Academic literature on the topic 'Occupied probability'
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Journal articles on the topic "Occupied probability"
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Bernal, Rocío, Teresa Valverde, and Laura Hernández-Rosas. "Habitat preference of the epiphyte Tillandsia recurvata (Bromeliaceae) in a semi-desert environment in Central Mexico." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 10 (2005): 1238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-076.
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Tillandsia recurvata L. is an atmospheric epiphyte that occupies tree canopies in many parts of tropical America. We investigated the host preferences of this species by analyzing its occurrence on trees in a 1-ha plot in a semi-desert environment in Mexico. Additionally, we carried out germination experiments and recorded seedling survival and growth in different microsites on the three preferred host species. Our results indicate that T. recurvata occupies the crowns of certain host species (Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M.C. Harms, Acacia bilimekii Macbr., and Cercidium praecox (Ruiz & Pav.) Harms) with a higher frequency than expected by chance. In addition to species identity, tree size affected the probability of being occupied: small trees were occupied with lower frequencies and with lower densities than larger ones. On the other hand, distance to the nearest colonized tree was not related to the probability of a tree being occupied. Seed germination ranged from 0% to 7.5% and did not differ among the three host species tested. However, both seed germination and seedling growth were higher in the outer and upper parts of tree crowns. Given the patchy distribution of this epiphyte, we propose this system may be viewed as a metapopulation in which patch suitability varies according to host identity and size.
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BRANCO, N. S., and CRISTIANO J. SILVA. "UNIVERSALITY CLASS FOR BOOTSTRAP PERCOLATION WITH m=3 ON THE CUBIC LATTICE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 10, no. 05 (1999): 921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183199000711.
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We study the m = 3 bootstrap percolation model on a cubic lattice, using Monte Carlo simulation and finite-size scaling techniques. In bootstrap percolation, sites on a lattice are considered occupied (present) or vacant (absent) with probability p or 1-p, respectively. Occupied sites with less than m occupied first-neighbors are then rendered unoccupied; this culling process is repeated until a stable configuration is reached. We evaluate the percolation critical probability, pc, and both scaling powers, yp and yh, and, contrary to previous calculations, our results indicate that the model belongs to the same universality class as usual percolation (i.e., m=0). The critical spanning probability, R(pc), is also numerically studied for systems with linear sizes ranging from L=32 up to L=480; the value we found, R(pc)=0.270±0.005, is the same as for usual percolation with free boundary conditions.
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SUMOUR, M. A., M. A. RADWAN, M. M. SHABAT, and A. H. EL-ASTAL. "STATISTICAL PHYSICS APPLIED TO STONE-AGE CIVILIZATION." International Journal of Modern Physics C 22, no. 12 (2011): 1357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918311101697x.
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About 45000 years ago, symbolic and technological complexity of human artefacts increased drastically. Computer simulations of Powell, Shennan and Thomas (2009) explained it through an increase of the population density, facilitating the spread of information about useful innovations. We simplify this demographic model and make it more similar to standard physics models. For this purpose, we assume that bands (extended families) of stone-age humans were distributed randomly on a square lattice such that each lattice site is randomly occupied with probability p and empty with probability 1 - p. Information spreads randomly from an occupied site to one of its occupied neighbors. If we wait long enough, information spreads from one side of the lattice to the opposite site if and only if p is larger than the percolation threshold; this process was called "ant in the labyrinth" by de Gennes 1976. We modify it by giving the diffusing information a finite lifetime, which shifts the threshold upwards.
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Lee, Eunghyun. "Integrability of the Multi-Species Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Processes with Long-Range Jumps on ℤ". Symmetry 16, № 9 (2024): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16091164.
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Let us consider a two-sided multi-species stochastic particle model with finitely many particles on Z, defined as follows. Suppose that each particle is labelled by a positive integer l, and waits a random time exponentially distributed with rate 1. It then chooses the right direction to jump with probability p, or the left direction with probability q=1−p. If the particle chooses the right direction, it jumps to the nearest site occupied by a particle l′<l (with the convention that an empty site is considered as a particle with labelled 0). If the particle chooses the left direction, it jumps to the next site on the left only if that site is either empty or occupied by a particle l′<l, and in the latter case, particles l and l′ swap their positions. We show that this model is integrable, and provide the exact formula of the transition probability using the Bethe ansatz.
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Parker, Howard, Frank Rosell, and Per Øyvind Gustavsen. "Errors associated with moose-hunter counts of occupied beaver Castor fiber lodges in Norway." Fauna norvegica 22 (October 3, 2024): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/fn.v22i0.5986.
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In Norway, Sweden and Finland moose Alces alces hunting teams are often employed to survey occupied beaver (Castor fiber and C. canadensis) lodges while hunting. Results may be used to estimate population density or trend, or for issuing harvest permits. Despite the method’s increasing popularity, the errors involved have never been identified. In this study we 1) compare hunting-team counts of occupied lodges with total counts, 2) identify the sources of error between counts and 3) evaluate the method’s management potential. The study was conducted in Bø Township (266 km2), Telemark County, Norway during 1995. Hunters reported the number of occupied lodges seen daily while hunting moose (25 September - 31 October). Teams (n = 12) under-counted occupied lodges in the township by 62% because 1) the probability of observing an occupied lodge within areas actually hunted on was 0.77, 2) 37% of the moosehunting units were not hunted on and 3) 21% of the occupied lodges occurred in cultivated landscapes outside of moose-hunting units. Hunters had difficulty distinguishing between occupied and unoccupied lodges. Measures of precision and bias should be determined before using the method for practical management. Moose-hunting team surveys may be better suited for obtaining indexes of population change than estimates of occupied lodge number.
