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Academic literature on the topic 'Ocean bottom – Sampling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ocean bottom – Sampling"

1

Guo, Hu Sheng, Bin Yan, and Zhi Dong Wu. "The Design of New Low Cost Ocean Bottom Seismometers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 2107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.2107.

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The performance of the Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) in seismic wave field measurement is vital to seismic exploration. In order to improve the performance of OBS, we have been developed a new Ocean Bottom Seismometer based 3-component MEMS accelerometer sensors. In order to sample seismic data synchronously, we have been designed multichannel A/D unit under the control of MSP430.We also are involved in a handle and sophisticated equipment allows to storage sampling data in the SD card module. The system based MEMS sensor are compared with conventional analog moving coil geophones, the result shows that the new measurement system with the advantage of high dynamic range, low noise and anti-jamming that suit for the high resolution seismicity information. The paper show that the new digital OBS using MEMS accelerometer will replace the tradition OBS in oil exploration, scientific research and seabed surveys.

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Flexas, Mar M., Martina I. Troesch, Steve Chien, Andrew F. Thompson, Selina Chu, Andrew Branch, John D. Farrara, and Yi Chao. "Autonomous Sampling of Ocean Submesoscale Fronts with Ocean Gliders and Numerical Model Forecasting." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 3 (March 2018): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0037.1.

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ABSTRACTSubmesoscale fronts arising from mesoscale stirring are ubiquitous in the ocean and have a strong impact on upper-ocean dynamics. This work presents a method for optimizing the sampling of ocean fronts with autonomous vehicles at meso- and submesoscales, based on a combination of numerical forecast and autonomous planning. This method uses a 48-h forecast from a real-time high-resolution data-assimilative primitive equation ocean model, feature detection techniques, and a planner that controls the observing platform. The method is tested in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California, during a 9-day experiment focused on sampling subsurface thermohaline-compensated structures using a Seaglider as the ocean observing platform. Based on model estimations, the sampling “gain,” defined as the magnitude of isopycnal tracer variability sampled, is 50% larger in the feature-chasing case with respect to a non-feature-tracking scenario. The ability of the model to reproduce, in space and time, thermohaline submesoscale features is evaluated by quantitatively comparing the model and glider results. The model reproduces the vertical (~50–200 m thick) and lateral (~5–20 km) scales of subsurface subducting fronts and near-bottom features observed in the glider data. The differences between model and glider data are, in part, attributed to the selected glider optimal interpolation parameters and to uncertainties in the forecasting of the location of the structures. This method can be exported to any place in the ocean where high-resolution data-assimilative model output is available, and it allows for the incorporation of multiple observing platforms.

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Matsumoto, Hiroyuki, Mikhail A. Nosov, Sergey V. Kolesov, and Yoshiyuki Kaneda. "Analysis of Pressure and Acceleration Signals from the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Observed by the DONET Seafloor Network." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0163.

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Ocean-bottom pressure and acceleration data simultaneously recorded by the DONET seafloor network during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake approximately 800 km from the earthquake epicenter are processed and analyzed. The close location of pressure and acceleration sensors together with the high data-sampling rate enable us to quantitatively examine and interpret pressure variations together with ocean-bottom acceleration for the first time to our knowledge. To interpret observed data, we introduce a set of characteristic frequencies that enable us to identify physical processes responsible for water layer behaviour dependent on the frequency of ocean-bottom oscillations. Explicit formulas are given for calculating all of the characteristic frequencies, which are the basis for introducing nonoverlapping frequency bands, i.e., hydroacoustic waves, forced oscillations, and gravity waves. The physical correctness of such a subdivision is confirmed by the high coherence and nearly zero phase difference between in-situ measured pressure and acceleration variations observed in the forced oscillation frequency band – a band neither hydroacoustic nor gravity waves are generated by ocean-bottom oscillation because the water layer simply follows the ocean bottom, generating forced oscillations. The dominant, long-lasting pressure fluctuations recorded by DONET during the 2011 earthquake are associated with the forced oscillation, or, more precisely, with water and sedimentary layer coupling oscillation. DONET clearly observed the 2011 Tohoku tsunami signal during more than 24 hours following the earthquake. In contrast to DART records, phase dispersion was not manifested in the tsunami signals registered by DONET.

