To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (OCD).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (OCD)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (OCD).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Duba, Sauerheber Jill, and James Robert Bitter. "Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorders." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5222.
Full textAbstract:
Book Summary:
Psychopathology & Psychotherapy: DSM-5 Diagnosis, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment, Third Edition differs from other psychopathology and abnormal psychology books. While other books focus on describing diagnostic conditions, this book focus on the critical link between psychopathology and psychotherapy. More specifically, it links diagnostic evaluation, case conceptualization, and treatment selection to psychotherapy practice. Research affirms that knowledge and awareness of these links is essential in planning and providing highly effective psychotherapy.
This third edition incorporates detailed case conceptualizations and treatment considerations for the DSM-5 diagnoses most commonly seen in everyday clinical practice. Extensive case studies illustrate the diagnostic, case conceptualization, and treatment process in a way that makes it come alive. Written by practicing clinicians with expertise in specific disorders, this book will be an invaluable resource to both novice and experienced clinicians.
2
Watkins, Laura H. A. "Cognitive dysfunction in Huntington's disease and related disorders." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313852.
Full text
3
Halldorsson, Brynjar. ""Please help me" : excessive reassurance seeking as an interpersonal process in obsessive compulsive disorder and health anxiety." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.646143.
Full textAbstract:
Excessive Reassurance Seeking (ERS) is an under-researched and poorly understood behaviour that resembles the compulsive behaviours that are typically seen in obsessional problems. ERS can be complex, persistent, extensive, debilitating and may dominate the interactions of those involved. In addition to resembling compulsive checking in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) it may have the effect of transferring responsibility to another person. However, it could be seen as a type of support. Both ERS and support are defined and key questions about these concepts are considered in five studies which examine ERS from the perspectives of non-clinical samples, sufferers of anxiety problems, caregivers and therapists. Study 1 qualitatively examines interpersonal components of ERS in OCD and identified the experience of frustration in caregivers as being particularly pervasive. Study 2 examines the diagnosis specific/transdiagnostic elements of ERS in OCD and health anxiety contrasted with support using mixed methods. Results revealed some limited diagnosis specificity of ERS. Strikingly, people with health anxiety did not seek support; reassurance seeking may be their default response. Study 3 uses a larger sample to quantitatively evaluate therapists’ perception of ERS and its treatment, with results suggesting that there is considerable room for improvement. Study 4 examined therapeutic intervention for ERS in treatment refractory OCD using a single case experimental design; Cognitive Behavioural Treatment (CBT) that focuses on treating ERS had beneficial effects. Study 5 tackled the diagnosis specific/transdiagnostic issues in a questionnaire by considering ERS across different anxiety problems. ERS may represent a final common pathway of multiple processes; some processes appear transdiagnostic; others may indicate disorder specificity. Overall, findings reveal the complexity of ERS and its likely nature as a safety-seeking behaviour which requires attention in treatment. Engendering support as an alternative to reassurance in CBT may be particularly promising.
4
Lipton, M. "Phenomenology of intrusive imagery in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444223/.
Full textAbstract:
The study of intrusive mental imagery in anxiety is a growing area of interest. Whilst there is an appreciation of the variation in thematic content (Hirsch & Holmes, 2007), less is understood about the wider phenomenology and function of intrusive imagery across the anxiety disorders. The aim of the review is to adopt a transdiagnostic perspective, and compare and contrast the literature on intrusive imagery in anxiety in terms of the content, prevalence, frequency and characteristics. In addition, a further aim is to present preliminary findings concerning the function of imagery across the spectrum of disorders. The final section of the review summarises the conclusions and suggests areas for future examination.
5
Li, Yiu-bun, and 李耀斌. "Comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCSs) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine or haloperidol." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/200383.
Full textAbstract:
Aims: A case-control study is done aiming(i)to explore the prevalence of OCSs and OCD among patients with Schizophrenia treated with Clozapine(Target group)in comparison with those treated with Haloperidol(Control group), (ii) to identify the associative factors in relationship with OCSs and OCD in Schizophrenia patients treated with Clozapine in comparison with Haloperidol , (iii)to find out predictors for the increase of OCSs and OCD among patients treated with Clozapine in comparison with Haloperidol. All these information may contribute to the understanding of the underlying etiology of OCSs and OCD.
Method: Sample is comprised with patients aged 18-65 who meet the diagnostic criteria of Schizophrenia-spectrum disorder based on ICD 10 and retrieval of medical records. A total of 120 patients, comprising 30 males and 30 females patients currently prescribed with Clozapine(Target group)whereas30 male and 30 female patients are currently prescribed with Haloperidol (Control group)were identified from the Schizophrenia outpatient clinic in the same hospital. Both groups will be matched with gender. Obsessive compulsive symptoms were measured with the Chinese version of Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale to rate the severity of the symptoms. The severity of Schizophrenia symptoms was rated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Clinical Global Impression was used to measure severity symptoms in general. The social functioning of patient was rated by The Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale(SOFAS). A clinical interview questionnaire was developed to determine the social and demographic characteristics, as well as other clinical features of the disorder. It included patient’s age, frequency of hospitalisation, age of onset and duration of Schizophrenia, age of onset and duration of OCSs and OCD and age of first hospitalisation, Duration of Untreated Psychosis (DUP) and current antipsychotic medication dosage( Chlorpromazine equivalent dose).
Results: From the 120 patients identified and approached, 96 (80%) patients (48 male and 48 female patients) were consented for the study. The current study found that among those prescribed with Clozapine (Target group), there were 26.5% comorbid with OCSs and OCD, whereas none patients reported OCSs and OCD among the Haloperidol Control group.
Patients with OCSs and OCD were significantly correlated with PANSS Positive Syndrome Score and PANSS Total Syndrome Score factors analysis by the N Par test of Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon W and Z score for Asymp.
Using correlations test analysis, the most significantly factors to OCSs and OCD are Clozapine (Target group), PANSS Positive Syndrome Score and PANSS Total Syndrome Score.
Result showed that those three factors cannot be the prediction of OCSs and OCD from the Binary logistic regression analysis.published_or_final_version
Psychological Medicine
Master
Master of Psychological Medicine
6
Domènech, Salgado Laura 1989. "A Comprehensive multiomics approach towards understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665800.
Full textAbstract:
To date, very little progress has been made towards elucidating the genetic causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In this project we have performed rare variant association study (RVAS) transcriptomics and metagenomics analyses to focus on areas relatively underexplored in OCD. We have identified and replicated an enrichment of rare variants in TMEM63A, a gene that encodes for a calcium-permeable cation channel, through whole-exome sequencing, RVAS and targeted resequencing analyses. Moreover, we have observed an overrepresentation of genes enriched in rare variants in OCD cases related to calcium signalling. Transcriptomic studies have identified differential expression of genes involved in neuronal development and function in OCD patients. Integration of our RVAS and transcriptomic results also uncover a possible role of semaphorins and axon guidance in OCD. Finally, metagenomics studies have confirmed the previously reported increase of the Rikenellaceae bacterial family in the gut microbiome and have shown a significant higher Actinobacteria/Fusobacteria ratio in the oro-pharyngeal microbiome of OCD cases. Our results actively encourage further research in these areas.Fins a dia d’avui, s’ha avançat molt poc a l’hora d’elucidar les causes genètiques del trastorn obsessiu compulsiu (TOC). En aquest projecte hem realitzat estudis d’associació de variants rares (RVAS) i anàlisis de transcriptòmica i metagenòmica per centrar-nos en àrees relativament poc explorades del TOC. Hem identificat i replicat un enriquiment de variants rares a TMEM63A, un gen que codifica un canal catiònic permeable per calci, a través d’anàlisis de seqüenciació de l’exoma complet, RVAS i reseqüenciació dirigida. A més, hem observat una sobrerepresentació de gens enriquits en variants rares en casos de TOC relacionats amb la senyalització de calci. Els estudis de transcriptòmica han identificat una expressió diferencial de gens involucrats en el desenvolupament i la funció neuronal en els pacients de TOC. La integració dels resultats dels nostres estudis de RVAS i transcriptòmica també revelen un possible paper de les semaforines i del guiatge axonal al TOC. Finalment, els estudis de metagenòmica han confirmat el increment prèviament reportat de la família bacterial Rikenellaceae en el microbioma intestinal i han mostrat una relació significativa més alta d’Actinobacteris/Fusobacteris en el microbioma de l’orofaringe dels pacients de TOC. Els nostres resultats fomenten activament la recerca en aquestes àrees.
7
Bonadio, Christopher N. "Evolutionary Origins of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Depression." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1216030443.
Full text
8
Bailey, Fiona Jane, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The origins of inflated responsibility in obsessive compulsive disorder." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050902.121410.
Full textAbstract:
The pivotal role of inflated responsibility beliefs in the maintenance and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been clearly demonstrated (Rachman, 1993; Salkovskis, 1998; Shafran, 1997; van Oppen & Arntz, 1994). Yet little is known about the origins of these beliefs, their contribution to a sense of inflated responsibility or the symptoms of OCD, or the contribution of personality to inflated responsibility and to OCD, The aims of this thesis were to investigate a model of the inter-relationships among the personality dimensions of neuroticism and psychoticism, inflated responsibility and OCD, and the origins of inflated responsibility to inflated responsibility and to OCD. In order to achieve these aims, a scale was developed to assess the origins of inflated responsibility based upon the five pathways proposed by Salkovskis, Shafran, Rachman, and Freeston (1999) and the additional domains of guilt, vigilance and thought-action fusion (Shafran, Thordarson, & Rachman, 1996; Shafran, Watkins & Charman, 1996; Tallis, 1994). Eighty-four participants with OCD (age M = 43.36) and 74 control participants (age M =37.14) volunteered to participate in the two studies of this thesis. The aim of Study 1 was to develop and validate a measure of the Origins of Inflated Responsibility (OIR). The results of the first study yielded a 25-ttem scale, the Origins of Inflated Responsibility Questionnaire (OIRQ) with five independent factors: responsibility, strictness, protection from responsibility, critical incidents, and peer blame which demonstrated both internal reliability and temporal stability over a 2-week period. In Study 2, participants also completed the Responsibility Attitudes Scale (Salkovskis, Wroe, Gledhill, Morrison, Forrester, Richards, ct al. (2000) (a measure of inflated responsibility), the Padua Inventory (Sanavio, 1988) (to measure of the symptoms of OCD)y and the Eysenck Personality Inventory-Revised (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991). Multivariatc Analysis of Variance revealed that the OCD group scored higher on all variables than the control group except for strictness where the groups were not different, and psychoticism where the OCD group scored lower. A series of Multiple Regression analyses revealed that both group and the OIR contributed to inflated responsibility (R2 = .56). When all variables, OIR, inflated responsibility and neuroticism were entered as predictors of OCD, 60% of the variance in OCD was explained however, 49% of the variance was shared by the independent variables suggesting the presence of some underlying construct. Structural Equation Modelling, where all the constructs in the model were examined simultaneously, revealed that neuroticism contributed to the OIR, inflated responsibility and OCD. The OIR were also significant predictors of inflated responsibility and indirectly through inflated responsibility predictive of OCD. The OIR also directly predicted OCD and when the total effects are considered, their contribution was greater than the total effect for inflated responsibility alone. The results of these studies provide good support for the origins of inflated responsibility proposed by Salkovskis et al. (1999), as measured by the OIRQ developed for use in the current thesis. The results also support the contribution of inflated responsibility and neuroticism, as well as the OIR, to OCD, The large amount of variance shared by the OIR, inflated responsibility and neuroticism suggest that there might be some underlying construct, perhaps of a biopsychosocial nature, that requires further investigation for its role in the onset and maintenance of OCD. The clinical relevance
of these findings is discussed in terms of early prevention strategies and interventions.
9
Boutros, Jean-Charles. "La philosophie vive plutôt que la philosophie à vif : Socrate aux périls de Marsyas : recherches sur les modes d'influence chez Platon, précédées d'une étude générale sur la magie et la pensée magique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010717/document.
