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Journal articles on the topic 'Occitan language'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Grinina, E. "OCCITANIA IN CATALONIA." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-96-100.

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Annotated article focuses on the presence of Occitania in Catalonia. Both regions are linked old and close linguistic and cultural ties. Aran language (subdialects modern Occitan language), one of the three official languages of the Aran Valley in Catalonia, is a means of self-identification of the inhabitants of the Aran Valley, perceive themselves as occitans.

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2

Martí-Badia, Adrià. "Els postulats de la filologia romànica internacional sobre l’origen, la identitat i el nom de la llengua catalana (1806-1906)." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 13 (June 27, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.13.15436.

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Resum: Aquest treball analitza els postulats dels romanistes no catalanòfons sobre l’origen, la identitat i el nom de la llengua catalana entre 1806 i 1906. Al segle xix es situa l’inici de la filologia romànica, i cada vegada més erudits cataloguen i estudien les diferents llengües romàniques. Progressivament, en aquest període els romanistes prenen en consideració la llengua catalana, i realitzen afirmacions sobre el seu origen —compartit amb la llengua occitana o independent des de l’inici—, la seua identitat —subordinada a l’occità o autònoma com la resta de llengües romàniques— i el nom amb què cal referir-s’hi. Abstract: This paper analyses the postulates of the non-Catalan-speaking Romanists about the origin, the identity and the name of the Catalan language between 1806 and 1906. Romance philology emerges in the 19th century and scholars started to categorize and study the different romance languages. Progressively, during this period, Romanists take into consideration the Catalan language and make statements about its origin —shared with the Occitan language or independent from the beginning—, its identity —subordinated to Occitan or autonomous as the other romance languages— and the name with which the language should be mentioned.

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3

Joubert, Aurélie. "Deux langues à valeurs contrastées: Représentations et perceptions de l'occitan et du catalan." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 28 (July 1, 2015): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2015.37-53.

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Summary: This chapter presents a comparative analysis of the Catalan and Occitan sociolinguistic situations. Whereas these two sister languages have often been studied in parallel up until the modern period, they are now often opposed because of the differences in institutional support and prospects of maintenance. This comparative or contrastive study investigates the origins of the discrepancy of the Occitan and Catalan situations in terms of the speakers’ linguistic conscience and linguistic identity. An analysis of the treatment of diglossia by Occitan and Catalan sociolinguists sheds lights on the similarities and differences in the theorisation of power relations between dominant and dominated languages over two territories, France and Spain. The transnational aspect of these two languages, with Occitan being spoken in the Aran valley and Catalan in the region of Roussillon, is also examined and demonstrates the impact of national policies in France and the lack of global community identification for Occitan. In this way, the findings highlight the manner in which language ideologies present at the macro-level, can affect the speakers’ socio-psychological representations of Occitan and Catalan. [Keywords: Occitan sociolinguistics; Catalan sociolinguistics; Romance sociolinguistics; diglossia; language ideologies; language attitudes; linguistic conscience; linguistic identity; transnational situation; power relations]

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4

Jacobs, Bart, and Hans Peter Kunert. "Whatever happened to the Occitan go-past?" Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 49, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.49.2.01jac.

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This article explores the history and present state of the Occitan go-past. Also known as the perfet perifràstic, this is a characteristic and well-studied feature of the Catalan grammar (vaig cantar go.1sg.pres.ind-sing ‘I sang’), but its existence in Occitan has been ignored to the extent that Catalan is often erroneously thought to be the only Romance language with a go-past. In this article, we first explore the rise and distribution of the go-past in Old Occitan (ca. 13th to 16th centuries) and then focus on the presence of the construction in the contemporary Occitan dialects of Gascony and Guardia Piemontese (a village in Calabria, Italy). We discuss the semantic and morphological particularities of the construction in some detail for both dialects using data from a variety of (little-known) sources, including, for Guardia Piemontese, our own field data. Finally, we provide arguments for the hypothesis that the go-past developed first in Occitania and subsequently diffused into Catalan-speaking areas.