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Nash, Jonathan D., Matthew H. Alford, and Eric Kunze. "Estimating Internal Wave Energy Fluxes in the Ocean." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1551–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1784.1.

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Abstract Energy flux is a fundamental quantity for understanding internal wave generation, propagation, and dissipation. In this paper, the estimation of internal wave energy fluxes 〈u′p′〉 from ocean observations that may be sparse in either time or depth are considered. Sampling must be sufficient in depth to allow for the estimation of the internal wave–induced pressure anomaly p′ using the hydrostatic balance, and sufficient in time to allow for phase averaging. Data limitations that are considered include profile time series with coarse temporal or vertical sampling, profiles missing near-surface or near-bottom information, moorings with sparse vertical sampling, and horizontal surveys with no coherent resampling in time. Methodologies, interpretation, and errors are described. For the specific case of the semidiurnal energy flux radiating from the Hawaiian ridge, errors of ∼10% are typical for estimates from six full-depth profiles spanning 15 h.

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Yu, Pengfei, and Jianhua Geng. "Acoustic-elastic coupled equations in vertical transverse isotropic media for pseudoacoustic-wave reverse time migration of ocean-bottom 4C seismic data." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): S317—S327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0295.1.

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Quasi-P (qP)-wave separation and receiver-side records back extrapolation are two key technologies commonly applied in vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) media for ocean-bottom 4C seismic data pseudoacoustic-wave reverse time migration (RTM). However, it remains problematic to quickly and accurately separate the qP-wave in VTI media. The qP-wave can be fast separated by synthesizing pressure in weakly anisotropic media. Like the derivation of acoustic-elastic coupled equations (AECEs) in an isotropic medium, novel AECEs can also be obtained in VTI media. Based on these novel coupled equations, we have developed a method for pseudoacoustic-wave RTM of ocean-bottom 4C seismic data. Three synthetic examples are provided to illustrate the validity and effectiveness of our method. The results indicate that our method possesses three advantages for ocean-bottom 4C data compared with the conventional method when conducting pseudoacoustic-wave RTM in VTI media. First, these new coupled equations are able to obtain a qP-wave during wavefield propagation. Second, ocean-bottom 4C records can be implemented strictly for receiver-side tensorial extrapolation with undulating topography of the seafloor, which brings benefits for suppressing artifacts in pseudoacoustic-wave RTM and improving imaging quality. Finally, our method is fairly robust to coarse sampling.

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Cornils, Astrid, Rainer Sieger, Elke Mizdalski, Stefanie Schumacher, Hannes Grobe, and Sigrid B. Schnack-Schiel. "Copepod species abundance from the Southern Ocean and other regions (1980–2005) – a legacy." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 3 (August 16, 2018): 1457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1457-2018.

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Abstract. This data collection originates from the efforts of Sigrid Schnack-Schiel (1946–2016), a zooplankton ecologist with great expertise in life cycle strategies of Antarctic calanoid copepods, who also investigated zooplankton communities in tropical and subtropical marine environments. Here, we present 33 data sets with abundances of planktonic copepods from 20 expeditions to the Southern Ocean (Weddell Sea, Scotia Sea, Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctic Peninsula), one expedition to the Magellan region, one latitudinal transect in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, one expedition to the Great Meteor Bank, and one expedition to the northern Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba as part of her scientific legacy. A total of 349 stations from 1980 to 2005 were archived. During most expeditions depth-stratified samples were taken with a Hydrobios multinet with five or nine nets, thus allowing inter-comparability between the different expeditions. A Nansen or a Bongo net was deployed only during four cruises. Maximum sampling depth varied greatly among stations due to different bottom depths. However, during 11 cruises to the Southern Ocean the maximum sampling depth was restricted to 1000 m, even at locations with greater bottom depths. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean (PS63) sampling depth was restricted to the upper 300 m. All data are now freely available at PANGAEA via the persistent identifier https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.884619.Abundance and distribution data for 284 calanoid copepod species and 28 taxa of other copepod orders are provided. For selected species the abundance distribution at all stations was explored, revealing for example that species within a genus may have contrasting distribution patterns (Ctenocalanus, Stephos). In combination with the corresponding metadata (sampling data and time, latitude, longitude, bottom depth, sampling depth interval) the analysis of the data sets may add to a better understanding how the environment (currents, temperature, depths, season) interacts with copepod abundance, distribution and diversity. For each calanoid copepod species, females, males and copepodites were counted separately, providing a unique resource for biodiversity and modelling studies. For selected species the five copepodite stages were also counted separately, thus also allowing the data to be used to study life cycle strategies of abundant or key species.