Full textAbstract:
Afin d’expliciter les modes d’influence intervenant dans les Dialogues de Platon, nous étudions de quelle manière se déploie la magie notamment de Socrate, qui est présenté comme un sorcier par plusieurs interlocuteurs. Une étude générale préliminaire sur la magie portant sur l’anthropologie, les rituels, pathologiques (troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs) ou culturels, et enfin la pensée magique nous fournit un cadre pour envisager comment se manifeste l’influence chez Platon. Différents facteurs influent sur les modes de pensée des individus souvent à leur insu : personnalité, habitudes, société, éthique, ignorance, etc.. La magie oratoire est pratiquée, depuis Gorgias, par divers experts du discours comme les orateurs ou les sophistes, ce qui révèle l’ambiguïté de la magie de Socrate, alors qu’il prétend éliminer le faux et les illusions. Dans le Phèdre, différents types de possession se produisent, certaines incontrôlées, d’autres contrôlées, impliquant un processus d’initiation. La magie de Socrate trouve encore à s’illustrer avec plusieurs cas d’envoûtement marquants, mais aussi un usage d’incantations notamment pour traiter la crainte de la mort. Dans le domaine politique, le législateur recourt aussi aux incantations pour plus d’efficacité, vu qu’elles agissent sur la forme des comportements, contribuent à souder les citoyens et participent au contrôle social. Une législation sur les crimes de magie est aussi édictéeTo explain the modes of influence operating in Plato’s Dialogues, we study how Socrates and others use their magic as several interlocutors have called Socrates a sorcerer. A framework is given to our research with a preliminary general study about magic covering anthropology, rituals – pathological (obsessive-compulsive disorders) or cultural – and magical thought. In Plato’s works, the way people think is influenced by many factors often unknowingly: personality, habits, society, ethics, ignorance, etc. Since it had been analyzed by Gorgias, speech experts, such as orators or sophists, have been using oratorical magic in their performances. And then the ambiguity of Socrates’ magic blatantly appears whereas he claims to refute falsehood and eliminate illusions. Different types of possession occur in Phaedrus, some uncontrolled, other controlled, entailing an initiation. Socrates carries out his magic in several striking cases of bewitchment and he also uses incantations in particular to sooth the fear of death. In the political field, the lawgiver finds an interest in using incantations for more effectiveness in his task since they can shape the forms of behaviors, create strong bond between citizens and contribute to social control. A law about crimes of magic is also designed
10
Souza, Fernanda Pasquoto de. "Tradução, adaptação e validação das escalas Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - OCI e do Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised - OCI-R." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13422.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo do presente projeto foi traduzir e adaptar para o português do Brasil as escalas Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI) e Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento OCI-R, o qual avalia a gravidade dos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos. O projeto foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: (1) a tradução, a adaptação transcultural e a retrotradução das escalas e (2) o estudo de confiabilidade e validade do questionário OCI-R em uma população clínica e em uma amostra não-clínica. Essas escalas têm como vantagem em relação as já existentes o fato de serem autorespondidas e de produzirem escores para categorias específicas de sintomas obsessivocompulsivos. Na primeira fase, a OCI e OCI-R, desenvolvidos no Centro para o Tratamento e Estudo de Ansiedade da Universidade da Pensilvânia, EUA foram traduzidas e a adaptadas para a língua portuguesa. As escalas foram inicialmente traduzidas para o português por dois psiquiatras bilíngües e retrotraduzidas por outros dois psiquiatras bilíngües de forma independente e em seguida, aplicadas em 15 portadores do Transtorno Obsessivo Compulsivo (TOC) com diferente escolaridade e intencionalmente selecionados para efetuar ajustes na linguagem. A versão final das escalas OCI e OCI-R foram aceitas pelo autor após o processo de retrotradução destas. As escalas mostraram-se de fácil compreensão e preenchimento pelos pacientes, podendo ser utilizadas em pacientes com TOC de diferentes classes econômicas e sociais. As escalas OCI e OCI-R, em suas versões adaptadas para o português do Brasil poderão auxiliar os profissionais de saúde no rastreamento de possíveis portadores de TOC e na avaliação da intensidade dos sintomas obsessivos compulsivos em pesquisa, e sua redução com diferentes métodos de tratamento. A tradução e a adaptação serão apresentadas no artigo nº. 1. A segunda etapa do projeto avaliou as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira da OCI-R em uma população clínica e em uma não clínica (controle). A validade e confiabilidade da versão para o Português do Brasil da escala Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) foram examinadas em uma amostra clínica de 64 pacientes com Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TOC), 33 pacientes com Fobia Social, 33 pacientes com Transtorno do Pânico e em uma amostra não clínica de 130 funcionários de um hospital geral. Foi verificado que as subescalas da OCI-R discriminam e avaliam a gravidade dos seis subtipos de sintomas de TOC. A confiabilidade teste-reteste foi examinada usando os dados dos 64 pacientes com TOC que completaram a OCI-R em dois diferentes momentos. Em cada amostra o escore total e os escores das subescalas demonstraram consistência interna de moderada a boa e boa validade concorrente e discriminante. Além disso, demonstrou ser sensível aos efeitos do tratamento cognitivo-comportamental em grupo. Nossos achados sugerem que a versão para o Português do Brasil da OCI-R mantêm as propriedades psicométricas da versão original. Os resultados foram comparados com os dados das versões da OCI-R em Espanhol e Alemão. Essa fase será apresentada no artigo nº. 2. A utilização da OCI-R em sua versão em português do Brasil poderá auxiliar os profissionais de saúde e os pacientes na triagem de pessoas com suspeita de TOC. Mais do que isto, seu uso poderá identificar os portadores de TOC clínico ou subclínico. Por se tratar de uma escala auto-respondida, facilita o conhecimento da doença mais cedo, o que é relevante, visto que os pacientes levam muitos anos para procurar tratamento para o TOC. Adicionalmente, ao empregarmos este instrumento, poderemos desenvolver e incrementar programas de prevenção e educação, assim como concentrar esforços nas ações de intervenção.The aim of the present project was to translate and adapt the scales Obsessive- Compulsive Inventory (OCI) and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) to Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the OCI-R, which measures the severity of the obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The project was developed in two stages: (1) the translation, transcultural adaptation and back-translation of the scales and (2) the study of reliability and validity of the questionnaire OCI-R in a clinical population and in a non-clinical sample (controls). The advantages of those scales, compared to the existent ones, are: (a) they are selfreported and (b) they produce scores for specific categories of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In the first stage, the OCI and OCI-R, developed by the Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, University of Pennsylvania, EUA were translated and adapted to the Brazilian Portuguese language. The scales were initially translated into Brazilian Portuguese by two bilingual psychiatrists and then independently back-translated by other two bilingual psychiatrists. The scales were then applied to 15 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients, deliberately chosen from different educational levels, to make language adjustments. The author accepted the final version of the OCI and OCI-R scales after their back translation. Scales showed to be easy to understand and fill in by individuals and may be used with OCD patients of different socioeconomic levels. The OCI e OCI-R scales, in their version adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, can help health professionals in screening potential OCD patients assess the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and the reduction of them through different treatments. The translation and the adaptation will be reported in the paper nº. 1. The second stage of the project evaluated the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the OCI-R in a clinical and in a non- clinical (controls) samples. The reliability and validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI-R) were examined in a clinical sample of 64 patients with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD), 33 patients with Social Phobia and 33 patients with Panic Disorder plus a non-clinical sample of 130 employees of a general hospital. Results indicate that the OCI-R is a valid measure for identifying and assessing the severity of the six symptom subtypes of OCD. In each sample the overall and subscale scores demonstrated moderate to good internal consistency and good convergent and divergent validity. Furthermore, in patients with OCD, the inventory showed sensitivity to Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT). Our findings indicate that the Brazilian Portuguese version of the OCI-R retains the psychometric properties of its original version. These results were also compared with the results of validation of the Spanish and German OCI-R versions. That phase will be reported in the paper nº. 2. The OCI-R Brazilian Portuguese version can help health professionals and patients to screen potential people with OCD. More than this, its use can identify clinical or sub clinical OCD patients. As it is a self-report scale, it facilitates the early awareness of the disease, which is relevant because patients may take several years to seek treatment for OCD. Moreover, the use of this instrument can help to develop educational programs which could ameliorate prevention, as well as focus efforts in intervention actions.
11
Kelly, Jeremy MacLaren. "Exploring Retrospective Biases In Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: An Experience-Sampling Study." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2212.
Full textAbstract:
Standard methods of assessment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involve retrospective report of symptoms over a prior period of interest (e.g., a week, a month, etc.). However, such accounts may be subject to recall biases, leading to inaccurate assessments of symptoms. Recall biases present in two domains of symptom severity (distress and interference) were examined. The following study applied experience-sampling methods (ESM) to OCD symptom assessment. Using a modified form of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, twenty-one adults with a primary diagnosis of OCD rated distress and interference of their principle obsession and compulsion four times daily for approximately one week. At the end of the experience-sampling period, participants provided retrospective estimates of distress and interference of principle obsessions and compulsions experienced during the course of the ESM period. Results found that participants retrospectively overestimated OCD ratings, compared to their real-time ratings. Two proposed reasons for such overestimates (peak-end evaluation and symptom variability) were examined though not supported based on current study results. Implications and future directions are discussed.
12
Fruehauf, Lindsay Morgan. "Cognitive Control and Context Maintenance in Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8476.
Full textAbstract:
Context maintenance, an aspect of cognitive control, is the internal representation and utilization of task-relevant information that helps achieve task goals. Alterations in context maintenance may be responsible for the cognitive difficulties seen in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We used two tasks designed to measure context maintenance: a) the cued-Stroop, a single-trial version of Golden’s Stroop test that varies the cue for each trial (color-naming or word-reading), and b) the AX-CPT task, a continuous performance task that has participants respond to an “A” only when followed by an “X,” with all other non-target trials labeled as AY, BX, and BY (and “Y” and “B” representing all non-X and non-A letters, respectively). Participants included 31 people with OCD and 30 psychiatrically-healthy controls that completed a neuropsychological test battery, self-report questionnaires measuring mood and symptom severity, and the computerized cued-Stroop and AX-CPT tasks. There was a 1s or 5s delay between the cue and probe for both tasks so as to vary the duration of context maintenance. We conducted a 2 (Group) x 2 (Delay) x 3 (Trial Type) repeated measures ANOVA for the cued-Stroop and a 2 (Group) x 2 (Delay) x 4 (Trial Type) repeated measures ANOVA for the AX-CPT. Dependent measures included median reaction times (RT) and mean error rates (ER). Both groups showed a congruency effect for the cued-Stroop, with slower RTs and greater ERs for the incongruent trials than the neutral and congruent trials, as well as lower ERs for BY trials compared to BX and AY trials of the AX-CPT task. There were no significant differences in RTs or ERs between groups for delay or condition for the cued-Stroop (ps > .45) or for the AX-CPT (ps > .07). The present study shows that people with OCD did not show deficits in context maintenance in two separate tasks. Limitations include low power, higher functioning participants with OCD, and the presence of comorbid depression and anxiety in some participants with OCD.
13
Navarro, Trujillo Rodrigo. "Association of inflammation markers in young adult patients with Obsessive-compulsive disorder." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355094.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Previous studies have shown that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have elevated interleukin and chemokine levels in plasma. The purpose of this study was to investigate and validate whether a group of cytokines and chemokines are elevated in a cohort of young adult OCD patients. Methods: A total of 43 patients (11 male/32 female) and 45 controls (15 male/30 female) with OCD were included in the study. The subjects were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders- Clinical Version or Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The control group was screened with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Proximity extension assay (PEA) was used to measure plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, and IL-10. Results: A factor analysis for the cytokines was performed and logistic regression analysis revealed that the cytokines as a group have a significant association for OCD (P=0.031, OR: 2.2) and IL-8 was the cytokine with the highest significance (P=0.007) for the patient group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that this group of cytokines are associated with OCD diagnosis and strengthens previous findings of immune activity in the etiology of OCD. Therefore cytokines and chemokines could have an active role in the etiology of OCD and PEA could be useful in the search for biomarkers.
