To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Occupations des femmes.
Journal articles on the topic 'Occupations des femmes'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Occupations des femmes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Brouardelle, Nadia. "La subversion féminine dans les fabliaux français du XIIème et XIIIème siècles." Sémata: Ciencias Sociais e Humanidades, no. 32 (November 13, 2020): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/s.32.6839.
Full textAbstract:
Face à l'image traitionnelle de la femme comme élément pervers que la littérature médiévale a amplement alimenté, une nouvelle appréhension du féminin surgit sous la plume des trouvères. Pendant plus d'un siècle, les auteurs des fabliaux nous offre un éventail de femmes aussi surprenantes les unes que les autres . Elles tentent de faire fi de la misogynie qui les auréole pour s'inventer une existence qui leur permet de se réaliser en dehors de leur rôle frustré d'épouse et de maîtresse de maison. Elles renaissent une fois que leur mari quittle le logis pour vaquer à ses occupations. Leur foyer devient alors le scénario adultère où elles s'expriment librement, rompant consciemment les chaînes sociales et matrimoniales qui les attachent pour se venger du sexe fort qui les opprime outre mesure. Nous analyserons donc pourquoi et comment ces femmes mènent à bien leur propre révolution.
2
Levy, Charmain, Marianne Carle-Marsan, and Anne Latendresse. "Femmes et mouvement populaire d’habitation au Brésil : vers une féminisation des luttes pour le droit au logement ?" Économie et Solidarités 43, no. 1-2 (September 28, 2015): 10–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1033273ar.
Full textAbstract:
Au Brésil, depuis la fin des années 1990, des actions collectives ont lieu autour du droit à la ville, en particulier pour le droit au logement. Alors qu’il existe des centaines, voire des milliers de bâtiments vacants dans le centre-ville de Rio de Janeiro et São Paulo, notamment, des organisations populaires occupent des bâtiments publics vides en vue d’obtenir le droit d’y résider et, éventuellement, de les transformer en logement public. Deux études ont mis en lumière la présence majoritaire de femmes qui, issues du milieu des sans-abri, des taudis et des favelas, jouent un rôle important dans les occupations. Dans cet article, nous proposons une analyse de la trajectoire de ces femmes afin de voir comment leur engagement à l’intérieur du mouvement urbain a changé leur vie sur les plans individuel et collectif. En d’autres termes, nous allons nous pencher sur le processus de construction du sujet politique opéré par des femmes de milieux précaires, actives au sein du mouvement pour le droit au logement. Par ailleurs, en nous penchant sur leur rôle au sein de ce mouvement, nous tenterons de voir dans quelle mesure ces femmes l’influencent et, en nous inspirant des travaux de Lefebvre et de Castells (1980), dans quelle mesure elles contribuent à la production de la ville.
3
Xiu, Lin, and Morley Gunderson. "Occupational segregation and the gender earnings gap in China: devils in the details." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 5 (August 3, 2015): 711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2013-0047.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the gender earnings gap in China with a focus on the role of differences in the occupational distribution of males and females. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a procedure to model occupational attainments and decompose differences in earnings into an inter-occupational portion due to differences in the occupational distribution between males and females, and an intra-occupational portion due to differences in pay. The analysis is based on Chinese census data. Findings – The authors find that the male-female pay gap is virtually completely explained by wage discrimination defined as females being paid less than males within the occupation groups based on six broad occupations. Occupational segregation explains virtually none of the overall male-female pay gap, and in fact the “segregation” slightly favors women. However, the picture changes substantially when the analysis is conducted at the more disaggregate sub-occupation level within each of the six broad groups. Wage discrimination remains the prominent contributor to the pay gap across the disaggregated sub-occupations in each of the broad occupations. But there is considerable heterogeneity in the effect of occupational discrimination within the sub-occupations within the different broad occupational groups. Social implications – When females have the same occupation-determining characteristics as men, they are in lower paying sub-occupations within the professional group and to a lesser extent within manufacturing and operations jobs. There is considerable heterogeneity in the effect of occupational discrimination within the sub-occupations in the different broad occupational groups. Originality/value – The paper systematically examines the degree to which the gender earnings gap in China is due to the differences in occupational distributions of males and females, highlighting that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions can under- or over- estimate the unexplained portion of the gender pay gap by controlling or not controlling for differences in the occupational distribution of males and females. The paper also shows that previous studies that have examined occupational segregation across aggregate occupational groups can mask important differences in the effect of occupational discrimination within the sub-occupations in the different broad occupational groups.
4
Verschueren, Nicolas. "Appréhender le travail des ouvrières par le chant." Revue multidisciplinaire sur l'emploi, le syndicalisme et le travail 9, no. 2 (May 4, 2016): 190–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036264ar.
Full textAbstract:
Cet article tend à observer des aspects méconnus du travail des femmes au travers des chants composés par des ouvrières lors des occupations d’usine et mouvements de grève dans les années 1970-1980. Ces sources inédites et peu explorées offrent un éclairage nouveau sur le travail de ces ouvrières, sur leur rapport à la famille et sur leur condition féminine dans l’univers industriel. Oubliées et inconsidérées par les organisations syndicales, le chant devenait leur voie d’accès à l’oralité, à la revendication, à l’expression des souffrances tues. Le chant lui-même dépassait largement la simple fonction du maintien de l’esprit combatif pour contrecarrer les règles régissant les comportements dans l’atelier. En prenant la parole, ces ouvrières évoquaient la place des femmes dans le monde industriel belge, leur condition de travail ainsi que la spécificité des relations famille-travail représentée par une lutte sociale dont les contours touchaient tant l’atelier que le foyer.
5
LASVERGNAS-GRÉMY, Isabelle. "Pratiques réticulaires et inscription de la différence dans l’institution scientifique." Sociologie et sociétés 13, no. 2 (September 30, 2002): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/001414ar.
Full textAbstract:
Résumé À partir de l'analyse de données factuelles provenant d'un sondage auprès d'un double échantillon représentatif d'hommes et de femmes scientifiques québécois, il est possible de mettre à jour des cheminements aboutissant à des occupations de places, différenciées selon le sexe des acteurs. L'analyse repose en particulier sur les habitus d'insertion dans les réseaux scientifiques et révèle que c'est beaucoup plus en termes d'altérités éventuellement irréductibles qu'il s'agit de lire les résultats plutôt qu'en simples conséquences d'inégalités structurelles. En effet les femmes semblent échapper complètement à la logique de la formalisation dominante du champ scientifique, révélant par là une appréhension de cet espace radicalement différente de celle de leurs homologues masculins. Qui plus est, aucune des variables explicatives du comportement des hommes ne peut jouer le rôle de prédicteur dans le cas des femmes : ni origine sociale, ni lieu de naissance, ni âge, ni poste, ni statut civil n'interfèrent de façon significative dans leur mode d'insertion. Le schéma explicatif général de l'insertion dans les réseaux scientifiques doit donc être scindé afin de mettre à jour deux logiques distinctes : la logique masculine et la logique féminine.
6
Tudor-Locke, Catrine, Barbara E. Ainsworth, Tracy L. Washington, and Richard Troiano. "Assigning Metabolic Equivalent Values to the 2002 Census Occupational Classification System." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 4 (May 2011): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.4.581.
Full textAbstract:
Background:The Current Population Survey (CPS) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) use the 2002 census occupation system to classify workers into 509 separate occupations arranged into 22 major occupational categories.Methods:We describe the methods and rationale for assigning detailed Metabolic Equivalent (MET) estimates to occupations and present population estimates (comparing outputs generated by analysis of previously published summary MET estimates to the detailed MET estimates) of intensities of occupational activity using the 2003 ATUS data comprised of 20,720 respondents, 5323 (2917 males and 2406 females) of whom reported working 6+ hours at their primary occupation on their assigned reporting day.Results:Analysis using the summary MET estimates resulted in 4% more workers in sedentary occupations, 6% more in light, 7% less in moderate, and 3% less in vigorous compared with using the detailed MET estimates. The detailed estimates are more sensitive to identifying individuals who do any occupational activity that is moderate or vigorous in intensity resulting in fewer workers in sedentary and light intensity occupations.Conclusions:Since CPS/ATUS regularly captures occupation data it will be possible to track prevalence of the different intensity levels of occupations. Updates will be required with inevitable adjustments to future occupational classification systems.
