Academic literature on the topic 'Occupancy rights'
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Journal articles on the topic "Occupancy rights"
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Huber, Jakob, and Fabio Wolkenstein. "Gentrification and occupancy rights." Politics, Philosophy & Economics 17, no. 4 (2018): 378–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594x18766818.
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What, if anything, is problematic about gentrification? This article addresses this question from the perspective of normative political theory. We argue that gentrification is problematic insofar as it involves a violation of city-dwellers’ occupancy rights. We distinguish these rights from other forms of territorial rights and discuss the different implications of the argument for urban governance. If we agree on the ultimate importance of being able to pursue one’s located life plans, the argument goes, we must also agree on limiting the impact of gentrification on peoples’ lives. Limiting gentrification’s impact, however, does not entail halting processes of gentrification once and for all.
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Oshio, P. E. "Mortgages Under the Rights of Occupancy System in Nigeria." Journal of African Law 33, no. 1 (1989): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300007956.
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The Land Use Act, 1978 (hereinafter referred to, where the context admits, as “the Act”) introduced a uniform State ownership of land otherwise known as the Rights of Occupancy System in Nigeria. Section 1 of the Act vests all land within the territory of each State in the Federation in the Governor of the State to hold upon trust for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians. Section 5 empowers the Governor in respect of land whether or not in an urban area to grant a Statutory Right of Occupancy to any person for all purposes, while Section 6 empowers the Local Government, where appropriate, in respect of land in a non-urban area to grant a Customary Right of Occupancy to any person. By Sections 34 and 36 former owners of land become deemed holders of rights of occupancy into which their former ownership rights have been transformed by operation of law.The Act continues to attract comments from learned writers as to its effect on various aspects of property law. However, it would appear that not many writers have focused particularly on the effect of the Act on the law of mortgages. This is not to say that the subject is not important, nor that the Act has not significantly affected the law and practice of mortgages. The object of this article is to fill this vacuum.
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STILZ, ANNA. "Occupancy Rights and the Wrong of Removal." Philosophy & Public Affairs 41, no. 4 (2013): 324–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papa.12018.
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Moore, Margaret. "Occupancy rights: life planners and the Navajos." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23, no. 6 (2020): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2020.1797388.
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Mancilla, Alejandra. "Occupancy rights: dynamic as well as located." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23, no. 6 (2020): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2020.1797389.
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Tadros, Victor. "Inheriting the Right of Return." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 21, no. 2 (2020): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2020-0017.
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AbstractThis Article assesses one kind of argument for an intergenerational right of return in the context of the Israel/Palestine conflict. The question is whether descendants of those who were made refugees in the 1948 War can acquire occupancy rights from their parents through inheritance and bequest over territory that they have never lived on. Standard arguments for their inheriting such rights fail for a range of reasons. However, a less familiar argument for inheritance or bequest succeeds—descendants can acquire such rights because their parents have an interest in their being able to live the kind of life that, due to the violation of their rights, they were deprived of.
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Angell, Kim. "A Forward-Looking Justification of Territorial Rights." Political Studies 65, no. 1 (2016): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321715619432.
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According to a prominent forward-looking justification of territorial (jurisdictional) rights, people may establish such rights over a piece of land if they develop economic and/or religious-cultural life plans the satisfaction of which requires controlling it. This argument suffers from a gap problem. The relevant life plans can be satisfied without granting their holders jurisdictional authority. Having lesser entitlements, such as occupancy rights, is sufficient. In this article, I offer a new forward-looking justification which plugs this justificatory gap. It follows the general framework of life plans-arguments, but develops a new category of plans: a person’s political plan to exercise her democratic autonomy as a citizen of the state under which she (or her group) has lived, or is living.
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Nikonchuk, I. A. "Legal Guarantees of Tenants' Rights to the Occupancy of Vacated Living Accommodations in Apartments." Soviet Law and Government 25, no. 4 (1987): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rup1061-1940250462.
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Moore, Margaret. "On Rights to Land, Expulsions, and Corrective Justice." Ethics & International Affairs 27, no. 4 (2013): 429–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679413000373.
