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1
Lambeck, Kurt. "Understanding ocean dynamics." Nature 373, no. 6514 (1995): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/373474a0.
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Barnet, James. "How tiny foraminifera can play a massive role in understanding past climates." Geology Today 41, no. 2 (2025): 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12510.
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Foraminifera comprise a group of heterotrophic zooplankton, which inhabit all depths within the world's oceans from the sunlit surface ocean to the depths of the abyssal plains. Many species build a shell of calcium carbonate (predominantly calcite), which records vital geochemical information from the oceans as it grows. Studies based on microscopic foraminifera are often at the forefront of pioneering research by palaeoclimatologists into Cretaceous–Cenozoic climates. In this feature, I summarize how foraminifera are obtained from the deep ocean and describe how rapidly evolving planktic foraminifera species can be used to date marine sediments. I then explain how benthic foraminifera can be used to reconstruct high‐resolution long‐term climate records, focusing on the use of stable oxygen isotopes to elucidate deep ocean temperatures from the greenhouse climate of the late Paleocene–early Eocene.
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Poto, Margherita Paola, and Elise Johansen. "Modelling Ocean Connectivity." Arctic Review on Law and Politics 12 (2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v12.3289.
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Regulatory coherence is crucial to effectively respond to the growing pressures that our oceans are facing. Applying the interpretative lens of ocean connectivity to ocean governance can help address the challenges from a material, epistemic, and geopolitical viewpoint. This special issue intends to uncover various understandings of ocean connectivity taking into account the complex biocultural interactions happening in the marine environment. The research aim is divided into two objectives: (1) to explore the various conceptualizations of ocean connectivity; and (2) to provide a critical analysis on how the law (of the sea) considers or disregards ocean connectivity. Our research methodology combines a literature review and a mapping technique that examines the models of connectivity. The mapping technique has been developed by adopting the ‘one-pager approach’, where the authors have been asked to answer two research questions, aligned with our research objectives. We structured the work into an introductory section and three main articles. The understanding of ocean connectivity is key to developing international marine policy and suggesting legal tools for the protection of the marine environment. Moving from this angle towards an understanding of connectivity which includes bio-centric elements, Indigenous cosmo-visions, and anthropocentric connectivity, we identified three models of connectivity and explored their suitability to address the systemic challenges.
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Nam, Sunghyun. "Observing the oceans to predict the future." Impact 2019, no. 9 (2019): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2019.9.9.
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The ocean covers more than 70 percent of the surface of the planet and some 97 percent of the Earth's water can be found in our oceans. Many of the serious global issues we face, such as warming waters, melting ice and rising sea levels, are directly related to seas and oceans across the world. There is also the increased threat of natural disasters such as typhoons and hurricanes, tsunamis, heatwaves and floods. Many of these issues are directly related to ocean processes and so it follows that in order to combat these issues, it is vital that we find a means of better monitoring, predicting and understanding ocean environments. The Ocean Observation Laboratory (OOL), based at the Seoul National University, Republic of Korea, was founded in 2014 by Professor SungHyun Nam, who leads a laboratory intent on developing our understanding of the oceans to generate scientific findings that will increasingly become a focal point of our lives. The team at the laboratory is currently composed of 15 members, including graduate students, who work together to improve ocean-observing techniques using state-of-the-art technology. The team collaborates closely with industrial and academic partners as well as national and international ocean observation networks to pool knowledge and speed up the process of improving our understanding of the oceans.
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Phillips, Helen E., Amit Tandon, Ryo Furue, et al. "Progress in understanding of Indian Ocean circulation, variability, air–sea exchange, and impacts on biogeochemistry." Ocean Science 17, no. 6 (2021): 1677–751. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021.