7
Litchfield, R. Burr. "Single people in the nineteenth-century city: a comparative perspective on occupations and living situations." Continuity and Change 3, no. 1 (May 1988): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000000825.
Full textAbstract:
Une analyse des recensements du milieu du dix-neuvième siècle pour les villes de Pisa, tant urbaine que rurale, d'Amiens, de Stockport et de Providence fournit des données sur les proportions de personnes restant célibataires dans les différents groupes d'âge. Les éléments concernant les emplois et le lieu de résidence des célibataires sont ensuite comparés à ceux des personnes mariées du mêmê âge. On note que pour Pisa la plupart des célibataires sont en service plutôt que d'être employés dans l'industrie. Plus tard dans la vie, ils resident auprés de personnes sans liens familiaux avec eux, comme domestiques ou comme locataires. On constate également l'emploi séparé chez les gens de maison et dans certaines professions pour les célibataires à Amiens, bien qu'il y ait plus d'hommes et de femmes restés célibataires y vivant en solitaire qu'à Pisa. A Stockport et à Providence il y a moins d'adultes non mariés car les possibilités d'emploi dans l'industrie permettent à davantage de gens de se marier et la concentration des célibataires dans le secteur de service y est moin important.
8
Davidson, Denise Z. "The New (Emotional) Regime." French Historical Studies 42, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 595–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-7689184.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The fifteen months between April 1814 and June 1815 brought multiple regime changes, military defeat, and foreign occupation to France. This article examines this period of confusion through the lens of lived experience, using correspondence exchanged among a small circle of family and friends to consider how they reacted to events as they were happening. The author argues that these men and women used letters and the emotional expressions voiced in them to develop a sense of shared experience and to strengthen bonds among their allies. However, those emotional expressions remained subdued, suggesting that a new emotional regime of bourgeois restraint was emerging to replace the sentimentalism that had dominated public and private discourse during the previous decades. A “keep-calm-and-carry-on” mentality reassured the letter writers and their readers that they could rely on each other as they persevered. Pendant les quinze mois s'étalant d'avril 1814 à juin 1815, la France a subi de multiples changements de régime, des défaites militaires et deux occupations. Cet article examine cette période trouble à travers l'expérience vécue en utilisant la correspondance privée d'un petit groupe d'intimes. Ces hommes et femmes racontent leurs expériences et expriment leurs réactions émotionnelles pour souder les liens avec leurs parents et amis, mais ces expressions restent restreintes, en contraste avec le sentimentalisme visible des années précédentes. Une mentalité de calme persévérance rassure les correspondants en donnant l'impression que leurs ami(e)s feront tout le nécessaire pour les soutenir.
9
Belgacem, Amina, Chédia Laouani Kechrid, Amel Nouira, Mohamed Ben Dhiab, Sonia Soussi, and Souad Chelbi. "Évaluation de l’efficacité d’un programme éducatif de prévention de l’ostéoporose chez les femmes tunisiennes préménopausées travaillant dans des occupations sédentaires : protocole de recherche." Revue Francophone Internationale de Recherche Infirmière 6, no. 4 (December 2020): 100212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.refiri.2020.100212.
Full text
10
Windsor-Shellard, Ben, and David Gunnell. "Occupation-specific suicide risk in England: 2011–2015." British Journal of Psychiatry 215, no. 04 (April 1, 2019): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.69.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundPrevious research has documented marked occupational differences in suicide risk, but these estimates are 10 years old and based on potentially biased risk assessments.AimsTo investigate occupation-specific suicide mortality in England, 2011–2015.MethodEstimation of indirectly standardised mortality rates for occupations/occupational groups based on national data.ResultsAmong males the highest risks were seen in low-skilled occupations, particularly construction workers (standardised mortality ratio [SMR] 369, 95% CI 333–409); low-skilled workers comprised 17% (1784/10 688) of all male suicides (SMR 144, 95% CI 137–151). High risks were also seen among skilled trade occupations (SMR 135 95% CI 130–139; 29% of male suicides). There was no evidence of increased risk among some occupations previously causing concern: male healthcare professionals and farmers. Among females the highest risks were seen in artists (SMR 399, 95% CI 244–616) and bar staff (SMR 182, 95% CI 123–260); nurses also had an increased risk (SMR 123, 95% CI 104–145). People in creative occupations and the entertainment industry – artists (both genders), musicians (males) and actors (males) – were at increased risk, although the absolute numbers of deaths in these occupations were low. In males (SMR 192, 95% CI 165–221) and females (SMR 170, 95% CI 149–194), care workers were at increased risk and had a considerable number of suicide deaths.ConclusionsSpecific contributors to suicide in high-risk occupations should be identified and measures – such as workplace-based interventions – put in place to mitigate this risk. The construction industry seems to be an important target for preventive interventions.Declaration of interestNone.
11
Harris, C. C. "Social ageing in the Macmillan era." Continuity and Change 2, no. 3 (December 1987): 477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000000746.
Full textAbstract:
Cet article fournit une discussion approfondie de la notion de vieillissement social, par opposition au vieillissement chronologique, physiologique et psychologique et la methodologie requise pour étudier ce vieillissement social. Il rapporte ensuite les résultats d'une étude effectuée sur la population adulte de Swansea en 1960 (avec des données spécifiques sur les personnes en âge de la retraite), résultats analysés pour tenter de mettre en lumière les changements apparaissant dans le processus du vieillissement. Cette analyse comprend une comparaison de quatre groupes de classe et de genre par rapport au nombre de parents existants, leur proximité, la forme du cycle de vie et la relation entre les cycles de rôle des conjoints. Elle en conclut que le vieillissement avait entraîné une perte des contacts de parenté et des occupations domestiques et rémunérées, provoquant un renversement des rôles parent-enfant et que ces phénomemes étaient les plus marques et les plus fréquents parmi les femmes de la classe ouvriére. Il est argumenté qu'une telle privation devrait être compensée par un regroupement entre pairs; des données ethnographiques et des résultats d'enquêtes sont présentés pour soutenir l'hypothèse que le regroupement des gens par âge s'accroît vers la fin du cours de la vie.
12
Eagers, Jackie, Richard C. Franklin, Kieran Broome, and Matthew K. Yau. "The influence of work on the transition to retirement: A qualitative study." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 81, no. 11 (April 10, 2018): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022618766244.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction Retirement from work is a complex process, with work influencing this transition. Occupational therapists can facilitate a meaningful occupational transition to retirement for better health and wellbeing in later life. This article explores (1) how work attributes influence and relate to the work-to-retirement transition stages, (2) the relationship of findings to the Model of Human Occupation volitional processes and (3) the potential occupational therapy role. Method Semi-structured interviews were completed with retirees. In this qualitative study, themes were identified in relation to the work-to-retirement transition stages using thematic analysis with findings related to the Model of Human Occupation volitional processes. Findings Eleven Australian participants (five females, six males) were recruited. Themes and sub-themes were identified within each stage of the work-to-retirement transition and collectively encapsulated all volitional processes. Themes were time to move on, taking action, ceasing work, feeling retired, letting go and work-related involvement. Conclusion Work attributes related to personal factors, social factors, meaningful occupational engagement and the nexus of work and retirement influence all work-to-retirement transition stages. Volition assists in explaining the complexity of this transition. Occupational therapists can assist older workers to continue working or identify and implement meaningful occupations to replace work activities in retirement.
13
GREENSTEIN, THEODORE N. "Occupation and Divorce." Journal of Family Issues 6, no. 3 (September 1985): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251385006003006.
