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Journal articles on the topic 'Occupant mechanics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 January 2023

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Alajlouni, Sa’ed, and Pablo Tarazaga. "A passive energy-based method for footstep impact localization, using an underfloor accelerometer sensor network with Kalman filtering." Journal of Vibration and Control 26, no. 11-12 (January 21, 2020): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319890520.

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An underfloor accelerometer sensor network can be used to track occupants in an indoor environment using measurements of floor vibration induced by occupant footsteps. To achieve occupant tracking, each footstep impact location must first be estimated. This paper proposes a new energy-based algorithm for footstep impact localization. Compared to existing energy-based algorithms, the new algorithm achieves higher localization accuracy and removes a previously required calibration step (removal of the need to estimate floor-dependent parameters). Furthermore, the algorithm uses a much smaller data sampling rate compared to time of flight/arrival localization methods, which greatly reduces data and data-processing time. The new algorithm is a two-step location estimator: the first step is a coarse location estimate, with the second step as a fine location search through a nonlinear minimization problem. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using a single occupant walking experiment on an instrumented floor inside an operational smart building. This paper also demonstrates that higher localization accuracy is obtained using an additional Kalman filtering scheme.

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2

Ebrahimpour, A., and R. L. Sack. "Modeling Dynamic Occupant Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 115, no. 6 (June 1989): 1476–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1989)115:6(1476).

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3

Ma, D., and H. M. Lankarani. "A Multibody/Finite Element Analysis Approach for Modeling of Crash Dynamic Responses." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826359.

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Computer models of the human body are robust tools for gaining insight into the gross motion of ground vehicle or aircraft occupants and evaluating the loads and, deformations of their critical parts. The knowledge of occupant responses will help in the determination of the type and probable causes of injuries that may he sustained during a crash. An important aspect in crash analysis is how the large motion of the relatively rigid segments of an occupant, such as the limbs, and the small deformations of flexible segments, such as the spine column, are interrelated. To this end, a general methodology for kineto-static analysis of multibody systems with flexible structures undergoing large motion and structural deformations is developed. Rigid multibody dynamics is used to predict the gross motions and displacements at the boundaries between the relatively bulky (rigid) bodies and relatively flexible ones. A mixed boundary-condition finite-element analysis is formulated and solved at every numerical integration time to determine the corresponding reaction forces and moments at the boundaries and also the structural deformations. Based on this methodology, a multibody model of the occupant with a nonlinear finite element model of the lumbar spine is developed for a Hybrid II anthropomorphic crash test dummy. The analytical results obtained are compared with the experimental results from the impact sled tests. Comparison of the results has shown better correlation between the analyses and the experiments compared with earlier studies.

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Kim, Yeonghun, Yunchan Shin, and Honghyun Cho. "Influencing factors on thermal comfort and biosignals of occupant-a review." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 35, no. 9 (September 2021): 4201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-0832-5.

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Rahman, Haolia, Agus Sukandi, Nasruddin Nasruddin, Arnas Arnas, and Remon Lapisa. "Mechanical Ventilation Control Based on Estimated occupancy using a Carbon Dioxide Sensor." TEKNIK 41, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v41i3.33416.

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Ventilation is an important aspect to maintain good indoor air quality in a building. However, excessive ventilation causing high energy consumption of the HVAC system. The ASHRAE Standard provides a guideline to set the ventilation rate that depends on the occupants' number and space. Thus, quantification of the number of occupants is required to regulate the ventilation rate. In this study, the estimated number of occupants was estimated using a Bayesian MCMC method based on CO2 levels. The mass balance equation of the CO2 is used as a model for the calculation of Bayesian MCMC. The Bayesian method for estimating the occupants' number is tested in a 96,7 m3 office room equipped with a ventilation system. Thus the occupancy estimation and control of ventilation can be done in real-time. The test also includes conventional ventilation control based on CO2 levels directly without converting to the occupants' number. The ventilation rate based on the number of occupants at the present test chamber refers to ASHRAE 62.1. The test results show that ventilation controlled by the estimated number of occupants using the Bayesian method successfully conducted with ventilation rate per occupant closer to the ASHRAE 62.1 standard over conventional ventilation method

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Wang, Xingye, Yanjun Li, Yuyuan Cao, Xudong Li, Shixuan Duan, and Zejian Zhao. "Research on Optimization Design of Key Energy-Absorbing Structure of a Helicopter Seat Based on Human–Seat Coupling System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 8858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178858.

