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1
CARDOSO, AMANDA. "Variation in nasal–obstruent clusters and its influence on price and mouth in Scouse." English Language and Linguistics 19, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 505–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000192.
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This article has two main goals: (i) to show how nasal–obstruent clusters interact with a Canadian-Raising-type pattern in Liverpool English and (ii) to provide evidence that fine phonetic variation in the realisation of nasal–obstruent clusters influences the production of the preceding vowels. I present quantitative evidence from an acoustic study on price and mouth vowel realisations before nasal–obstruent clusters in Liverpool English. The investigation looks at price and mouth separately before obstruents, nasals and nasal–obstruent clusters, in order to demonstrate that nasal–obstruent clusters influence vowels differently depending on the quality of the vowel. Price realisations before nasal–obstruent clusters are similar to productions before singleton obstruents with the same voicing. Specifically, price has a raised realisation before nasal–voiceless obstruent clusters, but a non-raised realisation before nasal–voiced obstruent clusters, which is the same pattern as before singleton obstruents. Mouth realisations preceding nasal–obstruent clusters show evidence of a greater influence from the nasal. The nucleus formant measurements are similar to those before singleton obstruents, but there is frequent monophthongisation preceding nasal–obstruent clusters in mouth, which is mainly found before singleton nasals. Furthermore, I show that the variation in nasal–obstruent clusters in Liverpool English helps to explain the differences in realisation of the target vowels. Nasal deletion is more frequent in nasal–voiceless obstruent clusters following price, leading to vowel productions similar to those before singleton voiceless obstruents. However, nasal durations are longer in nasal–obstruent clusters following mouth, leading to a greater influence of the nasal in the form of more monophthongal vowel productions.
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Ahmed al-Charrakh, Zainab S., and Mahdi I. Kareem al-Utbi. "Simplification Strategies in the Production of English Word-final Obstruent Clusters by Iraqi EFL College Students from A Markedness Theory Perspective." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.6p.120.
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This study investigates the phonotactics of English obstruent clusters in the word-final position from a markedness theory perspective among Iraqi EFL College Students whose native language, Arabic, prefers only two-member word-final obstruent cluster as a maximum. The markedness of clusters is measured depending on Iraqi EFL College Students’ utilization of the simplification strategies. This study tries to answer whether or not word-final obstruent clusters are marked or unmarked for Iraqi EFL College Students, and whether or not the markedness of the obstruent cluster increases as to its length. In order to answer these questions, a test has been distributed among 60 Iraqi EFL Fourth-Year College students, Department of English, College of Arts-University of Baghdad for the academic year 2017-2018 involving a list of words and sentences containing word-final obstruent clusters. The study concludes that word-final obstruent clusters are marked due to the fact that the obstruents are universally marked in the coda. The four-member obstruent clusters are more marked than the three-member obstruent clusters which are in turn more marked than the two-member obstruent clusters.
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Myers, Scott. "Regressive voicing assimilation: Production and perception studies." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no. 2 (July 8, 2010): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100309990284.
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Many languages have a phonological pattern of regressive voicing assimilation, according to which an obstruent is required to match a following obstruent in voicing (e.g. Russian, Sanskrit). This restriction on the distribution of categories has parallels in the phonetic fact that an obstruent has a longer interval of glottal pulsing when it occurs before a voiced sound than when it occurs before a voiceless sound. It is proposed that the phonological pattern arises diachronically through a reanalysis of the phonetic pattern, beginning with a tendency for listeners to identify an obstruent before another obstruent as matching the latter in voicing. This paper reports on two experiments designed to test premises of this account. A production study explores how obstruent voicing in English is affected by voicing in a following segment. A perception study explores how the identification of voicing categories is impacted by the acoustic effects of following segment context. It is found that listeners tend to identify a fricative as voiceless if it is drawn from the position before a voiceless obstruent, but that a following voiced segment has no significant effect on voicing class identification. Implications for the diachronic account of regressive voicing assimilation are discussed.
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Schwartz, Geoffrey. "Initial Glottalization and Final Devoicing in Polish English." Research in Language 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0044-7.
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This paper presents an acoustic study of the speech of Polish leaners of English. The experiment was concerned with English sequences of the type George often, in which a word-final voiced obstruent was followed by a word-initial vowel. Acoustic measurements indicated the degree to which learners transferred Polish-style glottalization on word-initial vowels into their L2 speech. Temporal parameters associated with the production of final voiced obstruents in English were also measured. The results suggest that initial glottalization may be a contributing factor to final devoicing errors. Adopting English-style ‘liaison’ in which the final obstruent is syllabified as an onset to the initial vowel is argued to be a useful goal for English pronunciation syllabi. The implications of the experiment for phonological theory are also discussed. A hierarchical view of syllabic structures proposed in the Onset Prominence environment allows for the non-arbitrary representation of word boundaries in both Polish and English.
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Robb, Michael P., and Allan B. Smith. "Fundamental Frequency Onset and Offset Behavior." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45, no. 3 (June 2002): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/035).
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Short-term changes in vowel fundamental frequency (F 0 ) immediately preceding (F 0 offset) and following (F 0 onset) production of voiceless obstruents were examined in groups of 4-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 21-year-olds. Definitive patterns of laryngeal behavior were observed for each measure. F 0 was found to significantly lower at vowel offset across age groups, with no significant differences noted between groups, suggesting that F 0 offset is simply an acoustic consequence of producing a voiceless obstruent preceded by a vowel. The F 0 at vowel onset was high and significantly decreased thereafter. Age-related differences were identified for F 0 onset with 4-year-olds in that their F 0 rose to a lesser degree than that of adults. However, adult females demonstrated a greater change in both F 0 onset and F 0 offset behavior than adult males and children, suggesting that age-related differences in F 0 behavior are likely to be influenced by sex. The results are discussed with regard to the physiologic constraints of F 0 surrounding voiceless obstruent production in children and adults.
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Sanoudaki, Eirini. "Towards a Typology of Word-initial Consonant Clusters: Evidence from the Acquisition of Greek." Journal of Greek Linguistics 10, no. 1 (2010): 74–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156658410x495826.