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5

Davies, Peter V. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 57, no. 1 (January 2, 1995): 242–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2222-4297-90000743.

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6

Klingebiel, Kathryn. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 59, no. 1 (December 20, 1997): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90000171.

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Klingebiel, Kathryn. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 60, no. 1 (December 20, 1998): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90000232.

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Klingebiel, Kathryn. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 61, no. 1 (December 20, 1999): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90000293.

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9

PRICE, GLANVILLE. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 46, no. 1 (March 13, 1985): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90002638.

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10

GODDARD, K. A. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 47, no. 1 (March 13, 1986): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90002717.

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GODDARD, K. A. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 49, no. 1 (March 13, 1988): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90002872.

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12

DAVIES, PETER V. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 53, no. 1 (March 13, 1992): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003171.

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DAVIES, PETER V. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 54, no. 1 (March 13, 1993): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003246.

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DAVIES, PETER V. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 55, no. 1 (March 13, 1994): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003318.

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DAVIES, PETER V. "OCCITAN STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 56, no. 1 (March 13, 1995): 271–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003391.

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16

Llamedo-Pandiella, Gonzalo. "La representación del occitano en los estudios filológicos de grado y máster de las universidades españolas." Studia Romanistica 24, no. 1 (July 2024): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/sr.2024.24.0002.

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From a glottopolitical approach, Romance sociolinguistics is interested in the socio-discursive representations of minoritised Romance languages, since discourses reveal the relationship between language, society and power. In accordance with this scope, this paper analyses how Occitan language and literature are present in undergraduate and master’s philological studies in Spain, in order to obtain an overview of their academic representation. For this purpose, a census study was carried out by consulting the official websites of the Spanish university institutions listed in the Spanish Register of Universities, Centres and Degrees. The results reveal a scarcity of subjects devoted to Occitan studies, as opposed to an abundance of subjects in related areas that include content on Occitan troubadour lyric poetry. This extended approach to Occitan in a medieval context contributes to reinforce Spanish students’ imaginary of the language as a koiné of the past, in contrast to the representations of other Romance languages that are characterised as modern languages.

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17

Pescarini, Diego. "Intraclade Contact from an I-Language Perspective. The Noun Phrase in the Ligurian/Occitan amphizone." Languages 6, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020077.

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This article aims to compare some traits that characterise the syntax of the noun phrase in the Occitan/Ligurian amphizone (i.e., contact area) that lies at the border between southern France and northwestern Italy. The dialects spoken in this area differ in several syntactic traits that emerged in a situation of contact between dialects of different subgroups (Ligurian and Occitan), two roofing languages (Italian and French), and regional contact languages such as Genoese. In particular, I will elaborate on the syntax of mass and indefinite plural nouns, on the co-occurrence of determiners and possessives, and on the syntax of kinship terms. From an I-language perspective, the fine variation observed at the Occitan/Ligurian border raises two types of research questions: (a) which comparative concepts best capture the observed variation; (b) whether intraclade contact (i.e., contact between languages of the same branch) can contribute relevant evidence and arguments to the debate concerning the biological endowment of the language faculty.

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18

Klingebiel, Kathryn. "Occitan Studies: Language and Linguistics." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 84, no. 1 (April 16, 2024): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-08401029.

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Kathryn Klingebiel. "Occitan Studies: Language and Linguistics." Year's Work in Modern Language Studies 76 (2016): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/yearworkmodlang.76.2014.0119.

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Klingebiel, Kathryn. "Occitan Studies: Language and Linguistics." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 82, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-08201006.

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Klingebiel, Kathryn. "Occitan Studies: Language and Linguistics." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 77, no. 1 (2017): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-07701007.

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22

Klingebiel, Kathryn. "Occitan Studies: Language and Linguistics." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 79, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-07901010.

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23

Klingebiel, Kathryn. "Occitan Studies: Language and Linguistics." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 80, no. 1 (June 17, 2020): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-08001012.

