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Journal articles on the topic 'Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Fineberg, Naomi A., Punita Sharma, Thanusha Sivakumaran, Barbara Sahakian, and Sam Chamberlain. "Does Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Belong Within the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum?" CNS Spectrums 12, no. 6 (2007): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900015340.

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ABSTRACTIt has been proposed that certainDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth EditionAxis I disorders share overlapping clinical features, genetic contributions, and treatment response and fall within an “obsessive-compulsive” spectrum. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) resembles obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other spectrum disorders in terms of phenomenology, comorbidity, neurocognition, and treatment response.This article critically examines the nosological profile of OCPD with special reference to OCD and related disorders. By viewing OCPD as a candidate member of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum, we gain a fresh approach to understanding its neurobiology, etiology, and potential treatments.

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2

Durdle, Heather, Kevin M. Gorey, and Sherry H. Stewart. "A Meta-Analysis Examining the Relations among Pathological Gambling, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Traits." Psychological Reports 103, no. 2 (2008): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.2.485-498.

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Pathological gambling has been proposed to belong to the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders. Disorders on this spectrum are thought to share similar clinical features, neurobiology, and responses to treatment as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. A total of 18 studies were included in a meta-analysis to assess the strength of the association between these disorders. A strong relationship (effect size = 1. 01) was found between pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive traits. A weak relationship was found between pathological gambling and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (.07) and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (effect size = .23). These results suggest pathological gambling and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder are distinct disorders. However, pathological gamblers do appear to show high rates of obsessive-compulsive traits relative to controls. These findings are only moderately supportive of the inclusion of pathological gambling within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of conditions.

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3

Ramalho e Silva, F., C. Branco, and A. E. Ribeiro. "Revisiting the Obsessive-compulsive Spectrum." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70772-2.

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In the DSM IV-TR, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is categorized as an anxiety disorder. A wide range of psychiatric and medical disorders, not included in this category, has been hypothesized to be related to OCD and to form a family of disorders known as obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSD). OCSD would include several clinically heterogeneous disorders such as Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome or Pathological Gambling. This construct is based on disorders’ similarities with OCD in a variety of domains such as phenomenology, comorbidity, neurotransmitter or peptide systems, neurocircuitry, family history, genetic factors and treatment response. This presentation provides an overview of the existing literature regarding the concept of the OCD spectrum and the relationships between the disorders included in OCSD. Although there are data supporting the inclusion of some disorders in the OC spectrum, more research is needed to clarify the relationships and the boundaries between these disorders. Ultimately, a better understanding of OC spectrum may have significant implications for clinical practice.

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Denys, Damiaan. "Pharmacotherapy of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 29, no. 2 (2006): 553–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2006.02.013.

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Siddiqui, Mohammad Aleem, Daya Ram, Sanjay Kumar Munda, Shazia Veqar Siddiqui, and Sujit Sarkhel. "Prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 40, no. 3 (2018): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_556_17.

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6

Lochner, C., and D. J. Stein. "Gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders." Archives of Women's Mental Health 4, no. 1 (2001): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007370170004.

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7

Lochner, Christine, and Dan J. Stein. "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Other Anxiety Disorders." Psychopathology 43, no. 6 (2010): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000321070.

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8

Sudak, Howard S. "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72, no. 09 (2011): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.11bk07130.

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9

Crino, Rocco D. "Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 12, no. 2 (1999): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199903000-00002.

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10

Hollander, Eric, and Stephanie D. Benzaquen. "Is There a Distinct OCD Spectrum?" CNS Spectrums 1, no. 1 (1996): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900000651.

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The obsessive-compulsive disorders spectrum concept has grown in recent years because of the common clinical features, such as obsessive thinking and compulsive rituals, biological markers, presumed etiology, and treatment response, that these disorders may share with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This concept has important implications in regard to diagnosis, nosology, neurobiology, and treatment of a wide group of diverse disorders affecting up to 10% of the population. New insights in central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms that drive the repetitive behaviors of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders have heightened interest in the spectrum in researchers, clinicians, and those involved in drug development.An important approach in neuropsychiatry centers on employing a dimensional classification of psychopathology. Psychiatric phenomena often fall on a continuum. A dimensional approach allows for the classification of patients who fall at the border of classical entities or who are otherwise atypical. Diagnostic categories are considered along a spectrum if there is considerable overlap in symptoms and in etiology, as demonstrated by familial linkage biological markers, and pharmacological dissection. Categorical and dimensional approaches to the OCD spectrum could have significant implications for diagnosis, nosology, neurobiology, and treatment of a wide group of disorders affecting a sizable percentage of the population.Recent interest has focused on spectrums in movement disorders, affective disorders, schizophrenia, epileptic and impulsive disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (which we will examine here); in addition, there has been interest in the overlap between these spectrums. Viewing disorders in terms of overlapping spectrums provides researchers and clinicians a framework with which to better understand and treat these disorders.