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During the process of emergency landing, the energy of the impact in the vertical direction is dissipated through the deformation of the structure. The landing load is transferred to the spine of the occupant through the landing gear, the fuselage and finally the seat. This can cause serious damage to the human body. Since the seat is in direct contact with the human body, the energy absorption capacity of the seat is the most direct manifestation of the Crashworthiness of the helicopter. The solutions proposed in the paper may reduce the impact of the seat on the spine of the occupant during the collision by optimizing the key energy-absorbing structure. Taking the seat of the H135 helicopter as a case, the mechanical model of the human–seat coupling system, which is based on the theories of energy methods and structural mechanics, is simplified. Additionally, the simulation was considered reasonable by comparing the simulation results with the results of crashworthiness tests. On the basis of the above, the optimization of the key energy-absorbing structure of the seat was completed by using Latin hypercube sampling and the kriging model. Overall, the optimization effectively enhanced the crashworthiness of this helicopter seat and provided a solution for the passive safety design of aviation seats.

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7

Alphin, Masilamany Santha, Krishnaswamy Sankaranarayanasamy, and Suthangathan Paramashivan Sivapirakasam. "Segmental vibration transmissibility of seated occupant from lumped parameter models." Journal of Vibration and Control 18, no. 11 (October 26, 2011): 1683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546311423065.

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One of the important parameters for the comfort of a seated occupant of a vehicle is the dynamic parameter. The effects of vibration depend on biomechanical characteristics, transmissibility (TR) and apparent mass. The range of input vibration at the seat and TR at the driving frequency will decide the magnitude of the displacement at any point of the human occupant. The most preferred form of biomechanical model for unidirectional whole body vibration is the lumped parameter model. Lumped parameter models are formulated by number of masses depending on the number of degrees-of-freedom (d.f.). The objective of this work is to study the vibration TR by developing the equations of motion (EOM) for different d.f. models for the seated occupant. Then the generated equations of motion for lumped parameter models are solved using the frequency domain technique. In this paper two, four, seven and 11 d.f. models are considered. The TR values are determined by solving the derived parameters using the MATLAB program. The maximum seats to head TR in the case of two, four, seven and 11 d.f. are obtained at the frequency of 2 Hz, 2.5 Hz, 3.15 Hz, and 4 Hz respectively. The TR obtained from models is compared with real time experimental results. The comparison shows a better fit for the TR obtained from the four and seven d.f. models. There is a wide deviation from the TR observed with two and 11 degrees of models when compared with experimental results of the past literature.

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8

Mirshekari, Mostafa, Jonathon Fagert, Shijia Pan, Pei Zhang, and Hae Young Noh. "Step-Level Occupant Detection across Different Structures through Footstep-Induced Floor Vibration Using Model Transfer." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 146, no. 3 (March 2020): 04019137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001719.

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9

Pratomo, Arief Nur, Sigit Puji Santosa, Leonardo Gunawan, and Ichsan Setya Putra. "Countermeasures design and analysis for occupant survivability of an armored vehicle subjected to blast load." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 34, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 1893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-020-0411-1.

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10

Lee, Young-Shin, Jung-Hyun Lee, Kyu-Hyun Han, Ki-Du Lee, and Chul-Ho Lim. "A study on the modeling and analysis of a helicopter’s occupant seat belt for crashworthiness." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 23, no. 4 (April 2009): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-009-0334-3.

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11

Chen, Jun, Ruotian Xu, and Mengshi Zhang. "Acceleration response spectrum for predicting floor vibration due to occupant walking." Journal of Sound and Vibration 333, no. 15 (July 2014): 3564–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2014.03.023.

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12

RAKHEJA, S., I. HARU, and P. É. BOILEAU. "SEATED OCCUPANT APPARENT MASS CHARACTERISTICS UNDER AUTOMOTIVE POSTURES AND VERTICAL VIBRATION." Journal of Sound and Vibration 253, no. 1 (May 2002): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2001.4249.