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24

Harris, Marvyn Roy. "Prolégomènes à l'histoire textuelle du Rituel cathare occitan." Heresis 6, no. 1 (1986): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/heres.1986.2116.

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There is a need to rectify certain mistaken notions propagated in recent years concerning the textual traditions of the Occitan Catharist Ritual and the New Testament found in MS PA 36 of the Bibliothèque municipale of Lyon. Without doubt, the manuscript was not copied prior to the midthirteenth century, and in all probability, not before 1280. The New Testament is a copy of an earlier Occitan model. Though we cannot know the number of copies which might have intervened between the original Occitan translation and the Lyon copy, Samuel Berger was probably correct in assuming that it is a direct copy from the original translation. Was the Occitan Ritual originally written in that language, or was it translated from a latin model related to the Latin Rituel published by Christine Thouzellier ? Nothing in the latter, written down in Italy prior to 1235-1240, supports A. Borst's thesis that it was translated from an Occitan version. The ceremonies contained in both the Occitan and Latin rituals were certainly administered in the spoken languages of the recipients. The Latin version was never intented to be administered in that language. It is possibly a model in an international language which could have been read, even translated, by an educated Cathar, whether a speaker of Italian or Occitan. The presence in the Occitan Ritual of a collection of liturgical recitations in Latin points to the obligatory use of certain Latin texts, e.g., the Lord's Prayer and John 1 : 1-17, and invocations during the various ceremonies. The presence there of these Latin passages does not furnish an argument for the Ritual having been originally written in Occitan, since a translator using a Latin model, and knowing that practice, would not have translated these into Occitan. The quality of the Latin in the Occitan Ritual reflects the oral transmission of persons not accustomed to the use of Latin. While certainly not translated from the Latin Ritual that we know, the Occitan version contains linguistic evidence that it was translated from a Latin model with phrasing closely related to our only known Latin version. The Latin tradition of the Occitan Ritual is certainly much older than the copy which we have of it, possibly going back to the late twelfth or early thirteenth century, as supposed by Christine Thouzellier. The smoothness of the Occitan text, with respect to the language of the Occitan New Testament in the same codex, shows that the translation incorporated a living phraseology. The language, as well as that of the accompanying New Testament, shows the undeniable imprint of the Occitan spoken in the former county of Foix (Ariège) and the neighboring areas of the old province of Bas Languedoc to the south of Toulouse and in western Aude. Nevertheless, one finds in the Ritual certain forms which appear to be either Italia-nisms or traits from the medieval Occitan-speaking area of the Cottian Alps, e.g. andam for excep¬ ted anam. This fact raises the possibility for the Occitan Ritual of a model written in a dialect from one of those areas. One can envisage also the possibility that a Fuxean or Languedocian, belonging to an expatriate group of Cathars, could have translated it from a Latin model. The Occitan Ritual contains thirty-two biblical quotations, only one of which is from the Old Testament. The New Testament quotations belong to a textual tradition which Berger identified a century ago, dubbing it the "Languedocian version". The best Latin versions come from the areas of Carcassonne, Narbonne, and the Pyrenees, hence the name. The New Testament of MS PA 36 and the five representatives of the Waldensian tradition belong to that tradition as do the two manuscripts containing the earliest German New Testament. The doubts expressed by Christine Thouzellier concerning the existence of Berger's Languedocian version are unwarranted and even detrimental to the advancement of Occitan biblical studies if they discourage scholars from making use of the texts belonging to that tradition. This is especially true for editors seeking to establish the texts of the Old Occitan biblical translations. Two examples are given here of situations in which the consultation of various Languedocian versions could have enhanced a recent edition of an Old Waldensian New Testament. Christine Thouzellier's mistaken assertion, repeatedly made in her writings, to the effect that the Lyon New Testament is a direct translation from MS BN, lat. 342 stems from her misreading of a passage from Berger's 1889 Romania article. Though an excellent representative of the Languedocian tradition, it is doubtful that BN, lat. 342 served as the model for the translation of the Lyon New Testament. In anticipation of a later study of the issue, one example is presented here which contradicts such a filial relationship. Miss Thouzellier's investigations showed quite correctly that the biblical quotations in the Latin Ritual were not translated from the Occitan New Testament in MS PA 36. Likewise, she maintained that those found in the Occitan Ritual were not taken from that New Testament, a position which is literally exact. However, she did not study the question of whether the biblical quotations of the Occitan and Latin rituals belong to the same "Languedocian version" as the Lyon New Testament. The author proposes to examine in a future article the textual tradition of the New Testament quotations in the Occitan Ritual.