Full textAbstract:
Analyses of the combined General Social Surveys for 1972-1983 are used to estimate propensity to divorce (proportion of ever-married persons who have ever been divorced or legally separated) for major occupational categories and for selected occupations. Separate analyses for males and females show significant estimated effects of occupation on propensity to divorce even when occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, income, education, and number of children are statistically controlled. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, male professional and technical workers do not have the lowest propensity to divorce. Propensity to divorce for male professional and technical workers, when adjusted for income, occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, education, and number of children, is higher than for any occupational category except transport equipment operatives. For female workers, on the other hand, professional and technical workers do have the lowest propensity to divorce among nonfarm workers.
14
Mignon, Nicolas. "Boche, ex-ennemie ou simplement femme ? Le point de vue des responsables politiques et militaires sur la question des mariages entre militaires belges et femmes allemandes pendant les occupations de la Rhénanie et de la Ruhr (1918-1929)." Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 91, no. 4 (2013): 1259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2013.8490.
Full text
15
Gunnlaugsson, Gísli Ágúst, and Ólöf Garđarsdóttir. "Transition into widowhood: a life-course perspective on the household position of Icelandic widows at the beginning of the twentieth century." Continuity and Change 11, no. 3 (December 1996): 435–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000003489.
Full textAbstract:
Nous avons analysé la place des veuves âgées de 50 ans et plus dans les ménages ainsi que leurs occupations socio-professionnelles à partir du recensement islandais de 1901. Nous avons également utilisé les données longitudinales pour examiner la relation pouvant exister entre position dans le ménage (et migration) et temps ecoulé depuis le début du veuvage. Pour la plupart des Islandaises nées à la fin du XIXe siècle, perdre son mari signifiait moindres ressources. Cependant les moyens de subsistance comme la structure des ménages sont très différents selon que l'on considère zones urbaines ou zones rurales. Le pourcentage des veuves chefs de ménage était plus grand en ville qu'à la campagne: en général les veuves quittaient la campagne pour établir leur ménage en ville. La croissance urbaine donnait en effet aux femmes plus de possibilités de subvenir à leurs besoins. La taille moyenne et la composition des ménages de veuves urbaines ne varient pratiquement pas selon leur âge. Au contraire, la taille moyenne des ménages ruraux tenus par des veuves diminue rapidement à mesure qu'elles vieillissent – ce qui reflète leur appauvrissement. Nous montrons que la proportion de veuves vivant chez leurs enfants mariés est similaire à la ville et à la campagne. Cependant un pourcentage supérieur de veuves chefs de ménages urbains vivaient de ressources fournies par leurs enfants, établis séparément: l'environnement urbain favorisait la naissance ou le maintien de réseaux d'assistance de voisinage constitués par parents et amis.
16
Eccles, Jacquelynne S., and Ming-Te Wang. "What motivates females and males to pursue careers in mathematics and science?" International Journal of Behavioral Development 40, no. 2 (November 22, 2015): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415616201.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on Eccles’ expectancy-value model of achievement-related choices, we examined the personal aptitudes and motivational beliefs at 12th grade that move individuals toward or away from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupations at age 29. In the first set of analyses, occupational and lifestyle values, math ability self-concepts, family demographics, and high school course-taking more strongly predicted both individual and gender differences in the likelihood of entering STEM careers than math scores on the Differential Aptitude Test. In the second set of analyses, individual and gender differences in career decisions within STEM disciplines (health, biological, and medical sciences (HBMS) versus mathematics, physical, engineering, and computer sciences (MPECS)) were best predicted by occupational values (i.e. preferences for work that were people oriented and altruistic predicted entrance into HBMS instead of MPECS careers). Females were less likely to hold the beliefs that predicted selection of STEM in general, but those who did choose STEM were more likely to select HBMS than MPECS. One Sentence Summary: Gender differences in selecting STEM related and health, biological, and medical occupations result primarily from gender differences in occupational and lifestyle values.
17
Addison, John T., Liwen Chen, and Orgul D. Ozturk. "Occupational Skill Mismatch: Differences by Gender and Cohort." ILR Review 73, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 730–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793919873864.
Full textAbstract:
The authors deploy a measure of occupational mismatch based on the discrepancy between the portfolio of skills required by an occupation and the array of abilities possessed by the worker for learning those skills. Using data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) and the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97), they report distinct gender differences in match quality and changes in match quality over the course of careers. They also show that a substantial portion of the gender wage gap stems from match quality differences among the college educated. College-educated females show a significantly greater likelihood of mismatch than do males. Moreover, individuals with children and those in more flexible occupations tend to experience a larger degree of mismatch. Cohort effects are also evident in the data: College-educated males of the younger cohort (NLSY97) are worse off in terms of match quality compared to the older cohort (NLSY79), even as the younger cohort of women is doing better on average.
18
Bridges, Judith S. "Sex Differences in Occupational Performance Expectations." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 1 (March 1988): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00928.x.
Full textAbstract:
This study is an investigation of the effects of occupational sex-dominance on sex differences in occupational performance expectations. Female and male college students indicated their expectations for their own performance— self expectations—and that of either a “typical” male, female, or male and female person— comparison person expectations—for six occupations varying according to perceived sex-dominance. Additionally, the performance expectations were reported under anticipated private or public conditions. Results indicated that in contrast to males, females reported lower expectations for themselves alone and lower expectations for themselves in comparison to another person for male-dominated occupations. However, unlike males, females reported higher expectations for themselves and for themselves in comparison to others for female-dominated fields. Occupational sex dominance appeared to influence females' performance expectations, while males' expectations were similar across fields varying in sex-dominance. Neither the sex of the comparison person nor the anticipated privacy of the expectations were found to be related to the sex differences in performance expectations.
19
Reid, Guynel Marie. "Children's Occupational Sex-Role Stereotyping in 1994." Psychological Reports 76, no. 3_suppl (June 1995): 1155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3c.1155.
Full textAbstract:
To update the basis of the explanation of how elementary children evaluate the capability of males versus females to perform occupations which are dominated by males, females, or are gender balanced (neutral) in the workforce 180 girls and 200 boys in Grades 1, 2, and 3 completed a questionnaire indicating which of 39 occupations were mostly done by women, by either, or by men on a 5-point scale. The most and least stereotyped occupations were very like gender-occupational data from 1972 and 1983 and reflected the actual sex-typing in the labor force. Sex and grade differences were noted for male occupations but not for female occupations. Some differences from 1977 data of Garrett, et al. were noted. The neutral status of some occupations appeared to assume a male worker.
20
Mackay, K. R. "Occupational Segregation and Youth Employment." Journal of Industrial Relations 27, no. 1 (March 1985): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568502700104.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of changes in occupational structure on the level and composition of youth employment. Substantial occupational segrega tion of youth employment persists, suggesting the existence of identifiable 'youth jobs' and 'adult jobs'. When a shift and share approach is applied to changes in the levels of youth employment over the 1971-81 period, changing youth shares of employment within occupations are found to be a dominant influence on youth employment levels. This suggests the importance of competitive factors in the labour market and is consistent with existing research. There is also evidence that occupa tional segregation and changes in occupational structure have had an important influence on the employment of youth. These will probably continue to be impor tant, given continuing long-term growth in service sector occupations, and the decline in trades and prodtrction process worker occupations. The former trend will work to the advantage of young females, who are concentrated in these growth occupations, while the latter will act as a constraint on the employment of young males, particularly 15 to 20-year-olds.
21
Agyemang, Veronica, Joseph K. Acquaye, Samuel B. E. Harrison, Felix B. Oppong, Stephany Gyaase, Kwaku P. Asante, and Edeghonghon Olayemi. "Blood Lead Levels among Blood Donors and High-Risk Occupational Groups in a Mining Area in Ghana: Implications for Blood Transfusion among Vulnerable Populations." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2020 (July 10, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6718985.