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Harrison, C. G. A., J. C. Belshé, A. S. Dunlap, J. D. Mudie, and A. I. Rees. "A Photographic Compass Inclinometer for the Orientation of Deep Sea Sediment Samples." Marine Technology Society Journal 40, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533206787353484.

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An inexpensive instrument is briefly described which has been designed to provide a method of recording the orientation of deep-sea sampling devices. A compass and bull's-eye spirit level are photographed by a single shot camera shortly after the sampling device hits the bottom. The azimuth of a line on the device may be measured to within 2 degrees, and the inclination of the device to within 1/2 degree.

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Wei, Guo, Zhang Pengyu, Yang Xiang, Lei Jiang, Sun Youhong, Jia Rui, and Wang Yuan. "Development and application of hole-bottom freezing drilling tool for gas-hydrate-bearing sediment sampling." Ocean Engineering 203 (May 2020): 107195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107195.

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Brenke, Nils. "An Epibenthic Sledge for Operations on Marine Soft Bottom and Bedrock." Marine Technology Society Journal 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533205787444015.

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A multi-purpose epibenthic sledge, designed for sampling of small benthic macrofauna in marine habitats and at any navigable depth, is presented. The new epibenthic sledge operates reliably on soft sediments in shallow and in open oceanic deep water, as well as on steep slopes, between rocks and glacier moraines as frequently found in Antarctic waters, and on primary hard substrate. The construction is of high mechanical stability with fully protected nets. In case of damage, parts of the sledge can be replaced or repaired easily on board. A description of the gear with a detailed construction plan, as well as parameters for handling in diverse marine habitats, is given. Calculation of the towing distance and first results with possible sources of errors are discussed.

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Saito, Tatsuhiko, Takanori Matsuzawa, Kazushige Obara, and Toshitaka Baba. "Dispersive tsunami of the 2010 Chile earthquake recorded by the high-sampling-rate ocean-bottom pressure gauges." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 23 (December 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045290.

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Books on the topic "Ocean bottom – Sampling"

1

Smith, K. R. Surficial sediments of the eastern Bering Sea continental shelf: EBSSED database documentation. [Seattle, Wash.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 1999.

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SEAPCONE: A seafloor piezometric cone penetrometer system. Woods Hole, Mass: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.

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SEAPCONE: A seafloor piezometric cone penetrometer system. Woods Hole, Mass: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.

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SEAPCONE: A seafloor piezometric cone penetrometer system. Woods Hole, Mass: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ocean bottom – Sampling"

1

Kudrass, Herman R., and Dennis A. Ardus. "Geological Techniques." In Continental Shelf Limits. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117820.003.0019.

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In the previous chapters, the use of geophysical data for delineating the continental shelf has been discussed in some detail. But the determination of the case for any extension of the legal continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (M) from the territorial sea baseline may in some circumstances require a geological survey to confirm that a topographic or geophysical feature comprising what appears to be a natural prolongation of land territory is of continental or oceanic origin. A geological survey may also be necessary to determine the occurrence, thickness, and extent of sediments beyond the foot of the slope. Continental margins represent regions of transition from the landmass to the ocean basin and may be present-day areas of sediment erosion or deposition. Sediment supply to the continental shelf and slope, or the extent of erosion on the continental shelf and upper slope, is influenced by tectonic activity, sea-level fluctuations, climate change, variation in the wave or current regime, and various other processes. Bottom currents or gravity transport (turbidity) processes combine to varying degrees with pelagic sedimentation (the accumulation of the remains of marine organisms) to extend the supply of sediment well beyond the shelf and slope to the continental rise, ocean trench, or abyssal plain (Evans et al., 1998). In order to understand the geology of such areas, it is necessary to determine the structural setting, the tectonic and sedimentary evolution, the chrono-and lithostratigraphy, and the volcanic history. Understanding the ocean floor is a prerequisite for the determination of the extent of the continental shelf under UNCLOS. It is also highly relevant to the identification and delineation of mineral and energy resources, for determining the waste disposal potential of parts of the seafloor, and for undertaking an assessment of the risk of slope failure. None of these are directly relevant to establishing the new limits of the continental shelf, but they are highly relevant to its long-term exploitation. In order to achieve the necessary level of knowledge, the seafloor morphology and seabed character derived from bathymetric and sonar surveys (described in chapters 9 and 10) and the three-dimensional geology determined by geophysical surveys using seismic profiling, magnetometer, and gravity meter (discussed in chapters 12 and 13) need to be calibrated or "ground truthed" by sampling and coring (figure 14.1; Stoker et al., 1994).

