desert, but along the way it found a permeable “middle ground” between empires, marked by transfrontier and cross-cultural exchanges.
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Shinoda, H., and M. Ikeda. "Visual Acuity Affected by Size Perception Based on Convergence Cue." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970198.

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Increasing (or decreasing) the convergence angle can shrink (or expand) the perceived size of an object without changing its retinal size (Oyama, 1974 Perception & Psychophysics16 175 – 182). Here we address the question whether such a change in perceived size affects visual acuity. We investigated the effects of perceived size on the legibility of letters, using a telestereoscope consisting of four mirrors to control the observer's convergence angle while keeping the size of the retinal image constant. The targets were photocopies of ordinary Japanese books containing both types of Japanese characters, kana and kanji. The former is a phonetic character and simpler than the latter. Letters were printed in black on white paper. First, we demonstrated that letters do become more legible (illegible) as perceived size expands (shrinks), although their retinal size does not change. Then, we measured the size of the convergence angle at which letters became legible. The ‘threshold’ size of the convergence angle was obtained for several retinal sizes (0.1 to 0.2 deg) of letters, and for kana and kanji, respectively. Four subjects participated in the experiment. The result shows that the threshold convergence angle for legibility decreases as the retinal size of letters decreases, so that the minimum retinal size of legible letters depends linearly on the convergence angle. The results implicate contributions from higher levels of the visual system to the determination of visual acuity.
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Barquero, Beatriz, Elizabeth J. Robinson, and Glyn V. Thomas. "Children’s ability to attribute different interpretations of ambiguous drawings to a naive vs. a biased observer." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 5 (September 2003): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000064.

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In two experiments we investigated 5- to 7-year-olds’ ability to attribute to a naive or a biased observer an interpretation of ambiguous drawings (restricted views of a nondescript part of a depicted object) corresponding to that observer’s mental state: ignorance for the naive observer and expectation for the biased observer. In Experiment 1, in which the expectation was only based on the observer’s prior viewing experience, children mostly failed to infer a proper interpretation for both a biased and a naive observer; instead, they ascribed to this character an interpretation corresponding to the real identity of the target picture. In Experiment 2, in which the expectation was additionally based on a more stable characteristic of the observer, a high percentage of children succeeded in generating for the biased observer an interpretation according to that expectation. For the naive observer, children’s answers seemed to be at random. In addition, we used a replication of Gopnik and Astington’s “book” task (1988), obtaining different results. We conclude that children aged 5 to 7 years have a rudimentary understanding of the interpretive nature of external representations. Hence their varying performance on interpretive theory of mind tasks, depending on the details of the task or the context in which it is presented.
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Guice, Sherry L. "Creating Communities of Readers: A Study of Children's Information Networks as Multiple Contexts for Responding to Texts." Journal of Reading Behavior 27, no. 3 (September 1995): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862969509547888.

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This case study explores the perspectives of a group of sixth-grade language arts students concerning their views of the contexts of reading and responding to books in school. The researcher took the role of participant-observer and characterizes this study as a qualitative interpretive case study. As participant-observer, the researcher collected data in the form of fieldnotes, interviews, and written responses; the researcher analyzed data using the constant comparison method. Results of the study indicated that in this setting children respond to texts differently in the contexts under which they read and write about books. There were four different classroom contexts for responding to books in school: “silent” reading, book selection, writing, and aesthetic activity. Three conclusions were drawn from the study and make up an emerging grounded theory: (a) Children respond to books in patterns specific to school contexts, (b) Classroom contexts for reading and responding to books are socially constructed through children's interactions, and (c) Children constructed a community of readers by interacting with one another to respond to books in socially constructed contexts serving as information networks.
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Sierotowicz, Tadeusz. "Schyłek metafory. Rzecz o księdze Natury." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka, no. 31 (January 2, 2018): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsl.2017.31.2.

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The book of nature expressed both the possibility of knowing/reading of nature and the relationship between the experimental science and other books, mainly the book of Revelation. However, the role and significance of the metaphor changed with the development of natural science, and now the book of nature seems to obscure other books, and, moreover, its reading became the model of reading in general. Actually this metaphor is not a living metaphor any more, as it does not create, but closes and eclipses. Hence the need to look for a new one. This story is told here on the basis of Teodor Parnicki’s prose, who was a very careful observer and connoisseur of history of ideas, and of history as a mode of literature.
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Austin, Sara, and Ann Marie Wainscott. "Children's Literature as a Front in the War on Terror: Ineffective Policy, Ineffective Literature." International Research in Children's Literature 14, no. 1 (February 2021): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2021.0377.