Full textAbstract:
Lead poisoning has been a major global health problem for decades, and blood transfusion has been suspected as a neglected potential source of lead exposure. Children and pregnant women are most vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead and over 40 percent of blood transfused in Ghana is given to children under 5 years. However, there is little data on the levels of lead in donor blood and the main sources of lead exposure in the Ghanaian population. This study compared blood lead levels (BLL) among selected occupations at risk of lead exposure with healthy blood donors in nonexposed occupations in a Ghanaian mining area. We enrolled 40 participants each from the following high-risk occupational groups: small scale miners, painters/sprayers, drivers/fuel station attendants, and auto-mechanics as well as 40 healthy blood donors (made up of teachers, traders, and office workers). One millilitre of blood was collected from each participant for determination of their BLL, haemoglobin concentration, and blood film morphology. A total of 200 participants made up of 186 (93%) males and 14 (7%) females were enrolled. The mean age of participants was 28.6 ± 8.2 years and their geometric mean (GM) BLL was 6.3 GSD 1.4 µg/dL [95% CI: 6.0 – 6.6]. Participants in high risk occupations had significantly higher GM BLL of 6.7 µg/dL [95% CI :6.4−7.0] compared to 5.0 µg/dL [95% CI: 4.4−5.7] for healthy blood donors [p < 0.001]. The prevalence of elevated BLL (≥5 µg/dL) among the entire study participants, high risk occupations and blood donors was 84.5%, 89.4% and 65% respectively. There was significant association between elevated BLLs and working in an at-risk occupational group [aOR = 3.58, p = 0.014]. Haemoglobin concentration was not significantly associated with elevated BLLs. Basophilic stippling was not observed in any of the blood smears. Blood lead levels were high in blood donors and at-risk occupations in the study area and occupation was associated with elevated BLLs. It is important that measures to safeguard the integrity of donor blood go beyond screening for infectious diseases to include screening individuals in high-risk occupations for lead and other heavy metals to ensure that donor blood from such individuals is safe and does not pose potential danger to the health of vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women.
22
Khanzada, Faizan Jameel. "OCCUPATION-BASED INTERVENTION IN STROKE REHABILITATION: PERSPECTIVES OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PRACTITIONERS." Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 10, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.10.2/009.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The occupation-based intervention has shown effective recovery in overall disability of stroke survivors, yet the concept is unexplored among Pakistani occupational therapists. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore their perception regarding occupation-based intervention in stroke rehabilitation. METHODOLOGY A self-administered questionnaire designed in Google Docs was distributed online via email and social media applications to record participants’ responses regarding occupation-based approaches in post-stroke rehabilitation. RESULTS A total number of 150 occupational therapists were enrolled in the study comprised 135 females and 15 males from 18 to 44 years of age. It was revealed that 53.3% therapists had taken an average of 45 minutes of clinical practice sessions on occupation-based intervention, 64.7 % believed to be well trained in the occupation-based approach. Moreover, 69.3% stated that their professional practice in post-stroke rehabilitation is generally based on the biomedical model, yet 39.3% of therapists have no clarity of this concept. CONCLUSION It was concluded that most occupational therapists understand the concept of occupation-based intervention. However, only a few were trained and implementing the approach in stroke rehabilitation, while the rest were found to have insufficient knowledge regarding this practice.
23
Senthilselvan, A., W. V. L. Coonghe, and J. Beach. "Respiratory health, occupation and the healthy worker effect." Occupational Medicine 70, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa023.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Workers are exposed to physical, chemical and other hazards in the workplace, which may impact their respiratory health. Aims To examine the healthy worker effect in the Canadian working population and to identify the association between occupation and respiratory health. Methods Data from four cycles of the Canadian Health Measures Survey were utilized. The current occupation of employed participants was classified into 10 broad categories based on National Occupation Category 2011 codes. Data relating to 15 400 subjects were analysed. Results A significantly lower proportion of those in current employment than those not in current employment reported respiratory symptoms or diseases or had airway obstruction. Similarly, those currently employed reported better general health and had greater mean values for percent-predicted forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25–75%) and FEV1/FVC ratio. Among males, females and older age groups, significant differences were observed for almost all the respiratory outcomes for those in current employment. Those in ‘Occupations unique to primary industry’ had a significantly greater likelihood of regular cough with sputum and ever asthma and had lower mean values of percent-predicted FEV1/FVC and FEF25–75% than those in ‘Management occupations’. Those in ‘Health occupations’ had the highest proportion of current asthma. Conclusions Participants in current employment were healthier than those not in current employment providing further support for the healthy worker effect. Those in ‘Occupations unique to primary industry’ had an increased risk of adverse respiratory outcomes and reducing workplace exposures in these occupations has the potential to improve their respiratory health.
24
van Zon, Sander K. R., Benjamin C. Amick III, Trynke de Jong, Sandra Brouwer, and Ute Bültmann. "Occupational distribution of metabolic syndrome prevalence and incidence differs by sex and is not explained by age and health behavior: results from 75 000 Dutch workers from 40 occupational groups." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8, no. 1 (July 2020): e001436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001436.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionThis study examines the association between 40 occupational groups and prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), separately for male and female workers, and whether age and health behaviors can explain the association.Research design and methodsData from 74 857 Lifelines Cohort and Biobank Study participants were used to regress occupational group membership, coded by Statistics Netherlands, on the prevalence and incidence of MetS using logistic and Cox regression analyses. MetS diagnosis was based on physical examinations, blood analysis, and recorded medication use. Information on age, smoking status, physical activity, diet and alcohol consumption was acquired using questionnaires.ResultsBaseline MetS prevalence was 17.5% for males and 10.6% for females. During a median 3.8 years of follow-up, MetS incidence was 7.8% for males and 13.2% for females. One occupational group was associated with an increased MetS risk in both sexes. Six additional occupational groups had an increased risk for MetS among men, four among women. Highest risks were found for male ‘stationary plant and machine operators’ (HR: 1.94; 95% CI 1.26 to 3.00) and female ‘food preparation assistants’ (HR: 1.80; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.22).ConclusionsFindings suggest that occupational group matters for men and women in MetS development, and that differences in MetS prevalence across occupations are not merely a reflection of selection of metabolically unhealthy workers into specific occupations. The striking sex differences in the occupational distribution of MetS indicate that preventive measures should, with some exceptions, target men and women separately.
25
Rojewski, Jay W. "Occupational Aspirations and Early Career-Choice Patterns of Adolescents with and without Learning Disabilities." Learning Disability Quarterly 19, no. 2 (May 1996): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1511251.
Full textAbstract:
The National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) database was used to examine the influence of gender and learning disability status on the occupational aspirations and career-choice patterns of adolescents at grades 8 and 10. Results indicated that adolescents with learning disabilities displayed different career-choice patterns and strategies than their nondisabled peers at two points early in the career-exploration stage: Youth with learning disabilities were less likely to aspire to high-prestige occupations and were more likely to be indecisive about future occupational alternatives. Females with learning disabilities appeared to be at particularly high risk of setting limits on their occupational futures. In terms of career-choice patterns, nondisabled youth were more likely to identify occupations within a particular prestige level and remain consistent from grade 8 to grade 10. By comparison, youth with learning disabilities were more likely to express lower or indecisive aspirations in early adolescence and then report higher aspirations in mid-adolescence.
26
Walasa, Wa Mwenga, Renee N. Carey, Si Si, Lin Fritschi, Jane S. Heyworth, Renae C. Fernandez, and Terry Boyle. "Association between shiftwork and the risk of colorectal cancer in females: a population-based case–control study." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 5 (February 3, 2018): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104657.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveResearch indicates that shiftwork may be associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes, including some cancers. However, the evidence of an association between shiftwork and colorectal cancer risk is limited and inconclusive. Further, while several possible pathways through which shiftwork might result in cancer have been proposed, few studies have taken these factors into account. We investigated the association between two types of shiftwork (graveyard shiftwork and early-morning shiftwork) and six mechanistic shiftwork variables (including light at night and phase shift) and the risk of colorectal cancer among females in an Australian population-based case–control study. Graveyard shiftwork was the primary exposure of interest.MethodsParticipants (350 cases and 410 controls) completed a lifetime occupational history, and exposure to each of the eight shiftwork variables was assigned to participants through a job exposure matrix. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between different shiftwork variables and the risk of colorectal cancer, adjusting for potential demographic, lifestyle and medical confounders.ResultsWorking in an occupation involving long-term exposure (>7.5 years) to graveyard shiftwork was not associated with colorectal cancer risk (adjusted OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.58). Similarly, no increased risks of colorectal cancer were seen for any of the other seven shiftwork variables examined.ConclusionsNo evidence of an increased risk of colorectal cancer among females who had worked in occupations involving shiftwork was observed in this study.