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13

Bernardini, Enrica, Seymour M. J. Spence, Dae-Kun Kwon, and Ahsan Kareem. "Performance-Based Design of High-Rise Buildings for Occupant Comfort." Journal of Structural Engineering 141, no. 10 (October 2015): 04014244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001223.

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14

Guanquan, Chu, and Sun Jinhua. "The Effect of Pre-movement Time and Occupant Density on Evacuation Time." Journal of Fire Sciences 24, no. 3 (May 2006): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904106058249.

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15

Chirwa, E. C., and Wei Wang. "Mechanics of a mechanically triggered airbag head restraint system for occupant protection in rear end impact." International Journal of Crashworthiness 2, no. 2 (January 1997): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/cras.1997.0042.

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16

Lee, Jooyoung, Jihye Byun, Jaedeok Lim, and Jaeyun Lee. "A Framework for Detecting Vehicle Occupancy Based on the Occupant Labeling Method." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (December 2, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8870211.

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High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes or congestion toll discount policies are in place to encourage multipassenger vehicles. However, vehicle occupancy detection, essential for implementing such policies, is based on a labor-intensive manual method. To solve this problem, several studies and some companies have tried to develop an automated detection system. Due to the difficulties of the image treatment process, those systems had limitations. This study overcomes these limits and proposes an overall framework for an algorithm that effectively detects occupants in vehicles using photographic data. Particularly, we apply a new data labeling method that enables highly accurate occupant detection even with a small amount of data. The new labeling method directly labels the number of occupants instead of performing face or human labeling. The human labeling, used in existing research, and occupant labeling, this study suggested, are compared to verify the contribution of this labeling method. As a result, the presented model’s detection accuracy is 99% for the binary case (2 or 3 occupants or not) and 91% for the counting case (the exact number of occupants), which is higher than the previously studied models’ accuracy. Basically, this system is developed for the two-sided camera, left and right, but only a single side, right, can detect the occupancy. The single side image accuracy is 99% for the binary case and 87% for the counting case. These rates of detection are also better than existing labeling.

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17

Liu, Xuebo, Yingying Wu, Haifeng Zhang, and Hongyu Wu. "Hourly occupant clothing decisions in residential HVAC energy management." Journal of Building Engineering 40 (August 2021): 102708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102708.

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18

Lee, Joonhee, Roderick Mackenzie, Vincent Le Men, François Gariépy, and Farideh Zarei. "The effect of sound masking on employees' acoustic comfort and performance in open-plan offices in Canada." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3215.

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Sound masking systems are commonly used in open-plan offices to generate a controlled minimum level of background sound, in order to decrease the signal-to-noise ratio of intrusive speech and blend out transient office noise. However, a question in the acoustical design of offices is whether the self-generated noise of occupants may alone be sufficient to provide the background sound level conditions necessary to achieve similar levels of speech privacy and acoustic comfort as sound masking systems. This study examines the relationship between occupant-perceived speech privacy and acoustic comfort under three different acoustic scenarios (no masking, controlled 42 dBA, and 47 dBA masking sound levels). The study was conducted pre-COVID-19 in two separate open-plan offices located in Quebec, Canada that at the time were close to full occupancy. Employees completed subjective questionnaires before and after each change in conditions, focusing on how the sound environment impacted their comfort and work performance during the study. Statistical results show that the occupants were significantly more satisfied during the two sound masking conditions in comparison to the no-masking condition, where only the occupant-generated and exterior/mechanical system noise was present as the background sound. Implications for open-plan offices with lower occupancy conditions post-COVID-19 are discussed.

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19

Hassan, Mohamed T. Z., Mo Gabriel Shi, and S. A. Meguid. "Nonlinear multibody dynamics and finite element modeling of occupant response: part I—rear vehicle collision." International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design 15, no. 1 (February 8, 2019): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10999-019-09449-x.

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20

Burzyński, Stanisław, Jacek Chróścielewski, and Łukasz Pachocki. "Finite element method simulations of various cases of crash tests with N2/W4/A steel road barrier." MATEC Web of Conferences 231 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823101005.

