Relevant bibliographies by topics / Occupant mechanics

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Occupant mechanics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 January 2023
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Occupant mechanics"

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Alajlouni, Sa’ed, and Pablo Tarazaga. "A passive energy-based method for footstep impact localization, using an underfloor accelerometer sensor network with Kalman filtering." Journal of Vibration and Control 26, no. 11-12 (January 21, 2020): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319890520.

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An underfloor accelerometer sensor network can be used to track occupants in an indoor environment using measurements of floor vibration induced by occupant footsteps. To achieve occupant tracking, each footstep impact location must first be estimated. This paper proposes a new energy-based algorithm for footstep impact localization. Compared to existing energy-based algorithms, the new algorithm achieves higher localization accuracy and removes a previously required calibration step (removal of the need to estimate floor-dependent parameters). Furthermore, the algorithm uses a much smaller data sampling rate compared to time of flight/arrival localization methods, which greatly reduces data and data-processing time. The new algorithm is a two-step location estimator: the first step is a coarse location estimate, with the second step as a fine location search through a nonlinear minimization problem. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using a single occupant walking experiment on an instrumented floor inside an operational smart building. This paper also demonstrates that higher localization accuracy is obtained using an additional Kalman filtering scheme.
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Ebrahimpour, A., and R. L. Sack. "Modeling Dynamic Occupant Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 115, no. 6 (June 1989): 1476–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1989)115:6(1476).

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Ma, D., and H. M. Lankarani. "A Multibody/Finite Element Analysis Approach for Modeling of Crash Dynamic Responses." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826359.

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Computer models of the human body are robust tools for gaining insight into the gross motion of ground vehicle or aircraft occupants and evaluating the loads and, deformations of their critical parts. The knowledge of occupant responses will help in the determination of the type and probable causes of injuries that may he sustained during a crash. An important aspect in crash analysis is how the large motion of the relatively rigid segments of an occupant, such as the limbs, and the small deformations of flexible segments, such as the spine column, are interrelated. To this end, a general methodology for kineto-static analysis of multibody systems with flexible structures undergoing large motion and structural deformations is developed. Rigid multibody dynamics is used to predict the gross motions and displacements at the boundaries between the relatively bulky (rigid) bodies and relatively flexible ones. A mixed boundary-condition finite-element analysis is formulated and solved at every numerical integration time to determine the corresponding reaction forces and moments at the boundaries and also the structural deformations. Based on this methodology, a multibody model of the occupant with a nonlinear finite element model of the lumbar spine is developed for a Hybrid II anthropomorphic crash test dummy. The analytical results obtained are compared with the experimental results from the impact sled tests. Comparison of the results has shown better correlation between the analyses and the experiments compared with earlier studies.
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Kim, Yeonghun, Yunchan Shin, and Honghyun Cho. "Influencing factors on thermal comfort and biosignals of occupant-a review." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 35, no. 9 (September 2021): 4201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-0832-5.

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Rahman, Haolia, Agus Sukandi, Nasruddin Nasruddin, Arnas Arnas, and Remon Lapisa. "Mechanical Ventilation Control Based on Estimated occupancy using a Carbon Dioxide Sensor." TEKNIK 41, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v41i3.33416.

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Ventilation is an important aspect to maintain good indoor air quality in a building. However, excessive ventilation causing high energy consumption of the HVAC system. The ASHRAE Standard provides a guideline to set the ventilation rate that depends on the occupants' number and space. Thus, quantification of the number of occupants is required to regulate the ventilation rate. In this study, the estimated number of occupants was estimated using a Bayesian MCMC method based on CO2 levels. The mass balance equation of the CO2 is used as a model for the calculation of Bayesian MCMC. The Bayesian method for estimating the occupants' number is tested in a 96,7 m3 office room equipped with a ventilation system. Thus the occupancy estimation and control of ventilation can be done in real-time. The test also includes conventional ventilation control based on CO2 levels directly without converting to the occupants' number. The ventilation rate based on the number of occupants at the present test chamber refers to ASHRAE 62.1. The test results show that ventilation controlled by the estimated number of occupants using the Bayesian method successfully conducted with ventilation rate per occupant closer to the ASHRAE 62.1 standard over conventional ventilation method
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Wang, Xingye, Yanjun Li, Yuyuan Cao, Xudong Li, Shixuan Duan, and Zejian Zhao. "Research on Optimization Design of Key Energy-Absorbing Structure of a Helicopter Seat Based on Human–Seat Coupling System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 8858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178858.