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Siegrist, Kyle. "Optimal Occupation in the Complete Graph." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 7, no. 3 (1993): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964800002989.
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We consider N sites (N ≤ ∞), each of which may be either occupied or unoccupied. Time is discrete, and at each time unit a set of occupied sites may attempt to capture a previously unoccupied site. The attempt will be successful with a probability that depends on the number of sites making the attempt, in which case the new site will also be occupied. A benefit is gained when new sites are occupied, but capture attempts are costly. The problem of optimal occupation is formulated as a Markov decision process in which the admissible actions are occupation strategies and the cost is a function of the strategy and the number of occupied sites. A partial order on the state-action pairs is used to obtain a comparison result for stationary policies and qualitative results concerning monotonicity of the value function for the n-stage problem (n ≤ ∞). The optimal policies are partially characterized when the cost depends on the action only through the total number of occupation attempts made.
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Ulug, A., M. Karakaplan, and B. Ulug. "Clustering in some randomly occupied two- and three-dimensional lattices." Canadian Journal of Physics 82, no. 4 (2004): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p04-012.
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Clustering in some two- and three-dimensional lattices is investigated using an algorithm similar to that of HoshenKopelman. The total number of clusters reveals a maximum at an occupation probability, pmax, where the average cluster size, 2.03 ± 0.07, is found to be independent of the size, dimension, coordination number, and the type of lattice. We discussed the fact that the clustering effectively begins at pmax. The percolation threshold, pc, and pmax are found to get closer to each other as the coordination number increases. PACS Nos.: 64.60.Ht, 64.60.Qb, 82.30.Nr
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Naoi, Michio, and Kazuto Sumita. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 13, no. 2 (2010): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100122.
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The relationships between seismic risk and rental and owner- occupied housing prices in the whole of Japan are examined . The empirical results from hedonic regressions with earthquake risk indices suggest that: (1) earthquake occurrence probability has a significantly negative effect on monthly housing rent, (2) the effect of earthquake probability seems to depend on the characteristics of the individual housing unit (e.g. age of dwelling) for owner-occupied housing, (3) the estimated risk premium is much larger for older buildings, and (4) the share of quake-resistant dwellings in the neighborhood area is significantly and positively related to the housing price of the individual unit. These results suggest that anti-seismic policies that target specific groups of dwellings, such as rental houses and older buildings, help to mitigate welfare loss due to earthquakes.
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Lipczynska, Aleksandra, Mariya P. Bivolarova, Linxuan Guo, Wojciech Kierat, and Arsen K. Melikov. "Airborne infection probability in relation of room air distribution: an experimental investigation." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235605014.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the importance of room air distribution in airborne cross-infection. Tracer gas measurements were performed in a field lab arranged as an office with two breathing thermal manikins. The room was ventilated with a mixing air distribution operating at a constant supply airflow rate of 60 L/s (4 ACH) under different air discharge scenarios: 2-way, 3-way and 4-way. Room air temperature was kept at 22.0±0.2°C. Respiratory-generated airborne pathogens were simulated by N2O dosed into the exhaled air of the manikin acting like an infected person. The N2O concentration was measured in the inhaled air of the second manikin (simulating susceptible person), exhaust and occupied zone. Measured values were used to calculate infection probability by modified Wells-Riley method. The infection probability in the occupied zone depended on the air discharge scenario. The highest infection probability of 2.9-3.9% was obtained in the inhaled air of the exposed manikin in all experimental cases. The results reveal that room air distribution is of major importance for airborne cross-infection. Therefore, during ventilation design and operation, air distribution should be carefully considered in practice. Infection probability calculated using original Wells-Riley method was underestimated compared to values obtained through measurements.
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Fyson, Vincent K., and Gabriel Blouin-Demers. "Effects of landscape composition on wetland occupancy by Blanding’s Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) as determined by environmental DNA and visual surveys." Canadian Journal of Zoology 99, no. 8 (2021): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2021-0004.
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Habitat loss and degradation have led to the extinction of many species worldwide. The endangered Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook, 1838)), a semi-aquatic freshwater turtle, occupies a wide range of wetlands and landscapes primarily in southeastern Canada and the Great Lakes region of the United States. We explored whether the probability of wetland occupancy by Blanding’s Turtles is affected by the surrounding landscape. We used visual surveys, environmental DNA, and Atlas data to document the presence of Blanding’s Turtles in wetlands in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. We tabulated landscape composition at multiple scales surrounding the wetlands to determine whether landscape composition can predict wetland occupancy. Generally, wetlands surrounded by forest and other undisturbed lands were most likely to harbour Blanding’s Turtles, whereas those surrounded by more human-disturbed lands were least likely to harbour Blanding’s Turtles. Larger wetlands and a high proportion of wetlands in the surrounding landscape also increased the probability of occupancy by Blanding’s Turtles. Finally, older wetlands were more likely to be occupied by Blanding’s Turtles. The ability to estimate a species’ probability of occupancy can aid in conservation efforts, such as critical habitat delineation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Occupied probability"
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St, Germain Michael J. "Bat Habitat Ecology Using Remote Acoustical Detectors at the Army National Guard Maneuver Training Center - Fort Pickett, Blackstone, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76770.