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AbstractIn this paper, I study the production of consonant clusters by Greek children and examine the consequences of the acquisition data for phonological theory, with particular emphasis on the word-initial position. Using a non-word repetition test, I tested the order of acquisition of wordinitial and word-medial s+obstruent (sT), obstruent-obstruent (TT) and obstruent-sonorant (TR) clusters in 59 children. The results provide evidence against any analysis that assigns identical status to word-initial sT and word-initial TT, such as models of extrasyllabicity, and lend support to an alternative analysis of the beginning of the word, based on Lowenstamm's (1999) initial ON hypothesis and CVCV theory (Scheer 2004).
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Alenazi, Areej Rakha. "The Production of English Coda Clusters by Aljouf Arabic Speakers." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 2 (March 29, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n2p34.
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<p>This study examines how Aljouf Arabic speakers deal with English coda clusters containing two consonants, which will help in addressing the modification strategies used by the participants to simplify clusters. In addition, the study aims to examine whether or not markedness—based on the sonority distance—has an effect on the participants’ pronunciation. Fifteen native speakers of the Aljouf Arabic dialect were asked to read a list of twenty-five nonwords that took into account the sonority distance between C1 and C2 in clusters. In general, the results showed that the participants tended to modify English coda clusters. They used two strategies to modify the clusters: epenthesis and deletion. Markedness based on sonority distance did not provide an explanation for participants' performance. Coda clusters in which the sonority distance is two were modified by all participants. On the other hand, some clusters in which the sonority distance is less than two were pronounced correctly by most of the participants. The clusters which were correctly pronounced by most of the participants include nasal- obstruent clusters and an obstruent-obstruent cluster.</p>
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Fuchs, Susanne. "Articulatory correlates of the voicing contrast in alveolar obstruent production in German." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 41 (January 1, 2005): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.41.2005.268.
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This work investigates laryngeal and supralaryngeal correlates of the voicing contrast in alveolar obstruent production in German. It further studies laryngealoral co-ordination observed for such productions. Three different positions of the obstruents are taken into account: the stressed, syllable initial position, the post-stressed intervocalic position, and the post-stressed word final position. For the latter the phonological rule of final devoicing applies in German. The different positions are chosen in order to study the following hypotheses:
1. The presence/absence of glottal opening is not a consistent correlate of the voicing contrast in German.
2. Supralaryngeal correlates are also involved in the contrast.
3. Supralaryngeal correlates can compensate for the lack of distinction in laryngeal adjustment.
Including the word final position is motivated by the question whether neutralization in word final position would be complete or whether some articulatory residue of the contrast can be found.
Two experiments are carried out. The first experiment investigates glottal abduction in co-ordination with tongue-palate contact patterns by means of simultaneous recordings of transillumination, fiberoptic films and Electropalatography (EPG). The second experiment focuses on supralaryngeal correlates of alveolar stops studied by means of Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) simultaneously with EPG. Three German native speakers participated in both recordings. Results of this study provide evidence that the first hypothesis holds true for alveolar stops when different positions are taken into account. In fricative production it is also confirmed since voiceless and voiced fricatives are most of the time realised with glottal abduction. Additionally, supralaryngeal correlates are involved in the voicing contrast under two perspectives. First, laryngeal and supralaryngeal movements are well synchronised in voiceless obstruent production, particularly in the stressed position. Second, supralaryngeal correlates occur especially in the post-stressed intervocalic position. Results are discussed with respect to the phonetics-phonology interface, to the role of timing and its possible control, to the interarticulatory co-ordination, and to stress as 'localised hyperarticulation'.
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Davidson, Lisa, and Colin Wilson. "Processing nonnative consonant clusters in the classroom: Perception and production of phonetic detail." Second Language Research 32, no. 4 (July 8, 2016): 471–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658316637899.
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Recent research has shown that speakers are sensitive to non-contrastive phonetic detail present in nonnative speech (e.g. Escudero et al. 2012; Wilson et al. 2014). Difficulties in interpreting and implementing unfamiliar phonetic variation can lead nonnative speakers to modify second language forms by vowel epenthesis and other changes. These difficulties may be exacerbated in the classroom, as previous studies have found that classroom acoustics have a detrimental effect on listeners’ ability to identify nonnative sounds and words (e.g. Takata and Nábělek, 1990). Here we compare the effects of two acoustic environments – a sound booth and a classroom – on English speakers’ ability to process and produce unfamiliar consonant sequences in an immediate shadowing task. A number of acoustic–phonetic properties were manipulated to create variants of word-initial obstruent–obstruent and obstruent–nasal clusters. The acoustic manipulations significantly affected English speakers’ correct productions and detailed error patterns in both the sound booth and the classroom, suggesting that the relevant acoustic detail is not substantially degraded by classroom acoustics. However, differences in the response patterns in the two environments indicate that the classroom setting does affect how speakers interpret nonnative phonetic detail for the purpose of determining their production targets.
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Skarnitzl, Radek, and Pavel Šturm. "Pre-fortis shortening in Czech English: A production and reaction-time study." Research in Language 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2016-0005.
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This study focuses on the production and perception of English words with a fortis vs. lenis obstruent in the syllable coda. The contrast is mostly cued by the duration of the preceding vowel, which is shorter before fortis than before lenis sounds in native speech. In the first experiment we analyzed the production of 10 Czech speakers of English and compared them to two native controls. The results showed that the Czech speakers did not sufficiently exploit duration to cue the identity of the word-final obstruent. In the second experiment we manipulated C and V durations in target words to transplant the native ratios onto the Czech-accented speech, enhancing the fortis–lenis contrast, and vice versa. 108 listeners took part in a word-monitoring task in which reaction times were measured. The hypothesized advantage to items in which the target word (with a fortis or lenis obstruent) was semantically congruent with the following context was not confirmed, and subsequent analyses showed that the words’ frequency of use and the collocations they enter into strongly affect speech processing and correlate to a large degree with the reaction times.
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Yoshioka, Hirohide, and Kim Soone. "Palato‐lingual contact patterns during Korean obstruent production; lax, aspirated and forced." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 (April 2005): 2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4778321.
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TAMBURELLI, MARCO, EIRINI SANOUDAKI, GARY JONES, and MICHELLE SOWINSKA. "Acceleration in the bilingual acquisition of phonological structure: Evidence from Polish–English bilingual children." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 4 (November 18, 2014): 713–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000716.