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Abstract. Over the past decade, our understanding of the Indian Ocean has advanced through concerted efforts toward measuring the ocean circulation and air–sea exchanges, detecting changes in water masses, and linking physical processes to ecologically important variables. New circulation pathways and mechanisms have been discovered that control atmospheric and oceanic mean state and variability. This review brings together new understanding of the ocean–atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean since the last comprehensive review, describing the Indian Ocean circulation patterns, air–sea interactions, and climate variability. Coordinated international focus on the Indian Ocean has motivated the application of new technologies to deliver higher-resolution observations and models of Indian Ocean processes. As a result we are discovering the importance of small-scale processes in setting the large-scale gradients and circulation, interactions between physical and biogeochemical processes, interactions between boundary currents and the interior, and interactions between the surface and the deep ocean. A newly discovered regional climate mode in the southeast Indian Ocean, the Ningaloo Niño, has instigated more regional air–sea coupling and marine heatwave research in the global oceans. In the last decade, we have seen rapid warming of the Indian Ocean overlaid with extremes in the form of marine heatwaves. These events have motivated studies that have delivered new insight into the variability in ocean heat content and exchanges in the Indian Ocean and have highlighted the critical role of the Indian Ocean as a clearing house for anthropogenic heat. This synthesis paper reviews the advances in these areas in the last decade.
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Mulder, T., P. Cirac, M. Gaudin, et al. "Understanding continent-ocean sediment transfer." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 85, no. 27 (2004): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004eo270001.
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Byrne, Michael P., and Paul A. O’Gorman. "Understanding Decreases in Land Relative Humidity with Global Warming: Conceptual Model and GCM Simulations." Journal of Climate 29, no. 24 (2016): 9045–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0351.1.
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Abstract Climate models simulate a strong land–ocean contrast in the response of near-surface relative humidity to global warming; relative humidity tends to increase slightly over oceans but decrease substantially over land. Surface energy balance arguments have been used to understand the response over ocean but are difficult to apply over more complex land surfaces. Here, a conceptual box model is introduced, involving atmospheric moisture transport between the land and ocean and surface evapotranspiration, to investigate the decreases in land relative humidity as the climate warms. The box model is applied to simulations with idealized and full-complexity (CMIP5) general circulation models, and it is found to capture many of the features of the simulated changes in land humidity. The simplest version of the box model gives equal fractional increases in specific humidity over land and ocean. This relationship implies a decrease in land relative humidity given the greater warming over land than ocean and modest changes in ocean relative humidity, consistent with a mechanism proposed previously. When evapotranspiration is included, it is found to be of secondary importance compared to ocean moisture transport for the increase in land specific humidity, but it plays an important role for the decrease in land relative humidity. For the case of a moisture forcing over land, such as from stomatal closure, the response of land relative humidity is strongly amplified by the induced change in land surface–air temperature, and this amplification is quantified using a theory for the link between land and ocean temperatures.
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Kelley, Amanda L., Paul R. Hanson, and Stephanie A. Kelley. "Demonstrating the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Organisms to Support Climate Change Understanding." American Biology Teacher 77, no. 4 (2015): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2015.77.4.5.
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Ocean acidification, a product of CO2 absorption by the world’s oceans, is largely driven by the anthropogenic combustion of fossil fuels and has already lowered the pH of marine ecosystems. Organisms with calcium carbonate shells and skeletons are especially susceptible to increasing environmental acidity due to reduction in the saturation state of CaCO3 that accompanies ocean acidification. Creating a connection between human-mediated changes to our environment and the effect it will have on biota is crucial to establishing an understanding of the potential effects of global climate change. We outline two low-cost laboratory experiments that eloquently mimic the biochemical process of ocean acidification on two timescales, providing educators with hands-on, hypothesis-driven experiments that can easily be conducted in middle and high school biology or environmental science courses.
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Hovem, Jens M., and Hefeng Dong. "Understanding Ocean Acoustics by Eigenray Analysis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7040118.
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Acoustics is important for all underwater systems for object detection, classification, surveillance systems, and communication. However, underwater acoustics is often difficult to understand, and even the most carefully conducted measurements may often give unexpected results. The use of theory and acoustic modelling in support of measurements is very important since theory tends to be better behaved and more consistent than experiments, and useful to acquire better knowledge about the physics principle. This paper, having a tutorial flair, concerns the use of ray modelling and in particular eigenray analysis to obtain increased knowledge and understanding of underwater acoustic propagation.
