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1
Kalattas, Kyriacos. The enclaved in the occupied area of Cyprus. Free Unitary Karpass Association, 1993.
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2
Gavrielides, Eleonora. Greek Cypriot properties in the occupied area: The Turkish Cypriot policy. Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus, 1992.
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3
Milashius, Linda. Owner-occupied housing in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, 1980 to 1990. Metropolitan Council, 1993.
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4
Institute, Alberta Law Reform. Occupiers' liability: Recreational use of land. The Institute, 2000.
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5
Schulte, Theo J. The German army and National Socialist occupation policies in the occupied areas of the Soviet Union 1941-1943. typescript, 1987.
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6
Countryside Council for Wales. Sites of special scientific interest: A guide for landowners and occupiers = Safleoedd o ddiddordeb gwyddonol arbennig : canllawiau ar gyfer tirfedianwyr a deiliaid. Countryside Council for Wales, 1993.
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7
Siedina, Giovanna, ed. Latinitas in the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-675-6.
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The volume contains articles concerning the influence of Latinitas in the territory now occupied by Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus’. The articles, all published in English, range from history to literature and to cultural history and the history of ideas. They analyze the issue of building an identity, either real or imagined, from different points of view. Among the most interesting topics are the classical origins of myths and ideas that have helped build the national identities of those that constituted the ethnic mosaic of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the role of Neo-Latin poetry, as a conveyor of Latinitas, in the development of national identities. Because of the significance of Latinitas for both common European cultural traditions and the national cultures, literatures and languages of Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and Ukraine, it is to be hoped that the subject will continue to attract a good level of attention in the future.
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Vos, Peter, Michiel Meulen, Henk Weerts, and Bazelmans, eds. Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands. Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724432.
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The landscape of the Netherlands has been changing constantly since the end of the last ice age, some 11,700 years ago. Where we walk today was once a polar desert, a river delta or a shallow sea. The end of the last ice age marked the beginning of a new geological period - the Holocene, the relatively warm geological epoch in which we are still living today. The Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands contains special maps, supplemented by archaeological and historical information. These maps show the geographical situation for thirteen different points in time since the last ice age, based on tens of thousands of drill samples and the latest geological, soil and archaeological research. This magnificent atlas also paints a surprising picture of the position we humans have occupied in the landscape. It addresses such questions as: How did we take advantage of the opportunities offered by the landscape? And how did we mould the landscape to suit our own purposes? The Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands will change once and for all the way you look at the Dutch landscape.
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Hack, Karl, and Kevin Blackburn. Forgotten Captives in Japanese-Occupied Asia. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
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10
Koikari, Mire. Cold War Encounters in US-Occupied Okinawa: Women, Militarized Domesticity and Transnationalism in East Asia. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2017.
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11
Cold War Encounters in US-Occupied Okinawa: Women, Militarized Domesticity and Transnationalism in East Asia. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
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12
Forgotten Captives in Japanese Occupied Asia: National Memories and Forgotten Captivities (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia). Routledge, 2008.
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13
Graves, Margaret S. Occupied Objects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695910.003.0004.
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The human form can impart both scale and spatial logic to the objects it adorns. This phenomenon was put to unexpected and sometimes humorous ends by medieval artisans. Focusing on perception, this chapter considers the role of the human figure in architectural allusions on objects from the twelfth- and thirteenth-century Iranian plateau. The power of the represented human form is explored first through ceramic stands that make explicit reference to architectural pavilions. After these, a group of inlaid metalwork inkwells, and the delicately allusive nature of their relationships with full-scale architecture, form the chapter’s main focus. This study models a means of approach that considers the complex ornamental programs of these objects in their entirety: architectural, figural, epigraphic, geometric, and vegetal ornament are recognized as inseparable from each other and also from the three-dimensional materiality of objects that respond to vision, touch, movement, and use.
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Kretzmer, David, and Yaël Ronen. The Occupation of Justice. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696023.001.0001.
