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Books on the topic 'Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (OCD)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Toates, Frederick. Obsessive compulsive disorder: Practical, tried-and-tested strategies to overcome OCD. 2nd ed. London: Class, 2002.

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2

1954-, Clark David A., ed. Overcoming obsessive thoughts: How to gain control of your OCD. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 2005.

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3

Zucker, Bonnie. Take control of OCD: The ultimate guide for kids with OCD. Waco, Tex: Prufrock Press, 2011.

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4

Wells, Joe. Touch and go Joe: An adolescent's experiences of OCD. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006.

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5

Veronica, Clark, ed. Coming Clean: Living with OCD. London: John Blake, 2014.

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6

OCD: A guide for the newly diagnosed. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 2012.

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7

ill, Swearingen Greg 1976, ed. Mr. Worry: A story about OCD. Morton Grove, Ill: Albert Whitman, 2004.

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8

Steketee, Gail. Overcoming obsessive-compulsive disorder: A cognitive and behavioral protocol for the treatment of OCD. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 1999.

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9

Overcoming obsessive compulsive disorder: A behavioral and cognitive protocol for the treatment of OCD : therapist protocol. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 1999.

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10

Understanding OCD: Skills to control the conscience and outsmart obsessive compulsive disorder. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2015.

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11

Cherry, Pedrick, ed. The OCD workbook: Your guide to breaking free from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 1999.

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12

OCD Answer Book. Naperville: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2008.

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13

Pittenger, Christopher, ed. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.001.0001.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 1 person in 40 and causes great morbidity and suffering worldwide. While much about this protean disorder remains unclear, our understanding has advanced along many fronts in recent decades, and evidence-based treatments can produce benefit in a majority of sufferers. This text brings together experts in all aspects of OCD, including clinical presentation, current psychological, genetic, and neurobiological understanding of its etiology and pathophysiology, and psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and anatomically targeted treatments. OCD-related disorders and common comorbidities and their relationship to OCD itself are also discussed, as are theoretical and sociological issues. It is hoped that this text will provide a comprehensive introduction to the field for students, scientists and clinicians. By bringing together many different perspectives on OCD, we aim to encourage cross-disciplinary understanding, research, and advances in clinical care.
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14

Farrell, Lara J., Sharna L. Mathieu, and Cassie Lavell. Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.21.

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Obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) in children and adolescents represent a cluster of conditions that significantly interfere in the lives of sufferers and their families. These disorders involve repetitive behaviors and often a preoccupation with distressing, obsessional thoughts. OCRDs include obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder. The severity, functional impairment, and associated health conditions of these disorders call for timely evidence-based assessment and treatment. Evidence-based assessments include structured and semistructured interviews. Interviews allow for the assessment of symptoms, comorbid conditions, and differential diagnoses. Evidence-based psychological treatment for OCD and BDD in youth involves cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention; research is required to determine evidence-based assessment and treatments for less studied OCRDs; identify factors that predict poorer response to evidence-based treatment; develop approaches to augment evidence-based treatments for nonresponders; and further the reach of empirically supported treatment.
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15

Phillips, Katharine A. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0048.

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The category of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs) is new to DSM-5 and was one of the more interesting, potentially impactful changes in the revised manual. The new DSM-5 chapter contains OCD, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder. The addition of the new OCRD chapter to DSM-5, and grouping these disorders together, has diagnostic, clinical, and research implications. This chapter reviews why and how this new category was added to DSM-5, considers whether this grouping of disorders is correct, and examines the pros and cons of the change. The introduction OCRDs in DSM-5 had wide support. However, the current classification is not perfect, and much more research is needed to establish veridical relationships among disorders. In the meantime, it is hoped that these changes to DSM-5 yield advances in research and improvements in patient care.
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16