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Morocco is often praised for its proactive and innovative CVE (countering violent extremism) programme. This article analyses a three-part Arabic-language book series, Maʿ Naṣir wa Basma [With Nasir and Basma], produced by an organ of the Moroccan religious bureaucracy, the Mohammedan League of Religious Scholars, that ostensibly seeks to discourage adolescents from being susceptible to recruitment to VE (violent extremist) organisations. Starring two young Moroccan children, these books portray jihadists as old, ridiculous, or inept and the main characters as in need of protection by a paternalistic state, leaving children, especially young men, underprepared for the recruiting efforts of such organisations. The books emphasise state intervention over child action, suggesting the books are directed more at Western investors in need of reassurance than at children, supporting the critique made by some observers that CVE is more about security theatre than preventing violence.
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Taati, Poopak. "AZADEH KIAN-THIEBAUT, Secularization of Iran: A Doomed Failure? The New Middle Class and the Making of Modern Iran (Paris: Institut d'etudes iraniennes and Diffusion Peeters, 1998). Pp. 296." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (February 2000): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002245.

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Secularization of Iran: A Doomed Failure? is an extremely readable, insightful, and detailed contribution by Azadeh Kian-Thiebaut to the literature on Iranian society and politics in the 20th century. When I first started reading the book, I expected the pedantic descriptions that often characterize doctoral dissertations turned into books. Fortunately, however, I found the book much more than a dispassionate treatment of facts and theories. The author has perspectives and points of views that are not just hidden in the various descriptions of events and ideas. Yet her work is not an ideological treatment of Iranian politics and society, either. Events and historical facts are treated with a level of sociological objectivity and sound judgment that are not too common among Iran's observers.
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Hayles, N. Katherine. "Combining Close and Distant Reading: Jonathan Safran Foer's Tree of Codes and the Aesthetic of Bookishness." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 1 (January 2013): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.226.

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Any analysis of reading today must consider contemporary writing practices. The epochal shift from print to digital texts has been under way for some time. Indeed, print books are now so interpenetrated with digital media at every stage of their production that they may more appropriately be considered an output form of digital texts than a separate medium. Much has been written about the end of books, but, as Alan Liu observes, they have been deconstructed almost from the beginning, from the remixing of Bible excerpts according to the liturgical calendar to the experimental fiction of Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy to Raymond Queneau's Cent mille milliards de poèmes (“End” 509-11). This tradition notwithstanding, Jessica Pressman correctly detects in some contemporary novels anxiety about the continued life of books and a desire to reassert the book's authority in the face of the exponential expansion of the Web and the ongoing conversion of books into digitized texts, including the several million now available at Google Books and other online venues.
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Oprel, Marieke. "Review Authorized Biography Angela Merkel." European Journal of Life Writing 3 (October 14, 2014): R7—R11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/ejlw.3.122.

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With Angela Merkel favoured to win the German election again, several political books about the German chancellor were published during 2013. Both in Germany and abroad, observers puzzled over the reasons for the on-going success of Mrs. Merkel, the scientist from East Berlin who became an internationally honoured stateswoman. One book stood out because of the label ‘authorized biography’ on the cover: Angela Merkel. The Chancellor and her world, written by Stefan Kornelius. Whether Merkel asked Kornelius, head of the international section of the Süddeutsche Zeitung, to write a book about her political career and vision, or just commented and approved a book Kornelius had written independently, is not mentioned. However, the fact is that Kornelius’ book is the first biography for which Merkel gave her consent. The question is: what new light does this authorized biography shed on the person behind the politician? This article was first published in EJLW on 14 October 2014.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Observer's books"

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Ringstad, Randy. "Application of robust observers to time-series forecasting." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1472973.

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Vargas, Alejandro. "Observer design for nonlinear systems with reduced observability properties." Düsseldorf : VDI-Verlag, 2003. http://books.google.com/books?id=5_9QAAAAMAAJ.

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Miyahara, Eriko. "Spectral sensitivity functions of x-chromosome-linked color defective observers." 1993. http://books.google.com/books?id=XOtqAAAAMAAJ.

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Books on the topic "Observer's books"

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Marren, Peter. The Observer's book of Observer's books. Leeds: Peregrine, 1999.

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The nature observer's handbook: Learning to appreciate our natural world. Chester, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 1986.

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The Far side observer. Kansas City, Mo: Andrews and McMeel, 1987.

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The far side observer. London: Futura, 1989.

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Wills, Garry. Outside looking in: Adventures of an observer. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2010.

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ill, Chewning Randy, ed. Glow-in-the-dark constellations: A field guide for young stargazers. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1989.

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Almost everything there is to know: The complete Rudiments of Wisdom from the Observer colour magazine : the antidote to boring reference books. London: Pyramid Books, 1988.