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Judicial review by Israel’s Supreme Court over actions of Israeli authorities in the territories occupied by Israel in 1967 is an important element in Israel’s legal and political control of these territories. The Occupation of Justice, Second Edition, presents a comprehensive discussion of the Court’s decisions in exercising this review. This revised and expanded edition includes updated material and analysis, as well as new chapters. Inter alia, it addresses the Court’s approach to its jurisdiction to consider petitions from residents of the Occupied Territories; justiciability of sensitive political issues; application and interpretation of the international law of belligerent occupation in general, and the Fourth Geneva Convention in particular; the relevance of international human rights law and Israeli constitutional law; the rights of Gaza residents after the withdrawal of Israeli forces and settlements from the area; Israeli settlements and settlers; construction of the separation barrier in the West Bank; security measures, including internment, interrogation practices and punitive house demolitions; and judicial review of hostilities. The study examines the inherent tension involved in judicial review over the actions of authorities in territory whose inhabitants are not part of the political community to which the Court belongs. It argues that this tension is aggravated in the context of the West Bank by the glaring disparity between the norms of belligerent occupation and the Israeli government’s policies. The study shows that while the Court’s review has enabled many individuals to receive a remedy, it has largely served to legitimise government policies and practices in the Occupied Territories.
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Anita, Anand. Part IV Federalism, B Federalism in Context, Ch.24 Constitutional Aspects of Commercial Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0024.
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This chapter describes the constitutional aspects of commercial law and focuses on division-of-powers issues relating to banking, bankruptcy, corporate, and securities law. The chapter makes two important observations. First, the broader jurisdictional lines in commercial law areas are mostly settled. Banking and bankruptcy are areas of federal jurisdiction, for example, whereas the provincial and federal governments have overlapping jurisdiction over corporate law. Securities law is an exception. Although securities law has historically been under provincial control, the appropriate role of the federal government has been the subject of recent controversy and litigation. Second, the chapter explains that although the provincial and federal governments have separate constitutionally protected roles in various areas of commercial law, the role is rarely exclusively assumed (or the field occupied) by one level of government. That is, provincial legislation in one area of law impacts what is otherwise federal constitutional jurisdiction, and vice versa.
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Sica, Emanuele. A Prelude to Full Occupation. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039850.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the city of Menton, a small area occupied by the Italian Army from 1940 to 1942. Menton became the primary locus of the Italianization campaign, which mirrored the Germanization efforts carried out in Alsace-Lorraine. The forced Italianization encompassed education and religion, but also touched other aspects of daily life in Menton. The chapter shows how Italy’s unofficial annexation of the area became controversial as Italian military authorities clashed with the country’s civil servants who endeavored to make Menton a city model of the new Fascist region. It also considers the entente between Italian soldiers and the French populace and the Italian authorities’ implementation of a more nuanced approach to the local population of Menton. It suggests that the failure of the Italianization campaign in Menton probably shaped the Italian military occupation policy of November 1942.
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Senryo kaikaku no kokusai hikaku: Nihon, Ajia, Yoroppa = Comparative studies on occupied areas : Japan, Asia, and Europe. Sanseido, 1994.
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18
Walczynski, Mark. The History of Starved Rock. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748240.001.0001.
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This book provides an overview of the famous site in Utica, Illinois, from when European explorers first viewed the bluff in 1673 through to 1911, when Starved Rock became the centerpiece of Illinois' second state park. The land that today comprises Starved Rock State Park and the adjacent countryside was nearly continuously occupied by Native Americans until the early nineteenth century. By the early nineteenth century, American frontier settlers would arrive and change the entire dynamic of the Starved Rock area. The book pulls together stories and insights from the language, geology, geography, anthropology, archaeology, biology, and agriculture of the park to provide readers with an understanding of both the human and natural history of Starved Rock, and to put it into context with the larger history of the American Midwest.
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Madior Fall, Ismaila, Mathias Hounkpe, Adele L. Jinadu, and Pascal Kambale. Election Management Bodies in West Africa. African Minds, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781920489168.
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This report is an in-depth study of electoral commissions in six countries of West Africa Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone assessing their contribution in strengthening political participation in the region. As institutions that apply the rules governing elections, electoral management bodies (EMBs) have occupied, over the last two decades, the heart of discussion and practice on the critical question of effective citizen participation in the public affairs of their countries. The way in which they are established and the effectiveness of their operations have continued to preoccupy those who advocate for competitive elections, while reforms to the EMBs have taken centre stage in more general political reforms. Election Management Bodies in West Africa thus responds to the evident need for more knowledge about an institution that occupies a more and more important place in the political process in West Africa. Based on documentary research and detailed interviews in each country, the study provides a comparative analysis which highlights the similarities and differences in the structure and operations of each body, and attempts to establish the reasons for their comparative successes and failures.