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Bats occupy diverse and unique niches and are regarded as important components in maintaining ecosystem health. They are major consumers of nocturnal insects, serve as pollinators, seed disperser, and provide important economic benefits as consumers of agricultural and forest pest insects. Bats have been proposed as good indicators of the integrity of natural communities because they integrate a number of resource attributes and may show population declines quickly if a resource attribute is missing. Establishing community- and population-level data, and understanding species interactions is especially important in changing landscapes and for species whose populations levels are threatened by outside factors of anthropomorphic disturbance from hibernacular visitation to energy production and fungal pathogens. For these reasons I have set out to establish habitat use patterns, detection probabilities, spatial and temporal occupancy, and investigate species interactions. This thesis is broken down into three distinct chapters each intended to be a stand-alone document. The first establishes the basic ecology from natural history accounts, provides an overview of the various sampling strategies, and gives a comprehensive description of the study area. The seconds sets out to identify the factors influencing detection probabilities and occupancy of six sympatric bats species and provide insight into habitat use patterns. The third examines spatial and temporal activity patterns and investigates species interactions. This study can provide understanding into the secretive and poorly understood patterns of free flying bats across the landscape. It can also deliver useful information to land managers regarding potential changes in landscape practices for the conservation of bat species.<br>Master of Science
Books on the topic "Occupied probability"
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Epstein, Joshua M. Agent-Based Computational Model. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158884.003.0003.
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This part describes the agent-based and computational model for Agent_Zero and demonstrates its capacity for generative minimalism. It first explains the replicability of the model before offering an interpretation of the model by imagining a guerilla war like Vietnam, Afghanistan, or Iraq, where events transpire on a 2-D population of contiguous yellow patches. Each patch is occupied by a single stationary indigenous agent, which has two possible states: inactive and active. The discussion then turns to Agent_Zero's affective component and an elementary type of bounded rationality, as well as its social component, with particular emphasis on disposition, action, and pseudocode. Computational parables are then presented, including a parable relating to the slaughter of innocents through dispositional contagion. This part also shows how the model can capture three spatially explicit examples in which affect and probability change on different time scales.
Book chapters on the topic "Occupied probability"
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Girifalco, Louis A. "Order-Disorder Alloys." In Statistical Mechanics of Solids. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195119657.003.0008.
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Abstract Two examples of order-disorder structures are shown in figure 8.1, in which A represents the structure of brass (CuZn). If we ignore the identity of the atoms, the structure is body-centered cubic (BCC). The BBC lattice contains two interpenetrating simple cubic (SC) sublattices, one sublattice consisting of the cube corners, and the other sublattice consisting of the cube centers, as shown in figure 8.1A. In the completely ordered state, the body centers of the unit cubes are all occupied by atoms of one type (say, Cu) while the cube corners are all occupied by atoms of the other type (say, Zn). The two sublattices are completely equivalent, and it is immaterial which type of atom is assigned to a given sublattice. In the completely disordered state, any site can be occupied by an atom of either type, the probability that a given site contains an atom of a given type being one half.
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Pinfold, Rob Geist. "Occupation and Exit beyond Israel." In Understanding Territorial Withdrawal. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197658857.003.0008.
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Abstract Chapter 7 focuses on the American withdrawal from its occupation of Hispaniola, a process that entails two exits: from the Dominican Republic in 1924 and from Haiti in 1934. It thus serves as a probability probe that tests the utility of the arenas of bargaining framework for understanding occupation and exit beyond Israel. Equally, the relative lack of attention afforded to these early US occupations and exits presents a compelling case for further study. This chapter finds that the patterns of bargaining that characterized each Israeli withdrawal also manifested in Hispaniola. For instance, violence within the occupied territories delegitimized the US presence in Hispaniola, creating a pro-withdrawal consensus in the international and domestic arenas, which in turn led to an exit. Similarly, the US left the Dominican Republic first, while entrenching itself in Haiti. Thus, this chapter illustrates that the arenas of bargaining framework possesses generalizable explanatory value.
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Hall, Ned. "Two Mistakes About Credence and Chance." In Lewisian Themes: The Philosophy of David k. Lewis. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199274550.003.0009.
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Abstract David Lewis’s influential work on the epistemology and metaphysics of objective chance has convinced many philosophers of the central importance of the following two claims: First, it is a serious cost of reductionist positions about chance (such as that occupied by Lewis) that they are, apparently, forced to modify the Principal Principle-the central principle relating objective chance to rational subjective probability-in order to avoid contradiction. Second, it is a perhaps more serious cost of the rival non-reductionist position that, unlike reductionism, it can give no coherent explanation for why the Principal Principle should hold. I argue that both of these claims are fundamentally mistaken. David Lewis’s conception of the challenges involved in giving a philosophical account of objective chance [Lewis 1980; 1994] has shaped that of almost every other philosopher working in the field. (For a sampling, see Black [1998], Halpin [1998], Hoefer [1997], Ismael [1996], Roberts [2001], Strevens [1995; 1999], Sturgeon [1998], and Vranas [2002].) I think this conception embodies two key mistakes. The first concerns an alleged cost incurred by Lewis and other philosophers who advocate reductionism about chance. The second concerns an alleged cost incurred by their non-reductionist opponents. A summary: Lewis recognized early on that objective chance and subjective probability-the sort of probability that measures rational degree of belief-exhibit an important connection: a rational agent’s degrees of belief should conform in a certain way to her degrees of belief about the chances. Other philosophers had also recognized this connection; but Lewis provided perhaps the most sophisticated presentation of it, in the form of his famous ‘Principal Principle’ [1986b]. At the same time, Lewis’s reductionism about chance held that facts about chance at a world somehow reduce to-and so, supervene on-the totality of categorical (i.e., non-modal) facts about that world.
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Kiam Jane Jean, Gerdts Matthias, and Schulte Axel. "Fast Subset Path Planning/ Replanning to Avoid Obstacles with Time-Varying Probabilistic Motion Patterns." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-682-8-185.