Mataix-Cols, David, and Odile A. van den Heuvel. Neuroanatomy of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0027.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shares features and often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders, as well as with other psychiatric conditions classified elsewhere in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), the so-called “OCD spectrum disorders.” Neurobiologically, it is unclear how all these disorders relate to one another. The picture is further complicated by the clinical heterogeneity of OCD. This chapter will review the literature on the common and distinct neural correlates of OCD vis-à-vis other anxiety and “OCD spectrum” disorders. Furthermore, the question of whether partially distinct neural systems subserve the different symptom dimensions of OCD will be examined. Particular attention will be paid to hoarding, which is emerging as a distinct entity from OCD. Finally, new insights from cognitive and affective neuroscience will be reviewed before concluding with a summary and recommendations for future research.
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17

Pittenger, Christopher. The Neurobiology of Tic Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0065.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS), along with other tic disorders, involve pathophysiological alterations in the cortico-striatal circuitry. Both are neurodevelopmental conditions, although OCD can also have adult onset. They are frequently comorbid and often run together in families. Recent genetic studies suggest shared risk factors, especially in the case of early-onset OCD. Because of these shared characteristics, they are treated together here. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies are refining our understanding of the abnormalities in corticostriatal connectivity that accompany symptomatology; in the case of TS, these have been accompanied by exciting observations in postmortem tissue that are beginning to connect observed anatomical and network abnormalities to underlying cellular substrates. Finally, recent advances in animal modeling of pathophysiology have allowed testing of specific etiological hypotheses and have established several systems in which more precise mechanistic studies of pathophysiology are now proceeding.
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18

Calamari, John E., Heather M. Chik, Noelle K. Pontarelli, and Brandon L. DeJong. Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0016.

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Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex, often debilitating syndrome that significantly diminishes quality of life. Although the exact prevalence of OCD is unclear, estimates suggest that it is a common form of psychopathology in the West and throughout the world. A challenge to researchers and clinicians is the significant heterogeneity of OCD. Initial heterogeneity research points to important subtypes of the disorder. Elucidation of disorder heterogeneity might advance etiologic theory and treatment research, and suggest where OCD or OCD-like conditions should be placed in a comprehensive psychiatric disorder nosology. OCD more often occurs with other psychiatric disorders, and evaluation of OCD comorbidity will help clarify this condition’s relation to anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and conditions posited to be part of a broad OCD spectrum. Despite significant advancements, much work remains before we can fully understand obsessional disorders and the relation of OCD to commonly experienced negative intrusive thoughts.
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19

Taylor, Steven, Jonathan S. Abramowitz, Dean McKay, and Carrie Cuttler. Cognitive Approaches to Understanding Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0044.

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This chapter focuses on cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. It begins with a historical perspective, in which the antecedents of cognitive models are described. Contemporary cognitive models are then reviewed, predictions derived from the models are identified, and empirical evidence for these predictions is summarized. This is followed by a review of cognitive models of four OC-related disorders: hoarding, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania. Finally, the conceptual problems with cognitive models of OCD and related disorders are identified, suggestions for improvements to the models are made, and potentially fruitful directions for future research are proposed.
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20

Simberlund, Jessica, and Eric Hollander. The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the Concept of the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0034.

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This chapter describes the relationship of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the concept of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. BDD is proposed to be part of an obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders, given its many similarities to OCD. OCD and BDD are both characterized by obsessions and compulsions, although in BDD individuals focus specifically on body image concerns, whereas in OCD they typically focus on concerns such as contamination, harm, and aggression. Distress that results from obsessions usually generates compulsive behaviors intended to reduce emotional discomfort. Individuals with BDD are more likely to have delusional beliefs and significantly poorer insight. Individuals with BDD report higher rates of major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts. OCD and BDD demonstrate familiality, indicating that they are likely related conditions. OCD and BDD are thought to be heterogeneous disorders that result from both genetic and environmental factors, some of which appear to be shared; for example, they appear to share some abnormalities involving the basal ganglia and limbic system (specifically the caudate nucleus).
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21

McKay, Dean, Rachel Ojserkis, and Jon D. Elhai. Psychological Trauma Exposure and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0055.