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Singh, Gerald G., Harriet Harden-Davies, Edward H. Allison, et al. "Opinion: Will understanding the ocean lead to “the ocean we want”?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 5 (2021): e2100205118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100205118.
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Lee, Wu-Jung. "Understanding echoes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (2022): A68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010686.
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By sending out sounds and analyzing the returning echoes, both humans and animals use active acoustic sensing systems to probe and understand the environment. High-frequency sonar systems, or echosounders, are the workhorse for observing fish and zooplankton in the ocean. Toothed whales and bats navigate and forage via echolocation in the air and under water. In this talk, I will discuss our work with both engineered and biological sonar systems to enable effective extraction and interpretation of information embedded in the echoes. We are developing data-driven methodologies and open-source software tools to tackle challenges imposed by large volumes of echosounder data rapidly accumulating across the global ocean. Using echolocating toothed whales as a model, we are combining experimental and computational approaches to understand biological processing of echo information. Throughout the talk, I will highlight the pivotal role of collaboration in my professional and personal development, and discuss efforts by colleagues and myself to cultivate a sense of community in our field.
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Chang, P., T. Yamagata, P. Schopf, et al. "Climate Fluctuations of Tropical Coupled Systems—The Role of Ocean Dynamics." Journal of Climate 19, no. 20 (2006): 5122–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3903.1.
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Abstract The tropical oceans have long been recognized as the most important region for large-scale ocean–atmosphere interactions, giving rise to coupled climate variations on several time scales. During the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) decade, the focus of much tropical ocean research was on understanding El Niño–related processes and on development of tropical ocean models capable of simulating and predicting El Niño. These studies led to an appreciation of the vital role the ocean plays in providing the memory for predicting El Niño and thus making seasonal climate prediction feasible. With the end of TOGA and the beginning of Climate Variability and Prediction (CLIVAR), the scope of climate variability and predictability studies has expanded from the tropical Pacific and ENSO-centric basis to the global domain. In this paper the progress that has been made in tropical ocean climate studies during the early years of CLIVAR is discussed. The discussion is divided geographically into three tropical ocean basins with an emphasis on the dynamical processes that are most relevant to the coupling between the atmosphere and oceans. For the tropical Pacific, the continuing effort to improve understanding of large- and small-scale dynamics for the purpose of extending the skill of ENSO prediction is assessed. This paper then goes beyond the time and space scales of El Niño and discusses recent research activities on the fundamental issue of the processes maintaining the tropical thermocline. This includes the study of subtropical cells (STCs) and ventilated thermocline processes, which are potentially important to the understanding of the low-frequency modulation of El Niño. For the tropical Atlantic, the dominant oceanic processes that interact with regional atmospheric feedbacks are examined as well as the remote influence from both the Pacific El Niño and extratropical climate fluctuations giving rise to multiple patterns of variability distinguished by season and location. The potential impact of Atlantic thermohaline circulation on tropical Atlantic variability (TAV) is also discussed. For the tropical Indian Ocean, local and remote mechanisms governing low-frequency sea surface temperature variations are examined. After reviewing the recent rapid progress in the understanding of coupled dynamics in the region, this study focuses on the active role of ocean dynamics in a seasonally locked east–west internal mode of variability, known as the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). Influences of the IOD on climatic conditions in Asia, Australia, East Africa, and Europe are discussed. While the attempt throughout is to give a comprehensive overview of what is known about the role of the tropical oceans in climate, the fact of the matter is that much remains to be understood and explained. The complex nature of the tropical coupled phenomena and the interaction among them argue strongly for coordinated and sustained observations, as well as additional careful modeling investigations in order to further advance the current understanding of the role of tropical oceans in climate.
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Arwan, Juwintar Febriani, and Mohammad Ali. "Ocean Literacy’s Influence on Integrated Learning: Teachers’ Understanding and Involvement." Anatolian Journal of Education 10, no. 1 (2025): 19–36. https://doi.org/10.29333/aje.2025.1012a.