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This article examines the nature of the wrongs that are inflicted on individuals and groups who have been expelled from the land that they previously occupied, and asks what they might consequently be owed as a matter of corrective justice. I argue that there are three sorts of potential wrongs involved in such expulsions: being deprived of the moral right of occupancy; being denied collective self-determination; and having one's property rights violated. Although analytically distinct, all of these wrongs are likely to be perpetrated when people are expelled from their homelands. Although there is substantial literature on corrective justice dealing with such cases, most of that literature focuses on the expropriation of property only, and is therefore unlikely to grasp the full implications of the wrong done or to reveal the full extent of what might be owed to people as a matter of corrective justice.
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Moore, Margaret. "Is Canada Entitled to the Arctic?" Canadian Journal of Philosophy 50, no. 1 (2019): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/can.2019.8.
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AbstractThis article is interested in the general question of what justifies territorial rights over unoccupied places, including places that are not occupied but are situated within the territorial borders of a state. This question arises because one of the most common defenses of rights over territory makes use of the idea of occupancy and has difficulty explaining such rights in places that are not occupied. It explores this question through an examination of the claims and arguments in the Canadian Arctic, which provides an historically specific test case for the merits and plausibility of the various arguments appealed to. It argues that territorial rights in unoccupied places, including the Canadian Arctic, are justified on different grounds than in occupied parts of the territory, and that the justification also affects the kinds of rights—particularly over resources—that such states can claim.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Occupancy rights"
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Bådagård, William. "A Critique of Anna Stilz' Fair-use Proviso : The normative significance of future generations in matters of territorial rights." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för praktisk filosofi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416345.
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In this essay, I will examine the theory of territorial rights developed by Anna Stilz. The overarching project of hers is to defend a system of territorially sovereign states, the defense of which is grounded in the natural rights of individuals to personal autonomy and self-preservation. She begins her theoretic project by arguing for the plausibility of the preinstitutional occupancy right, intended to grant individuals usage-rights over the earth, existing irrespective of social or moral conventions, formally defined as follows: “Occupancy Rights. A person has a preinstitutional right to occupy a particular area if (1) access to spaces in that area is fundamental to his located life plans and (2) his connection to the territory was established without any wrongdoing on his part, involving (at a minimum) no expulsion or wrongful interference with prior occupants or infringement of others’ claims to an equitable distribution of geographical space.” The condition of equitable distribution expresses a concern for proportionality. It seems as if Stilz believes that no territorial holding will be legitimate unless it is of an appropriate scale, with regard to the holdings of others. This condition is referred to by Stilz as the fair-use proviso. The fair-use proviso concerns the occupancy claims made by individuals. Stilz also introduces conditions for a legitimate global distribution of territory, named as the full proviso. Stilz’ defines the full proviso as follows: (conditions for a legitimate global distribution of territory): “The full proviso hold that a just distribution of the earth’s spaces must (i) satisfy everyone’s basic territorial interests and (ii) grant groups with shared practice-based interests the right to use geographical space in ways that reflect these interests, so long as the groups are of sufficient size, and so far as this is institutionally feasible.” For an individual occupancy claim to be legitimate is simply that it is consistent with the conditions for a legitimate global distribution of territory, i.e. the full proviso. The full proviso and the fair-use proviso are thus inseparable parts of a whole. In what follows, if not specified otherwise, I will alternate in referring to the fair-use proviso as the fair-use proviso or simply the proviso. The full proviso will always be italicized when discussed. The purpose of this essay is to investigate whether the fair-use proviso is satisfying in the face of some criticism. In completing this task, I will draw on an objection put forth by Lea Ypi. The objection as formulated by her is not in direct response to Stilz, however I believe we might draw on her work to formulate a powerful objection from scarcity to Stilz’ fair-use proviso. The question at stake in this essay is thus if the objection of scarcity is successful against Stilz’ fair-use proviso.
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Louis-Sidney, Marguerite. "Régularisation foncière de l’occupation sans titre de la propriété des personnes publiques dans les collectivités territoriales de l’article 73 de la Constitution." Thesis, Antilles, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANTI0498.
