Academic literature on the topic 'Occupants de bâtiment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Occupants de bâtiment"
Zélem, Marie-Christine. "Économies d’énergie : le bâtiment confronté à ses occupants." Annales des Mines - Responsabilité et environnement N° 90, no. 2 (2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/re1.090.0026.
Full textGarabuau-Moussaoui, Isabelle, and Sarah Thiriot. "Les occupants de bâtiments tertiaires performants en énergie : entre logiques d'usage, salariale et domestique." SHS Web of Conferences 9 (2014): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20140903001.
Full textBrière, Jean-François. "Le commerce triangulaire entre les ports Terre-Neuviers français, les pêcheries d’Amérique du Nord et Marseille au 18e siècle : nouvelles perspectives." Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française 40, no. 2 (August 20, 2008): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/304443ar.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Occupants de bâtiment"
Le, Mounier Audrey. "Méta-optimisation pour la calibration automatique de modèles énergétiques bâtiment pour le pilotage anticipatif." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT038/document.
Full textIn order to tackle the actual climate issues, the building field is encouraged to reduce his energetic consumption without changing the occupant’s comfort. In this context, the aim of the ANR PRECCISION project is to develop tools and methods for energetic management of the buildings which needs the use of dynamical thermal models. The PHD works, realise between the G2Elab and the G-SCOP, was focused on models parametric estimation issues. Indeed, uncertainties due to unknown phenomena and the nature of models lead to difficulties for the calibration of the models. Nowadays, this complex procedure is still not automatable: auto-regressive models have a low capacity to extrapolate because of their inadequate structure, whereas the physical models are non-linear regarding many parameters: estimations lead towards local optimums which highly depend on the initial point. In order to eliminate these constraints, several approaches have been explored with physical models adapted for which identifiability studies have been reached on an experimental platform: PREDIS MHI. Different optimisation strategies will be proposed in order to determine the parameters which can be estimated. The first approach uses an analyse a priori of the parametric dispersion, the second one use a meta optimisation which dynamicaly determined as the optimisation sequence, the parameters which can be readjusted. The results are analysed and compared to several approaches (universal models, “simple” identification of all the parameters of a physical model, genetic algorithm …) in different application cases
Chenailler, Hervé. "L'efficacité d'usage énergétique : pour une meilleure gestion de l'énergie électrique intégrant les occupants dans les bâtiments." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734291.
Full textVorger, Éric. "Étude de l'influence du comportement des habitants sur la performance énergétique du bâtiment." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0066/document.
Full textHuman behaviour is modelled in a simplistic manner in building energy simulation programs. However, it has a considerable impact and is identified as a major explanatory factor of the discrepancy between simulation results and in situ measurements. Occupants influence buildings energy consumption through their presence and activities, the opening/closing of windows, the actions on blinds, the use of artificial lighting and electrical appliances, the choices of temperature setpoints, and the water consumptions. The thesis proposes a model of occupants' behaviour including all these aspects, according to a stochastic approach, for residential and office buildings. Models' development is based on numerous data from measurements campaigns, sociological surveys and from the scientific literature. The proposed model for occupants' behaviour is coupled to the simulation tool Pléiades+COMFIE. By propagating the uncertainties of factors from the occupants' behaviour model and the thermal model (envelope, climate, systems), the simulation results confidence interval can be estimated, opening the way to an energy performance guarantee process
Talbourdet, Fabien. "Développement d'une démarche d’aide à la connaissance pour la conception de bâtis performants." Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENTP0010/document.
