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Journal articles on the topic 'Occupied Ukraine'
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1
Hrabovskyi, Serhiy. "UKRAINE IN THE USSR: OCCUPIED TERITORY OR COLONY?" Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 23 (2018): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2018.23.7.
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The author considers in this article the problem of definition the characteristics of the non-independent status of Ukraine at the time of the Russian Empire and the USSR as one of the key for the Ukrainian philosophy of history, political science and politics. This problem is extremely important both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. According to the author, Ukraine really had the status of a colony in one form or another, although nominally in the USSR was one of the "sovereign republics". The article outlines the main factors that prevent scholars from unanimously recognizing this status, criticized those areas of Western Postcolonial Studies, where hypertrophied racial factors and the "overseas territories" factor, and, in addition, the Russian Empire is ignored as a colonial state. The part of those researchers, who deny the colonial status of Ukraine in the USSR, emphasize the aggressive nature of Bolshevism and the imperial policy of Moscow, but at the same time they are talking about "occupied Ukraine." For example, the main territory of Ukraine after the collapse of the Russian Empire was occupied by Bolshevik Russia. After the Second World War, when almost all of the Ukrainian lands were united under the USSR, they were given an occupation regime that existed until the 1990s. The author of the article believes that this approach is a simplification of the real situation. The period of occupation in Eastern Ukraine ended in 1921, when the Bolsheviks were forced to make certain concessions to the Ukrainians, and in Western Ukraine - in 1953, shortly after Stalin's death. There has come a long period of colonial exploitation of Ukrainian resources, including human, whose consequences considerably complicate the life of the restored independent Ukrainian state. Decolonization is an incomparably more complex and prolonged process than liberation from occupation and overcoming its consequences.
2
Rudakova, Daria. "Soviet Women Collaborators in Occupied Ukraine 1941-1945." Australian Journal of Politics & History 62, no. 4 (2016): 529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12302.
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Деркач, В. Г. "GROUNDS AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINALIZATION OF VIOLATION OF THE PROCEDURE OF ENTRY INTO THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORY OF UKRAINE AND EXIT FROM IT." Juridical science 2, no. 4(106) (2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-106-4-2.03.
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The article examines the current state of the law on criminal liability for violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine, as a result of which Art. 332-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to decriminalize at least because the regime of the temporarily occupied territories is temporary, and the temporary articles of the criminal law to the world have not yet been known. The Constitution of Ukraine in Art. 17 declared that the protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, ensuring its economic and information security are the most important functions of the state, the business of the entire Ukrainian people. The defense of Ukraine, protection of its sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability are entrusted to the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Ensuring state security and protection of the state border of Ukraine are entrusted to the relevant military formations and law enforcement agencies of the state, the organization and procedure of which are determined by law. In late 2013 - early 2014, the Russian Federation, taking advantage of the problems in our army to perform such functions, launched an open armed aggression, which, in addition to killing tens of thousands of Ukrainians, led to the illegal annexation of Crimea and occupation of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. In fact, the state border with the Russian Federation in eastern Ukraine has become a line of demarcation between the territory controlled by the state of Ukraine and the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. The Ukrainian Parliament reacted to this acute problem in a rather predictable way - on April 15, 2014, the Law of Ukraine № 1207-VII “On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine” was adopted. 332-1 "Violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine." Such a decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine provoked both sharp discussions in the science of criminal law and problems in the application of this norm in practice. Thus, during the period under study from 2014 to February 2021, we registered 212 cases of violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. However, according to the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, the courts of Ukraine have handed down 30 court convictions for violating the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. Of these, 7 were handed down in 2015, 21 in 2016, and one sentence each in 2017 and 2019.
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Деркач, В. Г. "CURRENT STATE OF THE LAW ON CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION OF THE PROCEDURE OF ENTRY INTO THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORY OF UKRAINE AND EXIT." Juridical science, no. 3(105) (March 30, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-105-3.04.
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The article examines the current state of the law on criminal liability for violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine, as a result of which Art. 332-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to decriminalize at least because the regime of the temporarily occupied territories is temporary, and the temporary articles of the criminal law to the world have not yet been known. The Constitution of Ukraine in Art. 17 declared that the protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, ensuring its economic and information security are the most important functions of the state, the business of the entire Ukrainian people. The defense of Ukraine, protection of its sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability are entrusted to the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Ensuring state security and protection of the state border of Ukraine are entrusted to the relevant military formations and law enforcement agencies of the state, the organization and procedure of which are determined by law. In late 2013 - early 2014, the Russian Federation, taking advantage of the problems in our army to perform such functions, launched an open armed aggression, which, in addition to killing tens of thousands of Ukrainians, led to the illegal annexation of Crimea and occupation of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. In fact, the state border with the Russian Federation in eastern Ukraine has become a line of demarcation between the territory controlled by the state of Ukraine and the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. The Ukrainian Parliament reacted to this acute problem in a rather predictable way - on April 15, 2014, the Law of Ukraine № 1207-VII “On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine” was adopted. 332-1 "Violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine." Such a decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine provoked both sharp discussions in the science of criminal law and problems in the application of this norm in practice. Thus, during the period under study from 2014 to February 2021, we registered 212 cases of violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. However, according to the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, the courts of Ukraine have handed down 30 court convictions for violating the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. Of these, 7 were handed down in 2015, 21 in 2016, and one sentence each in 2017 and 2019.
5
Kurylo, Nataliia. "Events in Ukraine in 2014-2020 Through the Eyes of Young People from the Temporarily Occupied Territory." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 7 (338) (2020): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2020-7(338)-44-57.
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The article presents the results of a diagnostic study on the views of young people from the temporarily occupied territories and the "gray zone" on the events taking place in Ukraine in 2014-2020. Ukraine: Ukraine as a state, Ukrainian education, opportunities to obtain a Ukrainian diploma, live in Ukraine, access and trust in the Ukrainian media, ways to end the conflict in eastern Ukraine, granting autonomous status to Luhansk and Donetsk regions, etc. The study compares the responses of residents of the occupied territory and the "gray zone", compares the results of 2020 with the data obtained in last year's study. It is concluded that despite the loss of consciousness as a result of the information war and aggressive propaganda, some young people from the temporarily occupied territories are trying to find answers and understand the difficult situation in eastern Ukraine. therefore, they choose Ukrainian education as a basis for freedom of choice of future, personal and professional development in the open European space.
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Yamelska, Kh. "PREVENTION OF TORTURE ON THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 118 (2021): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2021/3.118-24.
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The article reveals the content of armed aggression and the legal status of the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Russia's aggression against Ukraine is considered in historical retrospect. Cases of torture and other ill-treatment on the temporarily occupied territories have been demonstrated in specific cases. The article examines the state of human rights on the temporarily occupied territories, namely the prevention of torture and other ill-treatment. Ways to prevent torture and ill-treatment in order to respect human rights and maintain the rule of law have been identified. The author determined that system of counteraction to aggression of Russia, which consists the political, legal and economic means, includes the prevention of torture and ill-treatment.The author notes that the adoption of UN GA resolutions and other documents of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe are new elements of increasing legal pressure on Russia. The submission of interstate applications by the Government of Ukraine to the European Court of Human Rights against the Russian Federation is one of the effective means of preventing torture. The article reveals the impact of expert and advocacy activities of non-governmental human rights organizations on the prevention of torture and the state of human rights on the temporarily occupied territories. It is noted that maintaining contacts with the citizens of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, constant informing, as well as obtaining information by the Ukrainian side on the state of human rights in the temporarily occupied territory provides an opportunity to partially prevent such violations and allow future reintegration of these territories. Keywords: prevention of torture, temporarily occupied territories, armed aggression, observance of human rights.
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Rzhevska, Nina. "Effective Models of Reintegration for De-occupied Territories." Language, Culture, Politics. International Journal 1 (December 9, 2021): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54515/lcp.2021.1.325-340.