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This chapter has three broad aims: it outlines research on the shared and unique features of OCD and PTSD; it reviews the extant literature on how trauma exposure impacts treatment outcome for OCD; and it offers recommendations for treatment and future research on the intersection of trauma and OCD. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a complex and heterogeneous condition. Considerable research has been conducted related to subtypes and symptom dimensions, but comparably little attention has been paid to commonly cooccurring psychiatric disorders. One diagnosis that has distinct etiological and prognostic implications is cooccurring posttraumatic stress disorder, and other trauma disorders. The chapter focuses on trauma generally and its impact on OCD. However, the literature also refers specifically to PTSD. Accordingly, the research related to PTSD is highlighted, to distinguish it from literature discussing trauma exposure more generally.
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22

McGrath, Patrick. The OCD Answer Book. Sourcebooks, Inc., 2007.

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23

Steketee, Gail, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders reviews current literature on obsessive compulsive disorder and its associated spectrum conditions—body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding, trichotillomania, tic disorders, and Tourette’s Syndrome. Articles summarize and synthesize current findings, providing an authoritative guide for practice and research in this unique subject area. With sections dedicated to phenomenology and epidemiology, biological features, genetic factors, neurological features, and cognitive processing models for understanding how people with OCD and spectrum conditions respond to information. Articles then examine family and social relationships and personality features, and how these factors can affect an individual with an OC spectrum disorder, especially older adults, children, and adolescents. Theoretical models for understanding these disorders and newer experimental therapies for treating them are also presented. A final article examines some of the most challenging research issues and understudied aspects of these psychiatric problems, especially hoarding, with hopes that this volume will encourage original research.
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24

Russell, David, Kate Johnston, Ailsa Russell, and Amita Jassi. OCD and Autism: A Clinician's Guide to Adapting CBT. Kingsley Publishers, Jessica, 2019.

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25

Steketee, Gail, and Brian H. McCorkle. Future Research on Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Conditions. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0108.

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This chapter reviews comments raised by authors of 25 chapters of the Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders. Among the challenges raised are those within the areas of diagnosis and features of the several OC spectrum conditions, including revisions to the diagnostic nomenclature for DSM-V under consideration, especially with regard to the possible addition of hoarding disorder to distinguish this more clearly from OCD. Research on clinical versus nonclinical samples, and controversies regarding possible subtypes of OCD and of some of its spectrum conditions like BDD and hoarding, are examined. Relationships among OCD and the spectrum conditions are examined with attention to the general lack of information about this issue. Several authors in the handbook comment on personality features and their association with outcomes following treatment, with a general consensus that assessing features rather than disorders will be most useful. The impact of culture on expression of OC spectrum conditions is clearly under-studied. Causes and mechanisms underlying OCD and spectrum conditions are examined, including neurological and genetic underpinnings, information processing, beliefs and cognitive models, as well as social and familial factors. Concerns about assessment are raised with regard to OCD and its expression in older adults, in hoarding and in BDD, and the impact of culture on assessment. With regard to treatment, chapters focus on research needs concerning mechanisms of action and predictors of change, and the need to improve treatments to enhance their effects. Improvement of outcomes in a variety of areas (e.g., hoarding, children, culturally sensitive treatments) is noted, including outcomes for medications and combined CBT plus medication regimens. Special issues are raised with regard to BDD, tic disorders, and trichotillomania.
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26

Nedeljkovic, Maja, Richard Moulding, Elham Foroughi, Michael Kyrios, and Guy Doron. Cultural Issues in Understanding and Treating Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0102.

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This chapter discusses the cross-cultural understanding of the obsessive compulsive and spectrum disorders. Epidemiological studies suggest a reasonably consistent prevalence of OCD around the world. The role of other culturally influenced factors in the presentation of OCD is also considered (i.e., religiosity, superstition, and beliefs), with religion considered particularly important in the presentation of OCD, although not in its prevalence per se. Treatment effect sizes across countries and within minority cultures from Western countries are outlined. The influence of cultural factors on help-seeking behaviors, assessment, misdiagnosis, and treatment are considered. Limitations of the literature base are discussed, particularly the lack of non-Western studies of treatment effects, and the low evidence base for the spectrum disorders.
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27

Pinto, Anthony, and Jane L. Eisen. Personality Features of OCD and Spectrum Conditions. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0038.