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Many efficient path planners have been invented for finding paths while avoiding obstacles in a dynamic environment. However, most global path planning methods focus on problems where the knowledge of the environment is deterministic or that the states of the environment are stationary over time. This paper aims to introduce a path planning method to avoid obstacles which have a probabilistic moving pattern. Such approach can find its wide use in planning applications for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which not only have to avoid no-fly zones delimited by the airspace, but also zones of hazardous weather conditions such as turbulences and clouds, which move over time. First a spatiotemporal state space is defined to provide a formal representation of the time-varying search problem. The benefit of a spatiotemporal state space for the path planning of a vehicle moving in a time-varying vector field is also highlighted. Then a linear probabilistic movement model based on Gaussian distribution is proposed to estimate the probability of a state being occupied by obstacles. This probability is subsequently used to compute the travel cost in a discrete shortest path search. Finally, a fast subset path planning/ replanning method is introduced. The planning method consists of performing the search on a selected subset of the state-space to reduce computation runtime. By adapting the subset of the state space, the efficiency of the search can be greatly increased and hence a fast global replanning is possible. An efficient replanning is necessary since the UAV cannot remain stationary while waiting for a new path planned.
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"Muskellunge Management: Fifty Years of Cooperation Among Anglers, Scientists, and Fisheries Biologists." In Muskellunge Management: Fifty Years of Cooperation Among Anglers, Scientists, and Fisheries Biologists, edited by Derek P. Crane and Kevin L. Kapuscinski. American Fisheries Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874462.ch24.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Studies of fine-scale habitat characteristics associated with age-0 Muskellunge <em>Esox masquinongy </em>are uncommon and those that have been conducted have relied on targeted, nonrandom sampling designs, which may bias study results. We used a random design to sample age-0 Muskellunge and shallow-water (<1.3 m) habitat features in the upper Niagara River, New York during late July through early September 2013–2015. Comparisons of habitat features between sites where Muskellunge were present and absent and Firth logistic regression were used to identify important characteristics of Muskellunge nursery locations. A total of 15 age-0 Muskellunge were collected at 11 of 295 sites sampled. <em>Vallisneria americana </em>was the dominant aquatic vegetation at 10 of 11 sites where Muskellunge were collected, and sand and mud were the dominant substrate sizes at all locations where age-0 Muskellunge were collected. The probability of age-0 Muskellunge presence was positively related to the proportion of the water column occupied by aquatic vegetation. Despite sampling nearly 300 sites, the small number of age-0 Muskellunge collected limited the types of analyses that could be performed. However, our results provide evidence that shallow-water areas with abundant <em>V. americana </em>should be conserved or restored to provide rearing habitat for Muskellunge in the upper Niagara River. In future studies, sample sizes of age-0 Muskellunge may be increased, while maintaining a probability sampling design, by randomly sampling within predefined areas that contain habitat features identified at sites where Muskellunge were present in our study.
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Mashetty, Someshwar. "The role of predictive modeling in assessing borrower risk and loan performance." In Deep Science Publishing. Deep Science Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70593/978-93-49307-83-4_5.
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The United States is served by a diverse and competitive mortgage market of remarkable performance. Construction accounted for 6 percent of gross domestic product in 2001; one- to four-family rental and owner-occupied residential real estate outstandings exceeded 48 percent. The estimated probability of a U.S. mortgage real estate transaction experiencing a loss is measured in basis points, not percentage points. This good performance, plus continued investor and borrower interest in the product, results in a diversity of underwriting approaches, loan products, loan terms, and performance characteristics. This paper focuses on three primary themes. First, mortgage credit risk has been and is likely to continue to be assessed using the traditional financial questions faced by underwriters, plus a broad array of tools for modeling default, prepayment, and other key mortgage cash flow stimuli. Second, market participants are likely to apply new computer-driven advances in statistical techniques—predictive modeling approaches that are also used in other areas of finance and economics. These financial dimensions are also the focus of the primary prudential regulator of the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. When conducting our safety and soundness examination, we need to apply an efficient blend of financial judgment and economic modeling.
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Fawcett, W. Ronald. "The Structure of Liquids." In Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094329.003.0006.
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It is well known from studies of the properties of matter that the liquid state is much more complex than either the gaseous or solid states. Studies of the properties of gases quickly lead to the ideal gas law, which describes the properties of real gases at low pressures and high temperatures. This success is clearly due to the fact that the molecules in a dilute gas are far from one another so that the effects of intermolecular forces and of the finite volume occupied by the gas molecules are negligible. As the pressure of a gas is increased and its temperature lowered, the effects of non-ideality become apparent, and the equation of state becomes more complex. These changes are those required to convert the gas to a liquid. As the molecules come closer together, the influence of intermolecular forces becomes greater and the free volume available for the gas molecules is significantly reduced because of the space occupied by the molecules themselves. The statistical mechanical description of a gas relies upon the concept that the molecules are in constant movement with trajectories determined by collisions with the walls of the container and with other molecules. The probability of finding another molecule in the immediate vicinity of a given molecule is extremely low and does not vary significantly with distance from the reference molecule. On the other hand, solids are characterized by a very ordered structure in which each ion or molecule is surrounded by a fixed number of neighbors whose nature and orientation are determined by the interparticle forces in the crystal. These may be chiefly ion–ion interactions, as in an ionic crystal, or intermolecular forces, as in a molecular crystal. Because of the high state of order in crystals it is a reasonably straightforward problem to calculate their thermodynamic properties on the basis of quite simple statistical mechanical models. One way of conceptualizing a liquid is as a very disordered solid. If one disrupts the structure of the nearest neighbors around a reference molecule in a molecular crystal, the effect of the disruption extends quite far.