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25

BELLÉS, ELOI. "LLEMOSINISME I ANTILLEMOSINISME EN GRAMÀTIQUES I DICCIONARIS CATALANS DEL SEGLE XIX." Catalan Review 38, no. 1 (June 2024): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/catr.38.3.

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This paper examines the position of some nineteenth-century Catalan grammars and dictionaries regarding the relationship between Catalan and Occitan and, in particular, the ideology that supports the idea that Catalan and Occitan are or were the same language. This ideology was called Limousinism (“llemosinisme”). We can distinguish four ideological positions: first, the so-called onomastic and traditional Limousinism; second, strict limousinism, or the belief that Catalan and Occitan are the same language and have a common origin; third, the use of Limousinism to defend linguistic secessionism; and fourth, the rejection of Limousinism and the unity of Catalan and Occitan. The article shows that all these positions have a glottopolitical, as well as a linguistic motivation; and that anti-Limousinism is the dominant ideology in Catalonia, while in the other Catalan-speaking areas Limousinist positions are more common.

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26

Costa, James. "New speakers, new language: on being a legitimate speaker of a minority language in Provence." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2015, no. 231 (January 1, 2015): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0035.

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Abstract This article looks at the “new speaker” concept and the questions it raises in terms of legitimacy from the point of view of several types of social actors, namely language advocates, academics and school pupils (that is to say, “new speakers” themselves). The aim of this article is to show that this notion is not a purely descriptive one, but also carries a strong prescriptive loading – which in turns requires that minority language learners negotiate their participation in linguistic markets. Based on fieldwork in Provence, I look at how “new speakers” are often construed as speakers of “new languages”, “standard” or “artificial” languages that tend to index youth, urbanity, modernity and middle class membership – all qualities which may be seen as undesirable in parts of minority language movements. I then turn to pupils of an Occitan bilingual primary school in Provence and analyse how they reframe the new speaker debate in order for themselves to fit in the broader picture of Occitan speakers. All the viewpoints I analyse tend to emphasise the weight that the traditional, monolingual speaker still holds among speakers of minority languages in southern France.

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27

Esher, Louise. "Morphomic distribution of augments in varieties of Occitan." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 51, no. 2 (November 14, 2016): 271–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.51.2.09esh.

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This study examines the distribution and function of ‘augments’ within modern Occitan verb paradigms. Most augments in Occitan are reflexes of the Latin ingressive infix -(Ī/Ē)SC-, as in other Romance languages; but Occitan has also developed novel inflectional formatives which display similar behaviour. Like the reflexes of -(Ī/Ē)SC-, these formatives serve as inflectional class markers, and their paradigmatic distribution conforms to existing morphomic templates. The study provides an overview of the diverse paradigmatic distributions of augments encountered in Occitan; proposes an account of the origin of the novel formatives; and discusses the apparent correlation between the spread of augments and the neutralisation of conjugational class distinctions in inflectional desinences.

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Cerruti, Massimo, and Riccardo Regis. "Standardization patterns and dialect/standard convergence: A northwestern Italian perspective." Language in Society 43, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 83–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404513000882.