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The subject of this study is performance of N2/W4/A steel road safety barrier investigated in numerical simulations. System was checked under several types of initial conditions, which were assumed basing on the TB11 and TB32 normative crash tests. The main goal of present study is to investigate the relationship between initial conditions (angle and velocity) of the impact and the severity indices (associated to the vehicle occupant) during the collision. Obtained performance parameters and impact severity indexes may be considered reasonable. Results of the simulations facilitates the deep insight into vehicle crash mechanics phenomena.

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21

Mothiram Patil, K. "Tractor-occupant vibration response and its minimization by a new seat suspension." Mechanics Research Communications 15, no. 6 (November 1988): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-6413(88)90042-0.

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22

Ruhr, Hilko, Jan Niklas Lemke, and Alexander Piskun. "Insassenbasierte Konzeptauslegung für Fahrzeuge in Catia V5/Occupant-Based Vehicle Design in Catia V5." Konstruktion 68, no. 04 (2016): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0720-5953-2016-04-83.

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Inhalt: In der modernen Fahrzeugentwicklung ist die Konzeption der Fahrzeuge von innen nach außen eine häufig formulierte Anforderung. Tatsächlich werden früh im Entstehungsprozess hochkomplexe digitale Ergonomiewerkzeuge eingesetzt, um einen möglichst großen Teil der ergonomischen Auslegung abzusichern und die Anzahl der, monetär und zeitlich aufwendigen, physischen Erprobungen gering zu halten. Durch die immer kürzer werdenden Entwicklungszeiten und die steigende Modellanzahl besteht in der Automobilindustrie darüber hinaus der Bedarf, Prozesse zu standardisieren und zu verschlanken. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll das Konzept eines einfachen und günstigen Ergonomiewerkzeugs vorstellen, das direkt im CAD-System der Anwender arbeitet und somit ein hohes Maß an Interaktivität bietet.

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23

Rakheja, S., I. Stiharu, H. Zhang, and P. É. Boileau. "Seated occupant interactions with seat backrest and pan, and biodynamic responses under vertical vibration." Journal of Sound and Vibration 298, no. 3 (December 2006): 651–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2006.06.025.

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24

Umale, Sagar, Narayan Yoganandan, Frank A. Pintar, and Mike W. J. Arun. "Factors influencing the effectiveness of occupant retention under far-side impacts: A parametric study." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 84 (August 2018): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.021.

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25

Lizhong, Yang, Fang Weifeng, and Fan Weicheng. "Modeling Occupant Evacuation Using Cellular Automata - Effect of Human Behavior and Building Characteristics on Evacuation." Journal of Fire Sciences 21, no. 3 (May 2003): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904103021003004.

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Pelenyte-Vyšniauskiene, Lina, and Algirdas Jurkauskas. "RESEARCH INTO OCCUPANT'S MOTION IN VEHICLES DURING CRASHES." TRANSPORT 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2004): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2004.9637974.

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Traffic accidents depend on many factors and circumstances. Important data are registered by taking photos of the accident place, measuring the deformations of vehicles and skidding and sliding traces. Weather conditions, drivers’ and pedestrian's actions are also taken into account. However the existing data are far from sufficient to conduct a research into traffic accidents. In such cases mathematical modelling and the application of computer programs are very helpful. This article deals with the processes during the collision of vehicles as well as the occupant's dynamics inside the vehicle. The research studies on what the occupant motion depends and what is the power balance between the occupant and safety means. The article offers a way of evaluating injuries, measuring the occupants’ acceleration and velocity, taking into account different distances inside the vehicle during an accident.

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Shi, Mo Gabriel, Mohamed T. Z. Hassan, and S. A. Meguid. "Nonlinear multibody dynamics and finite element modeling of occupant response: part II—frontal and lateral vehicle collisions." International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design 15, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10999-019-09450-4.

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28

Hong, U. P., and G. J. Park. "Determination of the crash pulse and optimization of the crash components using the response surface approximate optimization." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070360550408.