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The article aims to reveal the essence of the reintegration process of the occupied and de-occupied territories, determining the current state and characterizing the conflict in the East of Ukraine. Its components and implementation tools are analyzed, and foreign models of reintegration of the occupied and de-occupied territories are presented and evaluated; there is also determined the degree of their conformity for Ukraine. In this research, there was made an attempt to find the most effective model for the reintegration of Donbas, which would not only contribute to the demilitarization and restoration of state control in these territories, but also prevent the emergence of separatist movements, stimulate the process of returning, and integration of citizens to the social, cultural, economic and political life of their country of origin. It was stressed that the Ukrainian model for restoring the territorial integrity and reintegration of Donbas should be based on compromise and key issues that have a positive international grounding for which the government has a public support, combined with a strong national, international, and military one. There is a greater chance for working out a mutual standpoint of Ukraine and its international partners which would allow the conflict with Russia to be solved. It is noted that the problem remains since there is no consensus among citizens on the optimal way of restoring the territorial integrity of Ukraine. That is why there is an urgent need to create a comprehensive strategy to restore the territorial integrity and reintegration of Donbas. It will have a necessary impact on all the parties of the conflict, and result in a publicly supported compromise. This can be achieved despite the current domestic and international peculiarities of the process; help can be expected from international experience in restoring peace as well as from the government’s approach to the process of reintegration and shaping up a unified state.
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Zinkevich, Andrej. "LANGUAGE POLICY IN THE REYKMISSARIAT OF UKRAINE." Studia Linguistica, no. 15 (2019): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.15.66-83.
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The article deals with some issues of language policy in the Reichskommissariat of Ukraine (1941-1944) in the context of competition between different concepts of the Third Reich leadership in relation to the occupied eastern territories. In this regard, along with the problem of attitude of the new authorities to the Ukrainian language, the issue of introduction of Latin script in Ukraine and teaching German to the local population is raised. The language policy implemented in the Reichskommissariat for the first time is the result of an internal struggle between the main forces of the occupation administration: the Ministry of the Eastern Occupied Territories, the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, the Wehrmacht (in its area of responsibility in Ukraine) and branches of the industrial and transport structures of the Reich working in Ukraine. The legislative basis of the language policy in Ukraine was never officially approved until the end of the occupation, so the main source of information about the language regulation was the letter of the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories dated January 13, 1942 about the foundations of the language policy, which in its basic provisions supported the trend towards gradual Ukrainianization of the population (excluding Ukrainian Germans). The most noticeable correction of the language policy took place in the sphere of teaching German to the local population. The needs of the military industry forced economic structures to lobby for the elimination of the ban on teaching German to Ukrainians, which in turn was reinforced by the general policy line of the Ministry for the Eastern occupied territories to involve the Ukrainian people in the fight against Bolshevism.
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Smyrnov, Andrii. "THE ACTIVITY OF FR. YAKIV KRAVCHUK IN NAZI-OCCUPIED UKRAINE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 27 (2018): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2018-27-113-116.
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Gavrik, R., and N. Demchyk. "Problems of administrative support legal regime temporarily occupied territories Ukraine in the activities of border guards (in the context of current practices in cases of administrative offenses and matters of administrative procedure)." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 67 (January 16, 2022): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.67.35.
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In the scientific article the author conducted a scientific study of the problems of ensuring the administrative and legal regime of the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in the context of current practice in cases of administrative offenses and administrative proceedings. On the basis of the conducted research, the author came to the conclusion that in judicial practice there is a problem of release of the persons who have committed the administrative offense provided by Art. 204-2 of the Code of Ukraine about administrative offenses on insignificance of the committed. The author notes the need to amend the sanction of Article 204-2 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine in order to prevent the release of a person from liability on the basis of insignificance of the offense, failure to cause serious consequences for the state and society, etc. The only exception may be the commission of an offense in a state of extreme necessity (including for the purpose of treatment, testing or anti-epidemic measures, ie falls under the notion of extreme necessity) and in the event of a natural disaster or epidemic threat. The latter circumstance is caused by the practice of closing checkpoints by illegal armed groups due to so-called quarantine restrictions, which deprives citizens of Ukraine, foreigners and stateless persons of the legal opportunity to cross the border from the temporarily occupied territory and enter or leave Ukraine. it from the temporarily occupied territory. In this regard, the author proposed to provide that Article 204-2 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine does not apply to cases of violation of the order of entry into or exit from the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine, if it occurred in the absence of actual checkpoints in the temporarily occupied territory and if such a violation occurred in conditions of danger to the life and health of these persons, the life and health of their family members due to a natural disaster, pandemic or active hostilities.
11
Solonari, Vladimir. "Nationalist Utopianism, Orientalist Imagination, and Economic Exploitation: Romanian Aims and Policies in Transnistria, 1941–1944." Slavic Review 75, no. 3 (2016): 583–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.75.3.0583.
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Based on a wide range of sources, this article explores the aims, methods, and evolution of Romanian occupation policy in southwestern Ukraine and the local non-Jewish population’s reactions to it. It shows that the policy was more oppressive than is usually assumed and that it resulted in a substantial deterioration of relations between occupiers and occupied, especially in the countryside.
12
Victor, MYKHAILOVSKYI. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MECHANISM FOR ENSURING HUMAN RIGHTS." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 117, no. 4 (2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(117)03.
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Background. The problem of protecting human rights has existed throughoutthe existence of mankind. Modern globalization affects the effectiveness of international institutions in the field of human rights. After all, the rapid processes of development and adoption of international documents in the field of human rights require not only worldwide recognition, but also unquestioning implementation. In this regard, the study of the mechanism for exercising the powers of the UN Human Rights Council in the temporarily occupied territories of Crimea and Donbas is especially relevant. The aim of the article is to establish a mechanism for exercising the powers of the UN Human Rights Council to respect and ensure human rights in Ukraine, in particular in the temporarily occupied territories of Crimea and Donbas. Materials and methods. Both general and special legal methods of cognition were used during the research. The normative basis of the study were international treaties, international law and the work of domestic and foreign scientists. Results. International protection of human rights is one of the most important branches of public international law. The creation of the United Nations has opened a new page in the field of human rights institutions. In order to promote and ensure human rights in Ukraine, in particular in the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Donbas, the UN Human Rights Council implements a number of mechanisms: closely cooperateswith the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. periodic inspections. The UN Human Rights Council serves as a forum for discussing thematic issues on all human rights. Thus, within the high-level segment of the UN Human Rights Council, on February 23, 2021, for the third year in a row, the UN General Assembly debated on the agenda item «Situation in the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine» initiated by our state. Within the framework of this event, support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine was expressed. Conclusion. Ukraine’s cooperation with the UN Human Rights Council is increasing pressure from the international community to respect the rights of indigenous peoples, national minorities, social human rights, democracy and the rule of law. During the Russian aggression on the territory of Ukraine, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution «Cooperation with Ukraine and its assistance in the field of human rights», an agreement was concluded between the Government of Ukraine and the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Ukraine. Thus, despite the recommendatory nature of the powers of the UN Human Rights Council, this international institution significantly affects the level of human rights in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, and contributes to the further development of human rights in Ukraine. Keywords: human rights, UN Commission on Human Rights, UN HumanRights Council, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission.
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Tsebenko, S. B., and O. O. Bortnyk. "VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORY OF UKRAINE." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 10 (2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-10/10.
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Strilchuk, Maryna V. "The Holocaust in Ukraine." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 1, no. 1-2 (2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2611815.
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The national historiography of the Holocaust was analyzed in the article. The author described the main forms of representation of the theme in the Ukrainian researchers’ papers. The main trends and stages of Holocaust Studies in Ukraine were determined. The author analyzed the socio-political conditionality of the Holocaust historiography in different stages, from Soviet time till modernity. The author concluded that Ukrainian historians focuses on the key points of the history of the Holocaust in their papers: anti-Semitic propaganda in the occupied territory of Ukraine, the methods and forms of Jewish resistance to the Nazis, Ukrainian-Jewish relations during the Second World War, politics and culture of the memory of the Holocaust.
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Луцька, Г. В. "LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN NOTARY AND CIVIL PROCESSES AS AN ELEMENT PROTECTION AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF RESIDENTS (RESIDENTS) OF THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE." Juridical science, no. 1(103) (February 19, 2020): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-103-1.54.