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AbstractThis article is inspired by the typology of “dialect/standard constellations” outlined in Auer (2005, 2011), which aims to detect common dynamics in the current processes of dialect/standard convergence in Europe. The specific sociolinguistic situation addressed in this article involves Italian, Piedmontese, and Occitan in Piedmont, a northwestern region of Italy. We analyze a set of linguistic features with the aim of depicting the dynamics of intralinguistic and interlinguistic convergence as they relate to the ongoing standardization processes in these languages. Some adjustments to the two types of repertoires drawn by Auer (diaglossia and endoglossic medial diglossia) are proposed to better suit them, respectively, to the Italo-Romance continuum between Piedmontese rural dialects and standard Italian (which actually consists of two separate subcontinua with intermediate varieties) and to the relationship between Occitan dialects and their planned standard variety (as well as that between Piedmontese and its “Frenchified” standard variety). (Language standardization, dialect/standard convergence, Italian, Piedmontese, Occitan.)*

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Juge, Mathew L. "CATALAN’S PLACE IN ROMANCE REVISITED." Catalan Review: Volume 21, Issue 1 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/catr.21.11.

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Catalan is unique among the Romance languages in having a relatively large number of speakers in a thriving speech community but not being the dominant language of a major nation-state. It is also unusual in that its position within the Romance subfamily is a matter of some debate. I argue that the application of the principle of contact linguistics to data from Catalan dialects, especially the Alguerès variety, support rejecting the traditional treatment of Catalan as Ibero-Romance and Occitan as Gallo-Romance in favor of placing Catalan and Occitan together in a separate subbranch.

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Mooney, Damien. "Phonetic transfer in language contact: Evidence for equivalence classification in the mid-vowels of Occitan–French bilinguals." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 49, no. 1 (September 28, 2017): 53–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100317000366.

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This article examines first to second language (L1-to-L2) phonetic transfer in the speech of ten Occitan–French bilinguals, focusing on the mid-vowels in each of their languages. Investigating transfer in a situation of long-term societal language contact aims to shed light on the emergence of regional French phonological features from contact with Occitan. Using a sociophonetic methodology, the concept of equivalence classification (Flege 1988) is investigated, that is, that L2 words will be (initially) decomposed into familiar L2 sound categories, causing L1 and L2 sounds to resemble each other phonetically. The consequences of language contact are modelled statistically using an original corpus of over 1200 vowel tokens. The findings show that equivalence classification may not lead to equated sounds coming to resemble each other phonetically, suggesting necessary revisions to the speech learning model (SLM) hypothesis, and the need to consider the influence of sociolinguistic factors in situations of long-term language contact is emphasised.

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Duffell, Martin J. "From Vidal to Lentini." Linguistic Approaches to Poetry 15 (December 31, 2001): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.15.11duf.

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This article traces the origins of the Italian endecasillabo, the earliest surviving examples of which were composed in the thirteenth century, soon after the Albigensian Crusades destroyed the Occitan-speaking culture of the Southern French courts. It begins by discussing the achievements of that culture and, in particular, the ways in which the troubadours delighted in formal innovation and experiment, constantly recombining the structural elements of their verse in new ways. It then proceeds to analyse all the structural variants found in the earliest endecasillabi and demonstrates that each had antecedents in Occitan verse. This analysis supports Beltrami (1986) and Billy (2000), who argue that the endecasillabo evolved from the vers de dix largely as a result of the distinctive lexicon and phonology of the Italian language. It then examines the alternative hypothesis, that the endecasillabo evolved independently of its French and Occitan cognate metre, and finds all the arguments advanced in its favour unsatisfactory: the forged evidence of Baruffaldi (1713), the Latin origin proposed by Gasparov (1996), and the hypothesis of Meillet (1923) that all Indo-European verse has syllabic origins and a tendency to revert to them. This article concludes that the endecasillabo is a lasting legacy of the Occitan poets.

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32

Wells, Courtney Joseph. "«Pensemus qualiter viri prehonorati a propria diverterunt» (DVE, I, xiv, 5): els textos occitans d’un cercle de poetes toscans." Mot so razo 18 (February 19, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33115/udg_bib/msr.v18i0.22592.