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Conference papers on the topic "Ocean bottom – Sampling"

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Wason, H., and F. J. Herrmann. "Ocean Bottom Seismic Acquisition via Jittered Sampling." In 75th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20130379.

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Rawahi, S., S. Yarubi, A. Yahyai, K. Hunt, F. Clow, S. Abri, and J. Shorter. "Towards Successful Land Seismic Imaging - Sampling, WAZ and Recording Techniques." In Land and Ocean Bottom; Broadband Full Azimuth Seismic Surveys Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20140392.

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Dawas, M., and T. Albader. "Stretching the Limits of the Point-receiver Sampling – Feasibility Study from Kuwait." In Land and Ocean Bottom; Broadband Full Azimuth Seismic Surveys Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20140380.

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Shih, H. H., James Sprenke, Geoff French, and William C. Boicourt. "Wireless Data Communication for Ocean Bottom Instrumentation." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51136.

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The National Ocean Service (NOS) of NOAA maintains and operates a Physical Oceanography Real Time System (PORTS®) in the Nation’s major ports, harbors and bays. The traditional way to obtain real-time data from bottom mounted instruments is via underwater cable link. However, it is vulnerable to damages and costly to install and maintain. This paper describes a new approach utilizing wireless data telemetry. The system consists of an ocean bottom instrumentation platform and a data relay surface buoy. The bottom platform contains a RD Instruments (RDI) 1200 KHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), a LinkQuest UWM1000 underwater acoustic transmitting modem, and acoustic recovery devices. The surface buoy supports a UWM1000 receiving modem and a Freewave 900MHz spread spectrum line-of-sight radio modem with antenna. The ADCP provides measurements of vertical current profiles at 6-minute interval and surface waves at hourly interval. The underwater acoustic modem transmits at 9.6 K baud rate the current data at the end of each 6-minute sampling, and wave data at the end of each 20-minute sampling. These data are relayed via radio at 48.5 K baud rate to a shore base station located at the University of Maryland’s Horn Point Laboratory about 16 miles away. There the data are then transferred in near-real-time via internet to NOS office in Silver Spring. Data are monitored and archived at both sites. The system was deployed off Taylors Island in the Chesapeake Bay in late July 2003 and was operated reliably through a 8-month period. It demonstrated successfully its measurement concept and capability for real-time monitoring of both currents and waves from a single ADCP instrument. This paper describes the overall system, component testings and field experiences, and presents some sample results.

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Guo, Yongjin, Hongdong Wang, and Hong Yi. "Reliability Simulation for Offshore Structures Based on Fault Tree Analysis." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77010.

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Offshore structures are large-scale and multifunctional products with high requirements for reliability. In this paper, the reliability simulation method based on fault tree analysis for offshore structures is studied. For non-repairable systems, the Weibull distribution is used to fit the failure distribution function of the bottom events of fault trees. The Monte Carlo method is used to sample the lifetime of bottom events, and the unreliability of the top event is calculated through the structure function of the fault tree. For repairable systems, the time arrays of state changes are generated through sampling failure and maintenance time of the components. The system failure time of each simulation is calculated based on minimal cut sets of the fault tree. The method is applied in the reliability analysis of the electrical power system of offshore platforms to prove its feasibility and effectiveness.

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Chi, Yuandao, Nagu Daraboina, and Cem Sarica. "Investigation of Thermal Effects on Gas-Oil Stratified Flow Wax Deposition." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18477.