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This study examines the production of consonant clusters in simultaneous Polish–English bilingual children and in language-matched English monolinguals (aged 7;01–8;11). Selection of the language pair was based on the fact that Polish allows a greater range of consonant clusters than English. A nonword repetition task was devised in order to examine clusters of different types (obstruent-liquid vs. s + obstruent) and in different word positions (initial vs. medial), two factors that play a significant role in repetition accuracy in monolingual acquisition (e.g., Kirk & Demuth, 2005). Our findings show that bilingual children outperformed monolingual controls in the word initial s + obstruent condition. These results indicate that exposure to complex word initial clusters (in Polish) can accelerate the development of less phonologically complex clusters (in English). This constitutes significant new evidence that the facilitatory effects of bilingual acquisition extend to structural phonological domains. The implications that these results have on competing views of phonological organisation and phonological complexity are also discussed.
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Pinget, Anne-France, René Kager, and Hans Van de Velde. "Linking Variation in Perception and Production in Sound Change: Evidence from Dutch Obstruent Devoicing." Language and Speech 63, no. 3 (October 17, 2019): 660–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830919880206.
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This study investigates the link between the perception and production in sound change in progress, both at the regional and the individual level. Two devoicing processes showing regional variation in Dutch are studied: the devoicing of initial labiodental fricatives and of initial bilabial stops. Five regions were selected, to represent different stages of change in progress. For each region, 20 participants took part in production (Study 1) and perception (Study 2) experiments. First, the results of the production tasks give additional insight in the regional and individual patterns of sound change. Second, the regional perceptual patterns in fricatives match the differences in production: perception is the most categorical in regions where the devoicing process is starting, and the least categorical in regions where the process of devoicing is almost completed. Finally, a clear link is observed between the production and perception systems undergoing sound change at the individual level. Changes in the perceptual system seem to precede changes in production. However, at the sound change completion, perception lags behind: individuals still perceive a contrast they no longer produce.
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Hardin-Jones, Mary, and Kathy L. Chapman. "Early Lexical Characteristics of Toddlers with Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 51, no. 6 (November 2014): 622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/13-076.
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Objective To examine development of early expressive lexicons in toddlers with cleft palate to determine whether they differ from those of noncleft toddlers in terms of size and lexical selectivity. Design Retrospective. Patients A total of 37 toddlers with cleft palate and 22 noncleft toddlers. Main Outcome Measures The groups were compared for size of expressive lexicon reported on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory and the percentage of words beginning with obstruents and sonorants produced in a language sample. Differences between groups in the percentage of word initial consonants correct on the language sample were also examined. Results Although expressive vocabulary was comparable at 13 months of age for both groups, size of the lexicon for the cleft group was significantly smaller than that for the noncleft group at 21 and 27 months of age. Toddlers with cleft palate produced significantly more words beginning with sonorants and fewer words beginning with obstruents in their spontaneous speech samples. They were also less accurate when producing word initial obstruents compared with the noncleft group. Conclusions Toddlers with cleft palate demonstrate a slower rate of lexical development compared with their noncleft peers. The preference that toddlers with cleft palate demonstrate for words beginning with sonorants could suggest they are selecting words that begin with consonants that are easier for them to produce. An alternative explanation might be that because these children are less accurate in the production of obstruent consonants, listeners may not always identify obstruents when they occur.
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Pisegna, Katerina, and Veno Volenec. "Phonology and Phonetics of L2 Telugu English." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): p46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v5n1p46.
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The paper provides a partial phonological and phonetic description of the segmental structure of L2 Telugu English (TE). Previous research on the subject has been carried out in the context of a more general notion of Indian English (IE), so the properties of TE as distinct from other varieties of IE (e.g., Gujarati English) have largely remained unexplored. We have primarily focused on areas that previous research identified as prominent issues in the study of IE: vowel inventory and production, representation and realization of liquids, word-final obstruent phenomena, and allophones of /w/. To account for these aspects of TE, we have combined a generative approach to the study of an individual’s linguistic competence with linguistic fieldwork as a means of collecting first-hand data. On the basis of collected data, we have conducted a spectrographic analysis of TE vowels and a distributional analysis of TE consonants. The paper provides the first description of the acoustic spaces of TE vowels. We found that all vowels except [?] and [i] are more central in TE than in General American English. /r/ was realized as either [r] or [?] without a specific pattern, and occasionally as [?] in the intervocalic position. /l/ was realized as [?] in word-final position and as [l] elsewhere. TE displayed word-final obstruent devoicing for all obstruents except for /b/, which was consistently unreleased. /w/ was realized as [?] before front vowels and as [w] elsewhere. While previous research that concentrated on the broad notion of Indian English recognized the issue of /w/-allophony, it has not provided a principle that governs the exact distribution of /w/’s allophones. By combining the generative framework with linguistic fieldwork, we have accounted for this long-standing puzzle with a single rule: /w/ ? [?] / __ [–CONS, –BACK].
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Smit, Ann Bosma. "Phonologic Error Distributions in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms Project." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 5 (October 1993): 931–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3605.931.
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The errors on word-initial consonant clusters made by children in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms Project (Smit, Hand, Freilinger, Bernthal, & Bird, 1990) were tabulated by age range and frequency. The error data show considerable support for Greenlee’s (1974) stages in the acquisition of clusters: the youngest children show cluster reduction, somewhat older children show cluster preservation but with errors on one or more of the cluster elements, and the oldest children generally show correct production. These stages extended to three-element clusters as well. Typical cluster reduction errors were (a) reduction to the obstruent in obstruent-plus-approximant clusters and (b) reduction to the second element in /s/-clusters. When clusters were preserved, but one member was in error, the error was typically the same as for the singleton consonant. Cluster errors are discussed in terms of theories of phonologic development, including open genetic programs and feature geometry. These data are expected to be useful in evaluation and treatment of disorders of phonology.
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Polo, Nuria. "Acquisition of codas in Spanish as a first language: The role of accuracy, markedness and frequency." First Language 38, no. 1 (August 10, 2017): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723717724244.