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This study investigated the integration of ocean literacy in education. It explored the relationship between teachers’ understanding of ocean literacy, participation in related activities, and inclination towards integrated learning. The research included two independent variables: teachers’ understanding of ocean literacy and their involvement in related training. The dependent variable was their inclination towards integrated learning. The sampling technique used was nonpurposive sampling, with the samples being 116 junior high school teachers teaching the Indonesian language in Riau Islands Province, Indonesia, affiliated with teacher associations in each district. The data was analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression techniques. The results showed a moderate correlation between teachers’ understanding of ocean literacy and the development of integrated learning. A strong correlation was observed between the training initiatives and the development of integrated learning. The study emphasizes the importance of teachers’ understanding of ocean literacy and their active engagement in related teaching activities. It highlights the need for targeted socialization of ocean literacy, local ocean knowledge, and training initiatives concerning ocean conditions as crucial aspects of educational development. Integrating ocean literacy into the learning process is a crucial strategy to enhance awareness regarding sustainable development within educational initiatives.
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Fryer, Patricia, Daniel J. Fornari, and Michael R. Perfit. "Future Research Directions in Deep SubInergence Science." Marine Technology Society Journal 33, no. 4 (1999): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.33.4.8.
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Deep ocean science is poised to enter a new millennium characterized by cooperation among scientists of many different disciplines who are seeking to gain an understanding of the complex linkages between physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes occurring at and beneath the ocean floor in the world oceans. This multidisciplinary imperative has been spurred by unprecedented advances in understanding the complexities and interdependence of these phenomena made possible through research that used deep submergence vehicles over the past two decades. Marine scientists of all disciplines are forecasting that the next decade will see even greater linkage between oceanographic disciplines. The need to understand the temporal dimension of the processes being studied will sustain continued use of deep ocean submersibles and utilization of newly developed, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for conducting time-series and observatory-based research in the deep ocean and at the seafloor. These approaches will enable marine scientists to achieve a greater understanding of global processes and of climate change and geochemical mass balance. These same approaches will enable them to grapple with intriguing problems concerning the interrelated processes of crustal generation, evolution and transport of geochemical fluids in the crust and into the oceans, and origins and proliferation of life both on Earth and beyond.
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Russell, Alexandria M., and Anand Gnanadesikan. "Understanding Multidecadal Variability in ENSO Amplitude." Journal of Climate 27, no. 11 (2014): 4037–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00147.1.
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Abstract Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific vary as a result of the coupling between ocean and atmosphere driven largely by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO amplitude is known to vary on long time scales, which makes it difficult to quantify its response to climate change and constrain the physical processes that drive it. To characterize the long-period variability in ocean–atmosphere coupling strengths, a linear regression of local SST changes is applied to the 4000-yr GFDL Climate Model, version 2.1 (CM2.1) and the 500-yr GFDL CM2 with Modular Ocean Model version 4p1 (MOM4p1) at coarse resolution (CM2Mc) preindustrial control runs, while also comparing to the observationally constrained Ensemble Coupled Data Assimilation (ECDA) dataset. The models produce regression coefficients that vary widely on multidecadal time scales. These variations are strongly reflected in the long-period modulation of ocean stratification and surface precipitation. During high variance periods, when there is stronger stratification and precipitation in the central equatorial Pacific, the ocean’s surface is less responsive to zonal wind stress perturbations, while the atmosphere is more responsive to SST perturbations. The mechanisms underlying this behavior are examined through an expansion of the linear regression equation to individual temperature tendency components. Long-term changes in ENSO amplitude are due to changes in both the oceanic response to the atmosphere, which is predominantly driven by regional changes in the advective and vertical diffusive heat tendencies, and the atmospheric response to the ocean.
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Ming, Wan. "Zheng He’s Seven Voyages into the Namoli Ocean–the Indian Ocean." China and Asia 1, no. 1 (2019): 92–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589465x-00101004.