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Tavares, Hermano, and Valentim Gentil. "Pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive disorder: towards a spectrum of disorders of volition." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 29, no. 2 (2007): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462007000200005.

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OBJECTIVE: Pathological gambling is proposed as a participant of an impulsive-compulsive spectrum related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. This study aims to contrast pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive disorder regarding course, comorbidity, and personality, hence testing the validity of the impulsive-compulsive spectrum. METHOD: 40 pathological gambling and 40 obsessive-compulsive disorder subjects matched to 40 healthy volunteers according to gender, age, and education were assessed with the Temperament Personality Questionnaire and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Psychiatric patients were also assessed for course and comorbidity data. RESULTS: Obsessive-compulsive disorder presented an earlier onset, but the full syndrome took longer to evolve. Pathological gambling had higher comorbidity with substance-related disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder higher comorbidity with somatoform disorders. Gamblers scored higher than controls on the sub-factors Impulsiveness, Extravagance, Disorderliness, and Fear of Uncertainty. Obsessive-compulsive patients scored higher than controls on Fear of Uncertai-nty. Impulsiveness, Extravagance, and Disorderliness significantly correlated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale total score, Fear of Uncertainty did not. DISCUSSION: The course and comorbidity profiles of pathological gambling resemble an addiction and differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pathological gambling combines impulsive and compulsive traits. Impulsivity and compulsivity should be regarded as orthogonal constructs, and as drives implicated in volition aspects of behavioral syndromes.

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Hollander, Eric, Suah Kim, Sumant Khanna, and Stefano Pallanti. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: Diagnostic and Dimensional Issues." CNS Spectrums 12, S3 (2007): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900002467.

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AbstractAlthough obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-IV, recent considerations for a reclassification into an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) cluster are gaining prominence. Similarities in symptomatology, course of illness, patient population, and neurocircuitry of OCD and OCSD are supported by comorbidity, family, and neurological studies, which also offer a critical re-evaluation of the relationship between OCD and anxiety disorders. This review examines potential classifications of OCD among the wider spectrum of affective disorders and at the interface between affective disorders and addiction. In addition, it has been suggested that the categorical diagnostic approach would be enhanced by an additional dimensional approach, including parameters such as stability of mood and ability to sustain attention. With further studies, it is ultimately the goal to define OCD and related disorders based on endophenotypes.Despite efforts in this field, there are several fundamental unresolved issues, including the question of which disorders should be grouped together in this category and which characteristics to include as their shared common features. A reclassification of OCD among the OCSDs would allow for better scrutiny of distinct obsessive-compulsive symptoms, as currently this disorder often goes undetected in patients who complain of a broad symptom of anxiety. Advantages and disadvantages of establishing OCSDs and its implications for diagnosis, treatment, and research are discussed.

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Hollander, Eric, and Jennifer Rosen. "OC Spectrum Disorders: The Impulsive and Schizo-Obsessive Clusters." CNS Spectrums 4, S3 (1999): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900007379.

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AbstractTwo symptom clusters within the obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum—the impulsive cluster and the schizo-obsessive cluster—are discussed in this paper. Disorders characterized by impulsivity include disorders of impulse control (eg, intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, kleptomania, pathologic gambling, trichotillomania); paraphilias, sexual impulsions, and sexual addictions; and impulsive aggression personality disorders (eg, borderline, antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders). The schizo-obsessive cluster includes comorbid symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia. Both clusters of disorders have a substantial impact on individuals and society. This article examines the overlap of symptoms between OCD and OC spectrum disorders, along with possible treatment options. Studies on the effectiveness of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating pathologic gambling, compulsive buying, and comorbid OCD and schizophrenia are presented. The need for additional large scale, adequately-controlled studies is discussed.