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Falcone, Jessica Marie. Battling the Buddha of Love. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501723469.001.0001.
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This ethnography explores the controversial plans and practices of the Maitreya Project, as they worked to build the “world's tallest statue” as a multi-million dollar “gift” to India. This effort entailed a plan to forcibly acquire hundreds of acres of occupied land for the statue park in the Kushinagar area of Uttar Pradesh. The Buddhist statue planners ran into obstacle after obstacle, including a full-scale grassroots resistance movement of Indian farmers working to “Save the Land.” In telling the “life story” of the proposed statue, the book sheds light on the aspirations, values and practices of both the Buddhists who worked to construct the statue, as well as the Indian farmer-activists who tirelessly protested against it. Since the majority of the supporters of the Maitreya Project statue are “non-heritage” practitioners to Tibetan Buddhism, the book narrates the spectacular collision of cultural values between small agriculturalists in rural India and transnational Buddhists from around the world. The book endeavors to show the cultural logics at work on both sides of the controversy. Thus, this ethnography of a future statue of the Maitreya Buddha—himself the “future Buddha”—is a story about divergent, competing visions of Kushinagar’s potential futures.
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. The main reef builders and space occupiers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0002.
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Corals are the main reef builders on tropical reefs. They make their own substrate, much of which remains as consolidated rock, the remainder becoming broken down to form extensive sediment beds. Soft corals, sea fans and sponges are other major occupiers of substrate but deposit only minimal quantities of rock. All are important ecological components of coral reefs, although the greatest biodiversity of macrofauna are found amongst the fish, cryptic invertebrates and microorganisms. Amongst the algae, the microalgae symbiotic with corals are of key importance in the nutrition of the reef, but macroalgae are generally scarce on healthy reefs, partly due to grazing. Some algae generate large quantities of limestone and assist in reef construction. Growth and reduction by bioerosion are generally closely balanced in a healthy reef, and reef growth depends, of course, on growth exceeding erosion by a small margin.
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Trifković, Gaj, and Klaus Schmider. Parleying with the Devil. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9781949668087.001.0001.
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The Second World War in Yugoslavia is notorious for the brutal struggle between the armed forces of the Third Reich and the communist-led Partisans. Less known is the fact that the two sides negotiated prisoner exchanges virtually since the beginning of the war. Under extraordinary circumstances, these early contacts evolved into a formal exchange agreement, centered on the creation of a neutral zone—quite possibly the only such area in occupied Europe—where prisoners were regularly exchanged until late April 1945, saving thousands of lives. The leadership of both sides used the contacts for secret political talks, for which they were nearly branded as traitors by their superiors in Berlin and Moscow. This book is the first comprehensive analysis of prisoner exchanges and the accompanying contacts between the German occupation authorities and the Yugoslav Partisans. Specifically, the book will argue that prisoner exchange had a decisive influence on the POW policies of both sides and helped reduce the levels of violence for which this theater of war became infamous. It will also show that the contacts, contrary to some claims, did not lead to collusion between these two parties against either other Yugoslav factions or the Western Allies.
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Ben-Ephraim, Shaiel, and Or Honig. Sitting on the Volcano. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040801.003.0008.
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Shaiel Ben-Ephraim’s and Or Honig’s chapter focuses on the lynching and mob violence between Jews and Arabs in the area known as mandatory Palestine, and later as the State of Israel and the occupied territories. Ben-Ephraim and Honig seek to answer two questions: when and why has lynching and mob violence occurred, and how has it affected the development of the Zionist-Palestinian conflict. The chapter focuses on two periods of intercommunal conflict in which lynching and mob violence took place: the British Mandate period (1920-1948), and the period following the eruption of the first Palestinian Uprising “Intifada” (1987) until today. Ben-Ephraim and Honig find that the main variable determining the use of lynching attacks was the level of institutionalization of national political movements. When there are organized institutions and society is more organized, organized forms of violence such as uprisings or terrorism tend to be more prevalent since society or elements of it can be mobilized to act in a more systematic fashion. Lynching and mob violence reflect a lack of political institutionalization because the leadership possesses the ability to incite, yet lacks the tools to restrain or guide, the violence it inspires. By contrast, when the national movements are well institutionalized, Ben-Ephraim and Honig argue, more spontaneous acts of violence tend instead to take the form of sporadic acts of vengeance.