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The article considers the problem of application of artificial intelligence in the law of Ukraine in general and in the notarial and civil process in particular. The legal consequences of the legal regime of temporary occupation of some territories of Ukraine are indicated and the ways to eliminate obstacles in the protection and defense of the rights of citizens of Ukraine in these territories are determined. The legal construction of «artificial intelligence» is studied and its types are offered. The conclusion about the expediency of using intelligent computer programs, intelligent information technologies as types of artificial intelligence in notarial and executive processes is substantiated. It is proposed to consider the use of artificial intelligence in notarial and civil proceedings for citizens of Ukraine living in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea or in the occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, within the limits, in the manner and in the manner prescribed by law of Ukraine. It is proved that the introduction of artificial intelligence through the mechanism of protection and defense of human and civil rights and freedoms in the civil process must be adapted to social relations that arise and exist, not violate the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Ukraine and have a legal basis. Based on the scientific and practical analysis of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine, it is proposed for citizens of Ukraine living in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea or in the occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions to establish that lawsuits, separate and injunctive proceedings are entirely online. The procedure (procedure) and features of such proceedings with the use of various types of artificial intelligence (such as chatbots and other information intelligence technologies) should be defined in the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine. It is noted that the introduction of the above mechanism to protect and defend the rights of citizens living in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea or in the occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions through intelligent computer programs will require proper maintenance and support of such programs to prevent leakage of information, leakage of personal data, etc. The conclusion is substantiated that e-litigation and remote notarial proceedings will increase the effectiveness of notarial and judicial forms of protection and protection of rights and make these state forms of protection more flexible, able to anticipate the peculiarities of procedural actions involving residents of the temporarily occupied territories.
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Aristova, Alla. "Ukraine: Beyond the Boundaries of Religious Freedom." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 80 (December 13, 2016): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2016.80.718.
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In the article by Alla Aristova "Ukraine: Beyond the Boundaries of Religious Freedom", the changes in the confessional landscape, and in the level and quality of religious freedom that have occurred in recent years in the annexed and occupied territories of Ukraine are analyzed. The features of the religious situation on the Crimean peninsula and the Eastern regions of Ukraine are generalized.
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Soffer, Olga, James M. Adovasio, Ninelj L. Kornietz, et al. "Cultural stratigraphy at Mezhirich, an Upper Palaeolithic site in Ukraine with multiple occupations." Antiquity 71, no. 271 (1997): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00084532.
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The later Palaeolithic sites on the East European plain are celebrated for their solid buildings constructed of mammoth bones. Were these permanent settlements, occupied all the year round? Or were they seasonally occupied, in a land where winters are harsh? Stratigraphic explorations at Mezhirich, and excavation of the empty space between the buildings, leads to a decisive interpretation.
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Фомін, А. В. "Power supply of urban residents in nazi occupied Ukraine (between 1941 – 1944)." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 3(259) (February 18, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2020-259-3-99-107.
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In this article, from the standpoint of anthropocentrism, social history, the history of everyday life, the problem of energy supply to residents of Ukrainian cities during the years of Nazi occupation is analyzed. Energy in an industrial society is one of the most important sectors of the economy, ensuring the functioning of industry, transport, water supply and sanitation, lighting and heating of homes. It plays a particularly important role in the life of cities, because the city’s infrastructure is the center of population, industry and transport, high-rise buildings, and its normal operation without electricity is impossible. The study reveals the features of the restoration and operation of power plants, street lighting in cities, the cost of electricity, its availability for different groups of the urban population. Aspects of the functioning of urban electric vehicles are also discussed in the article. It is proven that the lack of electricity was felt throughout the entire period of occupation. Its absence restrained the restoration of communal services. Electricity was used primarily by German military units, Volksdeutsche, enterprises and official institutions. The methods of lighting and heating homes that were used by citizens during the years of occupation are considered. In the most difficult period in the winter of 1942, the local population was completely deprived of the right to use electricity at home. Violent measures (up to the execution) were threatened for violation of the order. The reverse situation was observed among the Wehrmacht soldiers who did not save electricity. In general, energy supply could not meet the needs of either the civilian population or industry, especially in the cold periods of the year. The reasons for this situation were the Soviet scorched earth tactics, the evacuation of all resources to the east of the USSR, the Reich’s policy of looting and removal of electrical equipment, the lack of fuel and the general energy crisis in Germany as a result of the failure of the blitzkrieg. In their turn, the Nazis themselves, when retreating, also resorted to scorched earth tactics, which, along with heavy fighting and moving of the front line, completely deprived the population of electricity at the final stage of occupation and the Soviet-German war.
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Stokolos, Nadiya G. "Ethnic and Confessional Politics of the Reich in Occupied Ukraine (1941-1944)." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 19 (October 2, 2001): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2001.19.1165.
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Orthodox church life in Ukraine from the summer of 1941 to the spring of 1944 was characterized by a sharp confrontation between two Orthodox churches, administrative centers of which were located in Volyn, in Lutsk and Kremenets. The Autonomous Orthodox Church (APC) was headed by an archbishop (from December 1941 - Metropolitan) Alex (Gromadsky). After his tragic death on May 7, 1943, the APC remained virtually without a chapter, since at this time the occupation authorities abolished the traditional system of church management. The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) throughout its time was headed by an archbishop, and from May 1942 Metropolitan Polycarp (Sikorsky).
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Goncharova, A. V., and V. Yu Chuikova. "Problems of inheritance in the anti-terrorist operation zone and in the occupied territories." Legal horizons, no. 25 (2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i25.p14.
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In this article, the authors reveal the issue of inheritance in the anti-terrorist operation zone and in the occupied territories. The institution of inheritance in the civil law system is one of the most important issues of research, its importance is due to the fact that the object of inheritance is the right of ownership. The issue of inheritance in the controlled territories remains relevant. This applies to both subjects and objects of inheritance rights. The article emphasizes that in accordance with the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine and the Constitution of Ukraine, the sovereignty of Ukraine extends to its entire territory, which within the internationally recognized state border is integral and inviolable. Indicated. That within the temporarily occupied territories there is a special procedure for ensuring the rights and freedoms of the civilian population, defined by the legislation of Ukraine. Individuals, regardless of their registration as internally displaced persons or their acquisition of special legal status, and legal entities retain the right of ownership, other real rights to property, including immovable property, including land plots temporarily occupied territories, if such property is acquired in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine. It is noted that the activities of armed groups and the occupation administration are illegal, and any act issued in connection with such activities is invalid and does not create any legal consequences. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the process of inheritance on Ukrainian lands is unchanged, namely, by will and by law. Inheritance by will occurs if the deceased person made a will before death and it is valid. In his absence there is an inheritance by law. Inheritance by law takes place in the following cases: absence of a will; invalidation of the will; the death of the heirs specified in the will before the opening of the inheritance or their refusal to accept the inheritance; the testator revoked a previously made will and left no new one; the will was declared invalid by a court; if the will does not cover all the property belonging to the testator.
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Ivaniuta, Serhii. "ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EASTERN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF DONBAS REINTEGRATION." Strategic Panorama, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2019): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.1-2.2019.02.
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Priorities for ensuring environmental security in the zone of military conflict in Eastern Ukraine as components of environmental protection in the context of the reintegration of temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions have been identified. It is noted that about 3.6 million people in the regions along the demarcation line face problems with access to clean water. It is emphasized that as a result of hostilities there was a large-scale destruction and damage to critical infrastructure. This has led to an imbalance in the temporarily occupied territory, as well as a dangerous decline in the level of environmental protection in the region, which is home to about 5 million people. It is emphasized that uncontrolled flooding of many mines leads to an increase in the number and scale of manifestation of dangerous environmental factors for the life of the population and increasing socio-economic tensions in the area up to 15 thousand km2. At the same time, mine waters rise to the surface and begin to flow into small rivers, flooding cities and entering the Seversky Donets River, which is used for water supply to about 70 % of the population of Donetsk region. It is emphasized that increasing the level of environmental safety, restoring the environment of Donbas in the context of forming an environmental protection program is a necessary prerequisite for its reintegration. The current threats to the security of water supply in eastern Ukraine, the intensification of which is associated with the deterioration of the environmental situation in the region, are analyzed. It is emphasized that in the conditions of flooding of mines and pollution of reservoirs in the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions there is a pollution of water sources and deterioration of quality of drinking water. Thus, pollution of reservoirs in the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions poses an urgent threat to 300 thousand inhabitants of the region. In order to ensure environmental security in Eastern Ukraine, recommendations are proposed on a set of measures to ensure environmental protection in Eastern Ukraine as a necessary prerequisite for the reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories.
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Ivanenko, Alina. "A HUMAN UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION OF UKRAINE: MODERN NATIONAL HISTORIOGRAPHY." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 39 (2019): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2019.39.14.