27
Vogtenhuber, Stefan, Nadia Steiber, Monika Mühlböck, and Bernhard Kittel. "The impact of occupational structures on ethnic and gendered employment gaps: An event history analysis using social security register data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): e0250398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250398.
Full textAbstract:
Ethnic and gendered employment gaps are mainly explained by individual characteristics, while less attention is paid to occupational structures. Drawing on administrative data, this article analyses the impact of occupational characteristics on top of individual attributes in the urban labour market of Vienna. Both set of variables can explain observed employment gaps to a large extent, but persistent gaps remain, in particular among females. The article’s main finding is that the occupational structure appears to have gendered effects. While men tend to benefit from ethnic segregation, women face difficulties when looking for jobs with high shares of immigrant workers. Looking for jobs in occupations that recruit from relatively few educational backgrounds (credentials) is beneficial for both sexes at the outset unemployment, but among females this competitive advantage diminishes over time. The article concludes by discussing potential strategies to avoid the traps of occupational segregation.
28
Arocena, Pablo, and Imanol Nuñez. "Depression affecting work performance: gender differentials across occupations." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 250–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2014-0090.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the incidence of depression affecting work (DAW) performance and estimates gender differences across occupations. Design/methodology/approach – Using Labor Force Survey data from the UK in 2007, the authors first decompose the differential on the aggregate incidence rate of DAW between men and women into two components: the gender effect and the occupational effect. Then, the authors identify the stressors of DAW by means of a logit regression analysis. Findings – The empirical results show that gender is not a significant explanatory variable of DAW. Further, when differences are analyzed for each gender separately, results show that the effect of occupations is stronger within females than within males. Originality/value – Most of previous studies focus on occupational causes of depression. By contrast, this paper investigates the effect of depression on work performance.
29
Fosu, Augustin Kwasi. "Do Black and White Women Hold Different Jobs in the Same Occupation? a Critical Analysis of the Clerical and Service Sectors." Review of Black Political Economy 21, no. 4 (March 1993): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02689963.
Full textAbstract:
Employing 1960 and 1981 census data at the three-digit level, the study finds that black and white women were employed at different jobs in the predominantly female clerical and service occupations in both 1960 and 1981. However, there appears to be a slight reduction in black female job dissimilarity with white females between 1960 and 1981 in both occupations. Moreover, while employment of black women, relative to white women, in 1960 was observed to be generally skewed toward the low-paying, low-status jobs in clerical and service occupations, there was little evidence of this trend by 1981. The present results, then, complement previous findings at the more aggregative two-digit level of black female occupational advancement since the mid-1960s.
30
Milner, A., A. J. Scovelle, and T. King. "Treatment-seeking differences for mental health problems in male- and non-male-dominated occupations: evidence from the HILDA cohort." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 28, no. 6 (July 23, 2018): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796018000367.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBackgroundThere is a well-established gender divide among people who do and do not seek professional help from mental health professionals. Females are typically more likely to report, and seek help for, mental health problems. The current paper sought to examine the role of employment context on help-seeking for mental health issues. We hypothesised that men and women in male-dominated occupations would be less likely to seek help than those in non-male-dominated occupations.MethodsData from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey were used. Help-seeking, measured in 2013, was defined as whether a person reported attending a mental health professional in the 12 months prior to the survey. The exposure, male- and non-male-dominated occupations (measured in 2012), was defined using census data based on self-reported occupation. Analyses were stratified by gender and controlled for relevant confounders (measured in 2012), including mental health and prior help-seeking. We conducted multivariate logistic and propensity score analyses to improve exchangeability of those exposed and unexposed.ResultsFor males, being in a male-dominated occupation was independently associated with reduced likelihood of help-seeking (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46–0.95) in the adjusted model, although this result fell just out of significance in the propensity score analysis. There was no independent effect of being in a male-/non-male-dominated occupation for help-seeking among women.ConclusionsResults suggest that male-dominated occupations may negatively influence help-seeking among males. There is a need for more research to understand this relationship and for workplace-based prevention initiatives.
31
Barnes, Lucy A., Marine Corbin, Hayley J. Denison, Amanda Eng, Andrea ‘t Mannetje, Stephen Haslett, David McLean, Lis Ellison-Loschmann, Rod Jackson, and Jeroen Douwes. "O6C.2 Differences in cardiovascular risk factor profiles across occupational groups." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A56.1—A56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.150.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundDifferences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk between occupations have been observed, but what specific risk factors underlie these patterns remains unclear. This study assessed how established CVD risk factors differ across occupational groups in New Zealand, and whether patterns differ by gender and ethnicity.MethodsTwo probability-based sample surveys of the general New Zealand adult population (2004–2006; n=3003) and of the indigenous peoples of New Zealand (M&_x0101;ori; 2009–2010; n=2107), for which occupational histories and lifestyle factors were collected, were linked with routinely collected health data. For males and females in each cohort, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension and high cholesterol were dichotomised and compared between occupational groups using age-adjusted logistic regression. In addition, two way tables and chi-squared tests were used to compare the distribution of risk factors between white and blue-collar workers.ResultsThe prevalence of ever smoking was greater in blue-collar compared to white-collar workers of both cohorts, i.e. general population male (56%; 47%), general population female (62%; 47%), M&_x0101;ori male (68%; 55%) and M&_x0101;ori female (84%; 64%). For diabetes and high cholesterol, differences were statistically significant only for general population females (11%; 6% and 26%; 16% respectively). Hypertension prevalence was higher in blue versus white-collar workers for general population females (36%; 29%), M&_x0101;ori males (43%; 36%) and M&_x0101;ori females (44%; 37%), but not for general population males (35%; 34%). Results by occupational group revealed the same patterns with some noteworthy exceptions. In both cohorts, clerks had an increased risk of hypertension, particularly among males. Male agricultural workers in the general population cohort had a reduced risk of hypertension, diabetes and high cholesterol, but this pattern was not observed for females or among M&_x0101;ori.ConclusionThis study showed differences in profiles of known CVD risk factors across occupations, with some notable ethnic and gender differences.
32
Djamba, Yanyi K., Sidney Goldstein, and Alice Goldstein. "Migration and Occupational Changes during Periods of Economic Transition: Women and Men in Vietnam." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 9, no. 1 (March 2000): 65–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680000900103.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the impact of internal migration on gender differences in occupational mobility after the introduction of economic reform ( Doi Moi) in Vietnam. Data derived from a survey conducted in 1997 in six provinces of Vietnam provide the basis for comparing the experience of permanent migrants, temporary migrants, and non-migrants. The results show that migration reduces gender differences in occupational distribution by increasing women's participation in traditionally male occupations. But men's relative advantage in occupational mobility over women's remains. The multivariate analysis showed that permanent male migrants were more likely to be upwardly mobile than females if their move occurred in the later Doi Moi. Such findings suggest that the freedom of movement and the ability to engage in private enterprise, while allowing women more autonomy, have not yet successfully promoted female upward occupational mobility.
33
Shah, Nasra M. "Structural Changes in the Receiving Country and Future Labor Migration –The Case of Kuwait." International Migration Review 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 1000–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900407.
Full textAbstract:
Structural changes in the labor force of the receiving country can provide some important clues to the speed and nature of replacement of migrant workers by indigenous ones. This article analyzes changes in the national labor force with regard to volume, age and sex composition, retention in the labor force, productivity, type of occupation, and sector of activity. Changes in the above features during the last two decades indicate that the median age of the national male labor force remains low, its concentration in the public sector has increased, and its participation in production and manual work has declined further. The labor force participation of females has increased substantially, and they comprised 31 percent of the national labor force in 1993. Kuwaiti females participate mainly in the professional or technical and clerical occupations. The number of non-Kuwaiti females in the labor force has increased, with domestic servants as a major category. The above structural changes suggest that the national labor force is growing in a manner that implies a continued long-term dependence on foreign workers. Dependence on expatriates is likely to be greatest for occupations involving maintenance of infrastructures and personal services.