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Computational occupant analysis has been performed with a pre-determined crash pulse which is produced from a real test. The involved crash components are designed on the basis of the results of the analysis. This method has limitations in that the design does not have much freedom. However, if a good crash pulse is proposed, the occupant's injuries can be reduced more effciently and the body structure can be modified to generate the crash pulse. A good crash pulse is a deceleration curve that minimizes injuries to unrestrained occupants. In this research, a preferable crash pulse is generated by an optimization method called the response surface approximate optimization (RSAO). RSAO is a modified algorithm from a response surface method. The crash pulse is determined to minimize occupant injury while the related physics are satisfied. An RSAO in a commercial code is utilized by interfacing it with an in-house occupant analysis program called SAFE (safety analysis for occupant crash environment). Design of the involved components is carried out on the basis of the generated crash pulse by optimization. The RSAO is also used in this design process. The advantages of the RSAO are investigated as opposed to other design methods, and the results are compared and discussed.

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Tuniki, Himanshu Patel, Andrius Jurelionis, and Paris Fokaides. "A review on the approaches in analysing energy-related occupant behaviour research." Journal of Building Engineering 40 (August 2021): 102630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102630.

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30

Yang, Yang, William W. Liou, James Sheng, David Gorsich, and Sudhakar Arepally. "Shock wave impact simulation of a vehicle occupant using fluid/structure/dynamics interactions." International Journal of Impact Engineering 52 (February 2013): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.09.002.

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31

Wu, Jun, and Yi Qiu. "Modeling and analysis of a train seat with occupant exposed to combined lateral, vertical and roll vibration." Journal of Sound and Vibration 496 (March 2021): 115920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115920.

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32

Emadi, M., H. Beheshti, and M. Heidari-Rarani. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Hybrid Aluminum–Composite Tube Under Axial Crushing." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 12, no. 04 (May 2020): 2050042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825120500428.

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Since lightweight and energy-absorbing materials have an effective role in occupant safety during accidents, the use of hybrid aluminum–composite tubes and their optimum designs are of great importance in the crashworthiness. In this study, finite element simulation and multi-objective optimization of a hybrid aluminum–composite tube are performed under axial crushing to investigate the effect of metal volume fraction (MVF) on the objective functions, the specific energy absorption and the peak force. Besides, the effects of annealing and tempering of ductile aluminum alloys (Al-6061) as the base metal of hybrid tubes are investigated. The optimum values of the objective functions are obtained at [Formula: see text] (the same thickness of aluminum and composite). Also, annealing of ductile aluminum alloys has a negative effect on the objective functions. As a guideline for the design of fiber metal laminates under crushing, it is suggested to use tempered Al-6061 and increase the thickness of composite material so that [Formula: see text].

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Duhirwe, Patrick Nzivugira, Jack Ngarambe, and Geun Young Yun. "Geographically extended occupant clothing behavior model using convolutional neural networks with hyperband technique." Journal of Building Engineering 49 (May 2022): 104023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104023.

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Belazi, Walid, Salah-Eddine Ouldboukhitine, Alaa Chateauneuf, and Abdelhamid Bouchair. "Uncertainty analysis of occupant behavior and building envelope materials in office building performance simulation." Journal of Building Engineering 19 (September 2018): 434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.06.005.

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35

Uchikune, Masashi. "The Evaluation of Horizontal Whole-Body Vibration in the Low Frequency Range." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 21, no. 1 (June 2002): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/02630920260374961.

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International Standard ISO 2631 gives the reaction to horizontal vibration for the occupant of a building, a public transport system, the oscillations of the ocean and so on. These effects have not yet been evaluated by physiological methods as the criterion curves in the Standard are based on psychological evaluations of comfort and discomfort, rather than physiological investigations. Physiological and psychological effects of low frequency horizontal vibration on the whole-body were as follows: Changes in the autonomic nervous system were observed, in which the system tended to change from the state of predominance of the parasympathetic nervous system to that of the sympathetic nervous system, when the frequency exceeded the range 0.2 to 0.4Hz, typically around 0.3Hz.

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Mihai, Clinciu, and Ciunel Stefanita. "Corroboration of the data obtained by virtual methods with the real ones in the study of road accidents." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012054.

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Abstract Even though the frontal collisions occur in a much larger percentage than the lateral collisions, the lateral collisions consequences can be much more serious than the frontal collisions. This paper is meant to be a study on the importance of crush energy, which determines the mechanism that produces the severity of injuries. Using Newton laws of mechanics, we can discuss about the conservation of energy and linear momentum law which determine the impact force, speed and deformation. After, we compared the obtained data from the laboratory virtual crash tests with the determined values from the polygon experimental tests. Analytical techniques that determine the occupant and vehicle behaviour from this stage allow determining the mechanism that produces the damages and biomedical parameters, which are representative and correspond to the real applications from the practice investigation of the traffic events. The information is extremely useful to expert investigators who activates in the field of traffic events investigation and reconstruction.