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HOLLANDER, ERIC, and STEPHANIE D. BENZAQUEN. "The obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders." International Review of Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (1997): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540269775628.

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15

Stein, Dan J. "Psychobiology of Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders." CNS Spectrums 13, S14 (2008): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900026900.

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AbstractObsessive-compulsive disorder is currently classified as an anxiety disorder. However, there is growing interest in the concept of an obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders (OCSDs). The relationship between anxiety disorders and OCSDs has been questioned. The psychobiology of anxiety disorders and OCSDs is briefly reviewed in this article. While there appear to be several distinct contrasts in the underlying psychobiology of these conditions, there is also evidence of overlapping mechanisms. In addition, there are crucial gaps in our current database, confounding nosological decision-making. Conceptualizing various anxiety disorders and putative OCSDs as lying within a broader spectrum of emotional disorders may be useful. However, clinicians must also recognize that individual anxiety and obsessive-compulsive spectrum conditions, including disorders characterized by body-focused repetitive behaviors, have distinct psychobiological underpinnings and require different treatment approaches.

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Richter, Margaret A., Laura J. Summerfeldt, Martin M. Antony, and Richard P. Swinson. "Obsessive-compulsive spectrum conditions in obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders." Depression and Anxiety 18, no. 3 (2003): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.10126.

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Black, Donald W. "Anxiety and the Spectrum of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 13, S14 (2008): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900026870.

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This supplement to CNS Spectrums focuses on the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders and their relationship to anxiety. Hollander and others pioneered the concept of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum in the early 1990s, and have described its breadth and overlap with other psychiatric disorders. While its place in the psychiatric nomenclature is uncertain, the obsessive-compulsive spectrum is intertwined with the anxiety disorders in both its symptoms and biologic substrates.Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has an important place at the center of the spectrum. While currently classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition as an anxiety disorder, OCD is distinct from these conditions in the International Classification of Diseases. There is a strong rationale for its separation from the anxiety disorders. First, OCD often begins in childhood, whereas other anxiety disorders typically have a later age of onset. OCD has a nearly equal gender distribution, unlike the other anxiety disorders, which are more common in women. Studies of psychiatric comorbidity show that, unlike the other anxiety disorders, persons with OCD generally tend not to have elevated rates of substance misuse. Family studies suggest that first-degree relatives of persons with OCD have an elevated prevalence of OCD-related disorders including body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, and grooming disorders, but not other anxiety disorders except for generalized anxiety disorder. The brain circuitry that mediates OCD appears to be different from that involved in other anxiety disorders. Lastly, OCD is unique with regard to its specific response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, while noradrenergic medications, effective in the anxiety and mood disorders, are largely ineffective. On the other hand, the benzodiazepines, which have little effect on OCD, are often effective for the other anxiety disorders.

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Scotti-Muzzi, Estêvão, and Osvaldo Luis Saide. "Schizo-obsessive spectrum disorders: an update." CNS Spectrums 22, no. 3 (2016): 258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852916000390.

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The presence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) in schizophrenia is frequent, and a new clinical entity has been proposed for those who show the dual diagnosis: the schizo-obsessive disorder. This review scrutinizes the literature across the main academic databases, and provides an update on different aspects of schizo-obsessive spectrum disorders, which include schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) with OCD, OCD with poor insight, schizophrenia with OCS, and schizophrenia with OCD (schizo-obsessive disorder). An epidemiological discussion on the discrepancies observed in the prevalence of OCS and OCD in schizophrenia across time is provided, followed by an overview of the main clinical and phenomenological features of the disorder in comparison to the primary conditions under a spectral perspective. An updated and comparative analysis of the main genetic, neurobiological, neurocognitive, and pharmacological treatment aspects for the schizo-obsessive spectrum is provided, and a discussion on endophenotypic markers is introduced in order to better understand its substrate. There is sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate the clinical relevance of the schizo-obsessive spectrum, although little is known about the neurobiology, genetics, and neurocognitive aspects of these groups. The pharmacological treatment of these patients is still challenging, and efforts to search for possible specific endophenotypic markers would open new avenues in the knowledge of schizo-obsessive spectrum.

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Castle, David J., and Katharine A. Phillips. "Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum of Disorders: A Defensible Construct?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 2 (2006): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01757.x.