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V. Ngo, Binh, and Ya-Fu Lee. "Ecology of the Granular Spiny Frog Quasipaa verrucospinosa (Amphibia: Anura - Dicroglossidae) in Central Vietnam." In Protected Area Management - Recent Advances. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99656.
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We conducted a large-scale assessment at 35 primary forest sites and 42 secondary forest sites in Bach Ma National Park, central Vietnam, using the detection/non-detection data for each site over multiple visits, to quantify the site proportions that were occupied by granular spiny frogs (Quasipaa verrucospinosa). We additionally investigated the effect of site covariates (primary versus secondary forests) and sample covariates (temperature, humidity, and precipitation) to examine the environmental needs that may be incorporated for conserving rain forest amphibians in Vietnam. From the best model among all candidate models, We estimated a site occupancy probability of 0.632 that was higher than the naïve occupancy estimate of 0.403 and a 57% increase over the proportion of sites at which frogs were actually observed. The primary forest variable was an important determinant of site occupancy, whereas occupancy was not associated with the variable of secondary forest. In a combined AIC model weight, the detection model p (temperature, humidity, precipitation) included 90.9% of the total weight, providing clear evidence that environmental conditions were important sample covariates in modeling detection probabilities of granular spiny frogs. Our results substantiate the importance of incorporating occupancy and detection probabilities into studies of habitat relationships and suggest that the primary forest factor associated with environmental conditions influence the occupancy of granular spiny frogs.
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Saks, Michael J., and Barbara A. Spellman. "Scientific and Other Expert Evidence." In The Psychological Foundations of Evidence Law. NYU Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479880041.003.0008.
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Although most evidence that comes to court is non-technical—observations of everyday events by witnesses, records of business and other routine activities—an important and growing minority of evidence is scientific or technical. Such evidence has great potential for helping to resolve what might otherwise remain unfathomable. But expert evidence demands much of judges and juries. Judges must serve as gatekeepers, deciding whether the evidence meets standards for admissibility (under Daubert), but judges are poorly equipped to evaluate the claims of various disciplines. In their turn, jurors are expected to understand and rationally use expert testimony that is admitted. So we have a paradox. By its definition, expert evidence occupies intellectual territory beyond the competence of judges and jurors. Moreover, it typically comes to court skewed, exaggerated, and cherry-picked. Further, it will almost certainly be contested. How are judges and juries to intelligently sift for helpful truths under such conditions? Human minds did not evolve to intuit statistical (and especially not probability) data, but instead to be persuaded by stories, by conclusions asserted by proclaimed authorities, and by superficial characteristics of speakers (witnesses). The acceptance of “social truth” and the use of System 1 thinking predominate. Research psychologists have been seeking ways to present scientific evidence that are more consistent with how the human mind functions. In addition, researchers have been exploring rapid teaching techniques for bringing laypeople to higher levels of numeracy and inferential competence.
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Bikić-Carić, Gorana. "Les concepts derrière le subjonctif - quelques particularités dans quatre langues romanes." In Poglavlja iz romanske filologije: u čast akademiku Augustu Kovačecu o njegovu 80. rođendanu. Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu – FF-press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.17234/9789531758819.09.
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Dans cet article nous analysons quelques particularités du subjonctif dans quatre langues romanes (français, espagnol, portugais et rouma-in). Nous partons de deux concepts qui sont, à notre avis, prototypiques, à savoir la virtualité (où nous distinguons la volonté et l’incertitude) et la subjectivité. Dans le domaine de l’expression de la volonté, toutes les langues examinées concordent dans l’emploi du subjonctif. Tel n’est pas le cas dans l’expression de l’incertitude, où nous présentons des di-vergences concernant l’espoir, la probabilité/possibilité, l’hypothèse, les rapports temporels et le subjonctif prospectif dans les propositions re-latives déterminatives. L’autre concept prototypique, celui de la subjec-tivité, peut se rapporter à une action virtuelle ou réelle. Ici, c’est le rou-main qui se distingue des autres langues analysées, puisqu’une action réelle, même perçue subjectivement, s’exprime avec l’indicatif. Par con-tre, en roumain nous trouvons un autre emploi du subjonctif, amodal cette fois-ci, où il remplace l’infinitif dans n’importe quel contexte. Nous en concluons que les concepts prototypiques exprimés par le subjonctif en roumain ne sont pas la virtualité et la subjectivité, mais la virtualité et l’expression de la personne du verbe subordonné. Comme les analyses dans cet article nous montrent que le subjonctif occupe une place plus ou moins différente dans le système de chacune des langues examinées, il est évident qu’il n’est pas toujours porteur des mêmes valeurs.
Conference papers on the topic "Occupied probability"
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Brizga, Dace, Edgars Dubrovskis, Olga Miezite, Linards Sisenis, and Kristine Kirsbauma. "FIRE SAFETY IN PEAT EXTRACTION SITES IN LATVIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.43.
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Today about 10% of Latvia's territory is occupied by peatlands (645,100 ha), but the extraction of peat happens in only 4% (25,739 ha) of the total. In regulatory documents peat bogs are mentioned as having a very high probability of flammability (in the context of climate change and other natural elements: drought, heat, lightning and deliberate or unintentional human activity). This indicates the need to improve fire safety by conducting research and improving regulatory frameworks. The aim of the study was to analyse the impact of forest fires on the forest ecosystem, to find out the causes of peat fires and the possibilities of reducing them. In order to analyse the situation in eight peat objects in Latvia, expert interviews were used as a qualitative data collection method and object evaluation in the context of fire safety. The results of the study show that existing fire extinguishing equipment meets regulatory requirements. On average 1-3 cases of fire occur in facilities every year, which are extinguished by the efforts of facility personnel. The three most important risk factors were found to be careless behaviour by employees and by third parties, and natural ignition of peat dust. Technical measures to minimize risks include monitoring the territory and providing sufficient water resources for more operative action in the event of a fire, including the installation of a deep well water intake point.