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In the history of the development of human civilization, the Silk Road has been an important route of traffic and exchange between the East and the West. From Zhang Qian’s 張騫 opening up of the Silk Road across the Western Regions (Xiyue 西域) to Zheng He’s 鄭和 sailing to the Western Oceans (xia xiyang 下西洋) more than 1500 years later, China had a continuous desire to explore beyond its borders. At the time of Zheng He, the term “Western Oceans” (xiyang 西洋) had a specific meaning. As shown by the account of Ma Huan 馬歡, who personally joined Zheng He on the voyages, the people of Ming China considered the “Western Oceans” to be the Namoli Ocean (Namoli yang 那没黎洋), later called the Indian Ocean. Thus, it could be concluded that the Western Oceans where Zheng He’s fleet went meant the Indian Ocean. Even today most scholars still divide the Eastern and Western Oceans at Brunei, with no clear understanding of where the Western Oceans to which Zheng He sailed were actually located. It is therefore important to make clear that the Western Oceans in his time referred to the Indian Ocean, before moving on to investigate the purpose of the voyages and related historical issues. Even more important is to point out that Zheng He’s expeditions in the early fifteenth century reflected that Chinese people took to the seas on a scale larger than ever before and joined the maritime and overland silk routes together. The place where this occurred was the Indian Ocean.
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Haines, K., M. Valdivieso, H. Zuo, and V. N. Stepanov. "Transports and budgets in a 1/4° global ocean reanalysis 1989–2010." Ocean Science Discussions 9, no. 1 (2012): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-9-261-2012.
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Abstract. Large scale ocean transports of heat and freshwater have not been well monitored, and yet the regional budgets of these quantities are vital to understanding the role of the oceans in climate and climate change. In contrast atmospheric heat and freshwater transports are commonly assessed from atmospheric reanalysis products, despite the presence of non-conserving data assimilation based on the wealth of distributed atmospheric observations as constraints. The ability to carry out ocean reanalyses globally at eddy permitting resolutions of 1/4° or better, along with new global ocean observation programs, now make a similar approach viable for the ocean. In this paper we examine the budgets and transports within a global high resolution ocean model constrained by ocean data assimilation, and compare them with independent ocean and atmospheric estimates.
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Ikeda, Motoyoshi. "Understanding and Prediction of Ocean Mesoscale Variability." Oceanography in Japan 14, no. 4 (2005): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.14.481.
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Kuehl, Steven, Clark Alexander, Lionel Carter, et al. "Understanding sediment transfer from land to ocean." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 87, no. 29 (2006): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006eo290001.
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BUSALACCHI, ANTONIO J. "The role of the Southern Ocean in global processes: an earth system science approach." Antarctic Science 16, no. 4 (2004): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004002196.
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The Southern Ocean is unique among the world's oceans in its linkage across the other major ocean basins, its rich and unusual marine ecosystem, and its interaction between the physical climate system and the biogeochemistry of the region. This paper provides an overview and conclusions of a meeting at the Royal Society in London in which an Earth System Science approach was taken to our present and future understanding of the Southern Ocean. A brief summary of what Southern Ocean science has achieved to date, challenges that need to be confronted, and the key questions for the future within an Earth System Science approach are provided.
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Haines, K., M. Valdivieso, H. Zuo, and V. N. Stepanov. "Transports and budgets in a 1/4 ° global ocean reanalysis 1989–2010." Ocean Science 8, no. 3 (2012): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-8-333-2012.
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Abstract. Large-scale ocean transports of heat and freshwater have not been well monitored, and yet the regional budgets of these quantities are important to understanding the role of the oceans in climate and climate change. In contrast, atmospheric heat and freshwater transports are commonly assessed from atmospheric reanalysis products, despite the presence of non-conserving data assimilation based on the wealth of distributed atmospheric observations as constraints. The ability to carry out ocean reanalyses globally at eddy-permitting resolutions of 1/4 ° or better, along with new global ocean observation programs, now makes a similar approach viable for the ocean. In this paper we examine the budgets and transports within a global high resolution ocean model constrained by ocean data assimilation, and compare them with independent oceanic and atmospheric estimates.
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Hopkins, Frances E., Philip D. Nightingale, John A. Stephens, et al. "A meta-analysis of microcosm experiments shows that dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production in polar waters is insensitive to ocean acidification." Biogeosciences 17, no. 1 (2020): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-163-2020.