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Objective: To explore critically whether there is a robust basis for the concept of an obsessive–compulsive (OC) spectrum of disorders, and if so, which disorders should be included. Method: Selective literature review concentrating on three proposed members of the OC spectrum, namely body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis and trichotillomania. Results: Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) itself is a heterogeneous condition or group of conditions, and this needs to be appreciated in any articulation of a ‘spectrum’ of OC disorders. The basis for ‘membership’ of the spectrum is inconsistent and varied, with varying level of support for inclusion in the putative spectrum. Conclusion: A more fruitful approach may be to consider behaviours and dimensions in OCD and OC spectrum disorders, and that this should be encompassed in further developments of the OC spectrum model.

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Pallanti, Stefano, and Eric Hollander. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Spectrum as a Scientific “Metaphor”." CNS Spectrums 13, S14 (2008): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900026882.

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AbstractAs a result of clinical, epidemiological, neuroimaging, and therapy studies that took place in the late 1980s, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been well-characterized in the field of anxiety disorders. Other disorders attracted attention for their similarities to OCD, and were located in the orbit of the disorder. OCD has become known as the “primary domain” of a scientific “metaphor” comprising the putative cluster of OCD-related disorders (OCRDs). It is a “paradigm” with which to explore basal ganglia dysfunction. The OCRDs share common phenomenology, comorbidities, lifetime course, demographics, possible genetics, and frontostriatal dysfunction (particularly caudate hyperactivity.) The adoption of this metaphor analogy has proven useful. However, 15 years since its emergence, the spectrum of obsessive-compulsive disorders remains controversial. Questions under debate include whether OCD is a unitary or split condition, whether it is an anxiety disorder, and whether there exists only one spectrum or several possible spectrums. Further work is needed to clarify obsessive-compulsive symptoms, subtypes, and endophenotypes. There is need to integrate existing databases, better define associated symptom domains, and create a more comprehensive endophenotyping protocol for OCRDs. There is also a need to integrate biological and psychological perspectives, concepts, and data to drive this evolution. By increasing research in this field, the OCD spectrum may evolve from a fragmented level of conceptualization as a “metaphor” to one that is more comprehensive and structured.

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Steketee, Gail, and Fugen Neziroglu. "Assessment of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder and Spectrum Disorders." Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 3, no. 2 (2003): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brief-treatment/mhg013.

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Hollander, Eric. "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: An Overview." Psychiatric Annals 23, no. 7 (1993): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19930701-05.

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Hollander, Eric, Rebecca Twersky, and Carol Bienstock. "The Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum: A Survey of 800 Practitioners." CNS Spectrums 5, no. 8 (2000): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900007550.

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AbstractThe obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum is a group of related disorders that appear to share symptomatology, neurobiology, and treatment response with obsessive-compulsive disorder. To collect data on the appreciation of the OC spectrum concept among clinicians, 800 participants completed a questionnaire to help determine their understanding and appreciation of this concept, at a workshop on the OC spectrum.

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Poyurovsky, Michael, Camil Fuchs, Sarit Faragian, et al. "Preferential Aggregation of Obsessive—Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Schizophrenia Patients with Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 12 (2006): 746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370605101204.

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Miguel, Euripedes Constantino, Ygor Arzeno Ferrão, Maria Conceição do Rosário, et al. "The Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: recruitment, assessment instruments, methods for the development of multicenter collaborative studies and preliminary results." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 3 (2008): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300003.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the recruitment of patients, assessment instruments, implementation, methods and preliminary results of The Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders, which includes seven university sites. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included a comprehensive clinical assessment including semi-structured interviews (sociodemographic data, medical and psychiatric history, disease course and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses), and instruments to assess obsessive-compulsive (Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale), depressive (Beck Depression Inventory) and anxious (Beck Anxiety Inventory) symptoms, sensory phenomena (Universidade de São Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale), insight (Brown Assessment Beliefs Scale), tics (Yale Global Tics Severity Scale) and quality of life (Medical Outcome Quality of Life Scale Short-form-36 and Social Assessment Scale). The raters' training consisted of watching at least five videotaped interviews and interviewing five patients with an expert researcher before interviewing patients alone. The reliability between all leaders for the most important instruments (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Universidade de São Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale) was measured after six complete interviews. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability was 96%. By March 2008, 630 obsessive-compulsive disorder patients had been systematically evaluated. Mean age (±SE) was 34.7 (±0.51), 56.3% were female, and 84.6% Caucasian. The most prevalent obsessive compulsive symptom dimensions were symmetry and contamination. The most common comorbidities were major depression, generalized anxiety and social anxiety disorder. The most common DSM-IV impulsive control disorder was skin picking. CONCLUSION: The sample was composed mainly by Caucasian individuals, unmarried, with some kind of occupational activity, mean age of 35 years, onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms at 13 years of age, mild to moderate severity, mostly of symmetry, contamination/cleaning and comorbidity with depressive disorders. The Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders has established an important network for standardized collaborative clinical research in obsessive-compulsive disorder and may pave the way to similar projects aimed at integrating other research groups in Brazil and throughout the world.