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L’occupation sans titre porte atteinte au droit de propriété des personnes publiques sur leurs domaines public et privé. Il s’agit de faits récurrents dans les collectivités territoriales de l’article 73 de la Constitution que sont la Guadeloupe, la Martinique, la Guyane, La Réunion, et Mayotte. Pour juguler cette occupation illégale, vectrice d’insécurité juridique et foncière, nonobstant l’atteinte portée à leur droit de propriété, ces personnes publiques procèdent à des régularisations foncières axées sur la délivrance ou la validation d’un titre de propriété au profit des occupants sans titre de leur domaine public, dont la zone des cinquante pas géométriques, grâce à des dispositifs légaux, et de leur domaine privé, grâce à des dispositifs locaux. Ces procédures de régularisation sont-elles appropriées pour répondre de manière définitive à l’objectif du législateur de juguler l’occupation sans titre outre-mer, dans les collectivités territoriales de l’article 73 de la Constitution, et ne constituent-t-elles pas la légitimation d’une atteinte portée au droit de propriété des personnes publiques = ? Devant la persistance de l’occupation sans titre outre-mer, il conviendrait de passer d’une régularisation foncière à moyens inégaux à une régularisation d’intérêt public, mieux encadrée. La régularisation foncière est une limite nécessaire au droit de propriété, dont le fondement est dans la volonté du propriétaire, dans l’intérêt public, voire dans l’utilité publique. Adossée au respect de la dignité humaine et au droit au logement digne, elle induit une amélioration de ses outils, et contribue à l’émergence d’un véritable droit de la régularisation foncière outre-mer<br>Untitled occupancy infringes the property rights of public persons in their public and private domains. These are recurrent facts in the local authorities of Article 73 of the Constitution: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyana, Reunion, and Mayotte. To curb this illegal occupation, which is the vector of legal and land insecurity, notwithstanding the infringement of their property rights, these public persons carry out land regularizations focused on the issuance or validation of a title of property for the benefit of untitled people of their public domain, including the fifty geometric steps zone, through legal arrangements, and their private domain, through local arrangements. However, the question is: are these regularization procedures appropriate to definitively respond to Parliament's objective of curbing untitled overseas occupation in local authorities of Article 73 of the Constitution and, on the contrary, do they not constitute the legitimization of an infringement on the property rights of public persons? Given the persistence of untitled occupation overseas, it would be appropriate to move from unequal land regularization to public interest land regularization, better regulated. Land regularization is a necessary limit to the right of ownership, the basis of which is in the will of the owner, in the public interest, or even in the public utility. Backed by respect for human dignity and the right to dignified housing, it leads to an improvement in its tools, and contributes to the emergence of a real right of land regularization overseas
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Pezzella, Virginie. "L'occupation immobilière : étude de droit privé." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30090.
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En droit privé, l’occupation s’entend, en principe, d’un mode d’acquisition originaire de la propriété des choses mobilières dépourvues de maître : c’est ainsi qu’elle a fait une entrée discrète dans le Code civil en 1804. Toutefois, depuis cette date, l’occupation a acquis une toute autre signification. Le législateur et le juge recourent aujourd’hui à cette notion pour désigner différents modes de jouissance de l’immeuble d’autrui. Il est question de conventions d’occupation précaire, d’occupation privative d’un bien indivis, d’occupant maintenu dans les lieux en suite d’un bail commercial ou d’habitation, d’occupant bénéficiaire d’une réquisition de logement, ou encore d’occupant sans droit ni titre. La notion d’occupation immobilière semble donc avoir acquis une place remarquable en droit privé. L’objet de cette étude est précisément de déterminer le rôle qu’elle tient en droit positif, dans ce domaine. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse réalise l’étude des diverses hypothèses dans lesquelles le terme « occupation » est utilisé pour désigner un fait d’emprise exercé sur l’immeuble d’autrui, que ce soit avec ou sans titre ; elle révèle également des situations officieuses d’occupation, telles que le mécanisme de la reconduction tacite applicable en matière de bail. Dans un second temps, est proposée une théorie générale de l’occupation immobilière en droit privé. L’occupation immobilière apparaît comme un fait d’emprise jouant un double rôle en droit positif : elle peut être simplement la traduction matérielle de l’exercice d’un droit d’usage préalablement reconnu à celui qui va devenir occupant, mais également l’élément permettant à ce dernier d’acquérir un tel droit ou, au moins, de le faire présumer. Reposant notamment sur diverses conditions d’efficacité, telles que la bonne foi ou l’univocité, elle présente alors un certain nombre de similitudes avec la possession, mais les deux notions ne sauraient pourtant être confondues. Au final, cette étude permet de mettre en lumière un nouveau fait créateur de