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Pavlenko, Aneta. Language Management in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Post-Soviet Countries. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0032.
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This chapter examines four aspects of language management—nativization, linguistic assimilation, de-russification, and bilingual education—in the multilingual territory first occupied by the Russian Empire, then by the USSR, and then by the successor states. The rationale for this diachronic approach is twofold. The three settings are interrelated: post-Soviet developments cannot be fully understood outside their historic context, just as the full impact of Soviet language policies can only be established through the post-Soviet lens. In addition, sociolinguists generally lack familiarity with Russian and Soviet language management. The discussion focuses on the territories occupied by the fourteen successor states and on their titular languages; the processes taking place in the Russian Federation are sufficiently different to merit a separate review.
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Witting, Christian. 9. Liability for defective premises and structures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811169.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the potential liability for injury and/or other forms of loss related to defective premises and structures. It explains that there are two types of defendant in this area of negligence. The first are persons actually occupying premises and the second are those who might be liable for defects in the premises including landlords, builders, and professionals such as architects and consulting engineers. This chapter discusses the provisions of the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957, the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984, and Defective Premises Act 1972.
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Craig, Paul, and Gráinne de Búrca. EU Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198856641.001.0001.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. The seventh edition of EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials provides clear analysis of all aspects of European law in the post Lisbon era. This edition looks in detail at the way in which the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty have worked since the Treaty became operational, especially innovations such as the hierarchy of norms, the different types of competence, and the legally binding Charter of Rights. The coming into effect of the new Treaty was overshadowed by the financial crisis, which has occupied a considerable part of the EU’s time since 2009. The EU has also had to cope with the refugee crisis, the pandemic crisis, the rule of law crisis and the Brexit crisis. There has nonetheless been considerable legislative activity in other areas, and the EU courts have given important decisions across the spectrum of EU law. The seventh edition has incorporated the changes in all these areas. The book covers all topics relating to the institutional and constitutional dimensions of the EU. In relation to EU substantive law there is detailed treatment of the four freedoms, the single market, competition, equal treatment, citizenship, state aid, and the area of freedom, security and justice. Brexit is the rationale for the decision to have a separate UK version of the book. There is no difference in the chapters between the two versions, insofar as the explication of the EU law is concerned. The difference resides in the fact that in the UK version there is an extra short section at the end of each chapter explaining how, for example, direct effect, supremacy or free movement are relevant in post-Brexit UK. Law students in the UK need to know this, law students in the EU and elsewhere do not.
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Craig, Paul, and Gráinne de Búrca. EU Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198859840.001.0001.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. The seventh edition of EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials provides clear analysis of all aspects of European law in the post Lisbon era. This edition looks in detail at the way in which the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty have worked since the Treaty became operational, especially innovations such as the hierarchy of norms, the different types of competence, and the legally binding Charter of Rights. The coming into effect of the new Treaty was overshadowed by the financial crisis, which has occupied a considerable part of the EU’s time since 2009. The EU has also had to cope with the refugee crisis, the pandemic crisis, the rule of law crisis and the Brexit crisis. There has nonetheless been considerable legislative activity in other areas, and the EU courts have given important decisions across the spectrum of EU law. The seventh edition has incorporated the changes in all these areas. The book covers all topics relating to the institutional and constitutional dimensions of the EU. In relation to EU substantive law there is detailed treatment of the four freedoms, the single market, competition, equal treatment, citizenship, state aid, and the area of freedom, security and justice. Brexit is the rationale for the decision to have a separate UK version of the book. There is no difference in the chapters between the two versions, insofar as the explication of the EU law is concerned. The difference resides in the fact that in the UK version there is an extra short section at the end of each chapter explaining how, for example, direct effect, supremacy or free movement are relevant in post-Brexit UK. Law students in the UK need to know this, law students in the EU and elsewhere do not.