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Abstract. Emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the polar oceans play a key role in atmospheric processes and climate. Therefore, it is important to increase our understanding of how DMS production in these regions may respond to climate change. The polar oceans are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA). However, our understanding of the polar DMS response is limited to two studies conducted in Arctic waters, where in both cases DMS concentrations decreased with increasing acidity. Here, we report on our findings from seven summertime shipboard microcosm experiments undertaken in a variety of locations in the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean. These experiments reveal no significant effects of short-term OA on the net production of DMS by planktonic communities. This is in contrast to similar experiments from temperate north-western European shelf waters where surface ocean communities responded to OA with significant increases in dissolved DMS concentrations. A meta-analysis of the findings from both temperate and polar waters (n=18 experiments) reveals clear regional differences in the DMS response to OA. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that the differences in DMS response between temperate and polar waters reflect the natural variability in carbonate chemistry to which the respective communities of each region may already be adapted. If so, future temperate oceans could be more sensitive to OA, resulting in an increase in DMS emissions to the atmosphere, whilst perhaps surprisingly DMS emissions from the polar oceans may remain relatively unchanged. By demonstrating that DMS emissions from geographically distinct regions may vary in their response to OA, our results may facilitate a better understanding of Earth's future climate. Our study suggests that the way in which processes that generate DMS respond to OA may be regionally distinct, and this should be taken into account in predicting future DMS emissions and their influence on Earth's climate.
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Shin, Sang-Ik, Prashant D. Sardeshmukh, Robert S. Webb, Robert J. Oglesby, and Joseph J. Barsugli. "Understanding the Mid-Holocene Climate." Journal of Climate 19, no. 12 (2006): 2801–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3733.1.
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Abstract Paleoclimatic evidence suggests that during the mid-Holocene epoch (about 6000 yr ago) North America and North Africa were significantly drier and wetter, respectively, than at present. Modeling efforts to attribute these differences to changes in orbital parameters and greenhouse gas (GHG) levels have had limited success, especially over North America. In this study, the importance of a possibly cooler tropical Pacific Ocean during the epoch (akin to a permanent La Niña–like perturbation to the present climate) in causing these differences is emphasized. Systematic sets of atmospheric general circulation model experiments, with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific basin and an interactive mixed layer ocean elsewhere, are performed. Given the inadequacies of current fully coupled climate models in simulating the tropical Pacific climate, this intermediate coupling model configuration is argued to be more suitable for quantifying the contributions of the altered orbital forcing, GHG levels, and tropical Pacific SST conditions to the different mid-Holocene climates. The simulated responses in this configuration are in fact generally more consistent with the available evidence from paleovegetation and sedimentary records. Coupling to the mixed layer ocean enhances the wind–evaporation–SST feedback over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The net response to the orbital changes is to shift the North Atlantic intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) northward, and make North Africa wetter. The response to the reduced GHG levels opposes, but does not eliminate, these changes. The northward-shifted ITCZ also blocks the moisture supply from the Gulf of Mexico into North America. This drying tendency is greatly amplified by the local response to La Niña–like conditions in the tropical Pacific. Consistent with the paleoclimatic evidence, the simulated North American drying is also most pronounced in the growing (spring) season.
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Seo, Hyodae, Larry W. O’Neill, Mark A. Bourassa, et al. "Ocean Mesoscale and Frontal-Scale Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions and Influence on Large-Scale Climate: A Review." Journal of Climate 36, no. 7 (2023): 1981–2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0982.1.