34
Tagka, Anna, George I. Lambrou, George K. Matsopoulos, Despoina Fytili, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Alexandra Katsarou, Argyro Chatziioannou, and Alexandros Stratigos. "Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Contact Sensitization with respect to the Occupational Profiles in a Greek Patient Cohort: A Retrospective Analysis of a Greek Referral Centre and Future Perspectives." BioMed Research International 2021 (May 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6672506.
Full textAbstract:
Contact dermatitis is a frequent skin disorder related to environmental and occupational etiological factors, which could potentially affect all age groups, as well as both genders. The current study is aimed at exploring the patterns of contact sensitization with respect to the population’s occupational patterns in Greece. A retrospective analysis was performed in a cohort of 1978 patients from 2014 to 2016. Patients were divided into two categories; blue collars (BlC) and white collars (WhC), as well as detailed occupation was considered. Separation was performed on the basis of their profession, i.e., labor workers and handicraftsmen were sorted to the BlC group, while office employees were sorted to the WhC group. The common allergen in all occupational subgroups was nickel sulphate. The three most prevalent allergens in both BlC and WhC were nickel sulphate 5%, fragrance mix (I) 8%, and Balsam of Peru 25%. WhC males were uniquely sensitized to colophony 20% and formaldehyde 2%, and WhC females were uniquely sensitized to 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) and neomycin sulphate 20%. Sensitization to allergens manifested occupation-specific patterns. Allergic contact dermatitis surveillance is of great importance towards the clinical and systematic understanding of the disease, especially with respect to the patient’s occupational profile.
35
Lavallée, Marguerite, and René Pelletier. "Ecological Value of Bem's Gender Schema Theory Explored through Females' Traditional and Nontraditional Occupational Contexts." Psychological Reports 70, no. 1 (February 1992): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.79.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to verify the ecological adequateness of Bern's gender schema theory. Four female samples were selected on the basis of occupation (workers and students) and nature of occupational settings (traditional vs nontraditional). The hypothesis was that women engaged in traditionally feminine or in male-dominated environments exhibit corresponding gender schema. Using the French adaptation of the Bern Sex-Role Inventory to identify gender-schematic categories, the women engaged in male-oriented activities had a significantly distinct gender-schematic profile relative to that for women functioning in traditional settings. The implications of being involved in nontraditional environments are discussed.
36
Decker, Wayne H. "OCCUPATION AND IMPRESSIONS: STEREOTYPES OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THREE PROFESSIONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1986.14.1.69.
Full textAbstract:
Stereotypes of persons in three professions and of “average persons” were studied. The results suggested an earlier finding is limited in generality, if not an artifact. The pattern of males being perceived as more autonomous and effective but less acceptable than females occurred only when target occupation was unspecified and data of both subject-sexes were combined. Females were generally rated equal or superior to males, although male subjects gave average females low ratings. Male subjects also rated male nurses less acceptable than did female subjects. Female cross-sex-role occupational behavior was not disapproved. Computer professionals generally scored high on auto nomy and effectiveness, but not on acceptability. Liberal education and role modeling were suggested as means of countering negative stereotypes.
37
Ezaki, Naruho. "Relation between educational qualifications and occupations/incomes in a globalised world: focusing on Nepalese youth." International Journal of Comparative Education and Development 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijced-12-2020-0088.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeGlobalisation drives many people to seek overseas employment. However, research on the relation between educational attainment and occupations/incomes mostly focuses on domestic workers while excluding overseas migrant workers. Therefore, the present study includes overseas migrant labourers and aims to examine the relation between educational attainment and occupations/incomes and gender disparity within this relation in Nepal.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted interview surveys with teachers and home-visit surveys with the subjects and their families based on the school records to collect information such as educational attainment, current occupation, monthly income, etc. The study compared occupations and incomes by educational attainment and gender and analysed the trend. Gender disparity in average monthly incomes was also analysed.FindingsThe results of this study registered almost no difference in the proportions of mental labour and high incomes for both males and females at the primary to secondary education echelons. Surprisingly, the average monthly incomes of females were around 60% or less than the remunerations offered to male workers with equivalent educational qualifications. This disparity does not narrow even at the higher educational classifications. Moreover, the disparity is widening even more by overseas migrant labour.Originality/valueSince this study gathered extensive data on individual youth and did not rely on secondary data, it was possible to perform an in-depth analysis and accurately portray the real situation faced by Nepalese youth. Moreover, by including overseas migrant labourers, the study could examine the relation between educational attainment and occupations/incomes not only in the domestic market but also in the global market.
38
Alexopoulos, Evangelos, Katerina Kavalidou, and Fani Messolora. "Suicide Mortality Patterns in Greek Work Force before and during the Economic Crisis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030469.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The global recession of 2007 has attracted research attention in regard to a possible increase of deaths by suicide among employed populations. The aim of the current study was to update the first Greek study on suicide mortality among broad occupational groups during 2000–2009, with the last available data covering the first period of economic crisis and recession in Greece. Methods: Data on suicide deaths for the age groups of 15–39, 40–49 and 50–59, between 2000–2013 were retrieved from the national statististical authority of Greece, ELSTAT. The coding of suicide used was X60–X84 (intentional self-harm), based on the 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Comparative mortality ratio (CMR) and exact 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented. Results: Males and females in the occupational group of clerks exhibited high and increased CMRs during the crisis period (2010–2013). Although high ratios for males in elementary, agricultural and fishery and armed forces occupational groups were monitored during the whole period, a decrease was evident during the crisis period. Increased trends in CMRs during the crisis were monitored for both males and females in the broad occupational group of members including managers, executives and directors. In addition, females especially in the 50–59 age group showed increased ratios and trends in several occupational groups during the crisis, especially in technologists and associate professionals, plant and machine operators and assemblers, professionals, and craft and related trade workers. Conclusions: Austerity-related stress should alert key stakeholders and provide mental health and suicide prevention interventions for employed occupations.
39
Xu, Yonghong Jade. "Attrition of Women in STEM." Journal of Career Development 44, no. 1 (July 26, 2016): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894845316633787.
Full textAbstract:
Data from a national survey are used to examine how individual characteristics and social structural factors may influence college graduates choosing an occupation that is congruent with their undergraduate field of study. Analysis is conducted separately for males and females and for students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and non-STEM majors. Comparisons between the subgroups help to identify factors that may contribute to improving career outcomes and, in particular, lowering the attrition rates in STEM at transition from college to employment. The results suggest that positive career outcomes, such as better earnings and greater job satisfaction, are associated with individuals having an occupation congruent with their college major. STEM graduates have a lower unemployment rate than non-STEM graduates, but female presence in STEM majors remains low; and gender inequality (salary and employment status) in STEM occupations is significant from the very beginning of postbaccalaureate employment.
40
Santerre, Renaud. "Vieillesse, monde de femmes: un mythe?" Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 6, no. 4 (1987): 304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800007583.
Full textAbstract:
RÉSUMÉL'auteur s'efforce ici de relativiser la thèse généralement admise dans les milieux gérontologiques et popularisée par l'avocate féministe Louise Dulude dans un article intitulé “Vieillesse, monde de femmes”. Prenant le taux de masculinité âgée comme indicateur, l'article démontre que cette affirmation n'est vraie au Canada que depuis peu et dans les milieux urbains, qu'un pays sur six à travers le monde fait exception à la règle de même que la moitié (9/18) des groupes ethniques de l'Ontario en 1971. Le cas autochtone illustre encore davantage la complexité de la situation.On se rend ainsi compte que la prédominance d'un sexe sur l'autre au troisième âge est conditionnée par une multiplicité de facteurs: biologie, histoire, migrations, ethnicité, milieu (rural-urbain) et occupation.