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During the process of emergency landing, the energy of the impact in the vertical direction is dissipated through the deformation of the structure. The landing load is transferred to the spine of the occupant through the landing gear, the fuselage and finally the seat. This can cause serious damage to the human body. Since the seat is in direct contact with the human body, the energy absorption capacity of the seat is the most direct manifestation of the Crashworthiness of the helicopter. The solutions proposed in the paper may reduce the impact of the seat on the spine of the occupant during the collision by optimizing the key energy-absorbing structure. Taking the seat of the H135 helicopter as a case, the mechanical model of the human–seat coupling system, which is based on the theories of energy methods and structural mechanics, is simplified. Additionally, the simulation was considered reasonable by comparing the simulation results with the results of crashworthiness tests. On the basis of the above, the optimization of the key energy-absorbing structure of the seat was completed by using Latin hypercube sampling and the kriging model. Overall, the optimization effectively enhanced the crashworthiness of this helicopter seat and provided a solution for the passive safety design of aviation seats.
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Alphin, Masilamany Santha, Krishnaswamy Sankaranarayanasamy, and Suthangathan Paramashivan Sivapirakasam. "Segmental vibration transmissibility of seated occupant from lumped parameter models." Journal of Vibration and Control 18, no. 11 (October 26, 2011): 1683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546311423065.

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One of the important parameters for the comfort of a seated occupant of a vehicle is the dynamic parameter. The effects of vibration depend on biomechanical characteristics, transmissibility (TR) and apparent mass. The range of input vibration at the seat and TR at the driving frequency will decide the magnitude of the displacement at any point of the human occupant. The most preferred form of biomechanical model for unidirectional whole body vibration is the lumped parameter model. Lumped parameter models are formulated by number of masses depending on the number of degrees-of-freedom (d.f.). The objective of this work is to study the vibration TR by developing the equations of motion (EOM) for different d.f. models for the seated occupant. Then the generated equations of motion for lumped parameter models are solved using the frequency domain technique. In this paper two, four, seven and 11 d.f. models are considered. The TR values are determined by solving the derived parameters using the MATLAB program. The maximum seats to head TR in the case of two, four, seven and 11 d.f. are obtained at the frequency of 2 Hz, 2.5 Hz, 3.15 Hz, and 4 Hz respectively. The TR obtained from models is compared with real time experimental results. The comparison shows a better fit for the TR obtained from the four and seven d.f. models. There is a wide deviation from the TR observed with two and 11 degrees of models when compared with experimental results of the past literature.
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Mirshekari, Mostafa, Jonathon Fagert, Shijia Pan, Pei Zhang, and Hae Young Noh. "Step-Level Occupant Detection across Different Structures through Footstep-Induced Floor Vibration Using Model Transfer." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 146, no. 3 (March 2020): 04019137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001719.

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Pratomo, Arief Nur, Sigit Puji Santosa, Leonardo Gunawan, and Ichsan Setya Putra. "Countermeasures design and analysis for occupant survivability of an armored vehicle subjected to blast load." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 34, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 1893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-020-0411-1.

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Lee, Young-Shin, Jung-Hyun Lee, Kyu-Hyun Han, Ki-Du Lee, and Chul-Ho Lim. "A study on the modeling and analysis of a helicopter’s occupant seat belt for crashworthiness." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 23, no. 4 (April 2009): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-009-0334-3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Occupant mechanics"

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Albertsson, Pontus. "Occupant casualties in bus and coach traffic : injury and crash mechanisms." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Deptartment of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Division of surgery, Umeå university, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-482.

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Patlu, Srikanth. "Occupant restraint modeling seat belt design." Ohio : Ohio University, 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1174316672.