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<p>Abstract: This article re-examines a set of Occitan texts written by a circle of Tuscan poets and their importance for understanding the reception of troubadour culture in medieval Tuscany. Often viewed as marginal, these texts have not been adequately analyzed for what<br />they can tell us about the use of Occitan as a literary language in Italy at the end of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth centuries. Instead of casting them as unoriginal, derivative, or linguistically incorrect attempts at Occitan composition by foreign poets, this article considers their originality, innovation, and the transformations they may have undergone in their transmission history. Arguing that these texts be viewed as invaluable evidence of a vibrant Occitanophone literary culture in Tuscany, I advocate for further inquiry into the multilingual compositions of this circle of Tuscan poets.</p><p><br />Keywords: Dante Alighieri, Occitan Literature in Italy, Occitan Literature in Catalonia, Medieval Multilingualism, Sonnet.</p>

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DANSEREAU, Diane. "The Current Situation of the Occitan Language." Orbis 35 (January 1, 1992): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/orb.35.0.2012835.

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Chambon, Jean-Pierre. "Occitan (Velay) prounseau et prounsean ‘sorte de grive’ : deux inconnus du FEW (dont un en langage des animaux)." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 135, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2019-0008.

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Abstract The purpose of this contribution is to give an etymology to two Occitan words regarded as of unknown origin by the FEW. Velay prounseau ‘a kind of thrush’ is a regular issue of Old Occitan proensal ‘of Provence’. The nasalized form prounsean is a phono-stylistic and zoolectal variant of prounseau.

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35

Floricic, Franck. "(Extreme) Polymorphism in Occitan Verb Morphology." Languages 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010040.

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Polymorphism has long been recognized as a crucial dimension of the nature of language. One of the merits of dialectology and dialectologists is emphasis on the inherently variable and polymorphic nature of linguistic systems, which are always in a state of relative equilibrium and stability. The most striking features of the Occitan data that will be discussed lies in the possibility of finding various forms in a given cell in certain paradigms; more strikingly, it will be shown that two or three (even four) paradigms for one and the same (tense) verb may coexist in the same variety. It will be argued that if polymorphism is the natural state of linguistic systems, it is also anti-economic from a cognitive and processing point of view. It follows that the diachronic evolution of languages tends to develop adaptive solutions to circumvent the potential drawbacks of extreme polymorphism: “natural selection” leads to the reduction or elimination of morphological proliferation. Of course, before reduction or elimination take place, a more or less extended period of time may elapse during which a preference for some paradigmatic options may arise.

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36

Harvey, Ruth, and William D. Paden. "Introduction to Old Occitan." Modern Language Review 95, no. 3 (July 2000): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3735531.

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Santano Moreno, Julián. "Koineización en el occitano de Navarra y Aragón." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 140, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 77–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2024-0003.

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Abstract The presence of francos settlers in Navarre and Aragon left abundant administrative and legislative documentation in the Occitan language. This presence of settlers of different origins, both lengua d’oc and lengua d’oïl, with also differentiated dialectal modalities, who carried out commercial activities, produced intense linguistic contact between the different dialectal modalities. The paper tries to determine the type of language reflected in the aforementioned administrative and legal documents, which use the graphic system of the scriptae of Navarre and Aragon, conveying the romance varieties. Although the term koine has been used to define this language, the concept of koineization more adequately defines the dynamic process of leveling and blending of dialects, whose formation of a stabilized koine may be one stage. Thus, within the scriptae of Navarre and Aragon in the Occitan language, different linguistic norms and stable as well as diffuse language varieties can be identified.

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Pfeffer, Wendy. "Foundations and Foundation Myths of the Troubadours." Magnificat Cultura i Literatura Medievals 6 (December 8, 2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/mclm.6.14815.

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A review of several origin myths relating to the creation of medieval Occitan lyric poetry. We see a preference for a “great man theory” of origins, though the “great man” may be a fictional woman. Medieval and early Renaissance Occitan authors, including Uc de Saint Circ, Guilhem Molinier, and Jean de Nostredame, used differing origin myths to validate literature in a language that was perceived not to carry the prestige of twelfth- and thirteenth-century Latin or fifteen- and sixteenth-century French.