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Matsunaga, Hisato, and Soraya Seedat. "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: Cross-national and Ethnic Issues." CNS Spectrums 12, no. 5 (2007): 392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900021180.

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ABSTRACTEpidemiological and clinical data from a variety of cultural and geographic settings on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and many of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, suggest that this is a group of disorders with a good degree of transcultural homogeneity. However, the content and themes that predominate in patients with these disorders, and the course of illness, can be shaped by cultural, ethnic, and religious experiences. Across cultures, OCD is commonly comorbid with mood, anxiety, and impulse-control disorders. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which culture and ethnicity may affect the expression of OCD and related disorders. Cross-national comparative studies exploring culturally influenced differences in clinical course, treatment outcome, including ethnogenetic differences in drug response, and prognosis are needed.

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Hollander, E. "Treatment of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders with SSRIs." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, S35 (1998): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000297845.

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Background Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) are now recognised as distinct diagnostic entities related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The features of OCSDs and OCD overlap in many respects including demographics, repetitive intrusive thoughts or behaviours, comorbidity, aetiology and preferential response to anti-obsessional drugs such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).Method Literature was reviewed and preliminary data from various studies were re-examined to assess the relationship between compulsivity and impulsivity, and between OCD and OCSDs.Results OCSDs include both compulsive and impulsive disorders and these can be viewed as lying at opposite ends of the dimension of risk avoidance. Compulsiveness is associated with increased frontal lobe activity and increased serotonergic activity, while impulsiveness is associated with reduced activity of these variables. Neural circuits affected by serotonergic pathways have been identified and pharmacological challenge of OCSD patients with serotonin receptor agonists have supported the involvement of serotonergic processes.Conclusions SSRIs such as fluvoxamine have established efficacy in OCD and preliminary studies indicate that they are also effective in OCSDs. The features of three specimen OCSDs –body dysmorphic disorder, pathological gambling and autism – and their treatment with SSRIs are reviewed.

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Rady, A., H. Salama, M. Hamza, and A. Ketat. "Cross sectional study of psychiatric comorbidities among adolescents with obsessive compulsive symptoms." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72273-8.

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BackgroundObsessive symptoms among children and adolescent age groups are increasing, an observation made by mental health professions working with this age group. Our epidemiological study is targeting secondary school students to estimate the prevalence of obsessive symptoms, obsessive compulsive disorder and to evaluate psychiatric comorbidities among students with obsessive compulsive symptoms.Materials and methodsThe study is a cross sectional carried on 1299 secondary school students, the sample size was chosen based on an estimated OCD prevalence of 2% in literature. Equal samples were recruited from the 3 educative zones in Alexandria Governorate. Obsessive compulsive symptoms were assessed by the Arabic version of Lyeton obsessive inventory child version LOI-CV. Students scoring above 35 were subjected to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for children MINI-KID Arabic version to assess psychiatric comorbidities. OCD patient students detected by MINI-KID were assessed by psychiatric interview to confirm fulfilling criteria of OCD according to DSM IV - TR criteria.ResultsThe sample was equally distributed according to gender with 51.7% and 48.3% of males and females respectively. The prevalence of obsessive compulsive symptoms was 15.5%, while that of obsessive compulsive disorder was 2.2%. Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders was high for substance abuse 18.9%, Dysthymia 16.4%, social phobia 15.9%, Major depression 13.9%, Generalized anxiety disorder 12.9%.ConclusionThe prevalence of obsessive compulsive symptoms is high among adolescent age group, there is high Comorbidity between obsessive symptoms and psychiatric disorders particularly substance abuse, mood disorders and non OCD Anxiety spectrum disorders.