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Hatchett, Clint. The glow-in-the-dark night sky book. New York: Random House, 1988.

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Hatchett, Clint. The glow-in-the-dark night sky book. London: Heinemann, 1989.

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Hatchett, Clint. The glow-in-the-dark night sky book. New York: Random House, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Observer's books"

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Williams, Jack. "Earth Observers." In The AMS Weather Book: The Ultimate Guide to America’s Weather, 124–49. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-55-3_6.

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McNamee, Terence, and Monde Muyangwa. "Conclusion." In The State of Peacebuilding in Africa, 415–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_23.

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Abstract Reflecting on the key insights and cross-cutting themes to emerge from the book, The Conclusion observes that the challenge of how to rebuild society following conflict has not become easier over time. It suggests that at thematic and country-level, the sheer complexity of the task at hand is understated, nor is their clarity on what successful peacebuilding looks like. Should we be guided by whether a society has been able to return to stability, which permits people to get on with their lives? Or must it entail some resolution of the underlying causes of conflict? The Conclusion affirms that more work needs to be done in three common areas of concern in peacebuilding worldwide—poor understanding of context, lack of local ownership and leadership, and inadequate collaboration—as well as several areas specific to Africa, notably is the mismatch between the pan-African ideal of self-reliance and the heavy dependency on external (non-African) funding.
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Fox, Robin. "The Book: Engaging the Living Fossils." In Participant Observer, 413–61. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351322843-10.

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"41. The Book That Would Not Die." In Participant Observer, 319–26. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501744921-042.

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Thompson, John M. "Introduction." In Great Power Rising, 1–9. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859954.003.0001.

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The introduction highlights the paradox that confronts modern US presidents, in that they enjoy considerable power in the realm of foreign policy but also face many potential constraints, such as partisanship and powerful lobby groups. It observes that though there are many books on the subject, there are few studies of how individual presidents have dealt with this aspect of statecraft. The introduction explains that Roosevelt presents an ideal case study for this subject and offers a preview of the book’s principal arguments. It also explains the book’s methodology, which entails a series of case studies, placing particular emphasis on public opinion and the role of the press, and describes original aspects of the book such as Roosevelt’s use of public diplomacy. The introduction also offers a preview of the book’s structure and the content of each chapter.
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Ablow, Rachel. "Wounded Trees, Abandoned Boots." In Victorian Pain. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174464.003.0006.

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This chapter explores Thomas Hardy's post-Darwinian accounts of pain that hover ambiguously between and beyond subjects, that are attributed to no malign agent, and that hold no hope of prevention or remediation. Such accounts tend to be troubling in their vividness as well as in the profundity of the sorrow they describe and convey. They can certainly be called “pessimistic” in the sense that they offer no clear path for either action or catharsis; however, this chapter argues that for that very reason they invite us to consider the disposition that might be at issue in the reading practices they encourage: affectively engaged practices that ask us to experience ourselves less as potentially responsible observers of pain than as fellow sufferers.
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Stone, Daniel. "Book Reviews." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 12, 337–39. Liverpool University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774594.003.0025.

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This chapter presents a brief analysis of Larry Wolff's Inventing Eastern Europe. The book aims to deconstruct the term ‘eastern Europe’, arguing that the modern view of this region as exotic and backward took form in the eighteenth century — a point that provides much food for thought. Wolff argues his central point, that west Europeans had an exotic image of eastern Europe in the eighteenth century, convincingly, although his evidence suggests that the image took only preliminary form then. He observes in passing, however, that this image only became a full-blown ‘phantasmagoria’ in the nineteenth century. Despite the truly impressive amount of western European literature that Wolff has uncovered to support his thesis, some of his points seem forced. The chapter thus undertakes an analysis of the book's weaker points.
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Baele, Stephane J., and Charlie Winter. "From Music to Books, from Pictures to Numbers." In ISIS Propaganda, 188–218. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190932459.003.0007.

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This chapter explores components of the Islamic State’s (IS) propaganda not usually taken into account by observers of the group. The authors scrutinize five components in particular: religious chants (anashīd), photo galleries/reports, infographics, books, and news communiqués (by al-Bayan Radio and A’maq News Agency). It is argued that only by incorporating these five elements can a comprehensive picture of IS’s full-spectrum approach toward propaganda emerge, one that clarifies its well-known visual and linguistic universe. Although these five components might be less familiar to Western audiences, they nonetheless deliver specific and singular contributions to IS’s propaganda efforts, especially among non-Western publics. This chapter shows that these elements play a tripartite role in the establishment of IS’s full-spectrum propaganda: first, their ubiquity and repetitive character heavily contribute to the relentless reiteration of the message constructed in other IS propaganda outputs; second, they accentuate the emotional impact of the propaganda; and, third, they reinforce IS’s legitimacy.
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Iandoli, Luca, and Giuseppe Zollo. "Organizational Observers as Agents of Change." In Organizational Cognition and Learning, 226–34. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-313-5.ch016.