Full textBoth aspirations of users and improvements in the thermal regulation require that the comfort and the energy efficiency of new buildings improve. In addition to these requirements, regulations are strengthening in many fields such as acoustics, fire safety and mechanical performance. The combined effects of these factors are making it increasingly hard to design buildings. This thesis presents a knowledge-aid approach for designing high-performance buildings based on an optimization method. This approach aims to provide clear knowledge of the potential of projects (exploration of various options) for architects and design offices at the beginning of the design that will allow them to design the best possible high-performance buildings. This potential is evaluated using external and internal geometric parameters as well as the energy characteristics of buildings. This approach also allows them to assess geometries and design solutions which are intended to be used for their projects.This approach will be applied to an office building in Lyon, France. For the tested case, the approach obtains quickly efficient solutions and also finds, for some parameters, values to design efficient solutions on part of the Paretofront or in this entire front. This application of the approach also shows that there may be solutions which are close in terms of energy needs and cost but could be very different on design parameters. This problem could influence robustness of the approach but highlights a new problem. This thesis then lays the foundation of a new study on this topic
Darakdjian, Quentin. "Prédiction des performances énergétiques des bâtiments avec prise en compte du comportement des usagers." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS015/document.
Full textContinuous improvement of the building energy performance is associated with the development of increasingly efficient and accurate numerical tools. While the consideration of phenomena related to buildings, systems and weather is well mastered, occupants’ behaviours are modelled in a very simplified way by repetitive scenarios and deterministic laws. The impact of occupants on energy consumption in high-performance buildings is dominant, as evidenced by the recurring gaps between predicted and measured results. The thesis demonstrates, via a multi-agent platform and stochastic models, an update on the ability to model occupants’ presence, their behaviours on windows, occultation devices, artificial lighting and heating setpoint temperatures. The application of the platform applies to office and residential buildings, for new builds and refurbishments. Occupants’ behaviour models are ideally obtained from in situ surveys, laboratory studies or sociological works. The suggested platform is then co-simulated with the EnergyPlus software, to study the influence of the models on a buildings energy performance. In the perspective of energy performance guarantees, this work contributes to the updating and reliability of prediction tools
Damian, Andrei Manea. "Modélisation zonale de la qualité de l'air à l'intérieur des bâtiments : application à l'évaluation de l'exposition des occupants." La Rochelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LAROS094.
Full textKnowing that city inhabitants spend about 90% of their time indoors, it becomes clearly that indoor environments have a great influence on their global exposure to indoor pollution. The numerical simulations giving a great deal of information for a minimal cost, they are an interesting tool to evaluate the indoor concentrations to which the building occupants are exposed. However, two fundamental questions are to be asked, concerning the validity of the numerical codes available at present. The first question focuses on the precision of the results, especially when some physical phenomena affecting the pollutant transport or diffusion are neglected or poorly represented into these codes, because of their incomprehension or lack of information. The second question concerns the representativity of these results: when the codes known as monozone or multizone consider the air perfectly mixed and thus uniform concentrations within a room, the building configuration and its maintenance or ventilation schedules could mean to a high spatial heterogeneity of indoor concentrations. Our work gravitates around these two questions. By means of an own simulation tool, representing the thermo-aeraulic and pollutant transport/diffusion phenomena within a test room, as well as physico-chemical interactions between pollutant and walls, we considered three types of room division (corresponding to three models so-called Monozone, Bizone and Zonal with 18 zones), for all of them evaluating some influences, such as: the impact on indoor air quality of the wall/pollutant interactions, the spatial heterogeneity of concentrations obtained by coupling one of three different ventilation/air-conditionning systems and one of two pollutant sources (different by position and magnitude) and finally, the influence of the room division on the mean occupants exposure during the occupying period. The results obtained showed that, for the configurations studied herein, the diffusion/sorption phenomena on the building materials have a great influence on the indoor concentrations level and on the calculated mean exposure. Moreover, if the spatial heterogeneity of concentrations is very different according to ventilation mode and source type, the comparison between the mean exposures obtained with the Bizone and Zonal models showed a small difference, when these exposures are calculated for the whole occupied zone
Zaraket, Toufic. "Stochastic activity-based approach of occupant-related energy consumption in residential buildings." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0033/document.