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Studies on the acquisition of Spanish as a first language do not agree on the patterns and factors relevant for coda development. In order to shed light on the questions involved, a longitudinal study of coda development in Northern European Spanish was carried out to explore the relationship between accuracy, markedness and frequency. The study analysed 8517 intended codas produced by two children from age 1;7 to 2;7. The main contribution of this study comes from the analysis of substitutions. The children produced more codas and more accurate codas in stressed syllables, particularly in word-final position before the age of 2, but after 2 years old their coda production was target-like in stressed medial position. They substituted phones in unstressed and in word-final position. It is argued that the most salient and frequent characteristics of Spanish syllable structure enhance coda development in the early years. Only after the establishment of the syllable structure do children focus on segmental quality, which results in target-like acquisition of Spanish codas following markedness predictions. Substitution patterns are independent of syllable structure: sonorant codas are substituted with a sonorant, and obstruents with an obstruent regardless of stress and position.
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Kulikov, Vladimir, Fatemeh Mohsenzadeh, and Rawand Syam. "Effect of emphasis spread on coronal stop articulation in Qatari Arabic." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4652.
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Emphasis (contrastive uvularisation) in Arabic spreads from an emphatic consonant to neighboring segments (Davis 1995). The effect of emphasis spread on a consonant is manifested as lowering of its spectral mean (Jongman et al. 2011). Although stop consonants reveal a strong effect of emphasis, it is not known how emphasis spread affects other acoustic properties of stops, e.g. voice onset time (VOT). Previous studies (Kulikov 2018) showed that VOT and emphasis are linked in speech production: plain /t/ in Gulf Arabic is aspirated; emphatic /ṭ/ has short-lag VOT. Phonological theory predicts that plain /t/ should become more emphatic in emphatic context, which might reduce stop VOT as well. The current study investigates the effect of emphasis spread on VOT in word-initial coronal stops in Qatari Arabic. The stimuli, produced by sixteen native speakers of Qatari Arabic, contained target plain and emphatic stops /t/, /ṭ/ followed by short or long low vowel, and plain coronal obstruents /t, s, ð/ or their emphatic counterparts /ṭ, ṣ, ð̣/. The acoustic analysis included measurements of VOT and spectral mean of burst in the stop, and F1, F2, F3 frequencies at the vowel beginning, middle and end. The results showed that final emphatic obstruent triggered emphasis spread across the syllable. The effect of emphasis on the vowel was stronger next to the emphatic obstruent (p < .01). Spectral mean of burst in plain /t/ was lower in the emphatic context (D = 276 Hz, p = .05). VOT, however, was not affected by emphasis spread. Plain /t/ had long-lag VOT averaging 52 ms; emphatic /ṭ/ had short-lag VOT averaging 17 ms. These values were not different in emphatic context (p = .743). The findings demonstrate that emphasis spread within a syllable affects only spectral characteristics of a coronal stop. Emphaticness of plain /t/ did not affect its VOT and did not result in complete transformation of the stop category
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Zhou, Chao, Maria João Freitas, and Adelina Castelo. "A aquisição das consoantes laterais do português europeu por aprendentes chineses." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln4ano2018a46.
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The present study examined the production of European Portuguese (EP) lateral consonants by 14 Chinese learners, through a picture naming task eliciting the target segments in all possible syllable and word-level positions. Our results illustrate that /l/ is stable in singletons (100% target-like) due to the positive transfer from Mandarin Chinese. However, it is very often vocalized in codas (only 16.7% target-like production, [ɫ]), which might be attributed to a phonetically based tendency (Graham, 2017; Johnson & Britain, 2007). The high accuracy (97% target-like) of /l/ in onset clusters, an absent structure in the L1, can be the result of the heterosyllabic nature of EP obstruent-liquid sequences (Veloso, 2006) or of the association of two segments to a single skeletal position, which was also argued as an intermediate stage in EP L1 acquisition (Freitas, 2003). /ʎ/ is still in acquisition (52.4% target-like), and is often produced as an L1 category [lj], due to acoustic and articulatory similarity.
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LEE, SUE ANN S., and GREGORY K. IVERSON. "Stop consonant productions of Korean–English bilingual children." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 2 (July 11, 2011): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000083.
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The purpose of this study was to conduct an acoustic examination of the obstruent stops produced by Korean–English bilingual children in connection with the question of whether bilinguals establish distinct categories of speech sounds across languages. Stop productions were obtained from ninety children in two age ranges, five and ten years: thirty Korean–English bilinguals, thirty monolingual Koreans and thirty monolingual English speakers. Voice-Onset-Time (VOT) lag at word-initial stop and fundamental frequency (f0) in the following vowel (hereafter vowel-onset f0) were measured. The bilingual children showed different patterns of VOT in comparison to both English and Korean monolinguals, with longer VOT in their production of Korean stop consonants and shorter VOT for English. Moreover, the ten-year-old bilinguals distinguished all stop categories using both VOT and vowel-onset f0,whereas the five-year-olds tended to make stop distinctions based on VOT but not vowel-onset f0. The results of this study suggest that bilingual children at around five years of age do not yet have fully separate stop systems, and that the systems continue to evolve during the developmental period.
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Gao, Jiayin, Pierre Hallé, and Christoph Draxler. "Breathy voice and low-register: A case of trading relation in Shanghai Chinese tone perception?" Language and Speech 63, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 582–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830919873080.
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In Shanghai Chinese as well as many other Wu dialects, breathy voice is a well-documented accompaniment of the low-register tone syllables with obstruent as well as sonorant onsets. But Shanghai Chinese is rapidly changing and the breathy voice associated with low-register tones tends to disappear in young speakers’ productions. In this study, we asked whether breathy voice is nevertheless still perceived and whether it pushes tone identification toward low-register tones. We conducted forced-choice tone identification tests on young native listeners of Shanghai Chinese, using low–high register tone continua—from tone T3 (23) to tone T2 (34)—imposed on base syllables with either modal or breathy voice quality, and beginning with various onset consonants. We used continua constructed from either naturally produced or synthesized syllables. Our results show that breathy voice does bias tone identification responses toward the low-register tone T3. This result held for both synthesized and natural stimuli, except for the /m/-onset stimuli derived from naturally produced syllables. We propose that the phonetic change at issue—loss of breathiness in production—is not due to misperception but reflects the ever-stronger influence of Standard Mandarin Chinese. In other words, this particular case of sound change seems to be led by production rather than perception. It remains an open question whether this kind of sound change is only determined by sociolinguistic factors (here, the dominance of Mandarin Chinese) or is independently motivated by phonetic and/or phonological factors.