14
Watson, Hunna J. "Clinical and research developments in the treatment of paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder." Curtin University of Technology, School of Psychology, Division of Health Sciences, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115091.
Full textAbstract:
It is of crucial importance to identify and disseminate effective treatments for paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is time-consuming and distressing, and can substantially disable functioning at school, at home, and with peers (Piacentini, 2003). Children who do not receive treatment are at risk of psychological difficulties in adulthood, including continued OCD, clinical anxiety and depression, personality disorders, and social maladjustment (Wewetzer et al., 2001). Two-thirds of adult cases of OCD develop in childhood, and adults with OCD have lower employment, poorer academic achievement, and lower marital rates compared to non-OCD adults (Hollander et al., 1996; Koran, 2000; Lensi et al., 1996; Steketee, 1993). The distressing nature of OCD in childhood, accompanying psychosocial impairment and risk of future psychopathology, underscore the need to identify effective treatments. The primary aim of this thesis was to expand knowledge of evidence-based treatments for paediatric OCD. A mixed-methodology approach was employed to examine key issues in this area. The first study used meta-analytic methodology to determine the evidence supporting available treatments for paediatric OCD. An extensive literature search revealed over 100 published reports of treatments, encompassing a broad array of theoretical approaches and treatment strategies. Examples of treatments used for paediatric OCD included psychodynamic therapy, pharmacotherapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnosis, family therapy, immunotherapy, and homeopathy.Study 1 comprised the first known meta-analysis of randomised, controlled treatment trials (RCTs) for paediatric OCD. Included studies were limited to RCTs as they are the most scientifically valid means for determining treatment efficacy and provide a more accurate estimate of treatment effect by removing error variance associated with confounding variables. The literature search identified 13 RCTs containing 10 pharmacotherapy to control comparisons (N = 1016) and 5 CBT to control comparisons (N = 161). Random effects modelling yielded statistically significant pooled effect size (ES) estimates for pharmacotherapy (ES = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.61, p < .00001) and CBT (ES = 1.45, 95% CI = 0.68 to 2.22, p =.002). The results support the efficacy of CBT and pharmacotherapy, and confirm these approaches as the only two evidence-based treatments for paediatric OCD. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. The effectiveness of CBT provided impetus to further examine this treatment. Group CBT is an understudied treatment modality among children with OCD. It was hypothesised that group CBT would possess efficacy because of the effectiveness of individual CBT for children with OCD, the demonstrated effectiveness of group CBT among adults with OCD, the practical and therapeutic advantages afforded by a group treatment approach, and the embeddedness of the approach in robust psychological theory. The aim of the second study was to evaluate the efficacy of group CBT. The study comprised the largest known conducted randomised, placebo-controlled trial of group CBT for paediatric OCD.
Twenty-two children and adolescents with a primary diagnosis of OCD were randomly assigned to a 12-week program of group CBT or a credible psychological placebo. Children were assessed at baseline, end of treatment, and at 1 month follow-up. Outcome measures included the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, global measures of OCD severity, Children’s Depression Inventory, and parent- and child-rated measures of psychosocial functioning. An intention-to-treat analysis revealed that children in the group CBT condition had statistically significantly lower levels of symptomatology at posttreatment and follow-up compared to children in the placebo condition. Analysis of clinical significance showed that 91% of children that received CBT were ‘recovered’ or ‘improved’ at follow-up, whereas 73% of children in the placebo condition were ‘unchanged’. Effect size analysis using Cohen’s d derived an effect of 1.14 and 1.20 at posttreatment and follow-up, respectively. These effects are comparable to results from studies of individual CBT. This study supported group CBT as an effective treatment modality for paediatric OCD and demonstrated that the effect extends beyond placebo and nonspecific treatment factors. In addition to treatment efficacy, the inherent worth of a treatment lies in its adoption by the relevant clinical population. Children with OCD are known to be secretive and embarrassed about symptoms, and there is often a long delay between onset of symptoms and treatment-seeking (Simonds & Elliot, 2001). An important observation during the course of conducting the RCT was that a high rate (39%) of eligible families declined participation.
This led to the question, "What barriers prevent participation in group CBT for paediatric OCD?" Qualitative methodology was employed to address this research question. Eligible families that had declined participation in the RCT were contacted and invited to participate in semi-structured interviews that explored reasons for non-participation and positive and negative perceptions of group CBT. The average time between non-participation and interview was 1.33 years (SD = 3 months). Data were collected from nine families and thematic analysis methodology was utilised to identify emergent themes. Failure to participate was predicted by practical and attitudinal barriers. Practical barriers included a lack of time, distance, severity of OCD symptoms, financial, and child physical health. Attitudinal barriers included child embarrassment about OCD symptoms, child belief that therapy would be ineffective, fear of the social aspect of the group, lack of previous success with psychology, lack of trust in strangers, parental concern about the structure of the group, denial of a problem, and ‘not being ready for it’. Attitudinal barriers more frequently predicted treatment non-participation. Positive and negative perceptions of this treatment modality were informative. Parents showed no differences in preference for individual or group CBT. An important finding was that 56% of the children had not received treatment since parental expression of interest in the group CBT program. Application of the findings to methods that promote service utilisation is discussed.
15
Boulougouris, Vasileios. "Neuroanatomical & neurochemical modulation of cognitive flexibility : implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611496.
Full text
16
Hemmings, S. M. J. "Investigating the molecular aetiology of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and clinically-defined subsets of OCD." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1256.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD (Psychiatry))-- Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a debilitating psychiatric disorder, affects 2-3% of the general population, and represents a global health problem. Evidence from family studies suggests that genetic factors play a role in mediating disease development. However, the pattern of inheritance is not consistent with monogenic disorders, but is “genetically complex”. Case-control association analysis, which facilitates dissection of the genetic aetiology of complex disorders, has yielded many inconsistent results in OCD studies, making identification of predisposing alleles difficult. These discrepant findings can largely be attributed to inappropriate statistical methodology and the lack of OCD phenotypic resolution. Although classified as a single clinical entity according to structured algorithms, OCD probably represents a final common outcome of multiple underlying aetiologies. Thus, numerous clinical subtypes of the disorder have been proposed; these “intermediate” phenotypes may be more closely related to a particular genetic substrate than the higher order construct of OCD. Furthermore, although genes encoding serotonergic (5-HT) and dopaminergic components are most commonly investigated, it is likely that the behavioural manifestations of OCD are mediated by a broader network of interconnected neurotransmitter and signalling pathways. Consequently, the aim of the present study was two-fold: to address the factors that may have confounded previous genetic case-control association studies and to investigate the genetic aetiology of OCD phenotypes while accounting for these factors. Case and control individuals were drawn from the reportedly genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population. However, as no empirical evidence existed to support the absence of genetic substructure, which would confound genetic association studies, a Bayesian modelbased clustering algorithm (Structure), that groups individuals on the basis of observed genotype data, was employed to assess population stratification in both case and control Afrikaner subjects. OCD patients were clinically stratified by gender, symptom severity, age at onset, the presence of selected co-morbid disorders and the presence of selected symptom dimensions, to facilitate the identification of susceptibility genes more closely related with these subtypes. Candidate genes included those coding for components of the 5-HT (5-HT receptors 1Dβ, 2A, 2C and 6), dopaminergic (dopamine receptors 1, 2, 3 and 4, dopamine transporter and catechol-O-methyltransferase [COMT]), glutamatergic (glutamate receptor subunit 2B [GRIN2B]) and neurodevelopmental pathways (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and homeobox 8 [HoxB8]), as well as previously uninvestigated genes (angiotensinconverting enzyme I, inositol-trisphosphate, phospholipase-C-gamma 1 and estrogen receptor alpha). The relationship between variants in these genes and OCD (or OCD subtypes) was investigated in a single locus and a haplotype context, while meta-analyses using published population-based case-control association data were also conducted. Significant associations noted between distinct COMT variants and OCD implicated COMT in the development of a genetically discrete, gender-dependant, early-onset, tic-related phenotype in males. Furthermore, investigations of variations in BDNF and GRIN2B point towards a genetically distinct, neurodevelopmental subtype of the disorder, mediated, in males at least, primarily by dysfunctions in BDNF. The striking gender dimorphism noted in these associations indicates the possibility of an epigenetic hormonal influence. Moreover, the significant association of polymorphisms within GRIN2B, in both a single locus and haplotype context, suggests the involvement of this gene in mediating a phenotypic subtype characterised by an early-onset, more severe form of the disorder. The present investigation forms part of ongoing research to elucidate genetic components involved in the aetiopathology of OCD and OCD-related subtypes. Such studies may pave the way towards more efficacious pharmacotherapeutic strategies, which will ease the suffering of individuals who are afflicted with this incapacitating condition.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Obsessiewe-kompulsiewe steuring (OKS) is 'n aftakelende psigiatriese siektetoestand wat 2- 3% van die algemene bevolking affekteer en 'n globale gesondheidsprobleem verteenwoordig. Familiestudies dui daarop dat genetiese faktore 'n rol in die ontwikkeling van hierdie siekte speel. Die patroon van oorerwing is egter nie verenigbaar met dié van monogeniese siektes nie, maar is geneties "kompleks". Geval-kontrole assosiasie-ontleding, wat die disseksie van die genetiese etiologie van komplekse siektes fasiliteer, het teenstrydige resultate in OKS gelewer en dit bemoeilik die identifikasie van predisponerende allele. Die teenstrydige bevindings kan grootliks aan ontoepaslike statistiese metodiek en die gebrek aan fenotipiese differensiasie in OKS toegeskryf word. Alhoewel dit volgens gestruktureer algoritmes as 'n enkele kliniese entiteit geklassifiseer word, verteenwoordig OKS waarskynlik die eindresultaat van veelvoudige onderliggende oorsake. Baie kliniese subtipes van die toestand is al voorgestel en dié "intermediêre' fenotipes mag nader verwant aan 'n spesifieke genetiese substraat as die hoër orde konsep van OKS wees. Verder, alhoewel die gene wat die serotonergiese (5-HT) en dopaminergiese komponente kodeer meestalondersoek word, is dit waarskynlik dat die gedragsmanifestasies van OKS deur 'n breër netwerk van intergekonnekteerde neuro-oordragstof- en seinoordragpaaie meegebring word Gevolglik was die doel van die huidige studie tweevoudig: om faktore wat vorige genetiese geval-kontrole assossiasie-studies verwar het aan te spreek en om die genetiese etiologie van OKS-fenotipes te ondersoek met in ag neming van hierdie faktore. Geval- en kontrole-individue is gekies uit die Afrikaner-bevolking wat as geneties homogeen beskryf kan word. Daar was geen empiriese bewyse vir die afwesigheid van 'n genetiese substruktuur (wat genetiese assossiasie-studies sou verwar),nie. Daarom is 'n Bayesiese model-gebaseerde groeperings-algoritme (Structure), wat individue op grond van waargenome genotipiese data groepeer, gebruik om die populasie-stratifikasie is beide gevalen kontrole- Afrikaner-individue te bepaal. OKS-pasiënte is klinies gestratifiseer volgens geslag, ernstigheid van simptome, ouderdom by aanvang van simptome, die teenwoordigheid van geselekteerde komorbiede siektetoestande en die teenwoordigheid van geselekteerde simptoomdimensies of -groepe, om die identifikasie van moontlike vatbaarheidsgene wat nader verwant is aan die verskillende subtipes te fasiliteer/vergemaklik. Kandidaatgene het ingesluit: dié wat kodeer vir komponente van die 5-HT-(5-HT reseptore IDB, 2A, 2C and 6), dopaminergiese (dopamienreseptore 1, 2, 3 and 4, dopamien-transporter and katesjol-O-metieltransferase [COMTJ), glutamatergiese (glutamaat-reseptor subeenheid 2B [GRIN2B]) and neuro-ontwikkelingspaaie (brein-gederiveerde neurotrofiese faktor [BDNF] en homeobox 8 [HoxB8]), sowel as die gene wat nie voorheen ondersoek is nie (angiotensien-omsettingsensiem I, inositol-trisfosfaat, fosfolipase-C-gamma 1 en estrogeen-reseptor alpha). Die verhouding tussen variante in hierdie gene en OKS (of OKS-subtipes) is ondersoek in 'n enkel-lokus en haplotipe konteks, en meta-analises, wat gepubliseerde bevolkings-gebaseerde geval-kontrole ontledingsdata gebruik het, is ook gedoen. Beduidende assosiasies gevind tussen spesifieke COMT-variante en OKS in mans, het daarop gedui dat COMT in die ontwikkeling van geneties-diskrete, vroeë-aanvang, senutrekking ("tics") -verwante fenotipe in mans betrokke is. Verder het ondersoeke van variasies in BDNF en GRIN2B daarop gedui dat 'n geneties-afsonderlike, neuro-ontwikkelings-subtipe van.OKS wat, ten minste in mans, primêr deur wanfunksie van BDNF meegebring word. Die opvallende geslags verskil wat in hierdie assosiasies gesien word, dui op die moontlikheid van 'n epigenetiese hormonale invloed. Bowendien, die beduidende assosiasie van polimorfismes in GRIN2B in beide die enkel-lokus en haplotipe konteks, dui op die betrokkenheid van hierdie geen in die meebring van 'n fenotipiese subtipe wat deur 'n vroeë aanvang, en meer ernstige vorm van die siekte gekenmerk word. Die huidige ondersoek vorm deel van voortgesette navorsmg om die genetiese komponente wat betrokke is by die etiopatologie van OKS en OKS-subtipes, bloot te lê. Sodanige studies kan die weg baan na meer doeltreffende farmakoterapeutiese strategieë wat die lyding van indi vidue wat deur hierdie aftakelende toestand geraak word, kan verlig.