41
CHEN, BOHUA, STEVE LAVENDER, and GUNNAR B. J. ANDERSSON. "THE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE LUMBAR SPINE IN OUT-PATIENTS WITH LOW BACK PAIN." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 05, no. 04 (December 2001): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957701000611.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to estimate the prevalence rates of MRI change in LBP out-patients and to determine the relationship between abnormalities in an MRI and personal and occupational factors. The MRI records were obtained from 200 out-patients with LBP (114 males and 86 females) who received a diagnostic MRI at St. Luke's Medical Center. The mean and standard deviation of this sample's age were 43.8 years and 14.8 years, respectively. Based on the MRI, each lumbar disc was scored as normal or degenerated. Bulging and herniated were also recorded. Each patient completed a short questionnaire that included the measures of height, weight, age, and present occupation and any history of "heavy manual labor". Occupations were grouped into white collar sedentary, white collar professional, blue collar exposed to prolonged sitting and vibration, blue collar exposed to heavy, unemployed or retired, and homemaker. Chi-square tests were used to determine the statistical significance of these trends. A multiple logistic regression was used to develop a predictive model of spine pathology based on a subject's individual characteristics and occupational classification. Normal discs were found in 26% of the patients and degenerated discs in 47.5%. There were bulging/herniated disks in 26.5%. In men who were younger than 29 years, 50% had herniated disks, and 50% were normal. Three fourth of the women in the same age group showed normal discs. Forty-three percent of the subjects reported a history of performing heavy labor. Using the logistic regression model there were two variables predictive of observable MRI pathology: age and prior history of heavy labor. The analysis indicated that an older individual who had a history and heavy labor was more likely to show one or more pathological model discs in an MRI scan.
42
Eccles, Jacquelynne. "Gendered educational and occupational choices: Applying the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices." International Journal of Behavioral Development 35, no. 3 (May 2011): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025411398185.
Full textAbstract:
I summarize a theoretical model of the social, cultural, and psychological influences on achievement-related choices and outline how this model can help us understand gendered educational and occupational choices. I argue that both gender differences and individual differences within each gender in educational and occupational choices are linked to differences in individuals’ expectations for success and subjective task value. With regard to the gender difference in the occupations linked to math and physical science in particular, females are less likely to enter these fields than males both because they have less confidence in their math and physical science abilities and because they place less subjective value on these fields than they place on other possible occupational niches. Furthermore, gendered socialization practices at home, in the schools, and among peers play a major role in shaping these individual differences in self-perceptions and subjective task values. I relate these theoretical and empirical conclusions to the other four papers in this special section.
43
Maguire, Brian J., and Sean Smith. "Injuries and Fatalities among Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics in the United States." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 28, no. 4 (May 9, 2013): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x13003555.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIntroductionEmergency medical services personnel treat 22 million patients a year, yet little is known of their risk of injury and fatality.ProblemWork-related injury and fatality rates among US paramedics and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) are higher than the national average for all occupations.MethodsData collected by the Department of Labor (DOL) Bureau of Labor Statistics were reviewed to identify injuries and fatalities among EMTs and paramedics from 2003 through 2007. The characteristics of fatal injuries are described and the rates and relative risks of the non-fatal injuries were calculated and compared to the national average.ResultsOf the 21,749 reported cases, 21,690 involved non-fatal injuries or illnesses that resulted in lost work days among EMTs and paramedics within the private sector. Of the injuries, 3,710 (17%) resulted in ≥31 days of lost work time. A total of 14,470 cases (67%) involved sprains or strains; back injury was reported in 9,290 of the cases (43%); and the patient was listed as the source of injury in 7,960 (37%) cases. The most common events were overexertion (12,146, 56%), falls (2,169, 10%), and transportation-related (1,940, 9%). A total of 530 assaults were reported during the study period. Forty-five percent of the cases occurred among females (females accounted for 27% of employment in this occupation during 2007). In 2007, EMTs and paramedics suffered 349.9 injuries with days away from work per 10,000 full-time workers, compared to an average of 122.2 for all private industry occupations (Relative risk = 2.9; 95% CI: 2.7–3.0). During the study period, 59 fatalities occurred among EMTs and paramedics in both the private industry and in the public sector. Of those fatalities, 51 (86%) were transportation-related and five (8%) were assaults; 33 (56%) were classified as “multiple traumatic injuries.”ConclusionsData from the DOL show that EMTs and paramedics have a rate of injury that is about three times the national average for all occupations. The vast majority of fatalities are secondary to transportation related-incidents. Assaults are also identified as a significant cause of fatality. The findings also indicate that females in this occupational group may have a disproportionately larger number of injuries. Support is recommended for further research related to causal factors and for the development, evaluation and promulgation of evidence-based interventions to mitigate this problem.MaguireBJ, SmithS. Injuries and fatalities among emergency medical technicians and paramedics in the United States. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):1-7.
44
BARCLAY, KIERON J. "SEX COMPOSITION OF THE WORKPLACE AND MORTALITY RISK." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 6 (November 30, 2012): 807–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201200079x.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThis study uses Swedish occupational register data to examine whether the proportion of men in administrative workplaces in the Swedish public service affects all-cause mortality risks amongst both males and females of working age. Using piecewise constant survival models to analyse occupational data from the Swedish administrative registers from 1995 to 2007, it was found that for males, a 1% increase in the proportion of males was associated with a 1.3% increase in mortality risk (hazard ratio, HR 1.013, 95% CI 1.007–1.020, p<0.001), but no association was found for females (HR 1.004, 95% CI 0.996–1.012, p=0.297). Adjustments were made for age, family status, education, occupational status, occupational segregation by sex, the total number of individuals in the workplace, level of government, region, period and variables reflecting the workplace structure by age, age by sex, occupation and education. A higher proportion of males may be related to (i) an increased exposure to risky health behaviours such as alcohol consumption and unhealthy dietary patterns, (ii) a tendency towards sickness presenteeism, and (iii) an increase in the levels of several well-established emotional stressors in the workplace, leading to an increased level of psychosocial stress. The findings and potential extensions of this research are discussed.
45
Dussault, Gilles. "The Future of Professional Monopolies." Articles 40, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 324–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050136ar.