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This chapter reviews personality features (comorbid personality disorders, trait dimensions, and related constructs) in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and hypothesized obsessive compulsive spectrum conditions (body dysmorphic disorder, compulsive hoarding, tic disorders, and impulse control disorders). For each disorder, there is a discussion of the impact of personality features on clinical course, including the development and maintenance of symptoms, and treatment outcome. The chapter also includes a review of the longstanding, yet often misunderstood, relationship between OCD and obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Understanding the role of personality variables in the psychopathology of OCD and related conditions has important etiological, clinical, and theoretical implications for the study of these disorders.
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28

Radomsky, Adam S., and Gillian M. Alcolado. Information Processing in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Related Problems. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0033.

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Information processing research has become increasingly important in understanding a large number of different disorders, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This work, which focuses on the factors affecting attention, encoding (learning), and different types of memory, promises not only to improve our knowledge of the psychopathology of OCD and related problems, but also to influence the treatment of these often severe and debilitating conditions. This chapter reviews the history and research associated with aspects of information processing as they relate to both the psychopathology and treatment of OCD, trichotillomania, and body dysmorphic disorder. This includes descriptions of some experimental methodologies used to assess challenging aspects of cognition in OCD. Consistencies and inconsistencies in the literature are highlighted, and an attempt is made to resolve some of them through conceptualizing information-processing studies as either relevant or irrelevant to the experience of OCD. Ideas and questions for future research are proposed.
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29

Wheaton, Michael G., and Anthony Pinto. Personality Pathology in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0059.

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This chapter reviews the literature on personality pathology in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It begins by comparing and contrasting OCD with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). These two conditions have a longstanding yet frequently misunderstood relationship. Though they share some overlapping features, recent research has established OCD and OCPD as distinct conditions. Even so, OCD and OCPD frequently cooccur. The chapter reviews the literature on comorbidity and the impact of OCPD on the clinical course and treatment of OCD, including evidence that OCPD may complicate OCD treatment. It also describes other personality disorders observed in OCD. Finally, it describes recent advances in the conceptualization of personality disorders, including dimensional approaches, and concludes with directions for future research.
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30

Camfield, David A., and Jerome Sarris. Nutraceutical and Alternative Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0044.

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This chapter reviews current research regarding nutraceutical substances that have been systematically investigated through either case studies, open-label and/or randomized placebo-controlled trials and found to have some evidence of efficacy in the treatment of obsessive compulsive and related disorders (specifically, trichotillomania, compulsive nail biting, and excoriation). The substances to be considered are myo-inositol, St. John’s wort, milk thistle, borage, glycine, sarcosine, psilocybin, and N-acetylcysteine. A description of each substance is presented, together with relevant biochemistry and interpretation regarding the current evidence of efficacy and safety/tolerability as well as what can be determined about factors that may moderate its efficacy, including OCD symptom severity, and advice in regard to concomitant antidepressant use. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are also presented.
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31

Muroff, Jordana, Abigail Ross, and Joseph Rothfarb. Additive and Alternative Approaches to Treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0086.

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While cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy are “gold standard” treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), complementary and alternative treatments are frequently sought for anxiety disorders. The purpose of this chapter is to review and discuss the available research on the application, efficacy and effectiveness of complementary and alternative methods for treating OCD. The first section identifies and reviews studies focusing on specific alternative and complementary treatments that are independent from, or work in conjunction with CBT, such as yoga, herbal remedies, motivational strategies, and bibliotherapy. The second section discusses alternative and complementary methods of more mainstream CBT and related techniques, with a particular focus on technology-supported approaches. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the methodological issues in the existing research on complementary and alternative methods in the treatment of OCD, questions for future research, and implications for providers.
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32

Hamblin, Rebecca J., Jennifer Moonjung Park, Monica S. Wu, and Eric A. Storch. Variable Insight in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0013.