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Song, InChan, SungHyun Hong, and KyungHi Chang. "An Improved Reader Anti-Collision Algorithm Based on Pulse Protocol with Slot Occupied Probability in Dense Reader Mode." In 2009 IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference Spring. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073385.
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Sahu, Hemant, Harshita Arya, Amar Penta, Rohit Kumar, and Sudipta Saha. "IoT Based Smart Parking Ecosystem with Connected Wireless Induction Chargers." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology. SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-26-0129.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Nowadays the EV car industry is getting more evolved, and OEMs are providing more autonomous and IoT features in the vehicle to provide more comfort to users. Government and local authorities are upgrading the charging infrastructure in the different areas of the cities like shopping malls and near petrol pumps. One of the problems with the EV vehicle is the charging duration, which is time-consuming. Each time a person visits a charging station, there is a probability that the charger would be occupied also human assistance is required to insert the charging gun into the vehicle. This paper proposes a smart parking ecosystem with induction chargers connected to a wireless network and gives an idea about how an EV vehicle is connected to the same network for information exchange between vehicles and wireless induction chargers. This paper discusses a situation in which, if all parking lots with chargers are occupied and the subject vehicle is parked within the geofence area without a charger, the vehicle will self-park whenever any charger becomes available for charging without human intervention. This paper also addresses minimum IoT and ADAS features needed in vehicles and authentication/permission required from the user side to use the facility.</div></div>
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Eretnova, O., D. Tarasova, and G. Dryomova. "The mass function of young spectroscopic binaries and stars with protoplanetary disks." In Modern astronomy: from the Early Universe to exoplanets and black holes. Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2024. https://doi.org/10.26119/vak2024.053.
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The observational data on 58 pre-main sequence (PMS) double-lined spectroscopic binaries (SB2) and 115 stars with protoplanetary disks are compiled for statistical investigation. These stars are located in different star-forming regions. The constructed distributions of young stars by component masses, taking into account the effects of observational selection (discovery probability and/or occupied volume), are approximated with a power law $dN \sim M^{-\Gamma} d\log{M}$. The slopes are determined on the interval from the maximum of the distributions to the largest mass value and are equal to $\Gamma= 0.92 \pm 0.23$ for the components of SB2 systems and $\Gamma = 1.51 \pm 0.30$ for the stars with disks, respectively, which are close to the Salpeter's mass function. The most probable values of the mass are $M_p= 0.48 \pm 0.02$ $M_{\odot}$ for stars with protoplanetary disks and $M_p= 0.95 \pm 0.05$ $M_{\odot}$ for SB2 components.
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Oltrogge, Daniel L., and David A. Vallado. "Debris Risk Evolution And Dispersal (DREAD) for post-fragmentation modeling." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-054.
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Abstract The Debris Risk Evolution And Dispersal (DREAD) tool facilitates the 3D modeling and risk analysis of the fragmentation cloud after a collision or explosion. This tool uses the NASA Standard Breakup Model and other breakup models “under the hood” that are capable of estimating the Probability Density Function (PDF) of induced relative velocity, mass and area of fragments as a function of object size. DREAD can be further enhanced by incorporation of alternate, more detailed hypervelocity simulations that enforce conservation laws (conservation of mass, angular and linear momentum and kinetic energy). We also discuss our recent incorporation of an improved technique to normalize risk by the expansion volume occupied by debris fragments. DREAD is then used to examine the likely debris fragmentation cloud created by the Fengyun 1C (FY1C) antisatellite (ASAT) intercept test conducted by the Chinese in 2007 and the risk it subsequently posed to other spacecraft and the cloud’s evolution and dispersal.
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Harnett, Stephen J., Sean Brennan, Karl Reichard, and Jesse Pentzer. "DETERMINING A DIRECTION- AND POSITION-AGNOSTIC OCCUPANCY PROBABILITY AND OCCUPANCY RATIO FROM MAPS OF OBSTACLE FIELDS FOR GROUND VEHICLE NAVIGATION." In 2024 NDIA Michigan Chapter Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium. National Defense Industrial Association, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-4061.
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<title>ABSTRACT</title> <p>Robot path-planning is a central task for navigation and most path-planners perform well in mapped environments with explicit obstacle boundaries. However, many obstacle fields are better defined by the probability of obstacles and obstacle geometries rather than by explicit locations. Few tools and data structures exist, other than repeated simulations, to predict robot mobility in these situations. Previously, it was shown that geometric obstacle properties could be used to estimate properties of paths routing around these obstacles, looking only at maps and avoiding the task of path planning [<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. This required knowing obstacle geometries relative to travel direction. This work presents a method for representing obstacle geometry, at arbitrary orientations and positions, and therefore a probabilistic model for determining if space near an obstacle is occupied. This paper explains the theory behind this method, uses this method to calculate the portion of a straight path overlapped by obstacles, called linear occupancy ratio, from simulated obstacle fields, and compares these results to measured occupancy ratio values to validate the probabilistic model.</p> <p><bold>Citation:</bold> S. J. Harnett, S. Brennan, K. Reichard, J. Pentzer, “Determining a Direction- and Position-Agnostic Occupancy Probability and Occupancy Ratio from Maps of Obstacle Fields for Ground Vehicle Navigation,” In <italic>Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium</italic> (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 15-17, 2023.</p>
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Caveney, Derek S., Yeonsik Kang, and J. Karl Hedrick. "Probabilistic Mapping for Unmanned Rotorcraft Using Point-Mass Targets and Quadtree Structures." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82889.