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Taub, Steven C. (Steven Charles). "The energy effects of occupant controlled heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems in office buildings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17377.

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Naylor, Sophie. "Managing the uncertainty of occupant behaviour for building energy evaluation and management." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51466/.

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The influence of building occupancy and user behaviour on energy usage has been identified as a source of uncertainty in current understanding of operational buildings, and yet it is rarely directly monitored. Gathering data on the occupancy of buildings in use is essential to improve understanding of how energy is used relative to the actual energy requirements of building users. This thesis covers the application of occupancy measurement and processing techniques in order to address the gap in knowledge around the contextual understanding of how occupants’ changing use of a building affects this building’s optimum energy demand in real time. Through targeted studies of running buildings, it was found that typical current occupancy measurement techniques do not provide sufficient context to make energy management decisions. Useable occupancy information must be interpreted from raw data sources to provide benefit: in particular, many slower response systems need information for pre-emptive control to be effective and deliver comfort conditions efficiently, an issue that is highlighted in existing research. Systems utilising novel technologies were developed and tested, targeted at the detection and localisation of occupants’ personal mobile devices, making opportunistic use of the existing hardware carried by most building occupants. It was found that while these systems had the potential for accurate localisation of occupants, this was dependent on personal hardware and physical factors affecting signal strength. Data from these sources was also used alongside environmental data measurements in novel algorithms to combine sensor data into a localised estimation of occupancy rates and to estimate near-future changes in occupancy rate, calculating the level of confidence in this prediction. The developed sensor combination model showed that a selected combination of sensors could provide more information than any single data source, but that the physical characteristics and use patterns of the monitored space can affect how sensors respond, meaning a generic model to interpret data from multiple spaces was not feasible. The predictive model showed that a trained model could provide a better prediction of near-future occupancy than the typically assumed fixed schedule, up to an average of approximately two hours. The systems developed in this work were designed to facilitate the proactive control of buildings services, with particular value for slower-response systems such as heating and ventilation. With the application of appropriate control logic, the systems developed can be used to allow for greater energy savings during low or non-occupied periods, while also being more robust to changing occupant patterns and behaviours.
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Chen, Shr-Hung. "An intelligent environment for the occupant simulation and deformable dummy design." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178132411.

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Holt, Alison R. "Positive interspecific abundance occupancy relationships : a test of mechanisms." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246979.

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Zhang, Yong. "Biodynamic Modeling and Analysis of Motor Vehicle Rollover Occupants." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1085005722.

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Yoder, Steven J. "Occupant Response Metrics and Their Applicability to a Roll Simulator." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1322625198.

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Moorcroft, David Michael. "A Finite Element Model of the Pregnant Female Occupant: Analysis of Injury Mechanisms and Restraint Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44030.

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For women of reproductive age, automobile crashes are the leading cause of death worldwide. It has been estimated that 40,000 women in the second half of pregnancy are involved in motor-vehicle crashes each year. It has been estimated that between 300 to 3800 will experience a fetal loss. Placental abruption has been shown to account for 50% to 70% of fetal losses in motor vehicle crashes. While there is a growing database of medical case studies and retrospective studies describing the outcome of motor vehicle accidents involving pregnant occupants, as well as the effect of seatbelts on fetal survival, previous research has not produced a tool for engineers to use to improve the safety of a pregnant occupant in a motor vehicle. The goal of this project was to develop a model that can quantify the stresses and strains on the uterus of a pregnant woman in order to predict the risk of injury. A finite element uterine model of a 7-month pregnant female was created and integrated into a multi-body human model. Unrestrained, 3-pt belt, and 3-pt belt plus airbag tests were simulated at speeds ranging from 13 kph to 55 kph. Peak uterine strain was found to be a good predictor of fetal outcome. The uterine strain sufficient to cause placental abruption was seen in simulations known to have greater than 75% risk of adverse fetal outcome. Head injury criteria (HIC) and viscous criterion (V*C) were examined as a check of overall occupant protection. The 3-pt belt plus airbag restraint provided the greatest amount of protection to the mother. The model proved successful at predicting risk of fetal demise from placental abruption and verified experimental findings noting the importance of proper restraint use for the pregnant occupant.
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Daouacher, Maria. "Evaluation of occupant kinematics in crash using the PIPER model : in frontal and oblique crash simulations." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74250.