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Ashoori, Mahdi, Ghanbarali Sheikhzadeh, and Soroush Sadripour. "The effects of using ceiling fans on human thermal comfort in a three-dimensional room with centralized heating including an occupant." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 29, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 3976–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-05-2018-0200.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of using a ceiling fan with central heating system in the winter on thermal comfort and heat transfer rate in a three-dimensional numerically. Design/methodology/approach The geometry had certain dimensions, and an occupant was modeled to be in the room. In models which were used, the flow was turbulent, and turbulence models were used for simulating turbulence. Between all the models, k-ε model had best matching. Findings Results show that using the ceiling fan during the winter had an efficient and considerable effect on improving the thermal comfort and energy saving inside buildings. By the use of ceiling fan, the effective room temperature has increased by 2.5°C. Furthermore, results show that by using ceiling fan in the winter, the predicted mean vote and the predicted percentage dissatisfied indexes improved. At the end, the case Room 11-0.05-15 with temperature of 87°C for radiator and normal fan velocity of o.25m/s were the optimal model that caused the complete thermal comfort and reduced energy consumption up to 28 per cent. Originality/value In the present study, the effects of using the ceiling fans on human comfort condition and heat transfer field during the winter (heating system) are studied. Following are the goals for all models: getting the appropriate temperature for radiator so that thermal comfort condition can be applied at the height of 75 cm of the room, velocity for fan so that air speed can be 0.25m/s at the height of 2 m or lower of the room and position to place the fan.

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Testi, Andrei, Marcio Abud Marcelino, Francisco Antonio Lotufo, and Teófilo Miguel de Souza. "Initial study of an alternative technology aimed at measuring and controlling the flow rate in air conditioning ducts." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 8 (August 2021): 168781402110346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211034609.

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This paper states that there might have around 1000 small size business jets (until nine occupants) flying across the world equipped with flow control and regulating shut-off valves that uses hot wire anemometer devices to regulate massflow rate from the bleed airflow to supply the air-conditioning and pressurization systems. However, these valves present low reliability in the field. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the implications of a flow control and regulating shut-off valve with a non-intrusive airflow measurer device under the perspective of fluid mechanics. The Venturi technology that is commonly used technology, given its construction simplicity, precision, and broad use in the industry, is selected to substitute the flow control and regulating shut-off valves with hot wire anemometer of the mentioned small size business jets applications. This paper has adopted a numeric simulation approach utilizing the ANSYS-CFX computational fluid dynamics software to verify both the differential pressure at the Venturi device and its correspondent mass flow rate to supply the air conditioning systems of some small size business jets, considering the mass-flow rate as requested by the FAA certification requirement (0.55 lb/min per occupant). This paper shows that a mass-flow rate control and regulating shut-off valve with a Venturi device, of 1 inch and β of 0.67, is compliant with the minimum fresh air flow requested by the FAA certification requirement to operate in some small size business jets. Besides that, the software ANSYS-CFX is also effective to support the engineering analysis of flow field characteristics inherent to the applications of internal compressible flow. The numeric simulation utilizing the ANSYS-CFX computational fluid dynamics software outlined herein can lay the basis for further research related to the design of a flow control and regulating shut-off valves with a Venturi device.

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Niu, Baolian, Dan Li, Haowei Yu, Norhayati Mahyuddin, Yiqiao Liu, Jinshun Wu, Xinru Wang, and Song Pan. "Investigation of occupant window opening behaviour during the summer period in a Beijing maternity hospital." Journal of Building Engineering 45 (January 2022): 103441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103441.

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Kim, Amy A., Shuoqi Wang, and Lindsay J. McCunn. "Building value proposition for interactive lighting systems in the workplace: Combining energy and occupant perspectives." Journal of Building Engineering 24 (July 2019): 100752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100752.