droit, qui trouve sa place aux côtés de la possession et qui démontre une évolution de la propriété privée vers une « propriété pragmatique », soucieuse de s’adapter à des besoins divers, clairement reconnus par le droit positif<br>In Private Law, occupancy (French “occupation”) is, in principle, understood as an original method of acquiring property of ownerless movable things: this is how it made a discreet entrance in the Civil Code in 1804. Since then, however, occupancy has acquired a whole new meaning. Today, both the legislator and the judge turn to this concept to describe different means of enjoying the property of others. It relates to precarious occupancy agreements, private occupancy of jointly owned property, tenant kept in the premises after the end of its commercial or residential lease, occupant beneficing an housing requisition, disseisor, or occupant without right or title. The notion of estate occupancy seems to have acquired a prominent position in Private Law. Hence, the purpose of this study is precisely to determine the role it holds in positive law in this area. First, this work aims at studying the various situations in which the term "occupancy” is used to designate the situation where a factual stranglehold is exercised over others’ property, whether with or without title. It also reveals informal occupancy situations, such as leases’ tacit renewal mechanism. Secondly, a general theory of occupancy in Private Law is proposed. Estate occupancy appears like a factual situation of stranglehold (“fait d’emprise”). It plays a dual role in positive law: it may simply be the substantive translation of the exercise of a right to use, previously recognized to whom will become the occupant, and, in the same time, the element allowing him to acquire such a right, or at least, assuming he does. Notably based on various effectiveness conditions, such as good faith or clarity, occupancy shows similarities with the notion of adverse possession, although in French law the two concepts should not be confused. Finally, this study shed light on a new fact giving rise to a right, which finds its place alongside the adverse possession and demonstrates an evolution from the private property to a "pragmatic property" caring to adapt to the various needs recognized by the Law
Books on the topic "Occupancy rights"
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Gondwe, Zebron Steven. Manual for transfers of rights of occupancy. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2001.
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Oluyemi, Atinuke Fadeke. Revocation of rights of occupancy: Legal framework in Nigeria. Ministry of Justice, 2005.
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Dollar, Peta. Mixed use and residential tenants' rights: The Landlord and Tenant Act 1987 and leasehold enfranchisement. ELSEVIER, 2010.
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Sarah, Thompson-Copsey, ed. Mixed use and residential tenants' rights: The Landlord and Tenant Act 1987 and leasehold enfranchisement. ELSEVIER, 2010.
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Guideline for utility occupancy on highway right-of-way. [Montana Department of Transportation], 1995.
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National Cooperative Highway Research Program., ed. Longitudinal occupancy of controlled access right-of-way by utilities. National Academy Press, 1996.
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Pipeline and surface rights: A guide for landowners and occupants. Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, 2000.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Grant of right of use and occupancy in Yosemite National Park to George and Lucille Lange: Report (to accompany S. 2749). U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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Umezulike, I. A. The "econo-legal" implications of mortgage of right of occupancy: A hammer or an illusion. African Institute for Applied Economics, 2005.
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Umezulike, I. A. The "econo-legal" implications of morgage of right of occupancy: A hammer or an illusion. African Institute for Applied Economics, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Occupancy rights"
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Wilson, M. Blake. "First Occupancy and Territorial Rights." In Global Encyclopedia of Territorial Rights. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68846-6_60-1.
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Stilz, Anna. "Occupancy Rights." In Territorial Sovereignty. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833536.003.0002.
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This chapter outlines the book’s account of foundational title to land, explaining the basis on which certain people have a special claim to live in a specific area, including the right to set up a state that governs that space. It argues that foundational title is a bundle of individual occupancy rights held by the state’s inhabitants. Occupancy rights protect our plan-based interests in the locational continuity of our central life commitments, as well as our more generalized control interest in being the agent in charge of revising and reshaping these commitments. Occupancy confers at least some of the incidents associated with property, including rights to secure access to, use, and control of a particular area. This raises important questions about the kind of right occupancy is meant to be, which are examined in Chapter 3.