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A child dies in road traffic crashes every fourth minute. Totally were 186 300 children under the age of 18 killed in vehicle accidents in 2012, even more were severely injured [1]. The World Health Organisation (WHO) could conclude that fatalities in traffic accidents are more likely to occur in low- to middle income countries compared to high income countries [1]. Finite element based human body models has enabled the increased understanding of kinematics and injury mechanisms of child occupants. These models sustain higher biofidelity than the previously used crash test dummies. The European project PIPER [6] had the aim to develop a model that, combined with a framework, would simplify positioning and also to offer a scalable HBM child model. The PIPER framework software and the scalable PIPER model offers child HBM:s within the ages 1.5-6-years old and is an useful tool for the analysis of child occupants.    The present study evaluates the kinematics and dummy responses of the 4- and 6-year old PIPER model evaluated. The objective of this master thesis is to evaluate the PIPER model with respect to its sensitivity to seat belt geometries, child restraint system, load cases and child anthropometrics. The aim of the master thesis is to get an increased comprehension of the PIPER model and its capability to evaluate occupant kinematics relevant for safety developments, with a special focus on seat belt geometry and interaction in frontal impacts.   The PIPER model showed good sensitivity to different seatbelt geometries regarding the abdominal part of the shoulder belt and to different CRS. The PIPER framework was perceived as hard to use and with the presence of errors. The kinematic response showed good accuracy compared to other previous studies with other crash test dummies however, reoccurring error termination could not be neglectable.    The PIPER model is limited to its ease to positioning in desired sitting postures within the PIPER framework. It is regardless of its disadvantages believed to be a suitable tool to further understand occupant kinematics, as for different belt routings, child anthropometrics and dummy responses are further studies needed to validate the outputs that the model offers and to conclude its robustness in crashworthiness tests.
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Books on the topic "Occupant mechanics"

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Ambrósio, Jorge A. C. Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Impact and Occupant Protection. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997.

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Pregnant occupant biomechanics: Advances in automobile safety research. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, 2011.

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Office, General Accounting. Aviation safety: Advancements being pursued to improve airliner cabin occupant safety and health : report to the ranking democratic member, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050 Washington 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003.

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F, Mahmood Hikmat, Baccouche M. R, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Applied Mechanics Division., and International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (1996 : Atlanta, Ga.), eds. Crashworthiness and occupant protection in transportation systems, 1996: Presented at the 1996 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 17-22, 1996, Atlanta, Georgia. New York, N.Y: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996.

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1959-, Reid John D., American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Applied Mechanics Division., American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Bioengineering Division., and International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (1995 : San Francisco, Calif.), eds. Crashworthiness and occupant protection in transportation systems, 1995: Presented at the 1995 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 12-17, 1995, San Francisco, California. New York, N.Y: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995.

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Meeting, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Winter. Crashworthiness and occupant protection in transportation systems, 1991: Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, December 1-6, 1991. New York, N.Y: The Society, 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. Aviation safety: More research needed on the effects of air quality on airliner cabin occupants : report to the Ranking Democratic Member, Subcommittee on Aviation, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004.

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Crashworthiness: Energy Management and Occupant Protection (CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences). Springer, 2001.

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American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Applied Mechanics Division (Corporate Author), Hikmat F. Mahmood (Editor), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Editor), Saeed D. Barbat (Editor), and M. R. Baccouche (Editor), eds. Crashworthiness, Occupant Protection Biomechanics in Transportation Systems: Presented at the 2000 Asme International Mechanical Engineering Congress and ... Orlando, Florida (Amd (Series), V. 246.). Amer Society of Mechanical, 2000.

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Ga.) International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (1996 : Atlanta. Crashworthiness and Occupant Protection in Transportation Systems: Presented at the 1996 Asme International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, ... Atlanta, Georgia (Amd (Series), V. 218.). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Occupant mechanics"

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Lupker, H. A. "Combined Finite Element and Multibody Techniques for Vehicle Occupant Safety Studies." In Topics in Applied Mechanics, 277–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2090-6_30.