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Chappell, Whitney. "The Role of Lexical Associations and Overgeneralizations in Heritage Spanish Perception." Heritage Language Journal 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.15.2.1.
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Heritage speakers exhibit a tendency to overgeneralize morphological paradigms in their production, but little is known about their perception, and the present study seeks to better understand how heritage speakers process new information in their home language. To this end, 119 listeners from different language backgrounds evaluated the number of syllables in 70 nonce words, all four-syllable paroxytone nonce words with an initial obstruent + vowel + flap sequence, with the first vowel presented at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of its original duration. Two types of word endings were used: -fono, designed to be reminiscent of the word teléfono, a high frequency four-syllable word, and -pine, which does not clearly prime any existing Spanish words, e.g. teréfono and terépine, respectively. Cumulative link mixed effects models fitted to 119 participants’ evaluations (N = 32,619) show that heritage speakers evaluate nonce words ending in -fono as four syllables significantly more than words ending in -pine (p < 0.001), but no word-ending effect was found for any other language group. I contend that heritage speakers filter new information in their heritage language through existing knowledge more rigidly than other Spanish speakers, and these overgeneralizations in perception parallel heritage speakers’ overgeneralizations in production.
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Nissen, Shawn L., Elaina Frieda, Julie McGory, Robert A. Fox, Kelly Friedman, and Kim Rosenbauer. "Developmental changes in the production of obstruents. I. An acoustic analysis of voiceless obstruents." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109, no. 5 (May 2001): 2447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4744671.
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Frieda, Elaina, Shawn L. Nissen, Julie McGory, Robert A. Fox, Kim Rosenbauer, and Kelly Friedman. "Developmental changes in the production of obstruents. II. An acoustic analysis of voiced obstruents." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109, no. 5 (May 2001): 2447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4744672.
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박미정. "Perception and Production of Korean Obstruents through Prosody." Journal of Korean Language Education ll, no. 24 (December 2009): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17313/jkorle.2009..24.143.
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Cho, Mi-Hui. "The Relationship between Perception and Production of English Posterior Obstruents by Korean Speakers." Joural of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21184/jkeia.2014.03.8.1.81.
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Park, Hanyong. "The production of Korean coronal obstruents by inexperienced English-speaking learners of Korea." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 137, no. 4 (April 2015): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4920658.
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McGarr, Nancy S., and Anders Löfqvist. "Laryngeal Kinematics in Voiceless Obstruents Produced by Hearing-Impaired Speakers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 31, no. 2 (June 1988): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3102.234.
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During normal production of voiceless consonants several events occur simultaneously in the vocal tract. These events must be temporally cOordinated. Earlier work has indicated that a breakdown in interarticulator timing can contribute to the characteristic voiced-voiceless errors produced by hearing-impaired speakers. The present study examines kinematic details of the laryngeal articulatory gesture in 2 deaf speakers and a control subject using transillumination of the larynx. Results indicate that hearing-impaired speakers often do not produce differences between stops and fricatives in the kinematic details of the gesture. That is to say, although hearing speakers commonly use a larger laryngeal gesture for fricatives than for stops and also show durational differences of the abduction and the adduction phases between phonetic categories, the hearing-impaired subjects did not make them. Also, the deaf speakers participating in this study were more variable in the kinematic measures.
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Silbert, Noah, Kenneth de Jong, Kirsten Regier, and Aaron Albin. "The mapping between phonological categories and acoustic cues in the production of English obstruents." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138, no. 6 (December 2015): 3834–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4937750.
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KIM, MINJUNG, and CAROL STOEL-GAMMON. "Phonological development of word-initial Korean obstruents in young Korean children." Journal of Child Language 38, no. 2 (March 10, 2010): 316–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000909990353.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigates the acquisition of word-initial Korean obstruents (i.e. stops, affricates and fricatives). Korean obstruents are characterized by a three-way contrast among stops and affricates (i.e. fortis, aspirated and lenis) and a two-way fricative contrast (i.e. fortis and lenis). All these obstruents are voiceless word-initially. Cross-sectional data were collected from forty Korean children aged 2 ; 6 (year;month), 3 ; 0, 3 ; 6 and 4 ; 0, and the acquisition patterns of Korean obstruents were explored based on productions of mono- and multisyllabic words. Results confirm the universal patterns: stops were acquired before affricates and fricatives. In terms of order of acquisition across different laryngeal types, lenis stops were the last to be acquired. For Korean fricatives, in contrast, the lenis category appears to be acquired earlier than the fortis category. This study proposes that this order of acquisition may be explained by articulatory complexity associated with language-specific phonetic properties.
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Park, Hanyong, Yen-chen Hao, and Kenneth J. de Jong. "Neutralization in the perception and production of English coda obstruents by Korean learners of English." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 5 (2007): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2942784.
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Bunton, Kate, and Jeannette D. Hoit. "Development of Velopharyngeal Closure for Vocalization During the First 2 Years of Life." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-17-0208.
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PurposeThe vocalizations of young infants often sound nasalized, suggesting that the velopharynx is open during the 1st few months of life. Whereas acoustic and perceptual studies seemed to support the idea that the velopharynx closes for vocalization by about 4 months of age, an aeromechanical study contradicted this (Thom, Hoit, Hixon, & Smith, 2006). Thus, the current large-scale investigation was undertaken to determine when the velopharynx closes for speech production by following infants during their first 2 years of life.MethodThis longitudinal study used nasal ram pressure to determine the status of the velopharynx (open or closed) during spontaneous speech production in 92 participants (46 male, 46 female) studied monthly from age 4 to 24 months.ResultsThe velopharynx was closed during at least 90% of the utterances by 19 months, though there was substantial variability across participants. When considered by sound category, the velopharynx was closed from most to least often during production of oral obstruents, approximants, vowels (only), and glottal obstruents. No sex effects were observed.ConclusionVelopharyngeal closure for spontaneous speech production can be considered complete by 19 months, but closure occurs earlier for speech sounds with higher oral pressure demands.