17
Ozomaro, Uzoezi. "The Genetic and Functional Analysis of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Spectrum." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/602.
Full textAbstract:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the spectrum of associated conditions, affect 2-4% of the population worldwide. Although heritability studies in OCD have shown a 3 - 12 times increased risk for first degree relatives, the identification of the underlying risk-conferring genetic variation using classic genetic association studies has proven to be difficult. The possibility of a larger contribution of rare genetic variants to the risk of psychiatric disorder has been suggested by several successful studies. We expect that a spectrum of risk allele frequencies exists, which includes not only common variation but also a substantial amount of rare genetic variants that contribute to OCD. This thesis is aimed at identifying and functionally characterizing rare genetic variation in the OCD spectrum. Identified statistically significant variants were scrutinized for changes related to synaptic function using high content screening and subsequent functional analyses. Identifying the genetic profile of rare variants found in the OCD spectrum cohort combined with the functional impact that these variants have has provided insight into the etiology of the OCD spectrum. With these approaches a foundation can be laid for the development of a predictive model of the OCD spectrum.
18
Keyes, Carly Victoria. "How young people make sense of developing and getting help for obsessive compulsive disorder." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17190.
Full textAbstract:
There has been an abundance of studies that have adopted positivist approaches, employing quantitative methods, to research OCD 'symptoms' and their underlying neurobiology and neurochemistry. There appears to be a lack of research investigating how OCD is experienced by those living with the diagnosis, and in particular the experiences of young people diagnosed with OCD. Ten young people, aged 14-17 years old, with a diagnosis of OCD were recruited from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). The young people were interviewed and a Thematic Analysis (TA) was used to analyse data. Four themes were developed through the analysis. The first theme 'Traumatic and stressful life events' found that 9 out of the 10 participants experienced at least one of the following three life events just prior to the development of their OCD: 'Hostility in the family', 'Illness and death', 'Bullying and friendlessness'. Four subthemes, 'Lack of understanding of the behaviour', 'Being secretive', 'I thought I was going crazy', and 'Feeling different', provided a richer understanding to the theme 'Responses to signs of OCD'. The four subthemes 'Feeling "right"', 'I was taking on all the responsibility', 'It's ruined everything', 'Everyday life is now in my bedroom' explored the third theme 'The battle of living with OCD'. The last theme 'Ambivalent relationship to help' described the conflict that most participants had over exposure therapy and accommodation of their OCD. Lastly, most participants felt the long waiting time for help was frustrating. The theme is fully explored by the following three subthemes: 'Conflicts of exposure therapy', 'Conflicts about accommodation of the OCD', and 'Frustrations of long waiting lists'. The themes that emerged may provide important information for clinicians and the implications of the research findings are discussed. The strengths and limitations of the study are noted and there are suggestions for future research.
19
Mayerovitch, Jamie Isaac. "Treatment seeking for obsessive-compulsive disorder : role of ocd symptons and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30702.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Previous research has indicated that although obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with immense suffering, and social and economic costs, individuals afflicted with the disorder have a very low rate of seeking help from mental health professionals. Methods. From standardized psychiatric interviews of 7214 Edmonton residents we identified 172 subjects with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD; 37% (63/172) had consulted a doctor about their symptoms. Results. Total number of symptoms (odds ratio, OR = 3.44) and severe obsessions of violence and other unpleasant thoughts (OR = 2.62) were significantly associated with treatment seeking in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion. This study was an important step in examining which specific symptoms and comorbid conditions are associated with treatment seeking. It was somewhat surprising that neither comorbid disorders nor any compulsive symptoms were related to treatment seeking behaviour. This study may be of benefit to future public education programs especially by teaching the public about compulsions.
20
Mayerovitch, Jamie Isaac. "Treatment seeking for obsessive-compulsive disorder, role of OCD symptoms and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0034/MQ64406.pdf.
Full text
21
Mavrothalassitis, Mariaan Janet. "Trauma and the pathogenesis of OCD : a literature review." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52593.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most recognised mental disorder stemming from severe psychological trauma. One of the differential diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder, amongst others, is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OGD). These two disorders overlap at some point in terms of symptomatology. More specifically, both are characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts. It has been hypothesized that trauma may also be a significant source of OGD development. OGD and PTSD are disorders that present in adulthood, as well as in childhood and adolescence. It is shown that PTSD and OGD can present comorbidly in adulthood and it is theorized that it may also be the case in childhood and adolescence. Evidence of OGD developing in the context of trauma and theories of how this might have happened are presented. It is shown how complicated it is to distinguish between OGD developing in the wake of trauma and PTSD and the importance of such a distinction.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Post-traumatiese Stresversteurig (PTSD) is een van die mees erkende sielkundigeversteurings wat ontwikkel na die blootstelling aan sielkundige trauma. Obsessiewe-kompulsieweversteuring (OGD) is, onder andere, een van die differensiële diagnoses van PTSD. Die twee versteurings oorvleuel ten opsigte van simptomalogie. Meer spesifiek word beide gekenmerk deur herhalende indringende gedagtes. Daar word tans gehipotiseer dat trauma nie net 'n rol in die ontwikkeling van PTSD speel nie maar ook 'n oorsaaklike rol het in die ontwikkeling van OGD. OGD en PTSD is versteurings wat kan voorkom tydens volwassenheid, asook tydens die kinderjare en adolessensie. Daar word bewys gedoen van PTSD en OGD wat saam voorkom gedurende volwassenheid en daar word geteoretiseer dat dit ook die geval mag wees tydens die kinderjare en adolessensie. Bewys word gelewer van OGD wat ontwikkel na blootstelling aan trauma en teorië ten opsigte van die ontwikkeling word aangebied. Die onderskeid tussen OGD wat na trauma blootstelling ontwikkel en PTSD is ingewikkeld, dog is die onderskeid baie belangrik in vele opsigte.
22
Chrisman, Alyssa. "“And We Weren’t Alone”: Portrayals of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Young Adult Literature." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1491942992382162.
Full text
23
Farrell, Lara J., and n/a. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Across the Developmental Trajectory: Clinical Correlates and Cognitive Processing of Threat." Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040513.132648.
Full textAbstract:
Controlled scientific research into obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adulthood has considerably progressed over the past two decades; however, current research into childhood OCD is still in its infancy by comparison. As a result, current psychological conceptualisations of OCD during childhood, including approaches to treatment, are almost entirely based on adult models of the disorder. Previous research however, examining the clinical phenomenology of OCD has provided some evidence that OCD might be associated with different clinical correlates at different stages of development. In particular, there appears to be a bimodal distribution in terms of the age of onset of the disorder, a male predominance during childhood and adolescence compared to adulthood, stronger familial aggregation of OCD in early onset cases, and differences in the types of symptoms and the patterns of comorbidity across age groups. The first study aimed to assess the developmental continuity in clinical correlates of OCD across 3 distinct age groups, including; children (n = 40), adolescents (n = 44) and adults (n = 41). It was hypothesised that the sample of children would be predominantly male, and would have a higher familial aggregation of OCD and/or anxiety/depression in first-degree relatives. It was further hypothesised that there would be significant age-related differences in terms of specific symptoms, patterns of comorbidity, OCD severity, functional impairment, and level of insight and distress. The results of this study supported the developmental heterogeneity hypothesis, with significant differences occurring across age groups on a number of clinical features of OCD including age at onset, symptoms experienced, comorbidity, severity, insight and impairment. The recognition of developmental differences in clinical features of OCD will assist in the accurate assessment and diagnosis of the disorder, and will allow for refinement of current treatment strategies to ensure treatments effectively target features of the disorder as it presents at different developmental stages. While the cognitive theory of OCD is one of the most widely accepted accounts of the maintenance of the disorder in adults, no study to date has systematically evaluated this theory across children, adolescents and adults with the disorder. Until empirical investigation examines the applicability of this theory to children and adolescents, we know very little about the cognitive processes associated with OCD during childhood or adolescence. The second study investigated developmental differences in the cognitive processing of threat in a sample of children (n = 34), adolescents (n = 39) and adults (n = 38) with OCD. Using an idiographic assessment approach, as well as self-report questionnaires, this study evaluated cognitive appraisals of responsibility, probability, severity, thought-action fusion (TAF), thought-suppression, self-doubt and cognitive control. It was hypothesised that there would be age related differences in reported responsibility for harm, probability of harm, severity of harm, thought suppression, TAF, self-doubt and cognitive control. Results demonstrated that children with OCD reported experiencing fewer intrusive thoughts, which were less distressing and less uncontrollable than those experienced by adolescents and adults with OCD. Furthermore, responsibility attitudes, probability biases and thought suppression strategies were significantly higher in adolescents and adults with OCD, compared to children. Cognitive processes of TAF, perceived severity of harm, self-doubt and cognitive control were found to be comparable across age groups. These findings suggest that some cognitive biases associated with OCD in adults, are in fact also associated with OCD during childhood and adolescence, however there remains some discontinuity across specific cognitive processes. For a developmentally sensitive theory of OCD, further investigation is clearly warranted into other possible age related maintenance factors of this disorder. Implications of these 2 empirical investigations are highlighted and directions for future research are discussed.
24
Budajeva, Snezjana. "OCD as behavioral addiction and the reward process : A systematic review." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20174.
Full textAbstract:
Studies have shown that aberrant activity in some brain regions involved in the pathology of OCD overlaps similarly with individuals with addiction disorders. The reduced anxiety following a compulsion together with findings of diminished activation in the striatum during reward anticipation proposes a view of OCD being a behavior addiction. To investigate if there are consistent results across studies that support this view a systematic search of the literature was conducted. The keywords in the final search string used were: Obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD, reward, risk, functional MRI, MRI, fMRI. Databases used for the search were Web of Science and PubMed. The inclusion criteria were studies that compared the neural activity during the anticipation phase of reward between OCD patients and healthy controls. The intervention and brain imaging used in the included studies were the monetary incentive delay task and fMRI. The main data extracted were the alterations in the striatum. Four studies were included in this review with inconsistent results. Three studies did not find any significant difference between OCD and healthy controls and therefore the findings in principle did not support the view of OCD being a behavior addiction. However, differences in study design between studies could be an explanation for the conflicting findings.