Full textRésumé en Anglais : The building sector is considered as a major energy consumer and pollution source among all economic sectors. It accounts for important shares, ranging between 16 and 50 percent, of national energy consumption worldwide. Reducing these consumptions and emissions is thus an important step towards sustainable development. Recently, the shift towards constructing low-consuming and nearly zero-energy buildings lead to further requirements with regard to performance and sustainability, and thus caused the design process of buildings to be more complex. Occupants’ behavior is now considered as a key determinant of building’s energy performance especially in the case of green buildings. Yet, energy simulation tools used in buildings industry nowadays are not capable of providing accurate estimations of occupant-related energy demands. Therefore, buildings and energy experts are devoting considerable efforts on developing more precise methods for modeling and forecasting occupants influence on whole building performance. Such models can provide accurate energy estimates and can assess future consumption variability. Consequently, building experts may improve their technical solutions, ameliorate their service performances, and promote targeted incentives. The objective of this dissertation is to propose a model for forecasting occupant-related energy consumption in residential buildings, while accounting for variability in consumption patterns due to diversity in occupants’ socio-demographic and economic profiles. A stochastic activity-based approach is thus adopted. By activity-based, it means that energy consumption of a household is estimated by summing up the energy use of different activities performed (such as cooking, washing clothes, etc.). The stochastic nature of the model is due to the probabilistic mapping established between household attributes from one side (household type, number of occupants, etc.) and the corresponding appliance ownership, appliance characteristics and power rating, and activity quantities from the other side. In order to establish these stochastic relations, a fairly sufficient number of households’ characterizing attributes is taken into account. The proposed model is applied for two domestic activities, namely watching TV and washing laundry. Three types of Monte Carlo simulations are performed to provide energy estimates for these two activities: for a given specified household, for randomly generated households with constraints, and for totally random population-wise households. A comparison between model’s simulation results and real measured energy consumption data enables validating the model for the two considered activities. A generalization framework of the modeling approach for other domestic activities is sketched, and its possible integration into buildings design process is discussed and illustrated through a number of examples
Bonte, Mathieu. "Influence du comportement de l'occupant sur la performance énergétique du bâtiment : modélisation par intelligence artificielle et mesures in situ." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2495/.
Full textBuilding sector plays a major role in global warming. In France, it is responsible of about 40% of energy consumption et about 33% of carbon emissions. In this context, building designers try to improve building energy performance. To do so, they often use building energy modeling (BEM) software to predict future energy use. For several years now, researchers have observed a difference between actual and predicted energy performance. Some reasons are pointed out such as uncertainties on physical properties of building materials and lack of precision of fluid dynamics models. One of the main causes could come from bad assessments in the modeling of occupant behavior. Occupant is often considered as passive in building simulation hypothesis. However, numerous of papers show that he act on the building he is in, and on personal characteristics. The work presented here intend to characterize occupant behavior and its influence on energy use. In the first part of the manuscript we assess the individual impact of several actions using design of experiments (DOE) methodology. Actions like operations on windows, blind or thermostat are investigated separately. We show that two opposite extreme behaviors (economic and wasteful) could lead to significant difference in building energy use. Moreover, a factor two-to-one in total energy use is observed between passive and active behaviors. In the second part we focused on an experimental approach. Thermal and visual environment of 4 offices have been monitored during a year and online questionnaires about comfort and behavior have been submitted to office occupants. Tank to a statistical analysis we estimates probabilities of acting on windows, blinds and clothing insulation against physical variables or thermal sensation. Final part of the thesis deals with the development of an occupant behavior model called OASys (Occupant Actions System) and running under TRNSys software. The model is based on an artificial intelligence algorithm and is intended to predict occupant interactions with thermostat, clothing insulation, windows, blinds and lighting system based on thermal and visual sensation. Results from OASys are compared to results from literature through various case studies for partial validation. They also confirm the significant impact of occupant behavior on building energy performance
Lauzet, Nicolas. "Prise en compte cumulée du réchauffement climatique et des surchauffes urbaines en phase amont de conception frugale des bâtiments centrée sur le confort des occupants : des propositions méthodologiques." Thesis, Lorient, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORIS551.