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Reuland, Yves, Sai G. S. Pai, Slah Drira, and Ian F. C. Smith. "Vibration-Based Occupant Detection Using a Multiple-Model Approach." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 49–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54777-0_6.

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Mirshekari, Mostafa, Jonathon Fagert, Shijia Pan, Pei Zhang, and Hae Young Noh. "Occupant Localization in Obstructive Indoor Environments Using Footstep-Induced Floor Vibrations." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 121–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47634-2_13.

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Alajlouni, Sa’ed, Murat Ambarkutuk, and Pablo Tarazaga. "Towards the Detection and Localization of Multiple Occupant Footsteps from Vibroacoustic Measurements." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 193–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47634-2_22.

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Subrahmanyam, Basa Jsk Kalyan, Venkatesh Balasubramanian, and C. Lakshmana Rao. "Effectiveness of Polyurea Based Foams as Seat Cushion to Reduce Spinal Compression Injury of Occupant in Vehicle During Mine Blast Using Finite Element Analysis." In Recent Advances in Applied Mechanics, 585–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9539-1_43.

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Viano, D. C., and A. I. King. "Injury Mechanisms and Biofidelity of Dummies." In Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Impact and Occupant Protection, 25–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5796-4_2.

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Pedersen, Lars. "Interaction between Structures and Their Occupants." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 445–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9299-4_36.

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Abdelmoeti, Samer, and David Cole. "Probabilistic Estimation of Occupant Body Motion for Investigating Discomfort." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 862–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07305-2_80.

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Kobayashi, Yuki, Shingo Chiyoda, Kouichi Watabe, Masafumi Okada, and Yoshihiko Nakamura. "Small Occupancy Robotic Mechanisms for Endoscopic Surgery." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention — MICCAI 2002, 75–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45786-0_10.

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Featherstone, R. "A Hierarchical Representation of the Space Occupancy of a Robot Mechanism." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 183–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0333-6_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Occupant mechanics"

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Mak, Lawrence, Antonio Simo˜es Re´, and Andrew Kuczora. "Motion Response of a Full-Scale Life Raft in Laboratory Tow Experiments." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92040.

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A 16-person full-scale life raft was towed in a tow tank in calm water, regular and irregular waves. The objectives were to assess the raft motion response, occupant motion, tow force, effect of tow speed, effects of different test variables (drogue deployment, floor inflation, weight distribution and ballast), and the likelihood of occupant motion sickness. Comparisons of RAOs obtained in regular and irregular waves demonstrated that irregular waves could be used as a cost effective means to determine raft response with a high degree of confidence. They also show that the life raft tow performance is different in waves than in calm water. For example, mean tow force is 20% higher in the sea state tested than in calm water. Floor inflation, drogue deployment, even weight distribution and tow speed increase mean tow force and tow force variation about its mean. The data also show that the same ballast types should be used to access the effects of different variables because manikin and water bag ballast produce different results. Measured occupant heave acceleration was about the same as the raft heave acceleration. From occupant heave acceleration, it was estimated that after 20 hours in the raft, 20% of occupants would vomit. Formulae were proposed to predict tow force in different sea states. Mean tow forces predicted using calm water tow resistance and RAOs derived from regular wave tow tests compared well with measured mean tow force in irregular waves.
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Yi, Liao, You-Ming Tang, Na Lv, and Zhen-Qun Fang. "Relationship between Injury Risk of Student Occupant and Different Driving Speed of School Bus." In 3rd Annual International Conference on Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering (MME 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mme-16.2017.107.

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Yamaguchi, Gary T., Blake Ashby, William Lai, Michael R. Carhart, Darrin Richards, and Catherine Ford Corrigan. "Occupant Mechanics in Rollover Simulations of High and Low Aspect Ratio Vehicles." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0451.

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Tay, Y. Y., R. Moradi, and H. M. Lankarani. "A Response Surface Methodology in Predicting Injuries to Out-of-Position Occupants From Frontal Airbags." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36782.