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Edge, Beverly A. "The Production of Word-Final Voiced Obstruents in English by L1 Speakers of Japanese and Cantonese." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13, no. 3 (September 1991): 377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100010032.
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This study is a partial replication and extension of Eckman's (1981a) study on the production of English word-final voiced obstruents by native speakers of Japanese and Cantonese, in which he reported evidence of an interlanguage rule of schwa paragoge for Japanese speakers and one of terminal devoicing for Cantonese speakers. In the current study, data from subjects performing three tasks varying in the speech style elicited were compared to the broad transcription of English and to data from a comparison group of native speakers of English performing the same tasks. The inclusion of native speaker data allowed the identification of variants in non-native production as either interlanguage phenomena or native-like simplified or assimilated forms. Results showed that devoicing was significant for the Japanese subjects, as well as for the Cantonese subjects. In addition, the Japanese subjects approximated target variants significantly more often than the Cantonese subjects, raising questions about the sources of the variants observed.
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Park, Hanyong. "Production and perception skill developments of Korean coronal obstruents by inexperienced English-speaking learners of Korean." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138, no. 3 (September 2015): 1946–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4934159.
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Blom, Elma, Nada Vasić, and Jan de Jong. "Production and Processing of Subject–Verb Agreement in Monolingual Dutch Children With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 3 (June 2014): 952–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0104.
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Purpose In this study, the authors investigated whether errors with subject–verb agreement in monolingual Dutch children with specific language impairment (SLI) are influenced by verb phonology. In addition, the productive and receptive abilities of Dutch acquiring children with SLI regarding agreement inflection were compared. Method An SLI group (6–8 years old), an age-matched group with typical development, and a language-matched, younger, typically developing (TD) group participated in the study. Using an elicitation task, the authors tested use of third person singular inflection after verbs that ended in obstruents (plosive, fricative) or nonobstruents (sonorant). The authors used a self-paced listening task to test sensitivity to subject–verb agreement violations. Results Omission was more frequent after obstruents than nonobstruents; the younger TD group used inflection less often after plosives than fricatives, unlike the SLI group. The SLI group did not detect subject–verb agreement violations if the ungrammatical structure contained a frequent error (omission), but if the ungrammatical structure contained an infrequent error (substitution), subject–verb agreement violations were noticed. Conclusions The use of agreement inflection by children with TD or SLI is affected by verb phonology. Differential effects in the 2 groups are consistent with a delayed development in Dutch SLI. Parallels between productive and receptive abilities point to weak lexical agreement inflection representations in Dutch SLI.
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Kehoe, Margaret M. "Prosodic Patterns in Children’s Multisyllabic Word Productions." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 32, no. 4 (October 2001): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2001/025).
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This paper reviews results from a series of studies that examined the influence of metrical and segmental effects on English-speaking children’s multisyllabic word productions. Three different approaches (prosodic structure, trochaic template, and perceptual salience) that have been proposed in the literature to account for children’s prosodic patterns are presented and evaluated. An analysis of children’s truncation or syllable deletion patterns revealed the following robust findings: (a) Stressed and word-final unstressed syllables are preserved more frequently than nonfinal unstressed syllables, (b) word-internal unstressed syllables with obstruent onsets are preserved more frequently than word-internal syllables with sonorant onsets, (c) unstressed syllables with non-reduced vowels are preserved more frequently than unstressed syllables with reduced vowels, and (d) right-sided stressed syllables are preserved more frequently than left-sided stressed syllables. An analysis of children’s stress patterns revealed that children made greater numbers of stress errors in target words with irregular stress. Clinical implications of these findings are presented and additional studies that have applied a metrical approach to clinical populations are described.
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Cebrian, Juli. "TRANSFERABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF L1 RULES IN CATALAN-ENGLISH INTERLANGUAGE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22, no. 1 (March 2000): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100001017.
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This paper examines the interference of L1 neutralization rules in the acquisition of a marked L2 phonological feature. More specifically, it presents results from a study of the acquisition of the voicing contrast in English word-final obstruents by native speakers of Catalan. The voicing contrast in final position in Catalan is neutralized by voicing or devoicing rules, depending on the environment. The results of an experiment testing the production of target final obstruents in different environments indicate a very high incidence of devoicing, which confirms the prevalence of final devoicing in second language acquisition and points to the joint effect of transfer and universal tendencies. In contrast with devoicing, the results reveal a more limited effect of the L1 voicing rules. It is argued that this difference is due to an effect of word integrity in the interlanguage that restricts the domain of application of the transferred rules.
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Meng, Ri Ci, Yuan Zhang, Xian Ning Mo, Zong Qiang Zhu, and Liang Liang Tan. "Research Progress about the Methods of the Hydrogen Production through Anaerobic Fermentation by Organic Wastewaters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3013.
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The development and technology of the hydrogen production from organic wastewaters through anaerobic fermentation were summarized. A expound and conclusion about the anaerobic fermentation types and the influencing factors of hydrogen production were included. Some present factors which obstruct the development of the hydrogen production through anaerobic fermentation were raised which made a prospect of the bio-hydrogen anaerobic fermentation technology.
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Chan, Alice Y. W. "The Acquisition of English Word-Final Consonants by Cantonese ESL Learners in Hong Kong." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 52, no. 3 (November 2007): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004291.
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AbstractThis study investigates the acquisition of English word-final consonants by Hong Kong Cantonese learners of English as a second language and assesses the validity of the Markedness Differential Hypothesis for second language phonology acquisition by these learners. Twelve participants and three native speakers performed four speech tasks: reading a word list, reading three passages, describing pictures, and participating in a conversational interview. The results show that: (i) word-finally, more non-target laterals were produced than voiceless obstruents; and (ii) non-target productions of voiced obstruents were the highest. We argue that the Markedness Differential Hypothesis does not explain the acquisition of English word-final singleton consonants by Cantonese ESL learners in Hong Kong. We conclude that markedness alone cannot be used as a predictor for the relative difficulty of acquiring the target segments of a second language.