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Hitler occupation of Ukraine became the most difficult challenge for the Ukrainian people as the "new order" leaders’ aim was to eliminate the population of captured territories, to prepare a living space for the "Aryan people" whom Hitler and his ascendants considered the Germans to be. The policy of the Nazi regime on the occupied territories, which were regarded as an object of exploitation, oppression and robbery, led to significant changes in the practice of everyday life of the civilian population. History becomes more anthropological and it encourages the study of everyday life in order to understand holistic picture of historical events. This picture had its own peculiarities in different regions of Ukraine. In the Soviet period the issues of everyday life in occupied areas were considered fragmentarily, with the main focus on the other images - the nationwide struggle against the invaders, the moral and political unity of the Ukrainian people, the leading role of the party in fighting back the occupiers, etc. In fact, modern national scientists had to study the problem of anthropological measurements of occupation from scratch. However, in recent decades in Ukraine there has appeared a lot of historical research, the subject of which is the anthropological defining of occupation. These studies are being considered in the given article. A particular subject of research and this publication as well is certain categories of population: women, minors and intelligentsia. The existence of these categories of people in occupation has certain features that researchers disclose from different, often opposite, points of view. At the present stage various aspects of the Ukrainian peasantry life during the years of Nazi occupation are investigated by O. Potylchak, O. Perekhrest, V. Revehuk, T. Nagayko and others. The works of T. Vronska, K. Kurylyshyn, L. Kovpak, O. Isaikin, M. Herasimov, V. Kononenko, A. Yankovska and others were dedicated to the everyday life issues in the years of the Second World War and in the first post-war decade. The material, household and social spheres in the post-occupation period in different regions of Ukraine were studied by S. Galchenko, M. Dedkov, I. Spudka. However, in most of these works, the strategies of town people’s survival in the liberated territories in 1943-1945 are briefly outlined. Some researchers (T. Zabolotna, T. Nahayko, O. Savitska, V. Yakovenko) emphasize the everyday life of individual cities. I. Vetrov researched the economic robbery of the national economy and the population of Ukraine by invaders. Some aspects of the social policy of occupiers are highlighted in the study of O. Potylchak. M. Shevchenko, V. Hedz conducted a study of "female" narrative sources. Nowadays there are two directions of coverage of children lives during the occupation. The first direction is represented by D. Slobodynsky, who assumes that the state of children during the Nazi occupation of Ukraine was unbearable. H. Holysh and L. Holysh consider that children and teens played a very active role in the struggle against the Nazis. The state of the intelligentsia during the occupation was studied by L. Bidocha, V. Hinda, O. Salata, T. Zabolotna. The researchers point to the reasons of cooperation of this segment of the population with the occupants, which in fact did not differ from the motives of other groups of society. The author comes to the conclusion that the Nazi occupation had a negative impact on the various spheres of life of the society at that time, which led to significant changes in the everyday life of the local population of Central Ukraine. At that period the majority of people tried to fulfill their existential needs, for example to preserve their own lives and protect their loved ones in particular. The author comes to the conclusion that the aspects of people’s life during the Nazi occupation, disclosed by the authors in modern historiography, constitute a far-incomplete picture of Ukrainians’ life during this period. There are issues that require a detailed study and analysis of researchers in order to imagine life and daily realities on the occupied territory and what problems they had to deal with in order to survive in those conditions. There is a considerable spectrum of problems associated with the occupational routine, which requires a detailed study and analysis of researchers and it allows to make a coherent picture of living conditions on the occupied territories of Ukraine.
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Salata, Oksana. "PERIODICALS IN THE SYSTEM OF NAZI PROPAGANDA IN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE IN 1941–1943s." Kyiv Historical Studies 11, no. 2 (2020): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.2.16.
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In this article, the role of periodicals in the propaganda activities of the occupation authorities of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine and the military administration zone has been revealed; the content and types of periodicals have been shown; the task set before them by the Nazi occupation authorities in forming appropriate ideological structures to influence the population of the occupied territories of Ukraine has been disclosed. It is shown that Hitler’s governance used the press as one of the effective means of influencing not only the opinion, but also the consciousness of the population of the temporarily occupied territories. The subject of the study is the content of periodicals and their influence on the behaviour, moral and psychological condition of the population of the Ukrainian territories occupied by the Nazi army. The main aspects of Nazi Germany’s information policy in the occupied territories have been revealed with the use of comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods, as well as content analysis, which allowed to analyse the content of periodicals and to highlight the features of their content lines. The occupation administration used various forms of propaganda: publishing newspapers and magazines in Ukrainian; demonstrating special films in cinemas; releasing visual agitation in the form of posters and leaflets, as well as documentary exhibitions; through theatre plays, radio broadcasts in Ukrainian, Russian and other languages. It resorted to the modern methods of using the press in times of the war. The population of the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR demanded news as the only opportunity to navigate in those difficult conditions. That is why Hitler’s governance used the press as one of the effective means of influence not only the opinion, but also the consciousness of the population of the temporarily occupied territories. The German occupation authorities tried to take advantage of the “information hunger” that prevailed after the retreat of Soviet troops and to fill the information vacuum with their own propaganda. In order to spread the necessary information among the population, the Nazi occupation authorities published newspapers and magazines in each region, district, city.
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Malovanyy, Myroslav, and Nataliia Bohach. "Russian armed aggression against Ukraine – the impact on the environment of the temporarily occupied territories." Environmental Problems 6, no. 2 (2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2021.02.088.
Full textAbstract:
The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which has been going on since 2014, caused severe consequences for our state. Besides killing and injuring dozens of thousands of Ukrainian citizens, expelling hundreds of thousands of people from their homes, seizing and destroying infrastructure, Russia has inflicted large-scale environmental damage in the occupied territories. Thus, as a result of the occupation of Crimea, the situation with fresh water on the peninsula is rapidly deteriorating, which can significantly change the ecosystem in the future. In addition, the warfare launched by the aggressor against Ukraine in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions caused serious environmental and man-made consequences, among which the main are pollution of groundwater and surface water, flooding of mines, subsidence, air pollution, destruction of agricultural lands, destruction and damage of nature reserves, forest fires, etc. Ignoring the environmental threats caused by Russian armed aggression can lead to catastrophic aftermath in the future. To prevent this scenario, an effective response is needed not only from Ukraine but also from the entire international community.
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Syhyda, L. O., A. P. Khaba, and A. P. Nazarenko. "Determining Potential Directions for Ukraine’s Own Green Brand Formation." Business Inform 7, no. 522 (2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-7-21-30.
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The article is aimed at studying the directions that are of paramount importance in the country's transition to ecologically oriented development, as well as determining on this basis Ukraine's readiness to form and develop its own «green» brand. In accordance with the set goal, the main directions to carry out the research were ecologization and sustainable development, organic agriculture and renewable energy. As a result of the research, Ukraine's position corresponding to the Sustainable Development Goals Index was determined. According to this, Ukraine successfully combines economic development, social integration and ecological sustainability. The value of the country's index is on par with new industrialized countries and even with some economically developed countries. Ukraine's position in accordance with the Environmental Performance Index is worse and shows a lag from the advanced countries of the world. Furthermore, it is determined that Ukraine inefficiently uses agricultural land, since there is a high level of plowing, and only 1.1% is occupied for organic production. Still, despite the fact that Ukraine is the second exporter of organic products to the EU after China, insufficient attention is paid to the markets of Asia and Africa. It is defined that renewable energy in Ukraine is at the stage of origin, the reason for which is, among other things, underfunding of this direction. The most developed sources of renewable energy in Ukraine are currently hydropower and solar energy. Additionally, the article highlights weaknesses that create obstacles to environmental friendliness and sustainable development and should be leveled when forming Ukraine’s own green brand.
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Aleksieieva, Daria, Maksym Bulyk, and Iryna Gridina. "Propaganda on the temporarily occupied territories Donetsk and Luhansk regions: institutional and organizational mensuration." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-143-153.
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The Russian propaganda war against Ukraine is an example of information warfare, which is a reflection of a wide range of non-military instruments that are used to exert pressure and influence over the behavior of the countries. With a skillful combination of disinformation, malicious attacks on large-scale information and communication systems, combined with psychological pressure, it is more dangerous than traditional weapons systems The article deals with the psychological aspect of information warfare, the leading component is the propaganda. Smartened and supplemented with new technologies, it is actively and masterly used by the Russian Federation to manipulate the mass consciousness of the international community, its own population, citizens of Ukraine, the occupied population of the occupied territories. The ideological fundamental theses of Russian propaganda are the "Donbass mythologeme" with the thesis about "civil conflict"; the project of "Novorossiya", which denies the historical belonging of Donbass to Ukraine and the separateness of Donbass, together to justify the "fight against Ukrainian fascism" for the independence of the region and its further integration into Russia. Propaganda tools are a mixture of militarized Russian and Soviet content and symbols in the public sphere, education, youth upbringing, leisure activities, and the like. The brainwashing of the population is based on a centralized information space management system. The main role in its construction is played by the Russian Federation in order to legitimize the occupation policy of the Russian authorities, to create the illusion of independence of decisions and actions of the occupation administration; an extensive media system. The goal of the mental alienation of the population of the temporarily occupied territories from Ukraine is achieved in various ways: the militarization of consciousness, the education of the Soviet Donbas identity, the imposition of historical myths, the creation of a quasi-held attributive simulacrum, and the like. Total control over information resources and communication means provides unlimited opportunities for the occupation administration to carry out propaganda actions, and the length of time makes the task of counter-propaganda extremely difficult.