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In this paper, the authors present a technique for constructing probabilistic occupancy maps for unmanned rotorcraft. The mapping technique is Bayesian and assumes that a ranging sensor positioned on the rotorcraft is providing noisy target measurements in the presence of clutter. By running a multiple-model Kalman filter-based algorithm, all measurements are used to provide point-mass target state estimates and associated state covariances. Furthermore, the multiple-model algorithm provides probabilities that indicate whether each target is a true target or a false alarm. These three attributes of each target (the state, covariance, and true target probability) are used to build and update the occupancy map. The map is built upon a quadtree structure that allows for higher map resolution in occupied areas of the operating environment and quick access of obstacle locations. This aspect of a quadtree-structured map is particularly useful when transferring obstacle information to obstacle avoidance and route planning routines. The construction of occupancy maps resulting from this quadtree-based, probabilistic technique is demonstrated through simulations of a low-flying rotorcraft travelling through an urban landscape.
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Xu, Youyou, Jian Deng, Zhifang Qiu, Dahuan Zhu, Dongwei Wang, and Wenbin Han. "Overview of the Application of Thermal Management in Industry and the Application Prospect in the DCS of the Nuclear Power Plant." In 2024 31st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone31-134820.
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Abstract Reactor digital control system (DCS) is the brain and central nervous system of nuclear power plant. It is the most complex system of nuclear power plant, which can ensure the safety and stable operation of the nuclear power plant. The DCS in nuclear power plants can be divided into safety-related DCS and non-safety-related DCS. With the improvement of digital, intelligent, integrated and miniaturized technology of the DCS in nuclear power plant, thermal management is becoming an increasingly integral part of advanced DCS system design. In electronic devices, temperature is one of the key factors affecting the performance of the electronic components. In the field of electronic heat dissipation, there is a famous ten-degree rule: the reliability of electronic devices is closely related to the temperature. Within a certain temperature range, the temperature of electronic components rises by 10 degrees, its reliability will decline by 50%. Therefore, effective thermal management of electronic equipment is particularly important. Usually, thermal management technology mainly focus on three key elements: heat source, heat sink and the channel to removing heat. Large amount of researches about these three elements were carried out in order to meet the requirements of application scenarios and various heat indexes. On one hand, thermal management can reduce the failure probability of the DCS, on the other hand, more efficient thermal management can reduce the weight, volume and energy consumption of the DCS. Firstly, the application of thermal management technology in various industrial fields is systematically reviewed and summarized in this paper. Then, combined with the three elements of thermal management mentioned above, the application scenario of thermal management in DCS of nuclear power plant is analyzed. Systematic thermal management research on DCS of nuclear power plant aims to lay the groundwork and support for the subsequent application of advanced thermal management technology in DCS of nuclear power plant, so as to reduce the weight, size and the energy consumption, reduce the space occupied by DCS and improve the reliability of the instrument control system.
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Prasun, Samir, and Andrew K. Wojtanowicz. "Probabilistic Estimation of Recovery From Naturally Fractured Bottom-Water Reservoir With Uncertain Well Placement in Fracture Network." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96836.
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Abstract In conventional reservoirs with bottom-water and no natural fractures, recovery can be predicted from known designed well spacing and completion placement. However, in naturally-fractured reservoirs (NFR), there is a considerable intrinsic uncertainty of such predictions because well’s completions may randomly intercept fractures (fracture-well) or be accidently placed in the matrix blocks (matrix-well) of NFR. Moreover, the recovery prediction is even more difficult when dual-completed wells with downhole water sink (DWS) are used for water coning control — with a second completion placed in the aquifer beneath the oil-water contact. The study compares recovery of the fracture and matrix-wells in the same NFR developed using single-completed and dual completed wells. The study also proposes a probabilistic method for finding well’s recovery in NFR having distributed fracture network and uncertain wells’s location in the network. Two patterns of fracture network are considered: densely-distributed natural fractures, and sparsely-distributed fracture clusters. DPDP Cartesian flow model is verified for estimation of recovery performance in each of the two networks using water cut patterns and ultimate recovery estimates. The model proves to be sufficiently accurate to be used in this study. The study considers ultimate recovery after 20 years of production, or when the water-cut value is 97%, for known or unknown well completion placement in the fracture network. In the latter case (uncertain completion placement), expected value of well’s recovery is computed for the (known) fracture corridor size distribution from seismic surveys and borehole image logs. The distribution also provides the fractional area of NFR occupied by the fracture corridors and exclusion (matrix) zone, which helps estimate the probability of on/off-fracture completion. In this study, we consider two (on-fracture/off-fracture) locations of well completion for conventional and DWS wells. When the location is certain (known) and fractures are densely distributed, placement of well’s completion has no effect on recovery performance. However, our results also show that in the fracture corridor network, single completed matrix wells are superior to fracture wells. Similarly, DWS wells dual-completed in a exclusion-zone would maximize the recovery. Probabilistic assessment of recovery is demonstrated for a field case NFR with known size distribution of fracture corridors. In case the reservoir is developed with single-completed wells the expected value of recovery factor is 33% with 42% and 58% of wells randomly completed in fracture corridor and exclusion-zone respectively. When DWS wells are used, probabilistic placement of two-completions is the same but oil recovery increases to 41%. The study demonstrates the need and a method for probabilistic assessment of recovery from bottom-water NFRs with sparsely-distributed fracture networks using conventional and dual-completed wells.