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Floor, Willem. The Persian Economy in the Eighteenth Century. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190250324.003.0008.
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The chapter describes the economic situation of Persia around 1700, focusing on assessing its human resources, the structure of the economy, and international trade, followed by a discussion of the individual economic sectors. Thereafter, the changes in the economy after 1722 are discussed, when Persia was conquered and occupied by the Afghans, the Russians, and the Ottomans, followed by an almost perpetual state of war until the 1790s.
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Fidell, Eugene R. 10. What about Guantánamo? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199303496.003.0011.
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‘What about Guantánamo?’ considers military commissions, which are a category of military tribunal. They are not courts-martial because they are not used to prosecute offenses committed by US military personnel. Traditionally, they have been used in three situations: where martial law has been declared, in occupied areas, and where permitted by the law of war. Hundreds of military commissions were conducted during and after the Civil War, and again after World War II to prosecute war criminals. They were revived after 9/11 by President George W. Bush to prosecute unlawful enemy combatants, with hundreds of captives transported from Afghanistan and other places to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, where the vast majority were interrogated and simply imprisoned.
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Fawcett, Richard. The Medieval Parish ChurchArchitecture, Furnishings, and Fittings. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.26.
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This chapter considers the architecture, fixtures, and furnishings of the parish churches and chapels of medieval Britain and the range of functions they were designed to accommodate and reflect. After an introduction and discussion of the essential and more common component elements of the church buildings, the processes of design and construction are touched upon. Reference is made to changing architectural fashions, taking account of regional preferences and the availability of building materials. Discussion then focuses upon the features that might be provided to support worship and to enhance its setting, especially in the vicinity of the altars but also in the areas of the churches occupied by the laity.
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van der Hulst, Harry. Case studies of African tongue root systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813576.003.0008.
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This Chapter presents a variety of case studies of tongue root harmony in African languages. These case studies are arranged according to language family membership. The cases selected are those which have occupied a significant place in the theoretical literature. The objective is to demonstrate that the theory developed here can handle the cases that other theories have been built on: Niger-Congo (Yoruba), Nilo-Saharan (Maasai, Turkana), Afro-Asiatic (Somali, Kera) among many others. The RcvP model demonstrated that it can deal with all harmony patterns that were discussed, including most extra complications that individual systems exemplify.
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Tawil-Souri, Helga. Cellular Borders. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039362.003.0007.
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This chapter details the conditions and contestations underlying cellular phone infrastructures in Israel–Palestine. It shows how cellular infrastructures in the occupied territories are dynamic manifestations of territorial disputes and tensions. Indeed, the arrangement of telecommunication systems is not merely a metaphor for the conflict; rather, “it is the conflict in material form.” The chapter then focuses on three locations—Migron, Ramallah, and Qalandia—and describes the material infrastructures and regulatory regimes that shape conditions in each. Rather than connecting people, these infrastructures are critical dimensions of state power and territoriality, and as such they function in ways that divide and disconnect.
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Sainsbury, Mark. “Something”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803348.003.0003.
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“Something” does not work in English the way “∃” works in a first-order language: it cannot always be associated with a domain of objects, and it can quantify into some positions that cannot be occupied by names or nominative phrases (as in “You are something that I am not—kind”). The best positive account of how it works, detailed and defended in this chapter, is substitutional. Since not all substitutes introduce objects, not all uses of “something” are ontologically committing. One merit of the view is that it explains the consistency of believing that there are things that don’t exist while not believing that there are nonexistent things.
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Magdalino, Paul. Byzantine Historical Writing, 900–1400. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199236428.003.0012.
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This chapter talks about how the dates 900 and 1400 are not entirely arbitrary divisions in the history of Byzantine historical writing. Approximately thirty-one pieces of Greek historical writing produced in the Byzantine world (excluding Latin occupied areas) survive from the period 900–1400. It also includes a work whose author, Niketas Choniates, published more than one version, as well as works that might not be considered strictly historical because they record limited episodes in a speech or letter format, and in a rhetorical context of apology, request, panegyric, or denunciation. Other works in this border zone, however, have not been included despite the rich historical information they contain: such are the tenth-century hagiographies of the patriarchs Ignatios and Euthymios, and the self-canonizing autobiography of Nikephoros Blemmydes.