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Melenko, O. V., L. M. Hryndei, and O. V. Stratii. "PSYCHOLOGICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS AGAINST CORRUPTION IN UKRAINE NOWADAYS." Actual problems of native jurisprudence 5, no. 5 (2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/392205.
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This article provides a complex analysis of corruption crimes in Ukraine. The analysis is showing that a third of corruption crimes are committed in five regions of Ukraine, and a conclusion was made about the uneven corruption environment. It was found that in the structure of corruption crimes the largest part is occupied by administrative corruption crimes. In general, the structure of administrative corruption crimes in Ukraine is homogeneous. Almost all administrative corruption crimes concern violations of financial control requirements. In other words, the vast majority of Ukrainian corrupt criminals hide or distort information about their income and foreign financial investments. In the structure of criminal corruption crimes, the largest share is occupied by offenses related to obtaining illegal benefits and abuse of official position. On the other side, in the structure of disciplinary liability for corruption crimes, the largest share is occupied by offenses related to non-compliance with the requirements of financial control, a conflict of interests, and the receipt of illegal benefits. Based on a comprehensive analysis of corruption crimes in Ukraine, a behavioral stereotype of a Ukrainian corruptor has been developed. The logical sequence of actions of the Ukrainian corruptor has six stages: one's main interest is their own benefit, which excludes the interests of the nation and society; abuses one's official position; receives illegal benefits; rapidly accumulates material goods; stores money abroad; hides and distorts information about personal income. This article systematizes the psychological characteristics of a corruptor. The psychological portrait of a corruptor is formed by specific moral and psychological traits and socio-role characteristics, such as feelings of permissiveness and influence, envy, vanity, money cult, sociability, a propensity to risk, lack of empathy, careerism, ostentatious control. Ostentatious control means a demonstration of «poker face», which hides irresponsibility, unreliability, impulsiveness, emotional instability, aggression. The article proposes a number of institutional changes aimed at reducing the corruption environment in Ukraine.
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Kresin, Oleksiy, and Iryna Kresina. "Features of the status and protection of the rights of persons living on the occupied territories." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 32 (2021): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-433-446.
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Based on the concluded study, the authors demonstrate that international law recognizes the unconditional responsibility of the power occupying or exercising effective (overall, general, de facto) control over the territory for the human rights of its population, and in particular the civilian population as protected persons. Such liability exists independently of the personal liability of the representatives (agents) of that State. In this case, the state, which exercises control over the territory, is automatically responsible for any actions of organizations under its control. At the same time, it is quite difficult to determine the share of responsibility of a sovereign state for the implementation of human rights on a territory over which that state does not exercise control. The legislation of Ukraine imposes responsibility for the protection and violations of human rights in the ORDLO on Russia under both international humanitarian law and international human rights law. International humanitarian law imposes on the occupying state the obligation to ensure all the minimum humanitarian needs of the population, its basic rights related to the preservation of life, health and dignity (with special emphasis on the rights of women and children), private property, effective protection of these rights and protection from any unlawful violence, preservation of the infrastructure of the territory. The occupying State cannot be absolved of responsibility for serious human rights violations, including war crimes and crimes against humanity. Decisions of international courts unequivocally extend these obligations, as well as obligations under international human rights law, to all forms of illegal control of the territory of another state. At the same time, the Constitution and legislation of Ukraine do not provide for the refusal of the state to ensure and protect human rights on its territory, even in conditions of state of emergency or war. Ukraine ensures the realization of the rights of the ORDLO population on the territory of other regions of Ukraine. Ukraine also protect and restore human rights in the territory of the ORDLO with the means provided by international law.
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Klid, Bohdan. "Empire-Building, Imperial Policies, and Famine in Occupied Territories and Colonies." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, no. 1 (2021): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus634.
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The introductory article to the special issue “Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries” begins by pointing to some recent literature on famine theory, where stress has been made on responses of authorities to famine and on the political nature of modern famines. Literature on the connection between imperial policies, colonial rule, and famines is also briefly discussed. The Soviet Union is treated as an empire in the essay, and some of the literature on this question is also surveyed. The article then offers summaries of and highlights from essays in this volume that resulted from papers presented at two conferences on the theme “Empires and Famines in Comparative Historical Perspective,” held in 2016 in Toronto and in 2017 in Kyiv. These include papers on famine and food policies during World War II in occupied Ukraine and Moldova. Essays on famines in Soviet Ukraine, British-ruled Ireland, and British-ruled Bengal, India, are summarized as well as an essay on Raphaël Lemkin’s views on genocide and famine and an essay that looked at minorities in Mao’s China during the 1958-62 famine. The essay concludes with the observation that the investigation of imperial policies, colonial rule, and famine should be pursued further, especially in the case of the Soviet Union where this line of research is just beginning.
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Kushnir, Yа. "Features of the legal status of the temporarily occupied territories: comparative and legal aspect." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(49) (June 8, 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2021.1(49).233114.
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The author of the article makes a comparative legal description of Ukrainian temporarily occupied territories’ legal status through the prism of the international experience that the Republic of Cyprus and Georgia had. Normalization of the legal status of the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine is a priority of the national legislator. However, the question is how effective this direction is. Scientific research is being held to find the answer to this question. It is carried out due to identifying common and distinctive features of the law enforcement practice of the Republic of Cyprus, as one of the longest and most successful examples of counteracting the temporary occupation. The absence of a legal definition of the status of the temporarily occupied territories of Cyprus is established within the framework of national legislation. Moreover, the demarcation line is characterized and the order of crossing the demarcation line is established. Common and distinctive features of normalization of this array of public relations are determined. In disclosing the results of this part of the study, the author establishes an approach to the definition and consolidation of the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine concerning specific values that are defined by national and international law. Further explorations of the study are conducted taking into account the practice of Georgia, a country whose practice was taken into account directly in the development of national regulators of the status of the temporarily occupied territory. In the course of the research, the author reveals the reasons why the temporarily occupied territories appeared and their consequences for Georgians. The normative basis for settling this issue is singled out, the impossibility of the order of entry / exit to/from the temporarily occupied territory, the responsibility for violating the order of crossing the demarcation line is substantiated. Particular attention is paid to the common features of the definition of the temporarily occupied territories of both states, and the distinctive features of further regulation.
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Борисов, B., and О. Левін. "PARTICIPATION OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE WORK OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN 1941-1943." Problems of Political History of Ukraine, no. 15 (February 5, 2020): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/11933.
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The processes that took place in the public life of our country at those stages of its historical development, when the issue of preserving the Ukrainian statehood, were of great interest in the context of the implementation of the “decentralization” reform and the growing role of local self-government in modern Ukraine. In this context, the issues of participation of the Ukrainian intellectuals in the work of local self-government bodies (“Ukrainian subsidiary administrations”) during the difficult period of the German-fascist occupation of the territory of Ukraine in 1941-1944 are of current relevance. In the first weeks of the war with the Soviet Union, the fascist leadership decisively eliminated all attempts by Ukrainian nationalists to recreate the Ukrainian state in any form. The occupied territories were artificially divided into several administrative territorial units. On August 20, 1941, the Reich Commissariat of Ukraine was formed, which included ten occupied regions of Ukraine, including Dnipropetrovsk.On the initiative of P.T. Sokolovsky, The “Committee of Managing Propagandists” was established in the city and solemnly celebrated the second anniversary of “liberation” of Dnepropetrovsk “from the Bolsheviks” on August 25, 1943. The views of P.T. Sokolovsky were shared by many of his subordinates. Propaganda of the ideas of the new totalitarian ideology certainly met the requirements of the occupying power. Analyzing the article, we can conclude that the activities of the local intellectuals in the “Ukrainian Supplementary Authority” of Dnepropetrovsk were fully subordinated to the economic needs of the occupiers. However, the city government resolved the issues of social security of the population, preservation of the infrastructure and economic objects of the city by serving the occupying power. That is why the study of the positive aspects of the participation of the intellectuals in the work of the city government of Dnepropetrovsk in the complex historical period of 1941–1943 is a prospect for further investigation of this problem.