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Out-of-position (OOP) occupants, especially smaller females and children, are quite vulnerable to injuries caused by deploying airbags. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of various design parameters of a frontal airbag on OOP occupants’ resulting injury levels. The study also investigates the predictive capability of the occupant’s injury potential using a regression model developed from the response surface methodology. For this, the OOP occupant is represented using a MADYMO 3-year old child dummy. The objective measurements identified as the main injury causation parameters include the fabric permeability, friction coefficient between the occupant and the airbag, and the occupant’s initial position. Due to the complexity of the airbag model, small iterations are performed until the numerical model is found to be in reasonable agreement with another study available in the literature. The first part of the work is focused on analyzing the effect of a single parameter on the injury responses of the 3-year old child. The second part of the work covers the development of a set of regression model to predict the combined effects of various parameters on the injury responses of the occupant. It is shown that the regression model is fairly accurate and sufficient in predicting various injury levels to OOP occupants from a deploying airbag.
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Dang, Xiao-Yan, and Jin-Feng Lv. "The Analysis of Impact Damage under Emergency Landing Due to Airworthiness Requirements for Airplane Seat/Restraint System and Occupant." In 3rd Annual International Conference on Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering (MME 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mme-16.2017.16.

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Welsh, Kevin J., Donald E. Struble, and John D. Struble. "Restraint System Markings and Occupant Kinematics in Crash Tests With Disabled Seat Belt Restraint Systems." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42042.

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This paper presents an observational study that sought to explore the question of what type of evidence, if any, would be visible on a belt system after a crash at a low severity, or after a crash in which some aspect of the belt system was disabled. Such evidence could be added to the practical knowledge available to the investigator tasked with making a determination of whether a belt system has been used, misused, or has malfunctioned in some way. The study entailed frontal impacts into a barrier angled 30 degrees counter-clockwise. However, to reflect the larger angularity often seen in field accidents, compared to standard laboratory angled-barrier tests, the vehicle was also rotated 30 degrees counter-clockwise, similar to the impactor orientation in the FMVSS 214D test procedure. As with the 214D test, such a configuration re-creates the structural engagement and angularity of the striking vehicle involved in a typical perpendicular intersection collision with both vehicles moving. This common impact mode produces simultaneous lateral and longitudinal loading of the front structure, and much more angular occupant motions as compared to typical laboratory crash tests. A series of three repeated impact crash tests was run, in which the same test vehicle was used for all three tests, rather than using three separate vehicles. Each test included a 50th male dummy in the left front seat and a 5th female dummy in the left rear seat, for a total of six occupant exposures. Each dummy was restrained with a new replacement belt system for each test. In the first test, at 13 mph, both dummies were restrained with a normally functioning seat belt system, with the objective of documenting any marks generated at this lower crash severity. In the second test, at 23 mph, both dummies were fitted with belt systems with defeated buckles. In the third test, at 29 mph, both dummies were fitted with belt systems with disabled retractors. The tests illustrate the effects of crash severity, air bag deployments and belt malfunctions. The resulting physical evidence was documented for each crash test. Occupant kinematics are discussed. When either the buckle or the retractor was disabled, both occupant kinematics and occupant/belt interactions were fundamentally different from what occur under normally restrained conditions. Of course, the specifics of the resulting physical evidence will depend on the nature of the crash, the vehicle (a used 2002 Chevrolet Cavalier in this instance), the occupants, and the belt systems. However, the basic mechanics of the belt/occupant interaction, and the resulting markings documented herein, will help investigators determine whether a hypothesis about belt use, misuse, or malfunction is supported by the physical evidence being examined.
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7

Jawad, Saad A. W. "Occupants Safety due to Mass and Stiffness of Vehicles in Head-on Collision." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0967.