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Stilz, Anna. "Challenges to Occupancy." In Territorial Sovereignty. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833536.003.0003.
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This chapter considers two important challenges to occupancy rights. First, how might we legitimately move from a scenario where the earth’s spaces are freely available to all to one where some people hold special rights over certain areas? Is this—as some cosmopolitans argue—simply the usurpation of resources that rightfully should remain open to everyone? Second, most states have acquired (parts of) their territories through invasion, displacement, conquest, and other past injustices. Can present-day occupants claim foundational title to the spaces they now inhabit? Even if the earth is owned in common, I argue that there is nothing wrong with people asserting claims to specific areas of it, so long as they respect the fair-use proviso. This chapter also argues that present-day occupancy rights do not depend on a historically “clean” chain of title. Since occupancy rights can often be established in the aftermath of historic dispossession, an unjust past does not necessarily invalidate present-day occupancy.
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O'Sullivan, Dominic. "Introduction1." In Indigeneity: A Politics of Potential. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447339427.003.0001.
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Indigeneity is a politics of potential that transcends neocolonial victimhood. The book’s principal purpose is to explain how and why. It does so by showing that indigeneity’s relationships with discourses of reconciliation, self-determination and sovereignty allow people to find ways of asserting their culturally framed political rights of prior occupancy. These rights are potentially realised through differentiated liberal citizenship, or ‘belonging together differently’, in a single noncolonial state (...
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Stilz, Anna. "Is There a Right to Exclude?" In Territorial Sovereignty. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833536.003.0007.
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This chapter continues to investigate whether the three core values defended in this book (occupancy, basic justice, and collective self-determination) can justify states’ exclusionary claims to border control. This chapter focuses on what we might call opportunity migrants, those who are not suffering from persecution, persistent violations of their basic human rights (including subsistence rights), environmental devastation, or cultural or political oppression. Can states exclude migrants whose fundamental territorial interests are not at stake? What about travelers, students, economic migrants, and so on? The chapter argues that a state may exclude immigrants of this sort only where it can offer a plausible case that their entry would cause harm.
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O'Sullivan, Dominic. "The politics of indigeneity." In Indigeneity: A Politics of Potential. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447339427.003.0003.
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Indigeneity is a theory of justice and political strategy that indigenous peoples use to develop their own terms of belonging to the nation-state. In particular it is distinct from theories of minority rights because its claims are grounded in extant rights of prior occupancy. Indigeneity’s overarching claim is to create political space for substantive and sustainable reconciliation through self-determination and through particular indigenous shares in the sovereign authority of the state itself. Australia, Fiji and New Zealand are compared to show indigeneity’s limits as well is its possibilities, whether the post-colonial context is one of significant vulnerability or one where a coherent and considered account of political power is required for the translation of political advantage into meaningful self-determination
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Ablavsky, Gregory. "Sources of Title in the Territories." In Federal Ground. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905699.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the intersection between the rabid market for land in the early United States and the territories’ property pluralism—the existence of multiple, conflicting sources of rights to ownership. The chapter focuses on the debate over three particularly significant sources of title: purchases from Native nations; state land grants under the system of indiscriminate location; and occupancy, commonly known in early American law as preemption. The collision between these different sources with unclear validity made ownership in the territories highly uncertain and spawned conflict. The federal government attempted to reform territorial property, deeming some sources of title legitimate while barring others, but both formal and informal law hampered these federal efforts to produce clarity of ownership.
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Lekan, Thomas M. "A Weakness for the Maasai." In Our Gigantic Zoo. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199843671.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the ground-level debates over pastoral land rights that lay outside the aerial camera’s frame in Serengeti Shall Not Die. When the British gazetted Serengeti National Park in 1951, Tanganyika’s colonial government had guaranteed the Maasai rights of occupancy because they did not traditionally hunt and were deemed part of the natural landscape. Yet a prolonged drought brought increasing numbers of Maasai into the parklands in search of better-watered highland grazing, causing conflict with park officials. Such movements, coupled with scientific and administrative misunderstanding of transhumance and savanna resilience, led the British to propose excising the Ngorongoro region from the park to accommodate local land use. The Grzimeks and a “green network” of international allies asserted that cattle herding and wildlife conservation were incompatible due to livestock’s overgrazing. They buttressed this ecological claim with fears of racial degeneration, claiming that there were no more “true-blooded” Maasai left in the Serengeti. The Grzimeks’ advocacy helped to transform a colonial debate about “native” rights into an international scandal. The green network had discredited British imperialism yet inherited many of its paternalist assumptions about traditional African land use and modernist development.