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Wani, Ankit, Avinash Ithape, Jyotsana Singh, Piyush Burangi, and Amit Borawar. "Multi-Band Bayesian Particle Filter for Occupancy Grid." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8011.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the domain of advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles, precise perception and interpretation of the vehicle's environment are not merely requirements they are the very foundation upon which every aspect of functionality and safety is constructed. One prevalent method of representing the environment is through the use of an occupancy grid map. This map segments the environment into distinct grid cells, each of which is evaluated to determine if it is occupied or free. This evaluation operates under the assumption that each grid cell is independent of the others. The underlying mathematical structure of this system is the binary Bayes filter (BBF). The BBF integrates sensor data from various sources and can incorporate measurements taken at different times. The occupancy grid map does not rely on the identification of individual objects, which allows it to depict obstacles of any shape. This flexibility is a key advantage of this approach. Traditional occupancy grid maps fall short when it comes to predicting dynamic environments due to their lack of a process model. A notable enhancement to this static model is the Bayesian Occupancy Filter (BOF), which, unlike its predecessor, estimates a velocity distribution for each grid cell's occupancy using a histogram filter. However, the BOF's computational demands are high. To address this, research propose representing the dynamic state of grid cells using particles. This method enables the computation of dynamic grid maps in real-time applications, even with larger grid cell sizes and higher resolution. Despite these advancements, dynamic occupancy grid maps remain a relatively new field of study, especially when compared to more established object-tracking approaches. Until now, the BOF has been treated as a distinct research area with minimal overlap with other tracking methodologies. This methodology aims to bridge that gap and foster a more integrated approach to dynamic environment estimation.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study introduces a novel approach to dynamic grid mapping, conceptualized as an approximation of a Random Finite Set (RFS) filter. An RFS is a probabilistic representation of a finite, random collection of objects and their respective states. Finite Set Statistics (FISST) provide a framework for Bayesian filtering of these random finite sets and form the foundation for several multi-object tracking methodologies, such as the Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter. By characterizing the grid as an RFS, we can apply sophisticated concepts from the well-established domain of RFS filtering to dynamic grid mapping. The research develops a filter known as the Probability Hypothesis Density/Multi-Instance Bernoulli (PHD/MIB) filter. This filter alternately represents and propagates the dynamic grid map as a PHD and as multiple instances of Bernoulli filters, thereby offering a more integrated and efficient approach to dynamic environment estimation.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Furthermore, this research introduces a Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) implementation of the PHD/MIB filter, as well as an approximation within the Dempster-Shafer framework, termed the Dempster-Shafer PHD/MIB (DS-PHD/MIB) filter. This DS-PHD/MIB filter necessitates fewer particles than the original PHD/MIB filter, thereby enhancing computational efficiency. The study provides a comprehensive description of an efficient, massively parallel implementation of the DS-PHD/MIB filter. The algorithm's pseudo code is also outlined, offering a clear and concise understanding of its workings. This approach further strengthens the integrated and efficient methodology for dynamic environment estimation.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In conclusion, the research delineates the attributes of the DS-PHD/MIB filter and debates its pros and cons in comparison to object-based tracking methodologies, using practical examples for illustration. A quantitative assessment using real-world data demonstrates that the DS-PHD/MIB filter yields consistent state estimation outcomes. It effectively models both the stochastic multi-object transition process and the stochastic multi-object observation process. Moreover, the evaluation affirms the real-time capability of the parallelized implementation of the DS-PHD/MIB filter. It validates its utility for state estimation in dynamic vehicle environments, thereby underscoring its potential for practical applications in dynamic environment estimation. This comprehensive approach offers a promising avenue for future research and development in this field.</div></div>
Reports on the topic "Occupied probability"
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Butler, Christopher, and Tabitha Olsen. Inventory of eastern black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) to Inform Padre Island National Seashore prescribed fire management. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2311590.
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The Eastern Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis jamaicensis) is an elusive, federally threatened marsh bird with declining populations, making effective monitoring and habitat management critical. This study investigated Black Rail occupancy and habitat characteristics at Padre Island National Seashore (PAIS) using a combination of call-playback surveys, passive acoustic monitoring, trail cameras, and vegetation sampling. Over a survey season from March to July 2024, call-playback surveys detected Black Rails at eight locations, primarily in Upper Bird Island Basin, although Eastern Black Rails were also detected at Bird Island Basin and the North Shooting Range units. Both detectability and occupancy were low, with a detection probability of only 8.8% and with only 10.6% of apparently suitable habitat occupied. Passive acoustic monitoring and trail cameras proved less effective at documenting Eastern Black Rail presence than call-playback surveys, with only one Black Rail detection via autonomous recording units (ARUs) and no detections using trail cameras. Vegetation sampling revealed that survey points were dominated by emergent vegetation, with limited coverage by shrubs, saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and cordgrass (Spartina spp.). The above-ground biomass (AGB) of grassy and herbaceous vegetation has been positively correlated with occupancy at other sites and the relatively low AGB observed at sites on Padre Island National Seashore may help explain the limited occupancy (only 10.6% of apparently suitable habitat) observed in this study. Black Rails typically avoid areas of extensive woody vegetation, and prescribed fire can be very effective at reducing woody vegetation encroachment. Consequently, prescribed fire is likely an effective way to manage units for continued Black Rail persistence. However, adjusting the interval between burns may be required to allow AGB to increase to a higher level in order to increase occupancy.