Full textWhile the IPCC's climate forecasts are more and more advanced and the phenomena related to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) are well understood, both are still not taken into account in the design of current buildings. How to take into account the global warming and urban overheating in buildings’ design? What are the impacts on the thermal behavior of buildings? What comfort criteria can be proposed to guide the choices of designers motivated by frugality? The first part presents how the building "sees" the climate. Currently, consulting agencies use averages over 10 or 30 years of measurements that give a weather file representative of the climate of an area, but which remove extreme conditions such as heat waves. However, these are and will increasingly constitute health risks for vulnerable people. A methodology is proposed to choose a real weather year by repositioning it in relation to the IPCC climate forecast. In the second part of the manuscript, the influence of the type of weather file used for buildings simulation on the comfort results is studied for a residential building located in the Confluence district in Lyon. This study focuses on the analysis of summer comfort, which is the major issue for adaptation to current and future climates. This part also contains methodological proposals for the analysis of health risks in indoor environments during extreme heatwave events. Finally, in the third and last part, we study the possibility of using the results of a urban microclimate tool to produce weather input for the building energy models. A chaining experiment between the CitySim and CIM tools, developed at EPFL Lausanne, is conducted on the same Confluence district in Lyon
Wifi, Mariam. "Occupants' quality of life experience with sustainable work environments : using a mixed-methods approach to develop a humane and sustainable framework for assessing the indoor environmental quality in office buildings." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18422.
Full textThis research studies perceived Quality of Life (QoL) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of occupants’ in the work environments of sustainable office buildings certified under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system (green buildings) and in conventional office buildings. QoL is defined in this research in terms of perceived health, comfort, and productivity. The quality of indoor environments is important because people spend most of their time inside buildings, and in contemporary society, much of the time spent in work environments is in office buildings. In this era of growing concerns about sustainability and the increased awareness of buildings’ negative impacts on occupants, green buildings have been promoted as sustainable solutions to these issues. LEED is the most popular rating system for measuring the performance of green buildings in North America. However, the literature review indicates that there are user complaints about the IEQ of LEED-certified office buildings. LEED-certified buildings are assessed based on technical measures of building performance. This assessment way may create a gap between measured and perceived performance from the user perspective. This raises the question of whether buildings certified with the LEED criteria are humane from the QoL experience of occupants in office buildings. Hence, this research is therefore to propose a new framework that takes into account not only sustainable but also humane factors for evaluating work environments. The study uses a mixed-methods approach – using both quantitative and qualitative methods and proceeds in three phases to comprehensively study occupants’ perceived QoL experience in two LEED and one conventional office building. Phase I uses observations to document the physical work environment and users’ behavioral interactions with the environment. Phase II uses interviews to describe the occupants’ QoL experience, explore the possible IEQ factors shaping their QoL, and to define the constructs of a humane work environment. Questionnaires were distributed concurrently to measure the relationship between occupants’ perceived QoL and IEQ factors that are derived from the literature. Phase III uses focus groups to converge and focus the results of the study. The results are analyzed separately and triangulated using an integrative mixed-methods analysis to interpret, corroborate, conclude, and increase the validation of the findings. The study compared occupants’ perceived QoL in «green» and «conventional» office buildings and revealed 32 quality factors (30 IEQ factors and two others) that influence the QoL experience in office work environments. Also the constructs of what composes a humane work environment based on occupants’ viewpoints have been identified. A new comprehensive, sustainable, and humane framework for assessing IEQ in work environments is developed. This framework guides the relationship between IEQ in work environments and occupants’ QoL as an environment-behavior system.
Book chapters on the topic "Occupants de bâtiment"
Thellier, Françoise. "Sans occupant, les bâtiments ne consomment pas d’énergie !" In Sociologie de l'énergie, 283–92. CNRS Éditions, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.editionscnrs.26004.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Occupants de bâtiment"
van der Aa, Ad. "Uncertainty in modelling the energy performance of buildings and the occupants." In SIMUREX 2012 - Conception optimisée du bâtiment par la SIMUlation et le Retour d'EXpérience. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/iesc/2012simurex00011.
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