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Hansen, Benjamin B., and Scott Myers. "The consonant length contrast in Persian: Production and perception." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000244.
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Across languages, there is a tendency to avoid length contrasts in the most vowel-like consonant classes, such as glides or laryngeals. Such gaps could arise from the difficulty of determining where the boundary between vowel and consonant lies when the transition between them is gradual. This claim is tested in Persian (Farsi), which has length contrasts in all classes of consonants, including glides and laryngeals. Persian geminates were compared to singletons in three different speaking rates and seven different consonant classes. Geminates were found to have longer constriction intervals than singletons, and this length effect interacted with both speaking rate and manner of articulation. In one of two perception experiments, Persian speakers identified consonants as geminate or singleton in stimuli in which the constriction duration was systematically varied. The perceptual boundary between geminates and singletons was most sharply defined for obstruents and least so for laryngeals, as reflected by the breadth of the changeover region in the identification curve. In the other perception experiment, subjects identified the length class of glides differing in constriction duration and formant transition duration. Longer formant transitions led to more geminate responses and to a broader changeover interval.
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Whisker-Taylor, Kate, and Lynn Clark. "Yorkshire Assimilation: Exploring the Production and Perception of a Geographically Restricted Variable." Journal of English Linguistics 47, no. 3 (June 11, 2019): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424219849093.
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This paper investigates a process referred to by Wells (1982) as “Yorkshire Assimilation,” which is a process of assimilation in which voiced obstruents become fully devoiced when followed by a voiceless segment. The process is thought to occur only in Yorkshire, England. There is very little existing literature on Yorkshire Assimilation and, when it is discussed, it is described as a phonological rule, i.e., it is thought to be used categorically by those speakers who display the feature (Wells 1982:367, 148). This paper presents the first empirical account of Yorkshire Assimilation. Using both historical and contemporary speech data from Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, we explore the extent to which Yorkshire Assimilation is indeed variable, how its use has changed over time, and how it is constrained by both linguistic and social factors in speech production. We also couple this production study with a small perception experiment designed to tap into the social meaning of Yorkshire Assimilation in Huddersfield.
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KEHOE, MARGARET M., and CAROL STOEL-GAMMON. "Development of syllable structure in English-speaking children with particular reference to rhymes." Journal of Child Language 28, no. 2 (June 2001): 393–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090100469x.
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This study investigates acquisition of the rhyme using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from 14 English-speaking children (aged 1;3–2;0). It focuses on 4 questions pertaining to rhyme development, which are motivated from current theories of prosodic acquisition: 1. Do children make vowel length errors in early acquisition?; 2. Do children acquire coda consonants before they learn the vowel length contrast?; 3. What consonants are first acquired as codas?; and 4. Is there a size constraint such that children's productions are minimally and maximally bimoraic? The results indicate that the percentage of vowel length errors across all children was low irrespective of the percentage of codas produced. In particular, two children produced very few coda consonants and made few vowel length errors, suggesting that mastery of vowel length was not secondary to coda acquisition. With respect to coda segments, children produced voiceless obstruents as codas before sonorants supporting generally the claim that obstruents emerge before sonorants in coda position. Children produced coda consonants more frequently after short than long vowels consistent with a bimoraic size constraint in syllable development. The paper concludes by comparing the English findings with cross-linguistic work on vowel length acquisition.
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Toda, Takako. "Interlanguage phonology." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.17.2.03tod.
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Abstract This paper presents the results of a study pertaining to the acquisition of timing control by Australian subjects who are enrolled in first-year Japanese at tertiary level. Instrumental techniques are used to observe segment duration and pitch patterns in the speech production of learners and native speakers of Japanese. The observations concern vowels and obstruents based on minimal pairs with durational contrasts, and the results are discussed within the framework of interlanguage phonology. The results obtained from this study demonstrate problems of beginning-level learners, including the underdifferentiation of durational contrasts (Han 1992). From the viewpoint of interlanguage phonology, however, the results seem to indicate that the learners have the ability to control timing and that they try to achieve durational distinctions in their speech production, but that their phonetic realisation is different from that of native speakers.
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SAKAI, MARI, and COLLEEN MOORMAN. "Can perception training improve the production of second language phonemes? A meta-analytic review of 25 years of perception training research." Applied Psycholinguistics 39, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 187–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716417000418.
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ABSTRACTCognitive scientists across disciplines have shown a vested interest in examining if and how the speech perception and production modalities are connected. The field of second language (L2) acquisition contributes to this discussion by investigating the effects of auditory training of L2 sounds on pronunciation. This meta-analysis offers a comprehensive view of the last 25 years of L2 perception training studies that test for effects in production. The results indicate that the two modalities are connected, insomuch as training the perception of L2 sounds can induce positive change in the productive mode as well. The data indicate that strictly controlled perception training led to medium-sized improvements in perception (d= 0.92,SD= 0.96) and small improvements in production (d= 0.54,SD= 0.45). A correlation analysis suggests a small- to medium-sized relationship between perception and production gains, although this relationship was not significant. The production of obstruents improved to a larger degree than sonorants or vowels, and an additional six moderating variables influenced the magnitude of the production effect sizes. We caution researchers to not equate the connection of the two modalities in long-term linguistic development to real-time neurological processing, and we end with five recommendations for the domain of L2 phonetic training research.
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Serrano-Palacio, Nicolas, and Jorge Gómez-Paredes. "Will our next revolution support or obstruct the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals?" Bionatura 4, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 832–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2019.04.02.2.
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The so called “Fourth Industrial Revolution” (4IR) 1, is an emerging phenomenon which will likely transform our lives and affect multiple sectors of society. This new revolution encompasses and combines a wide range of new technologies, such as quantum computing, nano and bio-technology, artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and advance automation. Foreseeing all the impacts and ripple effects that these technologies will have in our societies, in the next years, is a sizeable and difficult task. Much of the debate has usually been focused on automation, which the Cambridge Dictionary defines as “the use of machines or computers instead of people to do a job, especially in a factory or office” 2. The ongoing debate focuses, on the potential of automation to generate production efficiency benefits vs. the threat to increase unemployment lines. But the actual effects (positive and negative) of this revolution may be much wider and deeper, including social and environmental impacts closely related to sustainable development. Following, we present a brief non-exhaustive commentary on some of the potential advantages and disadvantages of the 4IR from the perspective of the 17 goals adopted by all parties to the United Nations on September 2015, as part of an agenda to tackle global problems and reach sustainable development3.