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Kürüm Varolgüneş, Fatma. "Evaluation of vernacular and new housing indoor comfort conditions in cold climate – a field survey in eastern Turkey." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 2 (June 22, 2019): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-02-2019-0019.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare vernacular and new houses in terms of indoor occupant satisfaction and thermal and visual comfort in a region with cold climatic conditions. In line with the data obtained, the contribution of passive design techniques to comfort in housing indoor will be revealed. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the comfort conditions to be provided in a residence were determined and evaluated in Bingol with the help of questionnaires applied on vernacular and new houses. The information gathered from the occupants and the survey study was mainly designed for three purposes: (i) acquiring general information about houses; (ii) acquiring general information about occupants; and (iii) inquiring about the physical comfort satisfaction of the occupants (thermal comfort and visual comfort). Findings Although the average occupant satisfaction in terms of thermal performance in vernacular houses in summer and winter is 3.91, this average is 2.01 for new houses. The average of the general visual comfort of occupants in vernacular houses is 3.59, whereas this rate is 2.63 in new houses. According to the data obtained, occupant satisfaction was higher in vernacular houses than in new houses. In general, the new settlement area is designed and positioned independently of climate and environmental conditions. This situation increases the need to use mechanical systems to provide indoor thermal comfort conditions. The increase in the need for mechanical systems leads to a significant increase in energy expenditures, as well as deterioration of health conditions in places. Research limitations/implications To ensure occupant satisfaction, indoor thermal comfort conditions and healthy environments, vernacular houses should be an example for the design and building of new houses in terms of orientation, environment relations, space dimensions and space usage in accordance with the character of the region and material selection. Originality/value There has not been a serious research on bioclimatic, socioeconomic and cultural sustainability of the vernacular architecture of Bingol. Therefore, this region has been preferred as the study area.

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Keli, Athanasia, Arsen K. Melikov, Mariya P. Bivolarova, and Panu Mustakallio. "Impact of room airflow interaction on metabolic CO2 exposure." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102005.

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CFD simulations were performed to investigate occupants’ exposure to metabolic CO2 in a room with mechanical ventilation. A meeting room occupied by six adult people performing sedentary activity was simulated. Five of the six occupants were simulated to exhale air with realistic CO2 content, while one occupant was inhaling, i.e. the exposed occupant. Both exhalation and inhalation were simulated with constant flow rates. Two air distribution patterns were considered, mixing and displacement air distribution, each was combined with chilled ceiling, as summer conditions were simulated. For both air distribution patterns, the influence of solar gain of 200 W, which was simulated as heated vertical surface (window), and the distance between the occupants facing each other were studied. The simulation results revealed the importance of buoyancy flows generated by heated vertical surfaces for the pollution distribution. It was found out that compared to the case without solar heat gain, the presence of solar gain increased the inhaled CO2 level by 26.9 % in the case of displacement ventilation, while it reduced the exposure by 4.5 % when the outdoor air was distributed by mixing ventilation. The distance between the occupants facing each other did not affect considerably the exposure.

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Li, Jiaxiong, Chunying Li, and Haida Tang. "Airborne infection risk assessment of COVID-19 in an inpatient department through on-site occupant behavior surveys." Journal of Building Engineering 51 (July 2022): 104255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104255.

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Alsharif, Rashed, Mehrdad Arashpour, Emadaldin Mohammadi Golafshani, M. Reza Hosseini, Victor Chang, and Jenny Zhou. "Machine learning-based analysis of occupant-centric aspects: Critical elements in the energy consumption of residential buildings." Journal of Building Engineering 46 (April 2022): 103846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103846.

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Zhu, Yimin, Sanaz Saeidi, Tracey Rizzuto, Astrid Roetzel, and Robert Kooima. "Potential and challenges of immersive virtual environments for occupant energy behavior modeling and validation: A literature review." Journal of Building Engineering 19 (September 2018): 302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.017.

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Spielberg, Frank, and Phillip Shapiro. "Mating Habits of Slugs: Dynamic Carpool Formation in the I-95/I-395 Corridor of Northern Virginia." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1711, no. 1 (January 2000): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1711-05.