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In this book we propose using verbal data such as discourses and speech as input for organizational analysis. One of the main differences between verbal data and traditional quantitative data is that the latter are objective whereas the former may give rise to multiple interpretations. In this chapter we deal with the issue of the reliability of discursive data and try to provide an answer to the following questions: How one can be sure the information contained in discourse has been correctly interpreted? Is there more than one admissible interpretation? When is an interpretation admissible? We show that in order to answer such questions the organizational analysts have to assume a mindset and research attitude that are rather different than the traditional objectivist point of view.
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Berrett, Jesse. "No Football Fans, Just Football Intellectuals." In Pigskin Nation. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041709.003.0002.

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This chapter explores how official National Football League publications encouraged and attempted to manage a range of interpretations of professional football. These books set out a playing field and opened it for discussion. Even as liberal social observers worried about pro football’s rising appeal, conservatives celebrated its meritocratic traditionalism, radicals found it terrifying, and journalists increasingly made fun of its pretentions to gravitas, David Boss’s books conveyed the broad notion that football mattered in the broader culture and was worthy of serious intellectual consideration. Without centering on a particular meaning, they emphasized the idea that football mattered in the wider culture.
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Conference papers on the topic "Observer's books"

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Fanglai Zhu. "Nonlinear Reduced-Order Observers Based On Differential Riccati Equation." In 4th International Conference on Control and Automation. Final Program and Book of Abstracts. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2003.1595098.

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Yun Zou, Weiqun Wang, and Shengyuan Xu. "Regular State Observers Design for 2-D Singular Roesser Models." In 4th International Conference on Control and Automation. Final Program and Book of Abstracts. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2003.1594991.

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Gong-You Tang and Zhong-Wen Guo. "Model Predictive Control Based on State Predictive Observers for Discrete Systems with Time-Delay." In 4th International Conference on Control and Automation. Final Program and Book of Abstracts. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2003.1595046.

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Ling Shen and Hong Wang. "Adaptive Observer Design for General Nonlinear Systems with Linear Output Structure." In 4th International Conference on Control and Automation. Final Program and Book of Abstracts. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2003.1594982.

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Wen Chen and M. Saif. "Disturbance Attenuation Observer in Time-Delay Nonlinear Systems with Application to Automotive Engine Fault Detection." In 4th International Conference on Control and Automation. Final Program and Book of Abstracts. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2003.1595028.

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Stanić Loknar, Nikolina, Diana Bratić, and Ana Agić. "Kinetic typography - figuration and technology." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p81.

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Kinetic typography - text in motion is an animation method of characters that has a video form instead of some "static" form such as picture, poster or book. The most important element for figuration of kinetic typography is the choice of font. Furthermore, one should think about the letter cut, the size and color of the characters, and the background color on which the animation takes place. It can be created in various ways, most often using software that applies a multitude of effects to the text or letter character, creating dynamic solutions. The effects vary from the simplest such as "fade-in" and "fade-out" (entering and exiting text in and out of the frame). Static characters can expand, narrow, move slowly or rapidly, grow and change in a variety of ways to very complex ones in which the author builds an entire story or promotional video by carefully combining software capabilities. However, each software has its limitations and for this reason the kinetic typography presented in this paper is programmed using codes. In a wide range of available programming languages due to the simple interface that does not require advanced programming concepts and gives exceptional results in the field of kinetic typography, Processing was chosen. The Processing programming language is intended for generating and modifying graphics and is based on the Java programming language. The most important difference between Processing and Java is that Processing offers a simple programming interface that does not require advanced levels of programming such as classes, objects, or animations. It also allows advanced users to use them. Processing uses a variety of typography rendering approaches such as raster and vector solutions and allows typography to be programmed and displayed on the Web independently of the user's Web browser and font database. Processing enables the use of visual elements in animation, including typographic ones, by introducing interaction to the user. The user is no longer a passive observer but actively participates in the performance of the application whose final appearance is not predefined but arises from the actions of each individual user. For the purposes of this paper, individual letters were created in a font-making program. The letters made are of various written classifications and cuts, which with their variety contribute to the attractiveness of the animation. In the creating of motion typography in this paper, the programming language Processing was used. Written program codes that manipulate words, letters, or parts of characters to create interesting visual effects for the viewer that aim to hold the viewer's attention and convey the desired message or emotion. There are no strict rules and patterns when making kinetic typography. In kinetic typography, each author determines his own rules, method of production, and there are no same solutions.
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