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Of the Journal, Editorial board. "Razumkov Center. Religion and Church in the Ukrainian society." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 77 (March 15, 2016): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2016.77.640.
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Results of a study conducted by the Razumkov Center Sociological Service March 25-30, 2016 in all regions of Ukraine (excluding Crimea and the occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts). 2018 respondents were interviewed at the age of 18 years.
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Taranenko, Oleksii. "UKRAINE EXPRESS DELIVERY MARKET INDUSTRY ANALYSIS." Economic Analysis, no. 30(4) (2020): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.04.084.
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The article is devoted to the study of the express delivery market in Ukraine. The subject of the study is courier and postal services that provide express delivery services. Based on the study of statistical indicators, a conclusion was made on the state of development of Ukraine's economy in 2020 and analysis of data from the National Bank of Ukraine, the International Monetary Fund, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine analyzed forecast indicators for Ukraine's economy in 2021-2023. negative trends in the economy of Ukraine, the e-commerce market continues to grow rapidly as an alternative to self-employment in quarantine. The structure of the e-commerce market is studied, the model of the e-commerce market in Ukraine in 2019-2020 is built. The conclusion about emergence of a new niche in the market - food delivery is made. In order to analyze the express delivery market in Ukraine, a PEST analysis was conducted by political, economic, social and technological categories. The volume of the express delivery market in 2020 is studied. The growth indicators of the express delivery market are analyzed. The environment of the express delivery market in Ukraine is studied. It is determined that the largest market operator is Nova Poshta, which is active in the e-commerce market and in the C2C and B2B categories. Another market share is occupied by Ukrposhta, Intime, Mist Express, Delivery, which are Nova Poshta's biggest competitors. The rapid entry of operators such as Justin and Allo Express indicates low barriers to entry into the express delivery market. Using the model of Porter's 5 forces, the main threats of the transportation market were analyzed, which allowed to identify such threats as - the development of its own delivery of online retailers, the dynamic development of the market and the entry of new operators; low entry barriers, frequent increase in tariffs for services without improving the quality or expanding the portfolio of services, the possibility of losing financial licenses for transfers.
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Martynenko, V. "German Population Local Evacuations from the USSR Occupied Regions in winter-spring 1943." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-4.
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One of the elements of the “total war” declared by the Nazi leadership in February 1943 was the massive displacement of the civilian population of the occupied Soviet territories to the deep rear. As a rule, these movements were voluntary compulsory. Among those who were also subjected to mandatory evacuation were ethnic Germans, who, as a rule, enjoyed the special patronage of the occupation authorities. Most of them, of course, could not help fearing reprisals after the return of Soviet power and therefore preferred to retreat with the Wehrmacht. As a result, during the first few months of 1943, thousands of refugees of German nationality were quickly evacuated from several occupied regions of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the BSSR. Some of them, by decision of the SS leadership, remained on the territory of the Reichskommissariat “Ukraine”, while others left for the imperial region of Warthegau and the General Government. Despite their very modest scale, these evacuations had at least two main outcomes. First, they became, in a sense, a prototype (especially at the organizational level) of administrative relocations that unfolded in the autumn of the same year on the territory of Ukraine. Some considerations (such as the idea of the concentration of German refugees on the right bank of the Dnieper or in Galicia) would later form the basis for further plans of the Nazi leadership. Secondly, the arrival of a fairly large contingent of Soviet Germans in the Reich required several changes to the legal framework governing the procedure for their naturalization. A significant part of these innovations will determine the fate of the majority of German immigrants from the USSR practically until the end of the war.
 In the presented article, based on the involvement of a significant array of documents from the archival funds of Germany, the characteristic features of the evacuation of ethnic Germans from the occupied regions of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus in winter-spring 1943 are considered.
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Nesterenko, V. A., and Е. А. Murashko. "OUN’S EXPEDITION GROUPS IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 57 (2020): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2020.57.5.
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The OUN marching groups take a special place in the history of the Ukrainian liberation movement. Those organized groups consisted of the nationalistic activists from the Western Ukraine and the Ukrainian immigrants from many European countries. During the period of World War II (in the summer and autumn months of 1941) they were led to the central, eastern and southern regions of Ukraine. Their purpose was establishing Ukrainian authorities, local authorities; organizing national civilian and cultural life on the territories occupied by the Nazi Germany. The marching groups were formed by both the OUN under the leadership of Colonel A.Melnyk and the OUN-R led by S.Bandera. The article covers the OUN marching groups’ deployment and the main directions of their activity in the northern and eastern regions of Ukraine. On the basis of the historiographical sources the authors have come to the following conclusion. The active actions of the OUN underground were encouraged by the German administration’s inability to manage the occupied territories. The local population representatives’ engagement into the collaboration also played its part in that process. The downside of this activity was the German security agencies’ repressive policies that resulted in the death of the majority of the OUN underground members.
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SLONOVSKA, OLHA. "THE LITERARY MYTH OF UKRAINE IN THE WORKS OF THE DIASPORA AUTHORS, 1920S TO 1950S." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, no. 2 (2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.2.79-85.
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Ukrainian literature in emigration is part of the Ukrainian cultural heritage. Its analysis shows that, unlike Soviet Ukrainian literature, it enhanced the importance of the national idea proclaimed by T. Shevchenko. The diaspora literature of the 1920s–1950s created the mythological paradigm of the occupied nation that was superior to the invader, a ‘source code’ for a future Ukraine in its own ancestral land in the centre of Europe, not for Ukraine in exile as it was viewed by Ukrainian politicians in emigration. The literary myth of Ukraine established by the diaspora authors is a vitaistic and consolidating metaphysical phenomenon that even now has a powerful impact on national consciousness.
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Lossovskyi, Ihor. "TRANSNISTRIAN SETTLEMENT: UKRAINE’S CONTRIBUTION AND EXPERIENCE FOR DEOCUPATION OF DONBAS." Strategic Panorama, no. 1-2 (December 7, 2021): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.1-2.2021.03.
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The article addresses the role of Ukraine in the Transnistrian settlement. The author analyses its peacekeeping experience and plans for further steps in the light of Ukraine's national interests in the context of Russia's ongoing aggression. Other countries’ roles as participants in the peace process are also considered.
 This conflict should not be classified as an interethnic or interfaith one, just as the Russia-Ukraine conflict, it is a geopolitical confrontation with a minor ethnic component. The positions of the parties do not differ fundamentally on ethnic or confessional grounds, but consist in worldview differences, geopolitical orientation of elites and the population of the two banks of the Dniester.
 Russia, which had been a de facto participant in the hot phase of the conflict, managed to take over the role of the mediator. Ukraine and Moldova agreed on the legal personality of the Transnistrian occupation authorities. Countries where separatist conflicts have been provoked by external forces cannot agree to negotiate directly with the occupation administrations of the ‘separatist’ areas. They should negotiate directly with the independent players who have provoked, provided this conflict and are able to make decisions.
 It is important to conduct an effective awareness-rising campaign in Transnistria and the temporarily occupied territories of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, create highly professional alternative media and a high-quality information product. Russia's continued military presence in Transnistria is becoming an additional security threat to Ukraine and the Black Sea region.
 The ‘peacekeeping’ mechanism needs to be reformatted and internationalized by withdrawing the Russian contingent and deploying the International Civilian Observer Mission. Such operations should be carried out either with the participation of contingents of exclusively neutral countries, or with multinational contingents if possible, which will guarantee their impartiality. Findings of the present study may be used as the groundwork for formulating Ukraine’s strategy of countering the Russian aggression and retrieving the temporarily occupied territories of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions.
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Poluda, Volodymyr. "Legislative Regulation of Prisoners’ of War Labour in Ukraine Occupied by Wehrmacht (1941–1944)." Ukrainian Studies, no. 1(58) (April 4, 2016): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.1(58).2016.151672.
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Goncharova, Alina, Yevhen Fursa, Olena Kryzhevska, Lesia Zolota, and Iryna P. Hrybachova. "Inheritance in the occupied territories and in the area of antiterrorism operation: the experience of Ukraine." Revista Amazonia Investiga 11, no. 50 (2022): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2022.50.02.6.