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Abstract Two-phase flow wax deposition is a flow-pattern-dependent phenomenon. The thickness and hardness of the deposit vary along the pipe circumference. In this work, two-phase gas-oil stratified flow wax deposition experiments at various liquid and gas flow rates have been conducted systematically using Garden Banks condensate and natural gas in a 2-inch I.D. multiphase flow loop under the pressure of 350 psi. Both deposit mass and wax content increased as superficial gas and liquid velocities increased. The local deposits were observed to be thinner but harder at the sides compared to the bottom of the pipe. Meanwhile, the cross-sectional deposits were crescent-shaped with an increasing local wax mass flux along the circumferential direction. The local multiphase hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics are known to play an essential role in the wax deposition process, and the temperature gradient is critical for establishing the concentration gradient. Thus, it is paramount to have a proper understanding of the local momentum and heat transfer to predict wax deposition in multiphase flow accurately. Therefore, numerical simulations with an SST (Shear Stress Transport) k∼ω turbulent model was implemented to understand local heat transfer in two-phase gas-oil stratified flow. After each simulation, the ANSYS CFD-Post was used to export, visualize, and analyze the simulated results. A total of 19 locations were selected for circumferential sampling to analyze the local heat transfer in the model. Detailed information on liquid volume fraction, shear stress, and temperature were analyzed. It has been observed that the local shear stress, temperature gradient, and inner wall temperature decrease with increasing θ. The thickness of the thermal boundary layer increases as θ increases due to reduced Nuθ. The comparison between the localized Nuθ and Nu from unified heat transfer model has revealed that variation in Nuθ is critical in the circumferential heat transfer calculation and wax deposition modeling.

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Small, Andrew A., Greg K. Cook, and Michael J. Brown. "The Geotechnical Challenges of Tidal Turbine Projects." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23892.

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Tidal energy projects offer a predictable renewable energy source. Therefore several sites around the coast of the United Kingdom (UK) have been identified to have the potential to host multiple array turbine developments that could be used to generate upwards of 100MW each. However, the high tidal energy environment required to provide the input to tidal power devices present a combination of design and installation challenges to developers and engineers. Whilst the water depths are comparable to offshore oil and gas projects in the southern North Sea, tidal energy projects present significantly different seabed and associated geotechnical challenges that require novel solutions. Concerns have been expressed regarding the design of turbine base structures, which is often based upon typical nearshore/offshore soil sampling and geotechnical laboratory testing techniques that are often inappropriate for the seabed materials encountered. This issue is further compounded by the design constraints imposed on the base structure foundations (e.g. tripod gravity base structures). These include strict leveling tolerances required for efficient turbine operation, and which require a detailed understanding of seabed bathymetry at each turbine location where multiple seabed contact points may be required. In addition to the tidal energy turbines, inter-array cables that connect the turbines and export cable routes which distribute the power to shore also present their own design and installation challenges. It is often overlooked, but significant uncertainty lies in the definition of cable corridors with respect to the seabed materials. In many cases burial may be considered as a means of product protection where seabed conditions allow. This paper aims to examine the geotechnical issues associated with the difficult seabed and environmental conditions present at typical tidal turbine sites in the UK and globally in an attempt to offer some potential solutions. These issues typically include; difficulties in performing site investigation operations, coarse mobile seabed sediments, challenging seabed topography, exposed bedrock and hard substrates, derivation of appropriate geotechnical parameters, difficulties in foundation design and installation, high cyclic environmental loading, array and export cable lay, on-bottom stability and mechanical protection, amongst others.

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Reports on the topic "Ocean bottom – Sampling"

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Riedel, M., M. M. Côté, and P. J. Neelands. Cruise report 2012005PGC, the Mw 7.7 Haida Gwaii Earthquake ocean bottom seismometer experiment instrument deployment, gas-plume acoustic imaging, and water sampling, CCG Vessel John P. Tully, 7-11 December, 2012. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/293918.

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Riedel, M., M. M. Côté, P. J. Neelands, K. Obana, R. Wania, A. Price, and S. Taylor. Report on Cruise 2010007PGC, C.C.G. Vessel John P. Tully, 30 June - 10 July 2010, SeaJade-I Seafloor Earthquake Array - Japan Canada Cascadia Experiment, Ocean bottom seismometer recovery, methane gas-plume acoustic imaging, and CTD-water sampling program. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/295545.

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