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Kohn, Margaret. "Public Housing and the Right to Occupancy." In The Death and Life of the Urban Commonwealth. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190606596.003.0004.
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Smith, Rhona K. M. "17. The right to self-determination." In International Human Rights Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198805212.003.0017.
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This chapter examines the right to self-determination in international human rights law. It traces the origins of this right and considers issues characterizing the current debate on the future of self-determination. The chapter suggests that while self-determination is acceptable for divesting States of colonial powers, problems can arise when groups that are not the sole occupants of a State territory choose to exercise self-determination. The right to self-determination may sit uneasily with respect for territorial integrity of States. Various forms of modern self-determination, including partial or full autonomy within States are emerging.
Conference papers on the topic "Occupancy rights"
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Esfahani, Elham Sahraei, Damoon Soudbakhsh, and Kennerly Digges. "NCAP Star Rating and Safety of Rear Seat Occupant." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206582.
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New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) gives star ratings to the vehicles based on their crashworthiness. The program uses results of crash tests performed with 50% male HYBRID III dummies in the driver and right front passenger seats and gives separate star ratings for the driver and right front passenger positions. These star ratings are available from the safer car website [1], and are perceived as an indicator of general safety of the vehicles for people trying to purchase a vehicle. A one-star rating would show the lowest, and five-star would be the highest safety ranking. As the NCAP star ratings of the vehicles have improved over years, front occupant protection has improved as well; however, recent studies have shown that rear occupants are less protected in newer model years of vehicles [2]. Safety of rear occupants is not evaluated with the NCAP program. In this paper an attempt is made to verify whether the NCAP scores can show the level of protection provided to the rear occupants or not.
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Reichert, Rudolf, and Cing-Dao (Steve) Kan. "Development of Structural Countermeasures for NHTSA’s Oblique Impact." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86684.
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Crash test results have shown that vehicles which receive good ratings in existing co-linear consumer information tests still may require structural modifications for good performance in NHTSA’s frontal oblique test procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine incremental vehicle structural change requirements and their associated mass and cost to significantly reduce occupant compartment intrusion. An available finite element model of a mid-size sedan was updated and validated using data from a 2015 Toyota Camry. The generated baseline model correlated well with the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) full overlap test, NHTSA’s left and right oblique impact tests, and with the IIHS small and moderate overlap crash configurations. An iterative optimization process was used to develop necessary countermeasures to reduce occupant compartment intrusion according to defined design goals for the left and right oblique impact configuration. No unintended consequences, i.e. no considerable increase of vehicle pulse for oblique and co-linear load cases were observed. The associated added mass was 10.8kg and the associated cost was $30. Occupant risk analysis was not part of this study. Additional research in concert with restraint systems and occupants would ensure that the optimized structure does not adversely affect the measured occupant injury predictions.
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Bobkova, Evgeniya, Lars Marcus, and Meta Berghauser Pont. "The dual nature of land parcels: exploring the morphological and juridical definition of the term." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5070.
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The importance of the parcel (also referred to as ‘plot’ or ‘lot’) as one of the fundamental elements of urban form is well recognized within the field of urban morphology. It has been described as a basic element in the pattern of land divisions that works as an organizational grid for urban form. One of the distinctive features of the parcel is its dual character: it means both a legal unit defining property rights and a physical entity. In urban fabrics, these dimensions act together to drive the evolution of built space. In this paper, we will investigate the entanglements of the morphological and the legislative definitions of the term, with the aim to resolve these, we better can address and compare the vital layer of parcels in different urban contexts, by both identifying common properties of the notion parcels, and dealing with variations in its legal framework in different countries. What we aim to capture with such a comprehensive definition is the relation between urban form and generic functions, which mainly concerns the functions of occupation and movement, where the system of parcels can be identified as spaces that embed an affordance for occupancy in cities of most kinds. The intended outcome of the paper is to unveil the power of the dual nature of the parcel, bridging between spatial and non-spatial dimensions of cities, that is, more precisely, a potential to establish a stronger interface between urban design and planning practice. References Conzen, M., 1960. Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis. London: Institute of British Geographers. Kropf, K., 1997. When is a plot not a plot: problems in representation and interpretation. Unpublished. Birmingham, University of Birmingham. Marcus, L., 2000. Architectural knowledge and urban form. The functional performance of architectural urbanity. Stockholm Marcus, L., 2010. Spatial Capital. A proposal for an Extension of Space Syntax into a More General Urban Morphology. The Journal of Space Syntax, pp. 30-40. P.Panerai, J. Castex, J.-C. Depaule, 2004. Urban forms. The death and life of urban block. Oxford: Architectural press.