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Camilla d'Angelo, Laure-Sophie, Dawn M. Eagle, Jon E. Grant, Naomi A. Fineberg, Trevor W. Robbins, and Samuel R. Chamberlain. "Animal models of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders." CNS Spectrums 19, no. 1 (2013): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852913000564.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related conditions (trichotillomania, pathological skin-picking, pathological nail-biting) are common and disabling. Current treatment approaches fail to help a significant proportion of patients. Multiple tiers of evidence link these conditions with underlying dysregulation of particular cortico-subcortical circuitry and monoamine systems, which represent targets for treatment. Animal models designed to capture aspects of these conditions are critical for several reasons. First, they help in furthering our understanding of neuroanatomical and neurochemical underpinnings of the obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum. Second, they help to account for the brain mechanisms by which existing treatments (pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, deep brain stimulation) exert their beneficial effects on patients. Third, they inform the search for novel treatments. This article provides a critique of key animal models for selected OC spectrum disorders, beginning with initial work relating to anxiety, but moving on to recent developments in domains of genetic, pharmacological, cognitive, and ethological models. We find that there is a burgeoning literature in these areas with important ramifications, which are considered, along with salient future lines of research.

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Shoeib, Ali Mahmud, and Ereny Samir Gobrial. "Effectiveness of a Constructive Model of Variables related to Depersonalization- Derealization Disorder of University Students." International Journal of research in Educational Sciences 4, no. 4 (2021): 55–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29009/ijres.4.4.2.

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The aims of this study were to identify the correlation between Depersonalization - Derealization Disorder (DPDR), anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders and to propose a constructive model of anxiety, depression and obsessive- compulsive disorders related to Depersonalization Derealization Disorder of university students. The sample consisted of 344 students (325 female and 19 male), with a mean age of (24.4) years. The study applied the following scales: structured clinical interview for depersonalization-derealization spectrum, Cambridge Depersonalization Scale, Generalised anxiety scale (GAD-7), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Maudsley Obsessional–Compulsive Inventory. Results indicated that obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression played a major role in developing DPDR due to a significant positive effect of these disorders, while anxiety had a weak correlation. The study developed a constructive model of variables related to DPDR based on AMOS software. The results illustrated that the contribution of obsessive-compulsive and depression as independent variables in predicting PDRD was 61.8 and 44.9, respectively, while no effect of anxiety was recorded. The findings also developed a model for the causal relationships between anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive influence on DPDR disorder. The results of the causal model test indicated that the obsessive-compulsive variable is hypothesized to be a mediator in influencing the DPDR disorder as it is affected by both anxiety and depression.

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Rodowski, Maria F., Consuelo C. Cagande, and Mark A. Riddle. "Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Presenting as Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 18, no. 4 (2008): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2007.0027.

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Yaryura-Tobias, Jose A. "Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders." Psychiatric Annals 31, no. 9 (2001): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-20010901-04.

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Stein, Dan J., and Christine Lochner. "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: a Multidimensional Approach." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 29, no. 2 (2006): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2006.02.015.

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Hollander, E., J. Bartz, H. Berlin, et al. "S.06.01 The obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders." European Neuropsychopharmacology 18 (August 2008): S165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(08)70141-x.

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Stein, Dan J. "Neurobiology of the obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders." Biological Psychiatry 47, no. 4 (2000): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00271-1.

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Blaszczynski, Alex. "Pathological Gambling and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders." Psychological Reports 84, no. 1 (1999): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.107.

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To test the hypothesis that pathological gambling can be classified as an Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorder, the Padua Inventory was administered to 40 diagnosed pathological gamblers and a control group of 40 normal subjects. Analysis showed that the pathological gamblers obtained a significantly higher mean total score on obsessionality than controls. Elevated scores on two factors reflecting impaired control of mental activities and loss of motor control contributed to the over-all difference. In the context of other research suggesting pathological gamblers would score high on psychometric measures of impulsivity, this study provides preliminary support for a Spectrum Disorder Model, suggesting that pathological gamblers are characterised by elevated scores on traits of ‘impulsivity’ and ‘obsessionality.’

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Del Casale, Antonio, Georgios D. Kotzalidis, Chiara Rapinesi, and Paolo Girardi. "Current Psychopharmacology of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders." Current Neuropharmacology 17, no. 8 (2019): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x1708190709144820.