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The authors of this paper have covered the issues of the features of inheritance in the anti-terrorist operation zone and the occupied territories. The innovations that came into force in 2018 were taken into account. It is specified that the occupied territories in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions are recognized as parts of the territory of Ukraine, on which the armed formations of the Russian Federation and the occupation administration of the Russian Federation have established and exercise general control. Within the temporarily occupied territories, there is a special procedure for ensuring the rights and freedoms of the civilian population, determined by the legislation of Ukraine. Therefore, the procedure for registering inheritance is unchanged throughout Ukraine. The authors analyzed information on the procedure for obtaining inheritance under the law, by testament, and under an inheritance contract. Attention is focused on the fact that inheritance is a derivative way of the emergence of property rights, and universal legal succession – the transfer of the entire scope of rights, obligations, and items of property from the deceased to the heirs. Besides, timely and accurate fulfillment of their obligations allows formalizing the inheritance in time following the provisions of laws. Testamentary succession occurs if a deceased person drew up a testament before death, and the testament is valid. In its absence, inheritance occurs under the law. Hereditary succession takes place in the following cases: absence of the testament; invalidation of the testament; death of the heirs indicated in the testament before the opening of inheritance or their refusal to accept inheritance; the testator canceled a previously drawn up testament and did not leave a new one; the testament is judicially declared invalid; if the testament does not cover all the property belonging to the testator.
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Stokolos, Nadiya. "The reason for the crisis of Ukrainian Orthodoxy in 1941-1944." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 18 (June 12, 2001): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2001.18.1147.
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Restoration of religious life, the formation of an autocephalous Orthodox church in the occupied German troops, Ukraine faced a number of foreign-policy and domestic problems. First of all, it is about the approach of different personalities and groups of Orthodox hierarchs to their solution. At that time, there were two irreconcilable, antagonistic concepts - Metropolitan of Warsaw Dionysius (Valledinsky) and Archbishop of Kholmsky and Podlyassky Hilarion (Ogienko). It should be noted at the outset that both these hierarchs were in Poland, which was declared by the General Governorate of Hitler and actually bordered by the Germans occupied by Ukrainian lands, most of which were included in the "Reichscommissariat Ukraine". It was in these occupational administrative formations, under the direct guidance of Hitler and his close circle, that the whole range of Ukrainian problems - political, economic, national, cultural, and church - was solved. Ukrainian Orthodox circles and their leaders have long hoped for the invaders' good will to solve Ukrainian problems and, for the most part, tried to act on the basis of their own concepts of governance of church life. All of them, as time showed, were, to a greater or lesser extent, peculiar "ideas - fixed", since they contradicted the principled vision of the solution of the church issue in Ukraine by the German invaders.
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Dolhova, K. "SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PROVIDING CHILDREN’S CAMPS OF THE TERRITORIAL UNITS OF UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 70-71 (2018): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2018.70.24.
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This paper reveals features of the infrastructure potential of children’s tourism and recreation in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to determine the level of providing children’s camps in Ukraine. It allowed finding one of the reasons for a low level of service providing in the country with a strong recreational potential. This research was based on analyzing the data of Derzhavnyi reiestr dytiachykh zakladiv ozdorovlennia ta vidpochynku (the State Register of Children’s camps) and Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky Ukrainy (the State Statistics Service of Ukraine) regarding children’s health improvement and recreation. There were used content-, mathematical and statistical analysis of the State Register of Children’s camps and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, expert opinions of the MINISTRY of SOCIAL POLICY of UKRAINE. Mostly, there was carried out the spatial analysis of providing children’s camps of the territorial units of Ukraine of higher and average levels. Furthermore, there was constructed the map of providing appropriate facilities with five different levels (very low, low, medium, high, very high). This research confirms the low level of providing children’s camps in different territorial units in Ukraine. Besides, a lot of territorial units of our country with high and very high levels of providing are temporarily occupied and uncontrolled. This study allowed highlighting the basic regularities of children’s camps placement in Ukraine, such as the placement of camps tends to nature-recreational resources, most camps are located in villages or settlements of urban type, suburban areas of district centres or cities of regional subordination, only one children`s camp is situated on territories with very low and low level of providing. Thus, only 42,2 % of territorial units in Ukraine are used for the needs of children`s tourism. Nonetheless, there is a prospect of building a network of children’s camps in areas with significant nature-recreational potential, which today are provided by camps at low and medium levels.
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Torianyk, V. O. "THE CONCEPT AND SPECIALITIES OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN WHO SUFFERED AS CONSEQUENCE OF ARMED CONFLICT IN UKRAINE." Legal horizons, no. 17 (2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:69.
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This article explores the concept and specialties of the administrative and legal status of women who suffered as a consequence of armed conflict in Ukraine. The analysis confirms that the administrative and legal status of women, who have suffered as a result of an armed conflict, safeguards their legal position in relations to the executive bodies, promotes their rights, and ensures that their interests are protected by law when appealed to the certain administrative bodies. Women who have been affected by an armed conflict have a general administrative legal status, as do other citizens. Their legal capacity shall not be different from any other person. At the same time, their administrative capacity may be of limited or broader nature due to the acquisition of additional statuses, such as internally displaced persons (referred to as IDPs), single mothers, participants in hostilities due to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation. Administrative legal status assumes the presence of an administrative legal personality, that consists of an administrative capacity, dispositive capacity, and delictual dispositive capacity. On the basis of this analysis, the following categories of women who suffered as a consequence of armed conflict were identified: women who left the temporarily occupied areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions and acquired IDP status; single mothers; women participating in an anti-terrorist operation to ensure national security and defense, to repel and deter the armed aggression of the Russian Federation in Donetsk and Luhansk regions; women who remained in the occupied territory. Victims of an armed conflict may acquire both general and special administrative legal status. At the same time, the acquisition of a special administrative legal status (for example, IDPs) creates certain restrictions in the implementation of certain social and suffrage rights of women who have been affected by the armed conflict. The administrative capacity of such women shall be no different from the general capacity of any other citizens, but in fact, the legal capacity of women who have been granted IDP status (right to freedom of movement, right to vote in local elections) is limited, even despite the fact that these rights and freedoms are guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine and other laws. Special status for persons who remain in the occupied territory also implies limitations to their legal capacities. The state has established a special system for the movement of persons and goods through the line of demarcation. Ukraine cannot guarantee the majority of constitutional rights and freedoms due to certain parts of its territories being occupied by a country-aggressor. Further research requires a distinct analysis of the issue of reintegration of the occupied territories of Ukraine. Keywords: administrative legal status, general administrative legal status, special administrative legal status, internally displaced person, administrative capacity, dispositive capacity.
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Himka, John-Paul. "Western Ukraine in the Interwar period." Nationalities Papers 22, no. 2 (1994): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999408408332.
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The concept of “Western Ukraine” is not entirely a static one. As a valid unit of historical analysis it first appears in the late eighteenth century, when the Habsburg monarchy added Galicia (1772) and Bukovina (occupied 1774, annexed 1787) to its collection of territories; already part of the collection was the Ukrainian-inhabited region of Transcarpathia (depending on how one counts, it had been Habsburg since as early as 1526 or as late as the early eighteenth century). Of course, one can also read back certain features unifying Western Ukraine prior to the 1770s, such as the culturally formative influence on all three regions of the medieval Rus’ principality, later kingdom, of Galicia and Volhynia, as well as the presence of the Carpathian mountains, which was much more than a matter of mere geology (hence the Russophiles’ preferred name for Western Ukraine—Carpathian Rus'). Still, in the centuries prior to their incorporation into the Habsburg monarchy, the three regions had experienced such disparate political histories—Galicia as part of Poland, Bukovina of Moldavia, and Transcarpathia of Hungary—that there is little validity in treating them then as a historical unit.
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Коrzun, Оlena. "ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH WORK ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REICHSKOMMISSARIAT «UKRAINE»." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 40 (2019): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2019.40.14.