Full textAbstract:
Cet article est une analyse sociologique de la position des professions, plus précisément des occupations dont les membres ont le monopole de la production de certains biens et services, comme les médecins, les dentistes, les avocats, les comptables et les ingénieurs, dans la division sociale du travail. Depuis plus d'un siècle, ces professions ont occupe une position avantageuse qui leur a permis de contrôler les activités des autres occupations qui offrent des services dans le même secteur de production et ont jouit de privilèges qui ont été refuses aux autres producteurs. Par exemple, elles ont obtenu, pour leurs membres, un monopole légal de l'exercice de certaines activités; on leur a aussi permis d'empêcher la compétition entre leurs membres par des mécanismes comme l'établissement de grilles tarifaires et l'interdiction de la publicité. En s'inspirant de la littérature récente sur l'émergence du professionnalisme dans les sociétés occidentales, l'auteur fait valoir que la capacité des professions de conserver leurs privilèges monopolistiques et leur position dominante dans la division du travail est associée au support qu'elles reçoivent de quatre sources: de l'intérieur, d'associations fortes et crédibles, et de l'extérieur, de leur clientèle, de groupes sociaux et d'institutions influents, et de l'État de qui leurs privilèges de monopole émanent. Selon l'auteur, le support venant de chacune de ces sources s'est affaibli récemment et est susceptible de continuer à s'affaiblir si certaines tendances observées se maintiennent. D'abord, les professions sont moins homogènes et plus segmentées depuis une ou deux décennies; la croissance de leurs effectifs s'est accélérée au point de créer des surplus dans certains cas; l'origine sociale de leurs membres s'est diversifiée; les femmes et les salaries sont plus nombreux parmi eux. Des associations représentant des sous-groupes aux intérêts souvent conflictuels se partagent maintenant l'allégeance des professionnels et leurs divergences réduisent l'influence et l'efficacité des professions comme groupes de pression. Les changements techniques, en particulier ceux qui sont issus des développements de la micro-électronique et de ses applications, accroissent l'information directement accessible aux profanes et sont ainsi susceptibles de réduire l'écart qui les sépare des experts que sont les professionnels. Mieux informes et devenus plus critiques avec la montée du consumérisme, les clients des professionnels ne leur accordent plus leur loyauté et leur support aussi aisément qu'auparavant. Enfin le support de groupes et institutions comme les universités, les compagnies d'assurance ou les partis politiques ainsi que celui de l'État est plus difficile à conserver, compte tenu de la compétition que subissent les professions, de la part de leurs subordonnes, à ce niveau. En effet, de nombreux groupes comme les infirmier(e)s, les hygiénistes dentaires, et d'autres qui jusqu'ici s'étaient contenté d'un statut auxiliaire, cherchent de plus en plus à devenir autonomes et indépendants des professions traditionnelles. Ils font valoir la qualité de leur formation ainsi que les économies que représenterait l'élargissement de leur champ de responsabilité aux dépens de celui des professionnels: dans un contexte de faible croissance économique, ce genre d'argument est bien reçu par les consommateurs et les gouvernements. Ceci n'implique pas pour autant que les monopoles professionnels sont en voie de disparition. Cependant, les groupes qui jouissent de privilèges monopolistiques devront dorénavant faire la démonstration claire que ces privilèges servent les intérêts du public, s'ils espèrent les conserver. Ces privilèges ont été obtenus à une époque, celle des débuts de l'industrialisation, où l'éducation n'était accessible qu'à une minorité, où l'État n'était pas présent dans les secteurs occupes par les professions et où il y avait peu de groupes organises pour faire compétition aux professions. À l'aube de la révolution informationnelle, il reste à voir si le professionnalisme pourra survivre dans la forme qui a été la sienne depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle.
46
Idson, Todd L., and Hollis F. Price. "An Analysis of Wage Differentials by Gender and Ethnicity in the Public Sector." Review of Black Political Economy 20, no. 3 (March 1992): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02689935.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the source of wage differentials between blacks, Hispanics, and whites, and between women and men, in metropolitan Dade County (Florida) government, and draws out the implications of this analysis for affirmative action planning. Our distinctive finding is that the primary factor causing observed wage differentials by ethnicity is the sorting of people across occupational categories. Wage decompositions reveal that for males, 70 percent, 88 percent, and 47 percent of the wage gaps between white and black, white and Hispanic, and Hispanic and black, respectively, are attributable to occupation. For females, the corresponding figures are 56 percent, 58 percent, and 51 percent. When comparing men and women of the same ethnic group, occupational employment patterns are found to be an important factor accounting for lower average female wages, yet within major occupational groups women seem to be receiving higher wages (on average) than men.
47
Lagzdina, Rudite, and Maija Rumaka. "Physical activity in healthy urban adults and its association with body composition parameters." SHS Web of Conferences 68 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196802010.
Full textAbstract:
An adequate amount of physical activity (PA) in adults improves cardio-respiratory fitness, metabolic health and helps maintain a normal body weight and composition. Here we examined sex- and occupation-related PA patterns and their association with body composition parameters. Healthy volunteers (n = 97) aged 21–49 years completed a self-administered PA questionnaire and characterized their occupational duties depending on the volume of the physical work involved. A bio-impedance analyser was used to determine body composition. Men reported more metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes/week of vigorous PA than women (p < 0.05). Participants with low occupational PA had less walking, moderate and total MET minutes/week, and more sitting time than those with moderate and vigorous occupational PA (p < 0.05), but their body composition parameters did not differ. In males, negative correlations were found between body fat percentage, visceral fat range, segmental fat mass, and moderate MET minutes/week, whereas positive associations were observed between muscle mass in legs and vigorous MET minutes/week (p<0.05). In females, negative correlations were found between visceral fat and vigorous MET minutes/week but positive – between lean body mass, trunk and leg muscle mass, and moderate PA (p < 0.05). These observed associations might be used to develop interventions to promote sex- and occupation-specific PA.
48
Oyakhire, Michael Omon, and Chukwu Agi. "Assessment of the Spine in a Healthy Working Population : A Radiographic Study of the Lumbrosacral Angle in Relation to Occupation in Southern Nigeria." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 2 (December 11, 2013): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8888.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of occupation on the Lumbosacral angle of the spine in a cohort of working adult Nigerians Method: Lateral radiographs from two hundred and twenty healthy working adults within the age range 18 to 55 years comprising 136 males (61.82%) and 83 females (38.18%), with a mean age=29.14(7.45) years were studied. Participants at the time of investigation were engaged in different physically demanding occupations with a minimum of one year job experience. The sample included a control group made up of undergraduate students from the University of Port Harcourt. Prior to data collection, all participants read and signed informed consent forms. Each lateral radiograph was evaluated using Fergusons sacral base-horizontal 2-line method. Statistical analysis was done using the computer based SPSS Version 17, Chicago IL, and a confidence level of 0.05 was accepted as indicative of statistical significance. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the four groups in terms of age, gender and occupation. The lumbosacral angle of the groups engaged in physically demanding occupations were significantly higher than the control (undergraduate students). Conclusion: The lumbar curves are designed to increase the resilience of the vertebral column. Over a time period, physically demanding jobs are likely to cause various degrees of significant alterations in the lumbosacral configuration DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8888 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 99-105
49
Barnes, Lucy A., Amanda Eng, Marine Corbin, Hayley J. Denison, Andrea ‘t Mannetje, Stephen Haslett, Dave McLean, Rod Jackson, and Jeroen Douwes. "The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Different Occupational Groups in New Zealand." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 6 (April 22, 2020): 645–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa040.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has been shown to differ between occupations, few studies have specifically evaluated the distribution of known CVD risk factors across occupational groups. This study assessed CVD risk factors in a range of occupational groups in New Zealand, stratified by sex and ethnicity. Methods Two probability-based sample surveys of the general New Zealand adult population (2004–2006; n = 3003) and of the indigenous people of New Zealand (Māori; 2009–2010; n = 2107), for which occupational histories and lifestyle factors were collected, were linked with routinely collected health data. Smoking, body mass index, deprivation, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol were dichotomized and compared between occupational groups using age-adjusted logistic regression. Results The prevalence of all known CVD risk factors was greater in the Māori survey than the general population survey, and in males compared with females. In general for men and women in both surveys ‘Plant and machine operators and assemblers’ and ‘Elementary workers’ were more likely to experience traditional CVD risk factors, while ‘Professionals’ were less likely to experience these risk factors. ‘Clerks’ were more likely to have high blood pressure and male ‘Agricultural and fishery workers’ in the general survey were less likely to have high cholesterol, but this was not observed in the Māori survey. Male Māori ‘Trades workers’ were less likely to have high cholesterol and were less obese, while for the general population survey, this was not observed. Conclusions This study showed differences in the distribution of known CVD risk factors across occupational groups, as well as between ethnic groups and males and females.
50
Herrington-Hall, Barbara L., Linda Lee, Joseph C. Stemple, Kim R. Niemi, and Molly Miller McHone. "Description of Laryngeal Pathologies by Age, Sex, and Occupation in a Treatment-Seeking Sample." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 53, no. 1 (February 1988): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5301.57.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the occurrence of laryngeal pathologies and their distribution across age, sex, and occupation in a group of persons seeking physician treatment. Data were collected on 1,262 patients seen by eight otolaryngologists from three different residential areas. The five most frequent pathologies reported were nodules, edema, polyps, laryngeal cancer, and vocal fold paralysis. For the total sample, pathologies occurred more frequently in females than in males; however, certain pathologies were more common to one sex than th e other. The voice-disordered population appears to be getting older. The top five occupations associated with laryngeal pathologies were retired persons, homemakers, factory workers, unemployed, and executive/managers. Comparisons with similar investigations were made.