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Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often have good insight into the irrational nature of their obsessions and the excessive character of their compulsions, but insight exists along a continuum and is markedly poor in some patients. This chapter reviews the assessment and phenomenological correlates of variable insight in OCD in both pediatric and adult populations. It reviews the definition of insight and its relationship to the evolution of diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as the major assessment tools used to measure and quantify insight for clinical and research purposes. The relationships between insight and clinical characteristics of OCD, including symptom severity, comorbidity, and treatment response are reviewed, followed by a review of neurobiological correlates of insight and the relationship between poor insight and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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33

King, Robert A. Psychodynamic Perspectives on OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0007.

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A psychodynamic perspective attempts to understand the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) in terms of excessive, maladaptive efforts to cope with perceived dangers posed by aggressive or sexual impulses and in terms of distorted information processing and rigid cognitive styles that are intolerant of ambiguity. The psychodynamic perspective also sees OC phenomena against the backdrop of normal childhood development and the vicissitudes of conscience formation, as well as culturally defined notions of ordered boundaries/transgressions and cleanliness/pollution. This perspective provides valuable insights into the subjective experience of patients with these disorders. Similarly, although psychodynamic therapy in its classic form appears to be ineffective for the core symptoms of obsessions and compulsions, the psychodynamic approach can be very helpful in understanding what patients make of their symptoms and in forming a therapeutic alliance that facilitates more evidence-based approaches.
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34

Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Childhood OCD: It's Only a False Alarm Therapist Guide (Programs That Work). Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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35

Koller, Kristin, and Eli R. Lebowitz. Family Accommodation in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0043.

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The impact of psychiatric disorders often goes beyond the affected individual, extending to family members, partners, and close friends. This is certainly true in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Clinical experience and empirical research have long shown that relatives of individuals with OCD commonly become involved in the symptoms of the disorder, through a process known as family accommodation. Family accommodation has important implications for the conceptualization, clinical course, and treatment of OCD. This chapter provides a brief review of family accommodation in OCD and its implications for the disorder’s clinical course. It also addresses the role of family accommodation in treatment response and highlights some novel interventions that have incorporated a focus on family accommodation in OCD treatment programs.
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36

Purdon, Christine Ph D., and David A. Clark. Overcoming Obsessive Thoughts: How to Gain Control of Your OCD. New Harbinger Publications, 2005.

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37

Stein, Dan J. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in DSM-5, ICD-11, and RDoC: Conceptual questions and practical solutions. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0008.

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Key nosological questions facing the DSM-5 and ICD-11 work groups on obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) included whether putative OCRDs should be classified together, and whether obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) should retain its classification as an anxiety disorder. Given that some of the putative OCRDs were new to the official nosologies, the work groups also had to grapple with the perennial questions of how to decide whether any condition is a mental disorder, and how to draw boundaries between disorder and normality. This chapter reviews some of the conceptual questions that emerged and some of the practical solutions that were suggested. The emphasis on both diagnostic validity and clinical utility is consistent with an integrative approach which holds that nosology should be both evidence-based and values-based.
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38

Ozonoff, Sally. Components of executive function in autism and other disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198523499.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses components of executive function in autism. It explores the discriminant validity problem, methodological issues, and the information processing approach. It also considers the evidence for executive dysfunction in several other disorders (including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome (TS), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
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39

Ginsberg, Rachel E., Samantha Morrison, and Anthony Puliafico. Pediatric OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0003.

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This chapter outlines the clinical presentation and course of pediatric OCD, discusses its etiology and phenomenology, and describes principal assessment methods for evaluation of symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often manifests during childhood and adolescence. Symptom presentation in children is similar to that in adults and is typically characterized by the presence of both obsessions and compulsions. Pediatric OCD is highly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, and evidence suggests abnormal brain functioning in youth with OCD. The onset and progression of OCD in childhood have developmental implications, given the associated distress and interference with academic, social, and home functioning. Multiinformant and multidiagnostic evaluation, including administration of evidence-based semistructured clinical interviews and rating scales, is optimal.
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40

Dodman, Nicholas H., and Louis Shuster. Spontaneously Occurring Animal Models of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0032.