25
Lyon, Alexandra Haley. "Predictors of Dropout in Clients Treated for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder with Exposure and Response Prevention." Xavier University Psychology / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1586197796058032.
Full text
26
Jackson, Stacey Anne Winifred. "Modelling the neuropsychopharmacology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288835.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis extends the understanding of the neural and neurochemical contributions to two forms of behavioural adaptation, reversal learning and contingency degradation, in which stimulus/action-reward contingencies are altered. The results are interpreted within the psychological framework of the compulsivity construct, and their implications for the pathological behaviour of obsessive-compulsive-disorder (OCD) are considered. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and striatum are key brain structures involved in reversal learning, as are the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and dopamine (DA) within those respective regions. However, there has been little empirical evidence of how these two structures and neurochemical systems interact, especially in the functional context of reversal learning. In Chapter Three, the impact of experimentally-induced reductions of 5-HT in the anterior OFC on monoamine levels in subcortical structures such as the striatum and amygdala was determined, DA being found to be significantly up-regulated in the amygdala. Functionally, 5-HT depletion of the OFC has previously been shown to induce deficits in reversal learning. To determine the possible causal significance of amygdala dopamine up-regulation for said reversal learning deficit, the effects of blocking the upregulation with the infusion of intra amygdala DA receptor antagonists following bilateral OFC 5-HT depletion were investigated in a reversal learning paradigm. In Chapter Four, the differential roles of regions of striatum were examined in visual reversal learning. Two recent investigations in non-human primates highlighted the role of the striatum in reversal learning,but pinpointed the critical region to be either the ventromedial caudate or the putamen. Marmosets were trained on a serial reversal task that allowed multiple acute neural manipulations, and the ventromedial caudate and putamen were then reversibly inactivated using the GABAA agonist muscimol. Results indicated dose-related impairments specifically in reversal learning within the putamen, with sparing of discrimination retention. By contrast, similar reversible inactivation of the caudate nucleus produced marked deficits in visual discrimination performance (retention). In Chapter Five, the neural basis of action-outcome contingency knowledge was investigated by inactivating distinct regions of the PFC, the perigenual ACC (pgACC; area 32) and the anterior OFC, and determining response sensitivity to the degradation of action-outcome contingencies. In previous work, excitotoxic lesions of either the pgACC or the OFC had been found to induce insensitivity to contingency degradation in marmosets. However, the design of that experiment did not allow specification of whether stimulus- or action-outcome associations were disrupted, and a precise neural locus could not be determined for the behavioural effects as the OFC lesions included parts of the lateral and medial OFC. I therefore developed a novel contingency degradation paradigm that distinguished between stimulus- and action-outcome associations to enable the study of acute pharmacological manipulations in both brain regions. The pgACC and OFC were reversibly inactivated using GABAA-GABAB agonists (muscimol-baclofen). Whereas the pgACC inactivation produced selective deficits in sensitivity to action-outcome contingency degradation, OFC inactivation reduced the suppressive effect of noncontingent reward on responding more generally but left intact sensitivity to degradation of the contingencies. These results are discussed in terms of different theories of the functions of the pgACC and OFC. In the final discussion the findings on the neural substrates of reversal learning and contingency degradation are drawn together in terms of their significance for theories of PFC involvement in cognitive control, and for the understanding of OCD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
27
Edwards, Ethan Jack. "Personality Factors, Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior, and Sexual Fantasy as Predictors of Paraphilic Disorder Intensity." TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2039.
Full textAbstract:
Researchers vary on their definitions of paraphilia. A difference exists between an individual possessing a paraphilia versus an individual possessing a paraphilic disorder. Hanson (2010) proposed a dimensional model of sexual deviance that includes a measure of intensity. However, research on sexual intensity has been lacking. A majority of existing research focuses on the potential risk factors of possessing a paraphilia or paraphilic disorder (e.g., criminality). There is less focus on whom in the population has the potential to develop a paraphilia; or which factors predict paraphilic behavior.
The Big Five personality factors (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism), obsessive-compulsive behavior, and sexual fantasy (exploratory, intimacy, impersonal, and sadomasochism) were used to predict paraphilic intensity using the Edwards Paraphilic Inventory (EPI). Surveys were placed on Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 100), the Celebrity Feet in the Pose website (via https://celebrityfeetinthepose.com), and its social media (n = 163) to reach a total of 263 participants.
Results indicated that obsessive-compulsive behavior, sadomasochism, and agreeableness significantly predicted the level of paraphilic intensity. Such findings support that paraphilic disorders are likely obsessive-compulsive in nature. Furthermore, agreeableness and paraphilic intensity were negatively correlated. This suggests that the lower the individual is in agreeableness, the higher the likelihood he or she falls on the paraphilic spectrum. Lastly, those who practice sadomasochistic roleplay in the bedroom are likely to report higher levels of paraphilic intensity.
According to the United States sample, 1 out of every 10 participants reported some type of paraphilic activity. Individuals who participated in the survey from the website self-reported higher levels of paraphilic behavior than those who completed the survey from Amazon Mechanical Turk. In addition, these individuals are represented in more than one paraphilic category. It remains unclear how large of a role pleasure plays in an individual seeking therapeutic or pharmacological help with paraphilic disorders. Pedophilic disorder was not examined due to ethical concerns with the United States and other various countries. Future research should examine education level and sexual orientation as predictors of paraphilic intensity.
28
Widdifield, Colin. "Post-Secondary Students with Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: An Interpretative Phenomenological Approach Linking Persistence and Quality of Life Insights." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33350.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this qualitative, exploratory study was to develop a deeper understanding of educational and other social experiences and relationships of post-secondary students who were clinically diagnosed with primary obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The researcher also investigated their strengths, weaknesses, coping strategies, and quality of life through mental and physical health. The majority of people with OCD have obsessions and compulsions that last greater than an hour each day or severely impact daily life. Obsessions are irritating feelings
or mental pictures that individuals try to block or mitigate with irrational physical or mental compulsions, often appearing as excessive hand washing in reaction to a contamination obsession. Participants comprised seven university students who completed three self-report questionnaires and two semi-structured interviews with the researcher. Five participants submitted self-report journals. These data were examined using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).The present study advanced previous research as it documented extensive lifelong characteristics, experiences, and relationships from these students. It yielded salient findings related to their OCD functional impairment and quality of life. Further, it showed that as students, their intellectual integration seemed to play a greater role in academic persistence than did their social integration. In addition, participants’ university policy and practice recommendations were congruent with a similar study from about a decade ago indicating that perhaps few or none of the past recommendations were implemented for the benefit of such students. Present recommendations should be implemented accordingly.
29
Kinnear, C. J. (Craig John). "Molecular genetic strategies to identify Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia candidate genes in a South African sub-population group." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21666.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a severe, debilitating psychiatric disorder for which the underlying molecular aetiology still remains unclear. Evidence from family studies have suggested that OCD may be caused by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. In order to identify the genetic factors that mediate OCD susceptibility, several genetic association studies have been undertaken, which have yielded inconsistent findings. Moreover, the majority of these studies have focused on a small number of candidate genes that encode components of the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter pathways. However, based on the complexity of clinical manifestations observed in OCD, it is likely that its pathogenesis is mediated by a broader complex of interrelated neurotransmitter systems and signal transduction pathways; consequently there is a need to identify and assess novel candidate genes. One method of identifying such novel OCD candidate genes is by utilising knowledge of diseases with phenomenological overlap with OCD, which lend themselves to better genetic dissection through linkage analysis and animal studies. Genetic loci for such disorders, identified though linkage analysis, could potentially harbour novel OCD candidate genes, while genes implicated through animal models may lead to the identification of additional susceptibility genes through delineation of pathways by, for instance, interactome analysis. One such disorder is schizophrenia, which manifests overlap in both symptoms and brain circuits with OCD. In schizophrenia, in addition to several case-control association studies having been performed, linkage data, studies of chromosomal aberrations and animal models have led to the identification of many chromosomal regions that may contain genes involved in its aetiology and thus may also contain OCD candidate genes. In the present investigation, this approach was employed using previously reported schizophrenia susceptibility loci to identify novel OCD candidate genes. All genes residing in each of these loci were catalogued and individually analysed using a battery of bioinformatic techniques in order to assess their potential candidature for OCD susceptibility. These analyses yielded 13 credible OCD candidate genes.Additional candidates were sought using information regarding a well-defined schizophrenia animal model, the heterozygous reeler mouse, that exhibits neurodevelopmental, neuroanatomical and behavioural abnormalities, similar to those displayed by patients with schizophrenia. The phenotype of these mice is caused by a mutation in Reln, which encodes reelin, a large extracellular matrix protein that plays a pivotal role in the ordered migration of neurons during the development of laminar brain structures. The fact that both reelin protein and mRNA levels have been shown to be reduced in post-mortem brain sections of schizophrenic patients, coupled with the observed behaviour and neurochemical similarities between the heterozygous reeler mouse and schizophrenic patients suggests that reelin may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and hence also OCD. Furthermore, genes encoding proteins that interact with reelin may thus also be considered plausible candidate genes for both schizophrenia and OCD. For this reason, novel reelin-interacting proteins were sought using the N-terminal reeler-domain of reelin, a domain only found in proteins involved in neuronal migration, as “bait” in a yeast twohybrid screen of a foetal brain cDNA library. Putative reelin ligands were subsequently reevaluated using co-immunopreciptitation and mammalian two-hybrid analysis to corroborate the yeast two-hybrid findings. Results of these analyses showed that WDR47, a WD40-repeat domain protein, interacts with reelin via its reeler-domain; therefore, the gene encoding this ligand protein, as well as RELN itself, was also considered a credible OCD candidate gene. Each of the candidate genes identified using the afore-mentioned strategies were assessed for their potential role in the aetiology of OCD by case-control association studies of a cohort of Afrikaner OCD patients and control individuals. Statistically significant associations were detected for two genes, DLX6 and SYN3, with the disorder. These associations are exciting as they may point to novel mechanisms involved in OCD development. The identification of WDR47 as a novel reelin-interacting protein has significant implications for our understanding of reelin-dependant signalling. Using this protein as the starting point, further novel components of the reelin signalling pathway may be unravelled, an investigation which may lead to the identification of novel roles for reelin in neurodevelopment. Such novel components may, of course, also be considered OCD and schizophrenia candidate genes, which may, in turn, augment the existing knowledge of the pathophysiologies of OCD, schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Taken together, the current study yielded exciting results that warrants follow-up investigation in future. The identification of DLX6 and SYN3 as novel OCD susceptibility genes as well as the identification of WDR47 as a reelin-interacting protein may provide investigators with alternative avenues of research into potential pathological mechanisms involved both in OCD and schizophrenia, which may ultimately lead to alternative