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Abstract Compatibility of vehicles of different mass and stiffness in head-on collisions was studied in earlier paper(13). It was concluded that mass ratio was the most important parameter in the mechanics of head-on collision. To improve compatibility, it was also suggested that stiffness might be reduced with longer crumple zone for heavier vehicles. This paper continues the study by considering the impact of changing stiffness of a vehicle on the level of protection the vehicle provides to its own occupants when colliding with similar vehicle. Such study is prompted by the fact that there is a strong link between aggressivity of a vehicle to the partner vehicle’s occupants and the level of protection the vehicle provides to its own occupants. In other words safer vehicles are usually more aggressive. A compromise between the level of protection and aggressivity of the vehicle design need to be investigated using basic laws of mechanics of head-on collisions. An eight-degrees of freedom, two-dimensional lumped-mass simulation model was used for this purpose. Three injury risk criteria have been considered in this study; delta V or change in velocity of vehicle after impact, maximum acceleration sustained by the passenger compartment throughout impact, and length of deformation sustained by the car front Both mass and stiffness are crucial for the occupants safety. Higher mass provides protection to its occupant as well as aggressivity to occupants of the partner vehicle. Higher stiffness provides little protection to its occupants in terms of the intrusion injury criterion but more aggressive to its own occupants as well as occupants of the partner vehicle in terms of other injury criteria. A slightly softer and longer crumple zone is proposed for heavier vehicles to achieve better protection for occupants of both colliding vehicles.
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8

Keeley, Jason W., Jong E. Kim, James Davidson, Willard A. Moore, and Alan W. Eberhardt. "A Madymo Study of Pelvic and Lower Extremity Injury in Frontal Crashes." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55585.

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Recent studies suggest that there is increased risk to the pelvis and lower extremities for unbelted, front seat occupants when airbags deploy in frontal collisions. Among belted drivers, women and small adults are more likely to experience fractures of the knee-thigh-hip complex and lower leg. The occupant kinematics and impact mechanics for varying sized drivers under belted and unbelted conditions, with a deploying airbag, have not been well-investigated. The present study used occupant kinematic computer software (MADYMO) to investigate injury likelihood for the pelvis, femur and lower leg in simulations of FMVSS 208 test conditions (30 mph, rigid barrier, frontal crash) for a mid-size sedan with airbag deployment. The pelvic force criterion (PFC), femur force criterion (FFC), and Tibia index (TI) were calculated as injury predictors for 50th percentile male and 5th percentile female drivers, belted and unbelted, with variations in instrument panel angle and stiffness as well as hip abduction. The results indicated, most notably, that the unbelted 5th percentile female submarined beneath the airbag and experienced TI values that exceeded the current tolerance in nearly every unbelted simulation. Injury scores for the left leg were generally higher for both dummies, due to leg entrapment and the intruding floor pan. Hip abduction of 20 degrees led to excessive hip forces in the 50th percentile male. Seatbelts were effective at reducing injury measures in both dummies, most notably the TI score of the 5th percentile female.
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9

Serber, Hector. "Counter Balanced Motion (CBM)-Dynamic Seating—New Seat Mechanics to Reduce Occupant Injury and Enhance Comfort." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0632.

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Pan, L. L., T. Chen, Q. S. Jia, R. X. Yuan, H. T. Wang, R. Ding, Jane W. Z. Lu, Andrew Y. T. Leung, Vai Pan Iu, and Kai Meng Mok. "An Occupant Behavior Model for Building Energy Efficiency and Safety." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS AND THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCEMENT AND PROMOTION OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3452164.

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Reports on the topic "Occupant mechanics"

1

Ohad, Itzhak, and Himadri Pakrasi. Role of Cytochrome B559 in Photoinhibition. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613031.bard.