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O’Grady, Pat. "The Master of Mystery." Journal of Popular Music Studies 31, no. 2 (June 2019): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2019.312012.
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Over the past twenty years, the field of popular music studies has significantly enhanced our understanding of pop music production. Studies have drawn from a range of industry discussions to explore, for example, the ways in which emergent technologies have led to distinctive production techniques and the important role that recording technologies play in shaping the sound of pop music. Whereas many industry discussions have provided productive sites of analysis, they can also obstruct research in some respects. This article focuses on an area of music production where such industrial discussions tend to hinder, rather than enhance, an understanding of its practices. It examines the ways in which industry discussions position the process of mastering as “mysterious.” This article argues representations of mastering as “mysterious” work to reinforce the importance of this practice and also safeguard it from new technologies that might challenge its dominance. These representations can function to reproduce and secure social hierarchies within the field.
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Stewart, Andrew L., and Andrew McC Hogg. "Reshaping the Antarctic Circumpolar Current via Antarctic Bottom Water Export." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 2577–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0007.1.
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AbstractZonal momentum input into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) by westerly winds is ultimately removed via topographic form stress induced by large bathymetric features that obstruct the path of the current. These bathymetric features also support the export of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) across the ACC via deep, geostrophically balanced, northward flows. These deep geostrophic currents modify the topographic form stress, implying that changes in AABW export will alter the ocean bottom pressure and require a rearrangement of the ACC in order to preserve its zonal momentum balance. A conceptual model of the ACC momentum balance is used to derive a relationship between the volume export of AABW and the shape of the sea surface across the ACC’s standing meanders. This prediction is tested using an idealized eddy-resolving ACC/Antarctic shelf channel model that includes both the upper and lower cells of the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation, using two different topographic configurations to obstruct the flow of the ACC. Eliminating AABW production leads to a shallowing of the sea surface elevation within the standing meander. To quantify this response, the authors introduce the “surface-induced topographic form stress,” the topographic form stress that would result from the shape of the sea surface if the ocean were barotropic. Eliminating AABW production also reduces the magnitude of the eddy kinetic energy generated downstream of the meander and the surface speed of the ACC within the meander. These findings raise the possibility that ongoing changes in AABW export may be detectable via satellite altimetry.
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Ozturk, Ovunc. "OPPCAT: Ontology population from tabular data." Journal of Information Science 46, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551519827892.
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In order to present large amount of information on the Web to both users and machines, it is urgently needed to structure Web data. E-commerce is one of the areas where increasing data bottlenecks on the Web inhibit data access. Ontological display of the product information enables better product comparison and search applications using the semantics of the product specifications and their corresponding values. In this article, we present a framework called OPPCAT, which is used for semi-automatic ontology population from tabular data in e-commerce stores and product catalogues. As a result, OPPCAT allows tabular data to be used for mass production of ontology content. First, we present the common patterns in tabular data which obstruct semi-automatic production of ontologies. Then, we suggest solutions which automatically fix these errors. Finally, we define an algorithm to build ontology content semi-automatically.
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Kumar, Raghunandan, Pranab Das, M. Beulah, H. R. Arjun, and George Ignatius. "Utilization of Iron Ore Tailings for the Production of Fly Ash — GGBS-Based Geopolymer Bricks." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 16, no. 03 (August 2017): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686717500172.
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In India, million tons of manufacturing ravages such as ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash and mine tailings, are endangering. These ravages turn out to be injurious as they are landfilled close to the production sites and somewhere else. Since these manufacturing ravages include silica, alumina, calcium, etc., it is probable to formulate these as unprocessed resources to produce building substance which diminishes the carbon trace. In this circumstance, this analysis observes on utilizing iron ore tailings and slag sand as a substitution for clay or natural sand for the construction of steady geopolymer obstruct. Furthermore, in this analysis, geopolymer is utilized as a binder rather than cement. Expansion of geopolymer binder-oriented bricks with fly ash and GGBS has been implemented in this study. The analysis consists of automatic possessions of the geopolymer bricks. Sodium silicate ([Formula: see text]) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) resolution have been employed as alkaline activators. The proportion of alkaline liquid to aluminosilicate solid quotient and fraction of binder encompass foremost control on the force of brick. The bricks were casted and cured at ambient warmth. The compressive strength was tested at 7, 14 and 28 days.
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Mayer, Einat Shemesh, Tomer Ben-Michael, Sagie Kimhi, Itzhak Forer, Haim D. Rabinowitch, and Rina Kamenetsky. "Effects of different temperature regimes on flower development, microsporogenesis and fertility in bolting garlic (Allium sativum)." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 6 (2015): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14262.
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Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars do not develop fertile flowers and seeds. Therefore, garlic production and improvement depend exclusively on vegetative propagation. Recent advances in garlic research have enabled fertility restoration and the discovery of fertile and male-sterile genotypes; however, the environmental regulation of the reproductive process is still not clear. Garlic seeds are successfully produced in the Mediterrenean region, where the photoperiod is relatively short, whereas spring and summer temperatures are high. We hypothesise that, in bolting garlic, various stages of florogenesis are differentially regulated by temperature and that high temperatures might obstruct pollen production. The effects of eight combinations of controlled growth temperatures on fertile and male-sterile garlic clones were studied. In both genotypes, a gradual temperature increase before and during anthesis favoured intact flower development. Surprisingly, continuous exposure to moderate temperatures during the entire growth period resulted in poor flowering, anther abortion and reduced pollen production. In the male-sterile genotype, no growth regime improved pollen production, which is controlled by genetic mechanisms. In the male-fertile genotype, gradual temperature increase supported pollen production but a sharp transition to high temperatures resulted in rapid flower senescence and pollen abortion, thus supporting our research hypothesis. In both fertile and male-sterile plants, the most vulnerable phase of microsporogenesis is the unicellular microspore stage. Tapetal malformation is the major cause for malnutrition of the microspores, with consequent production of nonviable pollen grains.