pharmacotherapy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Obsessiewe kompulsiewe steuring (OKS) is `n ernstige, verswakkende psigiatriese steuring waarvan die onderliggende molekulêre etiologie steeds onbekend is. Bewyse verkry vanuit familiestudies het voorgestel dat OKS moontlik veroorsaak word deur `n komplekse interaksie van omgewings en genetiese faktore. Om die genetiese faktore te identifiseer wat OKS vatbaarheid veroorsaak, is `n hele aantal genetiese assosiasie studies onderneem, wat teenstrydige resultate gelewer het. Wat meer is, die grootste hoeveelheid van hierdie studies het gefokus op `n klein aantal kandidaatgene wat vir komponente van die serotonien en dopamine neurotransmittor weë enkodeer. Dit is egter, gebaseer op die kompleksiteit van die kliniese manifestasies wat waargeneem word in OKS, heel moontlik dat die patogenisiteit van die siekte bemiddel word deur `n breër kompleks van interverwante neurotransmittor sisteme en seintransduksie weë. Daar is dus `n behoefte na die identifikasie en ondersoek van nuwe kandidaatgene. Een metode om sulke nuwe OKS kandidaatgene te identifiseer, is deur die gebruik van bestaande kennis oor siektes wat fenomenologiese ooreenkomste het met OKS, siektes wat makliker geneties ontleed kan word deur koppelingsanalises en dierestudies. Genetiese lokusse vir sulke versteurings, geïdentifiseer deur koppelingsanalises, het die potensiaal om nuwe OKS kandidaatgene in te sluit, terwyl gene wat geïmpliseer word deur dierestudies mag lei tot die identifisering van bykomende vatbaarheidsgene deur die ondersoek van weë deur, byvoorbeeld, interaktoom analises. `n Voorbeeld van so `n versteuring is skisofrenie, wat in manifestasie oorvleuel in beide simptome en breinstroombane met OKS. In skisofrenie het, addisioneel tot verskeie geval-kontrole assosiasiestudies wat gedoen is, koppelingsdata, studies van chromosomale afwykings en dierestudies gelei tot die identifikasie van verskeie chromosomale gebiede wat gene mag bevat wat betrokke kan wees in die etiologie van die siekte, en dus ook OKS kandidaatgene mag bevat. In die huidige ondersoek is hierdie benadering gevolg en is gebruik gemaak van voorheen gerapporteerde skisofrenie vatbaarheidslokusse om nuwe OKS kandidaatgene te identifiseer. Alle gene wat in hierdie lokusse voorkom is gekatalogiseer en individueel geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van `n battery van bioinformatika tegnieke om hul potensiaal as kandidate vir OKS vatbaarheid te bepaal. Hierdie analise het 13 geloofwaardige OKS kandidate opgelewer. Addisionele kandidate is gesoek deur inligting van `n goed gedefinieerde skisofrenie dieremodel te gebruik, naamlik die heterosigotiese “reeler” muismodel, wat neuro-ontwikkelings-, neuroanatomiese- en gedragsabnormaliteite vertoon, soortgelyk aan dié wat voorkom by pasiënte met skisofrenie. Die feit dat daar aangetoon is dat beide reelin protein en bRNS vlakke verlaag is in post-mortem brein seksies van skisofrenie pasiënte, gekoppel aan die gedrags- en neurochemiese ooreenkomste wat gesien word tussen heterosigotiese “reeler” muise en skisofrenie pasiënte, stel voor dat reelin betrokke is by die patogenese van skisofrenie en dus ook OKS. Vir hierdie rede is nuwe proteïene gesoek wat `n interaksie met reelin toon, deur gebruik te maak van die N-terminale reeler-domein van reelin, `n domein wat slegs gevind word in proteïene wat betrokke is by neuronale migrasie, as “aas” in `n gis-twee-hibried sifting van `n fetale brein cDNS biblioteek. Vermeende reelin ligande is vervolgens herevalueer deur gebruik te maak van koimmunopresipitasie en soogdier twee-hibried analises om die gis-twee-hibried bevindings te bevestig. Resultate van hierdie analises het getoon dat daar interaksie is tussen WDR47, `n WD40-herhalingsdomein protein, met reelin via sy reeler-domein. Die geen wat hierdie ligand protein enkodeer, sowel as RELN self, is dus beskou as ‘n geloofwaardige OKS kandidaatgeen. Elkeen van die kandidaatgene wat geïdentifiseer is deur gebruik te maak van bogenoemde strategieë is ondersoek vir `n potensiële rol in die etiologie van OKS deur gebruik te maak van geval-kontrole assosiasie studies met `n groep Afrikaner OKVS pasiënte en kontrole individue. Statisties-betekenisvolle assosiasies met die versteuring is vasgestel vir twee gene, DLX6 en SYN3. Hierdie assosiasies is opwindend aangesien hul nuwe meganismes betrokke by OKS ontwikkeling mag aantoon. Die identifikasie van WDR47 as ‘n nuwe protein wat interaksie met reelin vertoon, het betekenisvolle implikasies vir die verstaan van reelin-afhanklike seining. Deur hierdie proteïn as die beginpunt te gebruik kan vêrdere nuwe komponente van die reelin seinweg ontdek word, `n ondersoek wat mag lei tot die identifisering van nuwe funksies vir reelin in neuro-ontwikkeling. Sulke nuwe komponente mag, natuurlik, ook in aanmerking kom as OKS en skisofrenie kandidaatgene, wat op sy beurt weer die bestaande kennis van die patofisiologie van OKS, skisofrenie en ander neuro-ontwikkelings versteurings mag verbreed. In samevatting, hierdie studie het opwindende resultate gelewer wat opvolgondersoeke in die toekoms regverdig. Die identifikasie van DLX6 en Syn3 as nuwe OKS vatbaarheidsgene, sowel as die identifisering van WDR47 as ‘n protein wat interaksie vertoon met reelin, mag aan navorsers alternatiewe navorsingsweë voorsien om die moontlike patologiese meganismes wat betrokke is by beide OKS en skisofrenie te ondersoek, wat uiteindelik mag lei tot alternatiewe farmakoterapie.
30
Beijar, Odh Maria. "När hälsa blir ohälsa : En studie om Ortorexia Nervosa och två sorters självkänsla." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-18774.
Full textAbstract:
Ortorexia Nervosa (ON) är ett idag relativt okänt fenomen och detfinns skilda åsikter angående vilken typ av problem det är. Det finns desom menar på att det kan vara en ätstörning eller ett tvångssyndrom.Studien genomfördes med syfte att undersöka hur utbrett ON är hosträningsintresserade människor samt undersöka om bassjälvkänsla ochförvärvad självkänsla kunde relateras på olika sätt till graden av ONsamt se ifall kön och ålder har någon inverkan på detta.Undersökningen genomfördes med enkäter som mätte graden av ONoch självkänsla på 102 deltagare. Det visade sig att 33% av antaletdeltagare hade poäng över tröskelvärdet för ON. Studiens äldre ochyngre deltagare visade sig vara de som fick högst poäng på testet förON, dock hittades ingen skillnad beträffande kön. Inga signifikantasamband mellan ON och de två typerna av självkänsla kunde hittas.Idag är forskningen bristfällig inom ON och fler studier behövs.
31
McLean, Lisa Mae. "Local visual processing in high obsesssive compulsive disorder (OCD) scorers : [a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology] /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1023.
Full text
32
von, Strunck Hilmar. "Exploration of the Relationship between OCD and Parenting Style Subtypes." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2017.
Full textAbstract:
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an illness that significantly reduces the quality of life of those affected by the disorder. Current and past research has established a relationship between an authoritarian parenting style and the development of OCD. There is an absence of research regarding the influence of parenting styles on the development of different subtypes of OCD. This study examined the relationship of Baumrind's parenting styles (permissive, authoritarian, and restrictive) as gathered from participant answers on the Parenting Behavior Questionnaire and the OCD subtypes (contamination, harm, unwanted thoughts, and symmetry) as gathered from participant answers to the Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Participants were 140 members of OCD Foundations within the United States, between the ages of 18 and 69, who self-selected to take the online survey that was linked to them by an e-mail from the foundations. A one-way between subjects ANOVA showed no significant difference between the 3 parenting styles and the 4 subtypes of OCD. Future studies should use a clinical sample that isolates participants for the specific diagnosed OCD subtypes. This isolation would eliminate the limitation of this study that had participants answering questions across all subtypes, regardless of their diagnosis. This study may impact social change by furthering the discussion of how parenting and OCD may be related, thus helping scholars, educators, and other professionals to be more proactive in guiding parents when raising their children.
33
Simmonds, Sarah. "Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and young people : experiences of children with OCD and the involvement of families in treatment." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3260/.
Full textAbstract:
This research thesis has examined the way in which family involvement in childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) facilitates treatment and the experiences of children in living with their diagnosis of OCD. Chapter one is a literature review of eleven empirical studies of the effectiveness of CBT with family involvement. The review highlights the variety in the way families are involved in CBT treatment and suggests that there is a trend towards higher rates of improvement in symptom severity for treatments that involve families separate family sessions away from the child, and a potentially higher improvement for treatments that utilise a mixture of joint child-family sessions in addition to separate family sessions. Chapter two is an empirical study of the experiences of seven children in living with their diagnosis of OCD. A qualitative methodology utilising Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis revealed three main areas of importance; the power and control of OCD, the associated emotional consequences and the role of relationships in OCD and in treatment. Clinical implications and areas for future research are discussed alongside methodological limitations. Chapter three is a reflective account of the research thesis as a whole; methodological and clinical issues arising from the research are discussed along with personal reflections of personal and professional development.
34
Shafran, Rosamund Lucy. "An investigation into the cognitive-behavioural model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (O.C.D.) : can this be reconciled with a neurological deficit model?" Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-investigation-into-the-cognitivebehavioural-model-of-obsessivecompulsive-disorder-ocd--can-this-be-reconciled-with-a-neurological-deficit-model(825d532c-226d-486e-ba58-c8f7c114f0f6).html.
Full text
35
Kartberg, Emma. "OCD and Empathy Games : Using empathy games to inform the public about ODC." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17846.
Full textAbstract:
This research focuses on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and how games focused on making the player feel empathy (empathy games) can increase the public’s general knowledge of the disorder. The disorder is currently commonly misunderstood and is not always taken seriously, something that potentially could hurt those with OCD. The stigma surrounding OCD sometimes makes people avoid getting the help they need, making them suffer in silence. The objective of the research was to define several game design principles that suggests what a developer should focus on when making an empathy game about OCD with the purpose to inform the general public. This was done by analyzing several scientific articles discussing either OCD or empathy games, and concluding the most important parts from them into game design principles. Four game design principles were found; target audience, reality, clarity, and includation. These have not been tested in a practical setting, but can possibly serve as guidelines when making an empathy game focusing on OCD.
36
Fox, Elena M. "Mental Illness Identity: A Look at the Self, Self-Concept, and Stigma Resistance Among Those Suffering from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1550592968807663.
Full text
37
Kolta, Marian. "An exploratory investigation of key clinical and neuropsychological characteristics in children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and/or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)." Swinburne Research Bank, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/66848.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD) - Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2009.Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology - 2009. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 264-308)
38
Fryklund, Julia. "Tvingande tankar i skolbänken : En kvalitativ studie om hur tvångssyndrom påverkar skolgången." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-129432.
Full textAbstract:
Den psykiska ohälsa hos unga har ökat de senaste åren, framförallt depressioner, ångestsjukdomar och missbruk. Tvångssyndrom är en ångestsjukdom och är en av de fyra vanligaste diagnoserna i Sverige. Det är vanligt att sjukdomen börjar redan i skolåldern. För att kunna förstå elever med Tvångssyndrom och sjukdomens yttringar i skolmiljö, bör lärare ha tillräcklig kunskap för att kunna ge lämpligt stöd. Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur tvångssyndromet påverkar skolgången för en individ med denna diagnos, samt ge en ökad bild av vilken kunskap som yrkesgrupper inom elevhälsan besitter. Studien bygger på semistrukturerade djupintervjuer som skildrar fem individers personliga och yrkesmässiga erfarenheter av denna sjukdom. Resultatet ger inblick i tvångssyndromets komplexa karaktär och symptom. Utifrån studiens kvalitativa innehållsanalys formulerades fem kategorier där studiens frekventa och framträdande budskap tas upp: Negativ skolpåverkan, Resursansvar, psykisk ohälsa, kunskapsläge samt behov av stöd. Dessa kategorier kan förstås som att skolgången upplevs vara en svår tid för de drabbade och påverkas direkt och indirekt. Samt att det individuella behovet inte alltid kan tillgodoses på grund av den bristande kunskapen om tvångssyndrom hos skolpersonal. Slutligen sammanfattas studiens framträdande budskap i ett Tema och kan ses som en indiktation och inspirationskälla till vidare forskning inom detta område.
39
Knopp, Jasmin. "Individual differences in response to brief psychological interventions : using a mixed methods design to identify the role of user characteristics in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/individual-differences-in-response-to-brief-psychological-interventions-using-a-mixed-methods-design-to-identify-the-role-of-user-characteristics-in-the-treatment-of-obsessivecompulsive-disorder-ocd(8e5409f1-0c2f-434e-9ba6-a0c402afbc7d).html.