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The aim of this research project was to obtain information on the role of the cytochrome b559 in the function of Photosystem-II (PSII) with special emphasis on the light induced photo inactivation of PSII and turnover of the photochemical reaction center II protein subunit RCII-D1. The major goals of this project were: 1) Isolation and sequencing of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast psbE and psbF genes encoding the cytochrome b559 a and b subunits respectively; 2) Generation of site directed mutants and testing the effect of such mutation on the function of PSII under various light conditions; 3) To obtain further information on the mechanism of the light induced degradation and replacement of the PSII core proteins. This information shall serve as a basis for the understanding of the role of the cytochrome b559 in the process of photoinhibition and recovery of photosynthetic activity as well as during low light induced turnover of the D1 protein. Unlike in other organisms in which the psbE and psbF genes encoding the a and b subunits of cytochrome b559, are part of an operon which also includes the psbL and psbJ genes, in Chlamydomonas these genes are transcribed from different regions of the chloroplast chromosome. The charge distribution of the derived amino-acid sequences of psbE and psbF gene products differs from that of the corresponding genes in other organisms as far as the rule of "positive charge in" is concerned relative to the process of the polypeptide insertion in the thylakoid membrane. However, the sum of the charges of both subunits corresponds to the above rule possibly indicating co-insertion of both subunits in the process of cytochrome b559 assembly. A plasmid designed for the introduction of site-specific mutations into the psbF gene of C. reinhardtii. was constructed. The vector consists of a DNA fragment from the chromosome of C. reinhardtii which spans the region of the psbF gene, upstream of which the spectinomycin-resistance-conferring aadA cassette was inserted. This vector was successfully used to transform wild type C. reinhardtii cells. The spectinomycin resistant strain thus obtained can grow autotrophically and does not show significant changes as compared to the wild-type strain in PSII activity. The following mutations have been introduced in the psbF gene: H23M; H23Y; W19L and W19. The replacement of H23 involved in the heme binding to M and Y was meant to permit heme binding but eventually alter some or all of the electron transport properties of the mutated cytochrome. Tryptophane W19, a strictly conserved residue, is proximal to the heme and may interact with the tetrapyrole ring. Therefore its replacement may effect the heme properties. A change to tyrosine may have a lesser affect on the potential or electron transfer rate while a replacement of W19 by leucine is meant to introduce a more prominent disturbance in these parameters. Two of the mutants, FW19L and FH23M have segregated already and are homoplasmic. The rest are still grown under selection conditions until complete segregation will be obtained. All mutants contain assembled and functional PSII exhibiting an increased sensitivity of PSII to the light. Work is still in progress for the detailed characterization of the mutants PSII properties. A tobacco mutant, S6, obtained by Maliga and coworkers harboring the F26S mutation in the b subunit was made available to us and was characterized. Measurements of PSII charge separation and recombination, polypeptide content and electron flow indicates that this mutation indeed results in light sensitivity. Presently further work is in progress in the detailed characterization of the properties of all the above mutants. Information was obtained demonstrating that photoinactivation of PSII in vivo initiates a series of progressive changes in the properties of RCII which result in an irreversible modification of the RCII-D1 protein leading to its degradation and replacement. The cleavage process of the modified RCII-D1 protein is regulated by the occupancy of the QB site of RCII by plastoquinone. Newly synthesized D1 protein is not accumulated in a stable form unless integrated in reassembled RCII. Thus the degradation of the irreversibly modified RCII-D1 protein is essential for the recovery process. The light induced degradation of the RCII-D1 protein is rapid in mutants lacking the pD1 processing protease such as in the LF-1 mutant of the unicellular alga Scenedesmus obliquus. In this case the Mn binding site of PSII is abolished, the water oxidation process is inhibited and harmful cation radicals are formed following light induced electron flow in PSII. In such mutants photo-inactivation of PSII is rapid, it is not protected by ligands binding at the QB site and the degradation of the inactivated RCII-D1 occurs rapidly also in the dark. Furthermore the degraded D1 protein can be replaced in the dark in absence of light driven redox controlled reactions. The replacement of the RCII-D1 protein involves the de novo synthesis of the precursor protein, pD1, and its processing at the C-terminus end by an unknown processing protease. In the frame of this work, a gene previously isolated and sequenced by Dr. Pakrasi's group has been identified as encoding the RCII-pD1 C-terminus processing protease in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The deduced sequence of the ctpA protein shows significant similarity to the bovine, human and insect interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding proteins. Results obtained using C. reinhardtii cells exposes to low light or series of single turnover light flashes have been also obtained indicating that the process of RCII-D1 protein turnover under non-photoinactivating conditions (low light) may be related to charge recombination in RCII due to back electron flow from the semiquinone QB- to the oxidised S2,3 states of the Mn cluster involved in the water oxidation process.
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