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Grant, Jon E., and Brian L. Odlaug. "Silymarin Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 35, no. 3 (2015): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000000327.

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Twohig, Michael, Kate Morrison, and Ellent Bluet. "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: A Review." Current Psychiatry Reviews 10, no. 4 (2014): 296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400510666140714172145.

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Gadelkarim, W., S. Shahper, J. Reid, et al. "Obsessive compulsive Personality Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder Traits in the Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Clinic." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S135—S136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1959.

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IntroductionObsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) is a common, highly co-morbid disorder. Subjected to comparatively little research, OCPD shares aspects of phenomenology and neuropsychology with obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A greater understanding of this interrelationship would provide new insights into its diagnostic classification and generate new research and treatment heuristics.AimsTo investigate the distribution of OCPD traits within a cohort of OCD patients. To evaluate the clinical overlap between traits of OCPD, OCD and ASD, as well as level of insight and treatment resistance.MethodWe interviewed 73 consenting patients from a treatment seeking OCD Specialist Service. We evaluated the severity of OCPD traits (Compulsive Personality Assessment Scale; CPAS), OCD symptoms (Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; Y-BOCS), ASD traits (Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient; AQ) and insight (Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale; BABS).ResultsOut of 67 patients, 24 (36%) met DSM-IV criteria for OCPD, defined using the CPAS. Using Pearson's test, CPAS scores significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with total AQ and selected AQ domains but not with BABS. Borderline significant correlation was observed with Y-BOCS (P = 0.07). OCPD was not over-represented in a highly resistant OCD subgroup.ConclusionDisabling OCPD traits are common in the OCD clinic. They strongly associate with ASD traits, less strongly with OCD severity and do not appear related to poor insight or highly treatment-resistant OCD. The impact of OCPD on OCD treatment outcomes requires further research.Disclosure of interestThis work did not receive funding from external sources. Over the past few years, Dr. Fineberg has received financial support in various forms from the following: Shire, Otsuka, Lundbeck, Glaxo-SmithKline, Servier, Cephalon, Astra Zeneca, Jazz pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Medical Research Council (UK), National Institute for Health Research (UK), Wellcome Foundation, European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, UK College of Mental Health Pharmacists, British Association for Psychopharmacology, International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders, International Society for Behavioural Addiction, World Health Organization, Royal College of Psychiatrists.

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Black, Donald W. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Its Potential Subtypes." CNS Spectrums 5, S4 (2000): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900025037.

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AbstractThis manuscript summarizes presentations by an international panel of experts, representing Brazil, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, and the United States, at a symposium on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and its possible subtypes. Presentations concerned both OCD proper, as well as putative obsessive-compulsive-spectrum disorders (autistic disorders, eating disorders, pathological gambling, and schizo-obsessive disorder). Projects discussed included a study assessing impulsive temperament in eating disorder patients, a study on serotonin receptor sensitivity in autism, a study of sleep EEG abnormalities in OCD, a study of dissociation in pathological gamblers, papers on aspects of schizo-obsessive patients, a study addressing biological alterations in OCD, data from a new family study on OCD, data from a molecular genetic study of OCD, a factor analytic study of Tourette disorder, a study hypothesizing the existence of an OCD continuum, and, finally, a paper on early- vs late-onset OCD. General discussion followed leading to a consensus that 1) OCD is likely heterogeneous with multiple subtypes; 2) division of patients by age-at-onset probably represents a robust and valid subtyping scheme; 3) the presence of schizophrenic features probably identifies a valid subtype; 4) the validation of subtypes in the future will be informed by both family-genetic studies, as well as studies of biological alterations in OCD; and 5) the study of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders adds to our understanding of the OCD phenomenon, and helps in our search to identify valid subtypes.

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Tumkaya, S., F. Karadag, and N. K. Oguzhanoglu. "Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder spectrum." European Psychiatry 27, no. 3 (2012): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.03.005.