Full textAbstract:
Background: OCD is a debilitating mental health condition. Poor access to evidence-based psychological treatment has motivated the implementation of low intensity interventions in UK mental health services for OCD. Around one half of those accessing care remain clinically unwell. Service users, providers, and treatment decision-makers could benefit from understanding users' views of low intensity interventions and knowing which users are more likely to benefit from diverse low intensity approaches in order to match individuals with treatments of known efficacy. Aim and objectives: The primary aim of this research was to determine user characteristics associated with engagement and outcome in low intensity interventions for OCD. The objectives of the study were: 1) to review the published literature on predictors of psychological therapy outcome in OCD, 2) to explore individual variation in intervention acceptability, uptake, and engagement, and 3) to identify user characteristics, which moderate intervention engagement and outcome. Methods: This mixed methods thesis was conducted in three parts. Firstly, a systematic review of published trial data was conducted to identify predictors of therapy outcome. Secondly, primary data were collected as part of a large effectiveness trial: 1) qualitative interviews with 36 trial participants, randomised to one of two low intensity interventions (guided self-help; cCBT); and 2) quantitative trial assessments conducted at baseline and at 3-months follow-up. Data from the systematic review and the qualitative study were used to identify possible moderators of outcome. Confirmatory analyses were then conducted on these variables, using data from the quantitative assessments. Results: Objective 1: The systematic review identified 43 studies, examining predictors of outcome. Robust effects were rare and the applied utility of these findings is limited by methodological weaknesses. Objective 2: Six themes were identified from the qualitative study, three relate to the general acceptability of low intensity interventions: 1) Predisposing concepts of high quality psychological therapies, 2) Engaging with low intensity interventions, and 3) The perceived value of therapist support. Three are specific to individuals with OCD: 4) Positive aspects of OCD, 5) Recognition and accommodation of OCD users' needs, and 6) OCD disclosure. Objective 3: User attachment style, expressed emotion, OCD symptom subtype, and prior help seeking for OCD were examined in confirmatory interaction tests. Symmetry/order/exactness symptoms were associated with a greater likelihood of engagement in guided self-help than cCBT. Contamination/washing symptoms were associated with improved outcome in guided self-help over cCBT. Conclusions: This study has made an original contribution through using a mixed methods design to identify individual differences in response to low intensity interventions in OCD. There is significant individual variation in the acceptability of, and engagement with, low-intensity interventions for OCD, linked to the mode and intensity of therapist support preferable to the individual user. However, few moderators could be identified. Future research should focus on maximising the reliability of stratified medicine research to allow related findings to inform clinical decision-making.
40
Johansson, Jessica, and Tony Jonsson. "Faktorer som möjliggör och hindrar aktivitetsutförande hos personer med tvångssyndrom : En litteraturstudie baserad på bloggar och självbiografi." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Hälsa och rehabilitering, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63704.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 2 % of the population and leads to restrictions in many occupations, in many life domains and environments. In half of the cases the existing treatment is not enough and leads to emotional and physical exhaustion. The underlying causes behind the diagnosis is not fully clarified but methods in occupational therapy has the potential for evaluation and development in symptom management. Purpose: To identify and describe the experiences in persons with OCD regarding supporting and hindering factors in occupational performance. Method: A literature review with data from three personal blogs and one self-biography was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis leading to five categories. Result: The five categories are: Occupations are restricted or can’t be performed as preferred; Strategies are used to control occupational performance but could trigger compulsions; Meaningful occupation bridges difficult tasks and promotes occupation. The degree of anticipation controls if external stimuli inspires activity or triggers compulsions; Social support increases the ability to carry out activity. The result depicts both hindering and supporting factors affecting occupational performance. Still factors are too complex to divide because supporting strategies also are self-destructive or only work in some situations. Conclusion: Persons with OCD have supporting, hindering and paradoxical strategies and there were factors to facilitate occupational performance in preferred and necessary activities. The social support was the most prominent supporting factor for quality of life and occupational performance.
41
Spragg, Melanie. ""Life just kind of sparkles" : clients' experiences of being in a Cognitive Behavioural Group and its impact on reducing shame in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)." Thesis, University of East London, 2013. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3085/.
Full textAbstract:
This is a qualitative study exploring the personal accounts of service users relating to their experiences of being in Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (GCBT) with others who share a similar difficulty associated with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Qualitative process research is lacking in the area of GCBT which has been recently developed for OCD and this study aims to address the gap. Eight participants were purposively selected from two groups. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Reflexivity sections have been incorporated to highlight my process and reflexive capacity during the research cycle. Five superordinate themes were generated in the participants’ personal accounts relating to the experience of being in group therapy. These were eventually labelled as ‘Engagement in the group process’, ‘Normalising’, ‘Courage to Fight’, ‘Being my own Therapist’ and ‘Restricted by Shame vs. Engaging with Life’. Participants also commented on the helpful aspects of group therapy and made recommendations for change to the content and structure of the group. The thesis documents my analysis relating to the meaning for participants who shared in a group with others who had a similar difficulty and highlights the significant benefits of the group process as an intervention. Aspects of the group experience that hindered engagement in therapy are also explored. Implications for Cognitive Behavioural Theory are discussed and the relationship of the findings to Social Psychology is explored. The relevance of the findings to Counselling Psychology is highlighted. Recommendations for improvement to the content and structure of ongoing groups are outlined and the role of the group in future clinical practice is explored. A critical appraisal outlining the strengths and limitations of the study is presented and suggestions for future research are highlighted.
42
Blanco, Hinojo Laura 1981. "Functional connectivity anomalies in the neural networks mediating motivated behavior : assessong obsessive-compulsive disorder , chronic cannabis use, Prader-Willi syndrome and Down syndrome." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328419.
Full textAbstract:
Compulsive, impulsive, and addictive disorders display some behavioral commonalities associated with a dysfunction in the regulation of motivated, goal-directed behavior. Relevant to motivated behavior, there is a set of distributed large-scale neural networks connecting cortical areas, mainly frontal, with the basal ganglia. We have used MRI measurements of functional connectivity to assess the functional status of the cortico-basal ganglia circuits, as well as their interaction with other large-scale networks, in four medical conditions characteristically showing altered motivated behavior. The study samples included a group of 74 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 28 chronic cannabis users, 24 Prader-Willi syndrome and 20 Down syndrome individuals. Structural MRI was additionally used to characterize gray matter volume correlations within these same networks in healthy subjects. Results showed both common and distinct functional connectivity across study groups, associated with the severity of their characteristic behavioral disturbances. All in all, the data suggest potential functional mechanisms by which flexible and adaptive behaviors may be compromised. In the specific context of frontal-basal ganglia physiology, the findings may provide new insights into the nature of obsessive compulsive behavior, its boundaries with impulsivity and the role of nonsatiated basic drives in the genesis of obsessions.Els trastorns compulsius, impulsius, i addictius, mostren trets comuns associats a una disfunció en la regulació de la conducta motivada. El conjunt de xarxes neuronals que connecten àrees corticals, principalment frontals, amb els ganglis basals, té un paper rellevant a la conducta motivada. Hem utilitzat mesures de RM per avaluar l’estat funcional dels circuits corticals-ganglis basals, així com la seva interacció amb altres xarxes cerebrals, en quatre trastorns que d’una manera característica presenten alteracions de la conducta motivada. Les mostres d’estudi van incloure un grup de 74 pacients amb trastorn obsessiu-compulsiu, 28 consumidors crònics de cànnabis, 24 persones amb síndrome de Prader-Willi i 20 persones amb síndrome de Down. A més, vam utilitzar RM estructural per caracteritzar les correlacions volumètriques de substància grisa dins d’aquests mateixos circuits en subjectes sans. Els resultats mostren alteracions comunes i diferents entre els grups d’estudi, associades a la gravetat dels seus símptomes més característics. En el context específic de la fisiologia frontal-ganglis basals, les troballes poden proporcionar nous coneixements sobre la naturalesa del comportament obsessiu compulsiu, els límits amb la impulsivitat i el paper de les motivacions bàsiques no satisfetes en la gènesi de les obsessions.
43
Eldnes, Hilde Finstad. "Betydningen av terapeutens rolle i arbeidet med mennesker som lider av OCD : En kvalitativ studie av terapeutiske faktorer og framgangsmåter." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-37081.
Full textAbstract:
This qualitative study was aimed at examining which therapeutic attitudes and procedures it is possible to find regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), to see if there are any specific factors that crystallizes as particularly important for this disorder. A total of ten therapists with different background and experiences concerning OCD participated in the study where semi-structured interviews was used to collect the data. To analyze the data thematic analysis was used. Three main-themes grew from the analysis, which were all related to the study’s overall purpose. The first main-theme was general therapeutic attitudes. Under this theme, there are two sub-themes, personal characteristics of the therapist and degree of knowledge. The second main-theme, therapeutic approaches regarding OCD, also includes two sub-themes, degree of therapeutic distinctiveness and specific treatment interventions. The third main-theme was the treatment results components. This theme also includes two sub-themes, therapeutic factors and choice of method. In the participants’ stories about which therapeutic attitudes and procedures that are important regarding the treatment of people suffering from OCD, several factors became visible. These are connected to a general therapeutic attitude across diagnosis, such as warmth, empathy, and the ability to form an alliance, in addition to several therapeutic factors which are important to OCD specifically, such as experience and maturity, and being creative. The participants also emphasizes to a large degree ERP as the first choice in regards to treatment. Specifically for this study is that one participant emphasizes ACT as the preferred treatment intervention, where ERP did not result in a satisfactory treatment outcome.
44
Pinsker, Cristina M. "The FFOCI, and Other Measures and Models of OCPD." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/38.
Full textAbstract:
The Five Factor Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FFOCI) was developed in part to facilitate a shift from the categorical classification of personality disorder to a dimensional model; more specifically, the five-factor model. Questions though have been raised as to whether obsessive-compulsive personality disorder can be understood as a maladaptive variant of FFM conscientiousness. The purpose of the present study was to provide a further validation of the FFOCI, as well as to compare and contrast alternative measures and models of OCPD. A total of 380 participants, including 146 oversampled for OCPD traits, were recruited from introductory psychology courses at the University of Kentucky. Administered were the FFOCI, measures of general personality (e.g.,, International Item Pool, 5-Dimensional Personality Test), trait scales associated with OCPD (e.g.,, workaholism, compulsivity, propriety), and alternative measures of obsessive compulsive personality disorder. All measures were administered via SurveyMonkey, a secure online survey service. Results supported the validity of the FFOCI, but also demonstrated substantive differences among the alternative measures of OCPD, particularly with respect to their relationship with FFM conscientiousness, antagonism, and introversion.
45
Lucey, James Vincent. "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) assessed as uptake of '9'9'mTc-HMPAO in the basal ganglia and other brain regions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) on single photon tomography (SPET)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392900.
Full text
46
Silva, Elisabeth Meyer da. "Efeitos da entrevista motivacional e do mapeamento cognitivo associados à TCCG no tratamento de pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/25116.