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Escolar, Marisa. Allied Encounters. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284504.001.0001.
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Allied Encounters: The Gendered Redemption of World War II Italy is the first-ever monograph to analyze cultural representations of Allied-occupied Italy, one of the war’s most unstable spaces. While the U.S. military viewed itself as a redemptive force, competing narratives emerged in the Italian imaginary. Both national paradigms, however, are deeply entangled with the gendering of redemption long operative in Anglo-American and Italian discourse, emerging from a Dantean topos that depicts Italy as a whore in need of redemption. Tracing the formation of these gendered paradigms and pointing to their intersection with sexualized and racialized identities, this book examines literary, cinematic, and military representations of the soldier-civilian encounter, by Anglo-Americans and Italians, set in two major occupied cities, Naples and Rome. Informed by the historical context as well as their respective representational traditions, these texts—produced during and in the immediate aftermath—become more than mirrors of the intercultural encounter or generic allegories about U.S.–Italian relations. Instead, they are sites in which to explore other repressed traumas—including the Holocaust, the American Civil War, and European colonialism, as well as individual traumatic events like the massacre of the Fosse Ardeatine and the mass civilian rape near Rome by colonial soldiers— that inform how the occupation unfolded and is remembered. In addition to challenging canonical interpretations of emblematic texts, this book introduces several little-known diaries, novels, and guidebooks.
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Thomas, Emily. A Continental Interlude. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807933.003.0004.
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This chapter describes the absolutisms of two Continental Europeans: Jan Baptist van Helmont and Pierre Gassendi. These figures are important to us in part because it has been argued that later British writers pick up on their ideas. On Van Helmont’s absolutism, time emanates from God. On Gassendi’s absolutism, space and time are incorporeal, dimensional beings that can be occupied by bodies; it is unclear how they relate to God. The final part of this chapter explores the absolutism of English philosopher Walter Charleton, which draws on Gassendi’s absolutism. Although there are deep similarities between the views of Gassendi and Charleton on space and time, this chapter argues there are differences too.
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Davies, Paul. Facial pain. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0052.
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Facial pain occupies the area below the orbitomeatal line, above the neck and anterior to the pinnae. It comes in many forms and may or may not be accompanied by other symptoms. It may be acute, subacute, or chronic, arise from local pathology (e.g. dentition, parotid gland, sinus), be referred from other structures (e.g. pain behind the eye may be due to cervical spondylosis or sphenoidal sinusitis) or be part of a neurological syndrome such as trigeminal neuralgia or persistent idiopathic facial pain (previously termed atypical facial pain). There is a wide differential diagnosis. As with headache, serious causes are rare. Some benign conditions are particularly painful (trigeminal neuralgia, cluster headache) but have effective treatment.
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Zeidman, Lawrence A. Brain Science under the Swastika. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728634.001.0001.
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Eighty years ago the greatest mass murder of human beings of all time occurred in Nazi occupied Europe. This began with the mass extermination of patients with neurologic and psychiatric disorders that rendered them “useless eaters” to Hitler’s regime. The neuropsychiatric profession was systematically “cleansed” beginning in 1933, but racism and eugenics had infiltrated the specialty in the decades before that. With the installation of Nazi-principled neuroscientists, mass forced sterilization was enacted, which slowed down by the start of World War II and the advent of patient murder. But the murder of roughly 275,000 patients by the end of the war was not enough. The patients’ brains and neurologic body parts were stored and used in scientific publications both during and long after the war. Also, patients themselves were used in unethical ways for epilepsy and multiple sclerosis experiments. Relatively few neuroscientists resisted the Nazis, with some success in the occupied countries. Most neuroscientists involved in unethical actions continued their careers unscathed after the war. Few answered for their actions in a professional or criminal sense, and few repented. The legacy of such a depraved era in the history of neuroscience and medical ethics is that codes exist by which patients and research subjects are protected from harm. But this protection is possibly subject to political extremes and only by understanding the horrible past can our profession police itself. Individual neuroscientists can protect patients and colleagues if they are aware of the dangers of a utilitarian, unethical, and uncompassionate mindset.
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Gloag, Oliver. Albert Camus: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198792970.001.0001.