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AbstractObsessive compulsive symptoms are more frequent in patients with schizophrenia compared to normal population. Patients with obsessive compulsive disorder may also exhibit psychosis-like symptoms. Based on these findings, it has been suggested that there is a spectrum of disorders between OCD and schizophrenia. We compared two OCD groups (with good and poor insight) and two schizophrenia groups (with and without OCD) in this recommended spectrum especially in terms of neurological soft signs (NSSs) associated with sensory integration. The schizophrenia with OCD (schizo-obsessive) group exhibited worse performance than the schizophrenia group (p = 0.002) in only graphesthesia tasks. Moreover, schizo-obsessive patients exhibited worse performance compared to OCD patients in terms of graphesthesia (p = 0.001) and audiovisual integration (p = 0.001). Interestingly, OCD patients with poor insight tended to exhibit graphesthesia deficit in a similar manner to schizo-obsessive patients rather than OCD patients. According to our results, graphesthesia disorder is strongly associated both with OCD and schizophrenia. This suggests that neurodevelopmental disorders that lead to graphesthesia disorder overlap in comorbid OCD and schizophrenia patients.

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Ravindran, Arun V., Tricia L. da Silva, Lakshmi N. Ravindran, Margaret A. Richter, and Neil A. Rector. "Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Evidence-Based Treatments." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 5 (2009): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400507.

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Objective: To provide a review of the evidence-based treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSD), a group of conditions related to Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) by phenomenological and etiological similarities, the morbidity of which is increasingly recognized. Method: Literature relating to the following disorders: body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, trichotillomania, onychophagia, psychogenic excoriation, compulsive buying, kleptomania, and pathological gambling, and published between January 1965 and October 2007, was found using PubMed. Included in this review were 107 treatment reports. Results: Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) have shown benefits as first-line, short-term treatments for body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, onychophagia, and psychogenic excoriation, with some benefits in trichotillomania, pathological gambling, and compulsive buying. There are also suggested benefits for several atypical antipsychotics in disorders with a high degree of impulsivity, including trichotillomania and pathological gambling, and to a lesser extent, kleptomania and psychogenic excoriation. Cognitive-behavioural interventions have generally shown evidence for use as first-line treatment across the spectrum, with some variability in degree of benefit. Conclusions: As in OCD, several conditions in the proposed OCSD benefit from SRIs and (or) cognitive-behavioural interventions. However, the treatment literature is generally limited, and more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to evaluate individual and combination treatments, for short-term use and as maintenance.

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McNevin, Stephen H., and Margo Rivera. "Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Individuals with Dissociative Disorders." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 2, no. 4 (2001): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j229v02n04_06.

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McNevin, Stephen H., and Margo Rivera. "Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Individuals with Dissociative Disorders." Journal of Transnational Management Development 2, no. 4 (1997): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j130v02n04_06.

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Zohar, Joseph. "From Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: The Cape Town Consensus Statement." CNS Spectrums 12, S3 (2007): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900002455.

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In awareness of recent developments and upcoming future changes in the conceptualization of obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs), a group of 14 experts with specific experience in this area decided that a consensus statement on the present and future of OCD is timely. The group, with their long-term interest and productivity in the area of OCD, met with the specific aim of providing a global perspective. Ten countries from four continents were represented in this 2-day consensus meeting.The meeting took place in Cape Town on February 27–28, 2006. The participants were asked to prepare and submit a relevant presentation before the meeting in order to enrich the discussion. Six presentations reviewed the following aspects of OCD: diagnosis, epidemiology, neurobiology, treatment, special populations, and pediatric OCD. A draft consensus was prepared, based on the presentations, recent consensus statements, evidence-based guidelines, and the ensuing discussions.

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Lewis, S. W., B. Chitkara, and A. M. Revelely. "Obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia in three identical twin pairs." Psychological Medicine 21, no. 1 (1991): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700014720.

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SYNOPSISThree monozygotic twin pairs are described who are concordant for DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder while being discordant for schizophrenia or schizoaffiective disorder. Follow-up interview showed the non-psychotic co-twins to have schizotypal personality disorder. It is concluded that obsessive-compulsive and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders can truly co-exits, thus supporting diagnostic changes introduced into DSM-III-R, and may in some cases be inherited together.

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Cavallini, Maria Cristina, Monia Albertazzi, Laura Bianchi, and Laura Bellodi. "Anticipation of age at onset of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder." Psychiatry Research 111, no. 1 (2002): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00140-3.

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Lochner, Christine, and Dan J. Stein. "Does work on obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders contribute to understanding the heterogeneity of obsessive–compulsive disorder?" Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30, no. 3 (2006): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.004.

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Grant, Jon E., and Brian L. Odlaug. "Obsessive–compulsive spectrum and disorders of the skin." Expert Review of Dermatology 4, no. 5 (2009): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/edm.09.40.

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