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Agricultural research as a system of permanent research institutes for agricultural needs during the Second World War on the territory of Ukraine has proved to be a remarkable period in the study of the history of science. Within 6 years it changed its structure several times to meet the needs of the party that captured Ukrainian territories: in Western Ukraine from the Polish model to the Soviet one; under fascist occupation - to meet the needs of the Germans and Romanians; evacuation and re-evacuation, which also required reorganization, re-institutionalization of the institutions to new climatic conditions in the critical situation of the war time. A separate aspect of the research is an analysis of changes in the organizational structure of the agrarian research institutes during the German occupation. This article is aimed at analyzing the organizational structure of agricultural research in the period of the German occupation during World War II on the territory of the Reichskommissariat «Ukraine» on the basis of original sources. The analysis of these issues will allow us to reflect on the events of the World War II more closely, better understand the plans of Nazi Germany on the development of Ukrainian lands meant for the prospective settlement of the Germans, the organizational drawbacks of the Soviet agricultural research and Nazi’s attempts to overcome them. Utilization of the Ukrainian arable farm lands became a major geostrategic and military aspect German invasion plans. For the effective exploitation of this territory, all German scientific forces were united to study the agricultural potential of the occupied lands. With the establishment of new occupation authorities in Ukraine, their primary actions were to collect maximum information from scientific documentation and materials on breeding, to involve the best local scientists to projects aimed at deep study of the occupied territories for the prospective German settlers. The main organization responsible for the collection and export of scientific material from the occupied territories was the Rosenberg Operational Headquarters, which collaborated with the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories. The departments of this ministry belonged to the Central Research Service of the East, under supervision of all German scholars who came for scientific work on the territory of the Reichscommissariat «Ukraine». In order to study the scientific potential of the agricultural sector in the autumn of 1941, the Center for Research of Agriculture and Forestry for Northwestern Ukraine was created. During 1942-1943 agricultural scientific institutions accounted to the Institute of Local Lore and Economic Research, and later to the National Research Center with the allocation of a separate Special Group on Agricultural Research. This structure allowed the occupational authorities to control the institutional, financial, personnel and scientific issues of the institutions and integrate domestic agricultural research with the German science management. Despite the presence of the Ukrainian administration representatives in each agricultural research institute, all issues were resolved solely by the German authorities subordinated to the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories The occupation authorities planned to use the scientific potential of these institutions for better development of the invaded territories. This issue was in the center of attention, both for economic, scientific and ideological benefits of the new government. With approaching military actions, German curators were ordered to export scientific records, elite seed funds and valuable literature. At the beginning of 1945, researchers of agricultural research institutes and scientific documentation were scattered among different German institutions in Poland and Germany. Thus, despite numerous difficulties caused on the territory of Ukrainian lands by the Second World War and German interference into the organizational framework of agricultural science, this situation proved to have a positive turn, because Ukrainian scientists never ceased their work, managed to preserve the agricultural potential of Ukraine.
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Lumans, Valdis O. "Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule." Central European History 39, no. 1 (2006): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893890634006x.
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Reading Karel C. Berkhoff's Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule reaps reward but also some disappointment. For the general public unfamiliar with the historical issues and intricacies of the Nazi occupation of the Soviet Union, this book contains far more reward as a montage of vivid depictions of everyday life under German domination in the occupied East. But conversely, for those with a more advanced, research-level familiarity with the subject, the results are reversed.
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Zakharchenko, Tetiana. "“Hate speech” as Technology for Conducting the Hybrid War of the Russian Federation Against Ukraine." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 7 (December 23, 2019): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2019.7.250-259.
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The following material is an attempt to analyze the problem of use of new media in the context of Ukrainian-Russian conflict, to explain the «hate speech» as a technology for hybrid warfare and the causes of its occurrence. It is described the issues of the use of hate speech in the East of Ukraine and on the occupied territory of the Crimea. In addition, this research identifies the main social groups against which Russian Federation uses «hate speech». In particular, they are Ukrainians (especially from Western Ukraine), Crimean Tatars, Euromaidan supporters, members of the Majlis of the Crimean Tatar people, сhurchmans, migrants. On the basis of researches of public organizations («Media Detector», «Center for Social Action», «Institute of Mass Media», «Donetsk Institute of Information») in this paper work a qualitative analysis of the situation in the media space is presented. The focus is on the emergence of the phenomenon of intolerance in the media. In addition, it is determined which media often use «hate speech» in their arsenal both from Ukraine and from the Russian Federation. The researcher states that the problem of using «hate speech» in the information space of Ukraine, in particular, Crimea and the eastern regions existed before the occupation. However, from the first days of the hybrid offensive of the Russian Federation, hate speech began to be used in propaganda, and hostile rhetoric became more aggressive. We should note that by supporting the high level of anxiety and hatred in the occupied territory of Ukraine through the media, Russia is creating a platform to create a civil conflict, if necessary. In addition, «hate speech» is used by the Russian authorities to form publicly supportive policy on the territory of the Russian Federation.
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Barna, Oleg. "The Humanitarian Space as the Object of the Hybrid War: the Consequences for Ukraine." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 40 (December 15, 2019): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.40.146-152.
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The purpose of the article is to study the state of the humanitarian space in the temporarily occupied territories of Lugansk and Donetsk regions, as well as state policy measures to overcome the destructive effects of the hybrid war in the humanitarian sphere in this part of Ukraine. It was stressed that all responsibility for the functioning and maintenance of the occupied territories and their population, according to the norms of international humanitarian law, rests with the occupying state, but the undeclared war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine impedes the application of these norms, so Ukraine supports the citizens and fulfills its positive obligations. before them, take appropriate measures. It is proved that today the history of Ukraine remains an instrument of ideological manipulation, which creates threats to the internal consolidation of society. The promotion of national values through the restoration of historical memory is an important tool in shaping public relations and developing a sustainable democracy. The findings emphasize that overcoming the effects of hybrid aggression against Ukraine implies the presence of political will and state-administrative decisions to strengthen the protection of the state and society from existing and potential threats, the formation and implementation of a holistic humanitarian policy as a complex of educational, linguistic, cultural policy, political history memory and a balanced policy in the field of state-confessional relations. Education of patriotism, psychological and physical readiness to defend the Fatherland, encouragement to participate in socio-political processes, stimulation of independent economic activity – become relevant goals for all age groups of the population and the tasks of educational and educational activities of state authorities, non-governmental organizations and associations.
 Keywords: humanitarian policy, hybrid war, culture, education, religion, consciousness manipulation.
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Miller, Michael B. "When East Met East: Dutch East Indies Planters and the Ukraine Project (1942–1944)." Central European History 53, no. 3 (2020): 613–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000967.
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AbstractHistorians divide over the question of how far “classic” European colonial experience in overseas empires provided the model for the Nazi empire in eastern Europe. Missing from arguments on either side of the debate have been the colonialists themselves. The Ukraine Project to enlist Dutch plantation companies for occupied Ukraine shows what happened when efforts were made to transfer traditional colonial expertise into the Nazi East. From the perspective of the project's proponents, there was indeed continuity between the two imperialisms. However, the company at the center of the project, the Deli Maatschappij, the ruling and tone-setting firm on Sumatra, saw no connection with its East Indies history and spurned all efforts to take it into Ukraine. Thus the Ukraine Project, despite its short-lived and failed history, complicates arguments from both perspectives and offers a trans-imperial history of a different sort than we are accustomed to encountering.
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Zahorulko, Andrii. "National Security Strategy of Ukraine." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 20, no. 4 (2020): 677–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.20.4.4.
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Creating appropriate conditions for a stable development of the individual, society and state, and simultaneously providing a high level of protection of national interests, has been identified as a priority of the Ukrainian national security policy. The Ukrainian state ought to review all challenges and threats and adopt a new national security strategy. Current circumstances require the National Security Strategy of Ukraine of 2015 to become an integral functional element of the security and defence sector. The National Security Strategy has to become an open and mandatory document developed solely for the practical purpose of comprehensive protection of national security and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The implementation of these priorities is to be ensured through the restoration of peace and state sovereignty in the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, by implementing a complex set of international, legal, political, diplomatic, security, humanitarian, and economic measures. The key implementation goal should focus on the establishment of the principles of safe and legal country, free in its choice of domestic and foreign political options and development tendencies. External threats are rather more dangerous than internal, but the content of geopolitical security is primarily based on the organic combination of external and internal security. The imperfection of national security legislation and the low efficiency of its implementation are the reason for malfunctioning of the defence sector, which makes ensuring the full realization of national interests impossible.
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Rudling, Per Anders. "The Cult of Roman Shukhevych in Ukraine: Myth Making with Complications." Fascism 5, no. 1 (2016): 26–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00501003.
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Ukrainian president Viktor Iushchenko’s posthumous designation of Roman Shukhevych (1907–1950), the supreme commander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (upa) as a Hero of Ukraine in 2007 triggered intense, and polarized debates in Ukraine and abroad, about Second World War-era Ukrainian nationalism and its place in history. Particularly sensitive are Roman Shukhevych’s whereabouts in 1940–1943, when he served in German uniform, as a Hauptmann, or captain, in the battalion Nachtigall in 1941 thereafter, in 1942–1943 in Schutzmannschaft battalion 201, taking part in ‘anti-partisan operations’ in occupied Belarus. This article analyzes the controversy regarding the memory of Roman Shukhevych.