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This chapter summarizes what we know about compulsive behavioral disorders in several animal species. Animals can develop repetitive behaviors in a range of circumstances, generally associated with anxiety or stress. It is increasingly apparent that these behaviors recapitulate core features of obsessive-compulsive disorder. They are clearly partially genetic; for example, specific breeds of dog are susceptible to specific compulsive behavioral disorders. Understanding such OCD-like behaviors provides a potentially fruitful avenue towards understanding OCD in humans. This chapter reviews this literature, emphasizing the points of parallelism between repetitive behavior syndromes in animals and human disease. Recent advances in our understanding of the biology of these spontaneously occurring animal models, especially in dogs, have great potential to elucidate the pathophysiology of OCD.
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41

Steketee, Gail. Introduction. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0012.

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The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders reviews current literature on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and its associated spectrum conditions of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding, trichotillomania and tic disorders. Authors who are leading researchers in their fields summarize and synthesize the current knowledge about these OC spectrum disorders to provide a road map for the field and open the door to new research and further study. This introduction previews the contents of the book and highlights some of the challenges in current research on epidemiology, features, and diagnosis, as well as biological and psychosocial theories and treatments for these conditions.
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42

Szymanski, Jeff, and Carly Bourne. OCD Advocacy and Addressing Stigma. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0066.

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In order to improve outcomes for individuals struggling with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), structural and societal barriers to effective diagnosis and treatment must be addressed. Stigma about mental disorders and a lack of awareness about OCD among the general population, as well as in the mental health community, remain major obstacles to accessing treatment. A variety of awareness-raising campaigns and advocacy initiatives have been created to help overcome those barriers. This chapter reviews the World Health Organization’s guidelines for health advocacy and provides examples of how to apply this road map in advocating for patients with OCD. The focus of this chapter is on the following five elements: Awareness Raising, Information, Education, Training, and Mutual Help.
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43

Fairbrother, Nichole, and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. Obsessions and Compulsions During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.010.

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Although for most women the perinatal period is an exciting and joyful time, some new mothers experience the onset (or intensification) of emotional distress during this period. Whereas a great deal of attention has been paid to depression and psychotic symptoms during the postpartum period, pre- and postpartum anxiety disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), have received relatively less consideration. This is despite the fact that anxiety disorders are, as a group, the most prevalent of all psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders are more common among women compared with men, and OCD is the only anxiety disorder for which there is evidence of an increased risk of onset and exacerbation in the perinatal period; this risk is most apparent for women giving birth to their first child. In this chapter, we provide an overview and description of the clinical features of perinatal obsessive-compulsive disorder and consider the degree to which perinatal OCD is related to OCD in general. We review the data pertaining to the incidence and prevalence of perinatal OCD and discuss the relation between perinatal OCD and postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Theoretical perspectives on perinatal OCD are then presented before turning to treatment. Lastly, two interventions have been shown to be effective for perinatal OCD are described: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy.
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44

Pittenger, Christopher, Stephanie Dulawa, and Summer L. Thompson. Animal Models of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0029.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder and related conditions are characterized by demonstrable alterations in brain function, and aspects of these may, in principle, be recapitulated and studied in animals. However, the relationship between animal models and the clinical syndrome is complex. Many clinical aspects of OCD, especially those that can only be evaluated by subjective report, cannot be assessed in an animal. As a result, some discount the utility of animal modeling of OCD altogether. However, conservation of both genes and brain anatomy across mammalian species supports the opposite perspective, that key aspects of the pathophysiology of OCD and related disorders can be recapitulated in animals, and thus fruitfully studied in model systems. This introductory chapter addresses these issues, seeking to identify both the strengths and the limitations of animal studies as contributors to our understanding of OCD. This discussion provides a framework for the more specific material about particular animal models presented in this section.
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45

Greenberg, Benjamin, and Sarah H. Lisanby. TMS in the study and treatment of anxiety disorders. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0043.