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Albert Camus is one of the best known philosophers of the twentieth century, as well as a widely read novelist. Active in the first half of the twentieth century, his views contributed to the rise of absurdism philosophy, and his works have inspired numerous movies and are frequently referenced in contemporary politics. Albert Camus: A Very Short Introduction explores the life and work of a man full of contradictions, who occupied an ambiguous position in troubled and conflicted times. Following a broad chronological framework, it explores the major philosophical and literary works of Camus and analyses how the reception and popularity of these works are connected with contemporary political, social, and cultural issues.
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Eland, John H. D., and Raimund Feifel. Conjugated and aromatic molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788980.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
In the vast majority of conjugated and aromatic molecules, the outermost occupied orbitals are either of π character or non-bonding lone pairs belonging to heteroatoms. These are the orbitals from which double ionisation gives rise to most of the distinct bands that can be discerned in their spectra. Double photoionisation spectra of ethylene, butadiene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, benzene, hexafluorobenzene, toluene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, naphthalene, azulene, quinoline, biphenyl, TDME, iron pentacarbonyl, ferrocene, and TMPPD are presented with analysis where possible. The effects of inner valence Auger effects are also emphasised, which can greatly increase the intensity of double photoionisation. In this chapter, the molecules are ordered mainly in the usual way by number of atoms, then by molecular weight, but the authors have put closely related molecules together where possible.
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Appelt, Martin, Eric Damkjar, and Max Friesen. Late Dorset. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.36.
Full textAbstract:
Late Dorset culture represents the final manifestation of the long-lived Paleoeskimo tradition in the eastern Arctic. Late Dorset occupied an enormous region from Victoria Island to Northern Labrador, and resettled the High Arctic, bringing them to Ellesmere Island and northwest Greenland. Alongside these expansions, long-distance exchange networks were further developed and intensified, perhaps bound together by the aggregation sites located at places with a particular high concentration of seasonally available subsistence resources. Late Dorset aggregation sites are particular visible due to their rows of stone-built hearths and/or “longhouses.” Late Dorset cosmology is visible in several aspects of architecture, as well as through analysis of the more than 1,200 miniature carvings of animals and humans that are known from the period.
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Ludwig, Kirk. The Distributive/Collective Ambiguity in Singular Group Action Sentences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 shows that many singular group action sentences admit of a distributive/collective ambiguity and that singular group referring terms are often the antecedents of plural pronouns. This provides support for a straightforward extension of the account of the logical form of plural action sentences to singular group action sentences. It shows further that the ambiguity is not plausibly attributed to lexical ambiguity in either the noun phrase or verb phrase in singular group action sentences. Next, it shows that the reason that some singular group action sentences appear to have only a collective reading has to do with the verbs expressing essentially collective action types and not with the fact that their subject positions are occupied by singular group referring terms.
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Daar, Judith. The Role of Providers in Assisted Reproduction. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.11.
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The need for infertility treatment brings professionals into reproductive decisions that are important private matters for patients. In medically assisted reproduction, providers are brought into roles traditionally regarded as occupied only by nature and into a position to determine which embryos are suitable for transfer in the effort to achieve pregnancy. These powers of judgment present ethical challenges for professionals providing assisted reproduction services. Among these challenges is the potential conflictual involvement of multiple patients in the process: intended parents, gamete donors, and gestational surrogates. Other challenges include the obligation to avoid discrimination in selecting embryos for transfer or in making decisions about which patients to serve. Providers must be informed by ethical discussions such as the ethics opinions of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Important ethical considerations include respect for patient choice, the best interests of offspring, nondiscrimination, and social justice.
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Fuhrmann, Christina. Between Opera and Musical. Edited by Robert Gordon and Olaf Jubin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.013.2.
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Music occupied an important but uneasy position in early nineteenth-century London theatre. It appeared at all types of theatres, but was constrained by repertoire laws, theatrical conventions, and long-held concerns about the suitability of music for the British character. London theatre composers therefore created works that followed a different aesthetic from Continental opera, one often more congruent with musical theatre. An examination of three works by Henry Bishop for Covent Garden—the melodrama The Miller and his Men, the opera The Slave, and an adaptation of Mozart’s Le nozze di Figaro—demonstrates how British composers positioned music within a culture both fascinated and repelled by it. In the process, important parallels with the use of music in popular theatre are revealed.