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The availability in the Shirley Highway corridor in Northern Virginia of an uncongested high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane restricted to vehicles carrying three or more persons has led to the development of significant dynamic ridesharing activity. Each day, drivers of vehicles carrying too few occupants to qualify for HOV lane use (known as “bodysnatchers”) stop at informally established but well-known locations to seek additional passengers (known as “slugs”). As part of a study whose purpose was to quantify the likely effects of changing the HOV lane eligibility rule from three or more persons per vehicle to two or more persons per vehicle, data were collected on the patterns of dynamic carpool formation. These data were used in the examination of the hypothesis that an important factor contributing to the long-term success of dynamic ridesharing is that a single passenger need never ride with a lone driver: the 3+ occupant HOV rule ensures that there will always be two passengers in addition to the driver. Analysis of carpool formation patterns by number and gender revealed that slugs come in pairs. Changing the HOV occupancy rule would result in fewer vehicles seeking riders, but most slugs would still find acceptable rides. The primary effect on ridesharing would result from increased congestion in the HOV lanes.

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Radu, Alexandru Ionut, Cornel Cofaru, Bogdan Tolea, and Mihaela Popescu. "Development of a new recline mechanism in order to reduce the “whiplash” effect using a virtual model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 12 (October 16, 2017): 1701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017731988.

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The purpose of this paper is to design a mechanism mounted on the occupant’s seat to control the recline of the backseat in the case of rear-end collisions to reduce the effects of whiplash upon the occupant’s neck and head using a virtual model of an occupant and seat. The design of the system is modeled in SolidWorks and simulated in this software by using the Adams physics model included in SolidWorks. The system will function similarly to a real sled; it is composed of a car’s seat, a multibody occupant and a surface along which the seat may slide. This system will be validated by comparing two real sled tests and a seat normally functioning. Once validated, the mechanism is enabled to make simulations which are conducted to analyze the differences in kinematics of the occupant’s neck and the various key parameters such as head accelerations, contact forces and T1 vertebrae acceleration. The multibody occupant is composed of multiple bodies inter-connected with joints and it will simulate a real occupant. As for the evaluation of injury potential for the neck, the neck injury criteria (NIC) are calculated for the comparisons of the two situations: when the backseat has normal rigidity and when the recline mechanism is activated. It was observed that, by using this recline mechanism, the key parameters were reduced. This paper presents the new developed mechanism with the obtained parameter reductions.

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Yang, Chengxing, and Q. M. Li. "Further assessment of deceleration-time histories for occupant injury and the damage of protected object in a crash stop." International Journal of Impact Engineering 130 (August 2019): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.04.013.

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Malomo, Babafemi, Oluwaseun Ajayi, Oladapo Ogunbodede, Omotunde Olabinjo, Odunayo Fadodun, Bamiji Z. Adewole, Ismail Nasirudeen, and David Obembe. "Energy Absorption Characteristics and Elastoplastic Damage Response of Hybrid Epoxy/Coir Fibre-Reinforced Aluminum 6063 Tubes in Axial Deformation." Materials Science Forum 1065 (June 30, 2022): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-9hlym1.

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Occupant safety is one of the critical performance criteria established in the aerospace industry. Several composite materials have been developed but the energy absorption properties are not yet satisfactory. This study investigates the energy absorption characteristics of aluminum tubes reinforced with coir-fiber/epoxy system at varying proportions (10-90%) according to the specifications of hybrid tube thickness compositions (10T, 15T, 20T) towards evolving a criterion for optimal performance. Finite element analysis was conducted in ABAQUS to determine the load–displacement response and the crashworthiness properties of the tubes while a representative volume element (RVE) model was formulated to obtain the elastic properties of the reinforcement phase. The results indicated that the incidence of high peak forces Pmax is related to tube thickness variations where the 20T tubes were found to give the best performance, while the 15T tubes showed a superior performance under progressive crushing and presented the best responses for specific energy absorption (SEA). A multi-objective optimization plan was implemented and through the Pareto fronts, tube configurations (C20T60F), (C15T70F) and (C20T40F) were found to be most consistent with the design criteria. Results from experimental validation were found to be in close agreement with numerical predictions and satisfied the overall objective of achieving a good balance in lightweight design for crashworthiness applications.

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Vosoughkhosravi, Sorena, Lesheena Dixon-Grasso, and Amirhosein Jafari. "The impact of LEED certification on energy performance and occupant satisfaction: A case study of residential college buildings." Journal of Building Engineering 59 (November 2022): 105097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105097.

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