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Bestolkova, Galina Vasilievna. "The Occitan Language: Searching for Standard and Status." Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 5 (May 2022): 1595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20220259.

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Hinzelin, Marc-Olivier. "Die Stellung der Objektpronomina in frühen okzitanischen und katalanischen Texten im Vergleich." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 17 (July 1, 2004): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2004.111-129.

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The article stresses mainly the comparison of the position of the clitic object pronouns with respect to finite verbs in two languages from the (Eastern) Pyrenees, Catalan and Occitan. The position of the weak pronoun in relation to the finite verb in Old Occitan and Old Catalan shows interesting differences to the modern varieties of these languages and to Old French. Both languages allow, like contemporary European Portuguese, the positioning of the object pronoun directly after the finite verb in unmarked main sentences. Unlike in Old French this applies irrespective of verb-first-constructions with the verb in the absolute front position (socalled Tobler-Mussafia Law), where in all medieval Romance languages a postposition occurs.

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Romanova, G. "CATALONIA IN OCCITANIA." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-90-95.

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One of the main tendencies developing under the domination of great official languages and the international English is the resurrection of minor Roman languages, such as Occitan. The reason of their successful and increasing support by the local population is a psychological necessity to express, evolve and show their linguistic personality, to bring out the latent image of the world. The regional filologists work hard in order to stimulate, restore and normalize minor language structures.

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Pusch, Claus Dieter. "Preverbal modal particles in Gascony Occitan." Particles 16 (December 31, 2002): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.16.08pus.

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Paden, William D. "Old Occitan as a Lyric Language: The Insertions from Occitan in Three Thirteenth-Century French Romances." Speculum 68, no. 1 (January 1993): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2863833.

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Lucas, John Scott. "TROVAS LEMOSINAS OR LLENGUA CATALANA: MAJADEROS DE CASTILLA AND THE MANY NAMES FOR THE CATALAN LANGUAGE." Catalan Review 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/catr.20.17.

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Previous attempts to understand the usage of the terms Catalan, Provençal, Occitan, and Limousin and the languages these designations represent have fallen short of any real analysis. Most scholars to date have either presented historical data without linguistic explication or have attempted to use the data to argue for particular political views on the question of Catalan and its many names. The present study of the names used for Catalan in different regions and at different times helps us understand the relationship of diglossia that existed between the Occitan and Catalan languages for about two hundred years and bears witness to the emergence of linguistic consciousness in Catalonia and in Valencia from the early Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century.

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Mooney, Damien, and James Hawkey. "The variable palatal lateral in Occitan and Catalan: linguistic transfer or regular sound change?" Journal of French Language Studies 29, no. 2 (July 2019): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269519000127.

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ABSTRACTOccitan and Catalan are in an increasing state of language obsolescence in France. Their phonologies both contain a voiced palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/, not present in modern French, that is being replaced in all positions by the palatal approximant [j]. It is not clear whether this is an effect of language contact with French because [j] commonly emerges as a variant of /ʎ/ in non-contact varieties of Romance. This article examines the distribution of /ʎ/ in Occitan and Catalan, using auditory and acoustic data from a wordlist-translation task conducted with 40 native speakers. The analysis aims to determine the nature of this sound change either as the result of transfer from French or as a regular sound change that is motivated by the phonetic similarity of [ʎ] and [j]. The mechanisms governing transfer from French are modelled statistically to account for the distribution of historically appropriate and contact-induced variants of /ʎ/, and acoustic analyses test the hypothesis that the change is internally motivated and occurring gradually. Results show that the factors conditioning the change may be different in each of these related languages in that it is contact-induced in Occitan, but potentially due to internal and external factors in Catalan.