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Schabas, William A. Making the Case in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833857.003.0004.
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Two French law professors, Ferdinand Larnaude and Albert de Lapradelle, prepare a report for their government on the legal issues involved in prosecuting the Kaiser, something that they recommend enthusiastically. The British set up a committee of experts that also studies the legal difficulties, recommending prosecution, although not unanimously. The French are mainly interested in atrocities perpetrated in the parts of their country that were occupied. The British focus on such issues as submarine warfare. Both groups of experts concur in dividing the types of charges that might be made against the Kaiser into waging a war of aggression, violating the treaties of neutrality, and unlawful conduct during the conflict, and believe Kaiser Wilhelm II cannot invoke immunity before an international tribunal.
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Ludwig, Kirk. Kinds of Status Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 first discusses a subcategory of status function, the status role, which is occupied by an agent, and partially defined in terms of how the agent is to exercise her agency in that role. Second, it discusses the nature of the rights and responsibilities associated with status roles, and then whether role responsibilities generate desire-independent reasons for action. Third, it describes the role of status indicators, which are themselves status functions whose role is to make identification of other functions and roles more perspicuous. Fourth, it distinguishes between determinable and determinate status functions. Last, it discusses the relation of status functions to design functions and our ordinary terminology for the sorts of things we press into service as bearers of status functions.
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Eiselt, B. Sunday. Vecino Archaeology and the Politics of Play in New Mexico, USA. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.21.
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In the discussion that follows, I explore the effects of modernity on Hispano (Vecino) children on the Ranchos de Taos Plaza in northern New Mexico (United States of America) from the late 1800s American invasion of the Southwest up to the present infiltration of the village by tourists and travellers. Data are derived from archaeological excavations and survey at two households in the St Francis of Assisi Parish that have been continuously occupied by one extended family, the Tafoyas, for more than a century. The temporal distributions of toys and other childcare products are charted and related to major social changes in the village over four successive phases; Village, Vintage, Retro, and Contemporary. The potential influence of globalization and modernity on children’s lives and identities is revealed within the context of this largely indigenous and Spanish-speaking community.
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Weisburd, Mark. Use of Force. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0016.
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This chapter examines restrictions on the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) capacity to act due to problems of admissibility or justiciability with respect to the use of force. It considers how the ICJ deals with cases requiring the exercise of non-legal judgement in relation to the UN Security Council’s authority. It also looks at disputes involving the use of force that can be decided only through the exercise of non-legal judgement. Five cases are highlighted: Corfu Channel (UK v. Albania), Nicaragua v. US, the ICJ’s advisory opinion on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons, Oil Platforms (Iran v. US), and Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The chapter concludes by focusing on cases involving matters that are arguably within the province of the UN Security Council.
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Sheppard, Charles. 6. Reef fish and other major predators. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682775.003.0006.
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Healthy reefs provide a habitat for an immense number of fish that come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colours. No other natural habitat in the ocean shows this diversity and abundance. About a quarter of all marine species may be found on coral reefs even though this habitat occupies only one or two per cent of the area of the earth. ‘Reef fish and other major predators’ describes the diverse feeding ecology of reef fishes; coral reef predators such as the colourful crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster plancii; symbiotic relationships between different species of fish or with different invertebrates; and the dangers of overfishing in reef communities.
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Deudney, Daniel H. All Together Now. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905651.003.0011.
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Today, swollen numbers of humanity are now intensively interactive and interdependent through vast networks of complex machines and built infrastructures that span the planet, whose unintended consequences and spillovers have grown to species significance. The practical context for all human activities has become a densely occupied and tightly coupled neighborhood. While the content of cosmopolitanism, in its ancient, Enlightenment, and current phases, reflects shrinking geographical spaces, it presumes an Earth composed of different places, rather than a more accurate “terrapolitan” view of Earth as a single place. In the terrapolitan situation, the central problem is not that humans are insufficiently attentive to the needs of distant others. Rather, it is that they are insufficiently attentive to their collective self-interest in survival in the face of existential threats. In part, these limitations stem from the utter novelty of the threats to basic interests that have arisen with such historical rapidity.