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Scher, Irving S., Douglas E. Young, and Doris Trachtman. "The Influence of Age on the Forces Produced During Normal Seat Belt Buckling." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175551.
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Historically, the observed seat belt usage rate for occupants has varied across a number of factors (e.g., primary or secondary use law, seat location, etc.). Of these factors, the age of the driver or occupant has been consistently noted as an important characteristic that is linked to the use of the seat belt. For example, the seat belt use rate for drivers and front seat passengers in the U.S. in 2002 was estimated to be over 70% for adults [1] but over 10% less for pre-teens [2] and teenagers [3], which are generally less than 60%. This discrepancy between younger age groups and adults has been reported in several states across the country [2–5]. Eby et al. [4] reported that individuals 4–15 years old, seated in the second and third rows, wore seat belts about 50% of the time in the left and right positions. In a separate four-state observational study of teenage and older occupants by Womack et al. [6], teen seat belt use in the back seats was only 10.9%. Together, these studies indicate pre-teen and teenagers wear seat belts less frequently than comparable adult cohorts, and that they will be even less likely to wear a seat belt when they are located in the back seat positions.
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Shea, Rex T., and Jiri Kral. "MADYMO Simulations of Occupant and Vehicle Kinematics in Offset and Oblique Barrier Tests." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-83009.
Full textAbstract:
Oblique and offset impacts occur more frequently than full frontal impacts and the resulting occupant and vehicle kinematics are more complicated. Simulations of these test modes are more involved with added vehicle degrees of freedom. Additional occupant interactions with the vehicle interior need to be considered so that the occupant kinematics can be correlated more accurately. In order to capture the vehicle motion in an offset or oblique impact, a prescribed motion approach is preferred where the vehicle is given a three-dimensional motion with six degrees of freedom. With a planar motion assumption, the dominant angular motion about the vertical direction can be derived from linear accelerations measured at two locations where the vehicle deformation is a minimum. In a previous study the angular kinematics was given to a coordinate origin located on the vehicle centerline and longitudinally near the rear rocker. The instantaneous center of rotation was assumed to be fixed at this point during the event. This is referred to as Method I in this paper. A new approach, referred to as Method II, applied translational displacement to three bodies, which carried the passenger compartment through stiff spring elements. The displacements were integrated from measured accelerations, eliminating the uncertainty of a shifting center of rotation. Both methods assumed the vehicle frame between the front and rear rockers as a rigid body. The IP and steering column intrusions and floor deformations were neglected. The results from both methods were correlated to a pair of 40 kph 30 degree angle impact tests and an IIHS ODB test. Method II showed a slightly better timing correlation for the angle tests and the IIHS ODB test. However, both methods didn’t predict the lateral head contact for the driver in the left angle test and the passenger in the right angle test. More interior details have to be included in the model to capture the lateral motion of the occupants. The prescribed motion method is a more general approach than the commonly used inverse kinematics method, and can be applied to full frontal impact as well. The versatility of the method provides a basis for a modular approach in occupant simulations.
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Lewandowski, Jeff. "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 – Occupant Crash Protection: Right Front Passenger Test Methodologies." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0720.