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Léglu, Catherine. "The Vida of Queen Fredegund in Tote listoire de France: Vernacular Translation and Genre in Thirteenth-Century French and Occitan Literature." Nottingham French Studies 56, no. 1 (March 2017): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2017.0170.

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This article examines a translation into a hybrid French-Occitan vernacular of an eighth-century historical narrative of adultery, treason and murder. It compares this to the narrative structures and content of the troubadour vidas and razos, which were created in the same period and regions as the translation. The aim is to uncover a possible dialogue between early medieval narrative historiography and the emergence of Old Occitan narrative in prose. In so doing, this enquiry intends to develop further the question of the importance of translation to medieval vernacular literature and historical writings

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Carruthers, Janice, and Marianne Vergez-Couret. "Temporal structures in Occitan and French oral narrative." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 44, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00055.car.

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Abstract This article explores the temporal structuring of Occitan and French oral narratives. Using contemporary linguistic theory and through a corpus-based analysis, it aims to explore the relationship between language and orality, with a specific focus on two key temporal features of oral narrative, i.e. frames and connectives. The authors create a digitised corpus involving three sub-corpora demonstrating different degrees of orality in Occitan and these are also compared with a French oral corpus. The analysis shows that there is quantitative evidence to support the idea that frames and connectives have complementary roles in narrative, with inverse proportions of frames and connectives in the four sub-corpora. In terms of degrees of orality, the results suggest that not only is the use of particular connectives strongly associated with oral as opposed to written narratives but also that factors relating to sources, transmission and storytelling practice are highly influential and interact with each other in complex ways. Frames are generally ‘primarily structural’ in function rather than ‘temporal and structural’ and certain frame introducers recur in all the sub-corpora but there are complex differences between the different sub-corpora and a clear link with story-type. Questions of sources, transmission and narrative practice are central to our argumentation throughout and are particularly striking in the case of the contemporary Occitan sub-corpus.

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Oliviéri, Michèle, Sylvain Casagrande, Guylaine Brun-Trigaud, and Pierre-Aurélien Georges. "Le Thesaurus Occitan dans tous ses états." Revue française de linguistique appliquée XXII, no. 1 (2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfla.221.0089.

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Paden, William D., and Frances Freeman Paden. "Swollen Woman, Shifting Canon: A Midwife's Charm and the Birth of Secular Romance Lyric." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 2 (March 2010): 306–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.2.306.

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In “Tomida femina” (“A swollen woman”), a tenth-century charm written in Occitan, the vernacular of the south of France, a birthing woman and her helpers intone magical language during the most intense moments of childbirth. The poem permits us, with brief but uncommon intimacy, to imagine the lives of women long ago. It takes its place in a European tradition of birthing charms, including others written in Latin, German, and English. These charms, and in particular “Tomida femina,” provide an image of vigorous medieval women in childbirth that precedes the images of women in other secular Romance lyrics—young girls in love in the Mozarabic kharjas, idealized ladies in troubadour songs, and passionate aristocratic women in the poetry of the Occitan trobairitz.

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Carrera, Aitor. "Catalanismes i dialectalismes lexicals de Naut Aran en Palmira Jaquetti. Elements de vocabulari sobre la pretesa natura <i>acatalanada</i> de l'alt aranès." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 34 (July 1, 2021): 249–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2021.249-294.

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Summary: It has been said that the Occitan spoken in the upper part of the Aran Valley has Catalan influence and that this fact constitutes an important part of its specificity, if not its defining characteristic. Theoretically, this would be a consequence of the relationships that Naut Aran (Upper Aran) has with the neighboring areas where Catalan is spoken. But are these perceptions accurate? In this work we may not be able to answer this question completely, but we will try to analyze some of the features of the lexicon in the easternmost part of the Aran Valley. To do this, we will deal with ten words of High Aranese obtained from the texts of Palmira Jaquetti, a Catalan ethnofoklorist who visited the region during the second quarter of the 20th century and whose materials often reflect the Naut Aran dialect. Keywords: Occitan, Catalan, language boundary, Aranese, language transfer

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