Full textAbstract:
INTRODUÇÃO Segundo a 4ª edição do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2002), o Transtorno Obsessivo- Compulsivo (TOC) caracteriza-se por obsessões e/ou compulsões recorrentes que interferem substancialmente com o funcionamento cotidiano. Ainda que a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental em Grupo (TCCG) tenha sido efetiva nos estudos de pacientes com TOC (Cordioli et al., 2003; Braga et al., 2005; Sousa et al., 2006), quase um terço (30%) dos pacientes não se beneficiou do tratamento em grupo nos mesmos estudos. A Entrevista Motivacional (EM) e o Mapeamento Cognitivo (MC) têm sido usados para melhorar os resultados de tratamentos. OBJETIVOS O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de se acrescentar duas sessões individuais de EM+MC a 12 semanas de TCCG na resposta ao tratamento dos pacientes com TOC, quando comparados apenas à TCCG. MÉTODOS Noventa e três pacientes adultos, com diagnóstico de TOC de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV, participaram de um ensaio clínico randomizado de 14 semanas: 48 pacientes foram alocados à condição de duas sessões individuais de EM+MC seguidas de 12 semanas de TCCG e 45 receberam duas sessões individuais informativas seguidas da TCCG. Para a avaliação dos resultados foi utilizada a escala Yale-Brown de Sintomas Obsessivo-Compulsivos (Y-BOCS) como medida de desfecho primária. Como medidas de desfecho secundárias utilizou-se: a escala de Impressão Clínica Global (CGI) e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI), bem como a proporção de respondedores (definida como melhora [redução na Y-BOCS 35%] ou não-melhora [redução 35% na Y-BOCS]) e o percentual de pacientes com remissão parcial (Y-BOCS 35%, mas com escore total >8 e CGI 2) e remissão completa (Y-BOCS 8 e CGI < 2). RESULTADOS Quando os dois grupos foram comparados, ambos apresentaram redução dos sintomas do TOC. No entanto, a redução e remissão dos sintomas foram significativamente maiores no grupo da EM+MC seguido da TCCG. Além disso, os resultados positivos foram mantidos após três meses de seguimento com redução adicional de sintomas. CONCLUSÃO Este estudo é o primeiro ensaio clinico randomizado que acrescenta duas sessões individuais de EM+MC à TCCG para aumentar a resposta do tratamento em grupo para o TOC. Apesar de algumas limitações, nossos resultados sugerem que acrescentar duas sessões individuais de EM+MC à TCCG pode aumentar a efetividade da TCCG na redução dos sintomas do TOC. Estudos futuros deverão investigar isoladamente os efeitos da EM e do MC como estratégia de potencialização no tratamento do TOC.INTRODUCTION According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMIV; American Psychiatric Association, 2002), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that significantly interfere with daily functioning. Although group cognitive behavioral therapy (GCBT) has been effective for OCD patients (Cordioli et al., 2003; Braga et al., 2005; Sousa et al., 2006), almost onethird (30%) of patients did not benefit from this treatment. Motivational Interviewing (MI) and Thought Mapping (TM) have been used to enhance treatment outcome. AIMS The main goal of the present study was to examine the effects of adding individual sessions of MI and TM to 12 weeks of CBGT on the treatment outcome of OCD patients when compared to the CBGT alone. METHODS Ninety-three adult outpatients, with OCD diagnosis according to the DSM-IV participated in a 14-week randomized clinical trial: 48 patients were allocated to two individual sessions of MI+TM in addition to 12-week CBGT; 45 underwent two individual information sessions followed by CBGT. For the outcomes evaluation, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) was used as the primary efficacy measure. As secondary efficacy measures, the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the proportion of responders (defined as improved [reduction 35% on the Y-BOCS] or non-improved [reduction 35% on the Y-BOCS]) and the percentage of patients in partial remission (Y-BOCS 35% but with the total score >8 and CGI 2) and full remission (Y-BOCS 8 and CGI < 2) were used. RESULTS When the two groups were compared, both presented a reduction of OCD symptoms. However, symptom reduction and remission were significantly higher in the MI+TM CBGT group. In addition, positive outcomes were maintained at the 3-month follow-up with additional symptom reduction. CONCLUSION This study is the first randomized clinical trial which adds individual sessions of MI+TM to CBGT to improve the outcome of group treatment for OCD. Despite some limitations, our results suggest that adding MI+TM to CBGT can enhance the CBGT effectiveness in reducing OCD symptoms. Future studies should investigate the effect of the MI and the TM alone as an augmentation strategy for OCD treatment.
47
Robinson, Kelsey M. "Is the Fixation on “Healthy” Unhealthy? A Study on Orthorexia Nervosa." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1315880914.
Full text
48
Bation, Rémy. "Stimulation électrique par courant continu (tDCS) dans les Troubles Obsessionnels et Compulsifs résistants : effets cliniques et électrophysiologiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1344/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les Troubles Obsessionnels et Compulsifs (TOC) sont un trouble mental sévère et fréquemment résistant. La physiopathologie du trouble se caractérise par des anomalies au sein des boucle cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical entrainant une hyper-activité du cortex orbito-frontal, du cortex cingulaire antérieur, du putamen. Au cours des dernières années, des anomalies structurales et fonctionnelles du cervelet ont de plus été mise en évidence dans les TOC venant compléter le modèle existant.Nous avons mise au point un protocole de traitement par tDCS ciblant le cortex orbito-frontal gauche et le cervelet droit pour les TOC résistants. Dans une première étude, nous avons étudié la faisabilité de ce protocole de traitement dans une étude ouverte. Cette étude a mis en évidence une réduction significative des symptômes dans une population de patient à haut niveau de résistance. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons évaluer l’effet de ce traitement dans un protocole randomisé, contrôlé et parallèle contre placebo. Cette étude n’a pas confirmé l’efficacité de ce protocole de traitement. Dans cette même population, nous avons au cours du protocole mesuré les paramètres d’excitabilité corticale au niveau du cortex moteur par stimulation magnétique transrânienne. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence que la tDCS provoquait une augmentation significative des processus d’inhibition (Short Interval Cortical Inhibition : SICI ) et une diminution non significative des processus de facilitation (Intra Cortical Facilitation : ICF). L’étude des effets cliniques et électro-physiologiques de cette approche thérapeutique novatrice dans les TOC résistants n’a pas permis de confirmer son intérêt clinique malgré un impact de ce protocole sur les modifications de l’excitabilité corticale inhérentes aux troubles. Ces données ont été mise en relation avec la littérature afin de proposer des perspectives d’évolution dans l’utilisation de la tDCS dans les TOC résistantsObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe mental illness. OCD symptoms are often resistant to available treatments. Neurobiological models of OCD are based on an imbalance between the direct (excitatory) and indirect (inhibitory) pathway within this cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops, which causes hyperactivation in the orbito-frontal cortex, the cingular anterior cortex, the putamen. More recently, the role of cerebellum in the OCD physiopathology has been brought to light by studies showing structural and functional abnormalities. We proposed to use tDCS as a therapeutic tool for resistant OCD by targeting the hyperactive left orbito-frontal cortex with cathodal tDCS (assumed to decrease cortical excitability) coupled with anodal cerebellar tDCS. In a first study, we studied the feasibility of this treatment protocol in an open-trial. This study found a significant reduction in symptoms in a population with a high level of resistance. In a second study, we evaluated the effect of this treatment in a randomized-controlled trial. This study did not confirm the effectiveness of this intervention. We have assessed motor cortex cortical excitability parameters by transcranial magnetic stimulation. We thus demonstrated that the tDCS caused a significant increase of inhibition processes (Short Interval Cortical Inhibition: SICI) and a nonsignificant decrease in the facilitation processes (Intra Cortical Facilitation (ICF)). In addition, clinical improvement assessed by Clinical Global Impression at the end of the follow-up period (3 months) was positively correlated with SICI at baseline.tDCS with the cathode placed over the left OFC combined with the anode placed over the right cerebellum decreased hyper-excitability in the motor cortex but was not significantly effective in SSRI- resistant OCD patients. These works were discussed in light of the available literature to create future prospect in the field of tDCS treatment for OCD resistant patients
49
Adut, Sarah Lily. "Looking Outside of Self and Experience: Effects of Cognitive Distancing on Intrusive Thought Responses." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1578603833148252.
Full text
50
Wolmarans, Petrus De Wet. "Stereotypical behaviour in the deer mouse (Peromyscus Maniculatus bairdii) : a pharmacological investigation of the frontal–cortico–striatal serotonergic system / Wolmarans D." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7585.
Full textAbstract:
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric condition that is characterized by two main symptom cohorts, namely recurrent inappropriate thoughts (obsessions) and seemingly purposeless repetitive motor actions (compulsions). In 70% of cases, the condition only re–sponds to chronic, but not sub–chronic, high dose treatment with the selective serotonin reup–take inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine and escitalopram. This indicates a role for hyposero–tonergic functioning in the primary brain areas involved in OCD, namely the components of the cortico–striatal–thalamic–cortical (CSTC) circuit which include the prefrontal cortex, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus. A number of studies have demonstrated a lower serotonin trans–porter (SERT) availability in OCD patients compared with healthy controls, supporting the hy–pothesis of a hyposerotonergic state in OCD.
The current study focuses on the validation of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) model of OCD and builds on previous work done in our laboratory. Deer mice that are bred and housed in confinement naturally develop two main forms of stereotypical behaviour, namely vertical jumping and pattern running. Furthermore, these behaviours can be catego–rized into various levels of severity, namely high (HSB), low (LSB) and non–stereotypic (NSB) cohorts. The seemingly purposeless and repetitive nature of these behaviours mimics the com–pulsions that characterize human OCD and constitutes the basis for the face validity of the model. However, although these two forms of stereotypy seem equally repetitive and persis–tent, stereotypical pattern runners do not complete the required number of cage revolutions per 30 minutes compared to the amount of jumps executed by stereotypical vertical jumpers. As only one set of criteria for the appraisal of the different topographies of deer mouse stereotypy has been applied in previous studies, the matter of whether pattern runners do in fact generate stereotypical behaviour of the same persistent and severe nature as opposed to the behaviour expressed by vertical jumpers, is problematic.
Therefore, the first objective of the current study was to develop a new classification system for the appraisal of the different forms of behavioural topographies of deer mice and subse–quently to evaluate whether pattern runners can indeed be categorized into non–, low– and high stereotypical cohorts. After an eight–week behavioural assessment period, deer mice express–ing the two different behavioural topographies could be classified into non–, low– and high stereotypical cohorts (NSB, LSB, and HSB respectively), applying different criteria for each be–havioural topography. Based on the weekly mean stereotypy count generated during three 30–minute intervals of highest stereotypical behaviour over the course of a 12–hour assessment period, HSB pattern runners were found to execute on average 296 cage revolutions per 30 minutes, while HSB vertical jumpers executed an average of 3063 jumps per 30 minutes. This discrepancy between the generated numbers of the different topographies of stereotypy indi–cates that one classification system for the appraisal of both behavioural topographies is indeed inappropriate, and hence requires re–evaluation and validation.
As patients with OCD present with a lower central SERT availability compared to healthy controls, the second objective of the study was to determine whether a decrease in SERT den–sity could be demonstrated in HSB animals compared to the NSB and LSB controls. After eight weeks of behavioural assessment, animals were sacrificed and frontal–cortical and striatal SERT binding was performed. HSB deer mice presented with significantly lower striatal, but not fron–tal–cortical SERT availability compared to the [NSB/LSB] control animals (p = 0.0009). As far as it concerns a lower SERT availability in HSB animals and involvement of the CSTC circuitry, this data is congruent with that demonstrated in human OCD and strengthens the construct validity of the model.
Although previous studies undertaken in our laboratory demonstrated that deer mouse stereotypy is attenuated after chronic (21–day) fluoxetine administration, OCD only responds to chronic, but not sub–chronic treatment with the SSRIs. The lack of response of deer mouse stereotypy to sub–chronic treatment has not been established and therefore the third study ob–jective was to assess the behavioural effects of sub–chronic (7–day) and chronic (28–day) SSRI treatment on expression of deer mouse stereotypy. Chronic, but not sub–chronic treatment with oral escitalopram (50 mg/kg/day) significantly increased the number of intervals over a 12–hour assessment period during which no stereotypical behaviour were expressed by HSB deer mice (p = 0.0241) and decreased the number of intervals during which high–stereotypical be–haviour were executed (p = 0.0054). Neither chronic, nor sub–chronic treatment significantly affected the behaviour of animals in the [NSB/LSB] cohort. The fact that the model demon–strates a lack of response to sub–chronic treatment with high dose SSRIs, positively contributes to the predictive validity of the deer mouse model of OCD.
The results from the current study therefore strengthens the construct and predictive valid–ity of the deer mouse model of OCD and confirm the model’s status as a prominent animal model of OCD. Not only is hyposerotonergic functioning in the CSTC circuitry implicated in the behaviour of HSB animals, but the model also demonstrates selective response to chronic SSRI–treatment - two core characteristics of human OCD.Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.