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Bocchieri, Robert T., Steven W. Kirkpatrick, Claudia Navarro-Northrup, Robert A. MacNeill, Brian D. Peterson, and Glenn Gough. "Collision Safety Improvements for Light Rail Vehicles Operating in Shared Right of Way Street Environments." In ASME 2009 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2009-18018.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of fatalities that occur from light rail vehicle (LRV) operations are occupants of automobiles that are struck by the LRVs. Recent developments of crashworthiness standards for LRVs by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Rail Transit Vehicle Standards Committee included consideration of a wide variety of crash scenarios including collisions between LRVs and street running automobiles. The requirements included in the standard are primarily to create an enclosed front end geometry where the struck vehicle will not be entrapped or overridden. A smooth enclosed front end profile is a primary requirement for improving the compatibility of LRVs colliding with automobiles. More recently, a study has been initiated by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) to develop LRV front end features that further improve the crash compatibility with automobiles. The approach depends on results from computer simulation modeling of vehicle collisions across a wide variety of LRV bumper designs, some with and some without energy absorbers. Results of the study and the design of the energy absorbing bumper system are presented.
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Sances, Anthony, Srirangam Kumaresan, David Daniels, and Keith Friedman. "Pediatric Airbag Injuries." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32634.
Full textAbstract:
The advent of airbag technology has helped to reduce the injuries to belted occupants in motor vehicles during moderate to severe frontal and near frontal crashes [1–3]. Airbags have been in use since the early 1970s. As of July 2001, airbags have saved 7224 lives including 6066 drivers and 1158 front right passengers. However, the airbag deployments at low crash severity showed higher injury probability of occupants. The majority of airbag fatalities are associated with low speed impacts with deployments. As of July 2001, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has reported 144 fatalities and serious life threatening injuries to children due to passenger airbags [4]. It is also reported that four children died and one child sustained life-threatening injury due to a driver side airbag. The publication from Transport Canada noted that the airbags increase the overall risk of injury of children under the age of 10 by approximately 21% [5]. Although the airbags have saved many lives, they are also responsible for fatalities and serious injuries during low speed severity collision. The present study reports pediatric airbag injuries sustained during low speed crashes.
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Moustafa, Moustafa, B. Serpil Acar, and Memis Acar. "The Role of Placental Locations on Fetus Mortality in Road Traffic Accidents." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82738.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to investigate the possible role of placental location on the risk of placental abruption in road traffic accidents involving a pregnant driver. Placental abruption accounts for around 50–70% of fetal deaths in motor vehicle accidents. The computational pregnant occupant model, ‘Expecting’, which has a multi-body fetus and a finite element uterus model was developed at Loughborough University and is used in this investigation. The placenta is located in the upper region of the uterus near the fundus in ‘Expecting’. Four locations for the placenta; anterior, posterior, lateral left, lateral right cases are modelled and used in simulations in this study. These models are used to simulate a range of frontal impacts of severity 15 kph and 30 kph. Three cases of occupant restraint: three-point seatbelt with an airbag, three-point seatbelt only and airbag only conditions are investigated. The maximum strains developed in the uterus and utero-placental interface (UPI) have been estimated and compared for these scenarios in order to investigate placental abruption that leads to fetal loss. Placenta located at anterior position is found to be at higher risk than other positions considered.
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Porter, Michael, Alex Baumgard, and K. Wayne Savigny. "A Hazard and Risk Management System for Large Rock Slope Hazards Affecting Pipelines in Mountainous Terrain." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27242.
Full textAbstract:
Pipelines and other linear facilities that traverse mountainous terrain may be subject to rock fall and rock slide hazards. A system is required to determine which sites pose the greatest hazard to the facility. Once sites are ranked according to hazard exposure, a risk management program involving inspection, monitoring, contingency planning and/or mitigation can be implemented in a systematic and defensible manner. A hazard rating methodology was developed to identify and characterize rock slope hazards above a South American Concentrate Pipeline, and to provide a relative ranking of hazard exposure for the pipeline, an access road and operational personnel. The rating methodology incorporates the geometry of the right-of-way, estimated pipe depth, staff and vehicle occupancy time, failure mechanism and magnitude, and the annual probability of hazard occurrence. This information is used in a risk-based framework to assign relative hazard ratings within rock slope sections of relatively uniform hazard exposure. This paper outlines a general framework for natural hazard and risk management along linear facilities, describes the rock slope hazard rating methodology, and illustrates how the system was applied along a South American Concentrate Pipeline.