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A few studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an anxiety disorder treatment have been reported. In treatment studies, the focal application of TMS in the treatment of anxiety disorders has been guided by the present understanding of the neurocircuitry underlying these disorders. This article reviews the current state of the literature on the uses of TMS in the study and treatment of anxiety disorders, and discusses the implications for understanding their patho-etiology. Investigation of the possible therapeutic effects of repetitive TMS in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or any anxiety disorder remains at a preliminary stage. There have been promising initial observations in OCD, which require systematic testing in controlled studies. As far as PTSD is concerned, the available data suggest that additional TMS work is required. The observations need to be replicated in controlled settings to determine whether this approach will have value in treating anxiety disorders.
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46

Pallanti, Stefano, Jennifer Barnes, Christopher Pittenger, and Jane Eisen. Incompleteness and Harm Avoidance in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0009.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been traditionally linked with the motivational dimension of harm avoidance (HA). However, there is increasing evidence for the involvement of a second core dimension, referred to as Incompleteness (INC) or “not just right experiences” (NJREs), in a substantial fraction of patients. INC-driven compulsions are typically driven by feelings of discomfort or tension, rather than by anxiety. Appreciation of the importance of INC in OCD is one of the factors that motivated the movement of OCD out of the Anxiety Disorders chapter and into its own grouping in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5). Both dimensions seem to contribute to OCD symptomatology, thus representing core features underlying the disorder. In this chapter, the differential roles and neural substrates of HA and INC are discussed, together with the consequent theoretical and clinical implications.
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47

Harvey, Allison G., Edward Watkins, Warren Mansell, and Roz Shafran. Behaviour. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198528883.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 reviews the literature on behavioural processes and draws conclusions about the extent to which they are transdiagnostic. Three behavioural processes considered are escape/avoidance, within-situation safety-seeking behaviours, and ineffective safety-signals. These processes are considered in the context of anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), somatoform disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, and substance-related disorders).
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48

Salkovskis, Paul M., and Joan Kirk. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780192627254.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 explores obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It first outlines the nature of OCD, its prevalence, the development of current treatments, the behavioural theory of OCD and behaviour therapy in practice, deficit theories and cognitive factors, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for OCD, experimental studies of normal intrusive thoughts, distorted thinking and negative appraisals, treatment implications of the cognitive behavioural theory, and strategies in the treatment of OCD.
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Gillan, Claire M. Habits and Goals in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0016.

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This chapter gives a broad overview of the “habit hypothesis” of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Most patients with OCD recognize that becoming trapped in seemingly never-ending streams of repetitive ritualistic behaviors defies reason. Importantly, this recognition is not enough to put a halt to these behaviors. It has been proposed that these compulsions are “bad habits”: that external cues trigger an urge to perform a familiar response, which the patient cannot resist. The chapter presents the basics of what habits are, and how they relate to what we call “goal-directed control” over action. Next, an in-depth analysis of a series of empirical investigations that tested this hypothesis will be presented. In the final section, the habit hypothesis of OCD will be put into the broader context of “compulsivity” as a putative trans-diagnostic trait that is relevant for many psychiatric disorders.
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50

Trelles, M. Pilar, Paige M. Siper, and Dorothy E. Grice. Current Treatments for Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0068.

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Many psychiatric disorders of childhood have a chronic course. As such, they impact multiple developmental epochs and negatively influence developmental trajectories. While early identification and intervention may minimize, or even prevent, symptoms being carried into adulthood, the availability of evidence-based treatments is sparse in children and adolescents compared to adult populations. Establishing effective interventions for psychiatric symptoms presenting in childhood is critical given the chronic course of most psychiatric disorders. This chapter describes psychopharmacological and psychosocial interventions used for the treatment of childhood psychiatric conditions, with an emphasis on empirically supported treatments. Both symptom- and diagnosis-specific approaches are described as well as the use of combined interventions for the following childhood psychiatric conditions: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic tic disorders, eating disorders, and conduct problems.
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