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Abstract Two decades of high-resolution satellite observations and climate modeling studies have indicated strong ocean–atmosphere coupled feedback mediated by ocean mesoscale processes, including semipermanent and meandrous SST fronts, mesoscale eddies, and filaments. The air–sea exchanges in latent heat, sensible heat, momentum, and carbon dioxide associated with this so-called mesoscale air–sea interaction are robust near the major western boundary currents, Southern Ocean fronts, and equatorial and coastal upwelling zones, but they are also ubiquitous over the global oceans wherever ocean mesoscale processes are active. Current theories, informed by rapidly advancing observational and modeling capabilities, have established the importance of mesoscale and frontal-scale air–sea interaction processes for understanding large-scale ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, and weather and climate variability. However, numerous challenges remain to accurately diagnose, observe, and simulate mesoscale air–sea interaction to quantify its impacts on large-scale processes. This article provides a comprehensive review of key aspects pertinent to mesoscale air–sea interaction, synthesizes current understanding with remaining gaps and uncertainties, and provides recommendations on theoretical, observational, and modeling strategies for future air–sea interaction research. Significance Statement Recent high-resolution satellite observations and climate models have shown a significant impact of coupled ocean–atmosphere interactions mediated by small-scale (mesoscale) ocean processes, including ocean eddies and fronts, on Earth’s climate. Ocean mesoscale-induced spatial temperature and current variability modulate the air–sea exchanges in heat, momentum, and mass (e.g., gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide), altering coupled boundary layer processes. Studies suggest that skillful simulations and predictions of ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, and weather events and climate variability depend on accurate representation of the eddy-mediated air–sea interaction. However, numerous challenges remain in accurately diagnosing, observing, and simulating mesoscale air–sea interaction to quantify its large-scale impacts. This article synthesizes the latest understanding of mesoscale air–sea interaction, identifies remaining gaps and uncertainties, and provides recommendations on strategies for future ocean–weather–climate research.
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Cheng, Lijing, Kevin E. Trenberth, John T. Fasullo, Michael Mayer, Magdalena Balmaseda, and Jiang Zhu. "Evolution of Ocean Heat Content Related to ENSO." Journal of Climate 32, no. 12 (2019): 3529–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0607.1.
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Abstract As the strongest interannual perturbation to the climate system, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates the year-to-year variability of the ocean energy budget. Here we combine ocean observations, reanalyses, and surface flux data with Earth system model simulations to obtain estimates of the different terms affecting the redistribution of energy in the Earth system during ENSO events, including exchanges between ocean and atmosphere and among different ocean basins, and lateral and vertical rearrangements. This comprehensive inventory allows better understanding of the regional and global evolution of ocean heat related to ENSO and provides observational metrics to benchmark performance of climate models. Results confirm that there is a strong negative ocean heat content tendency (OHCT) in the tropical Pacific Ocean during El Niño, mainly through enhanced air–sea heat fluxes Q into the atmosphere driven by high sea surface temperatures. In addition to this diabatic component, there is an adiabatic redistribution of heat both laterally and vertically (0–100 and 100–300 m) in the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans that dominates the local OHCT. Heat is also transported and discharged from 20°S–5°N into off-equatorial regions within 5°–20°N during and after El Niño. OHCT and Q changes outside the tropical Pacific Ocean indicate the ENSO-driven atmospheric teleconnections and changes of ocean heat transport (i.e., Indonesian Throughflow). The tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans warm during El Niño, partly offsetting the tropical Pacific cooling for the tropical oceans as a whole. While there are distinct regional OHCT changes, many compensate each other, resulting in a weak but robust net global ocean cooling during and after El Niño.
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Duarte, Carlos M., Iris E. Hendriks, Tommy S. Moore, et al. "Is Ocean Acidification an Open-Ocean Syndrome? Understanding Anthropogenic Impacts on Seawater pH." Estuaries and Coasts 36, no. 2 (2013): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9594-3.
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Fu, Lee-Lueng, Tong Lee, W. Timothy Liu, and Ronald Kwok. "50 Years of Satellite Remote Sensing of the Ocean." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2019): 5.1–5.46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0010.1.
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Abstract The development of the technologies of remote sensing of the ocean was initiated in the 1970s, while the ideas of observing the ocean from space were conceived in the late 1960s. The first global view from space revealed the expanse and complexity of the state of the ocean that had perplexed and inspired oceanographers ever since. This paper presents a glimpse of the vast progress made from ocean remote sensing in the past 50 years that has a profound impact on the ways we study the ocean in relation to weather and climate. The new view from space in conjunction with the deployment of an unprecedented amount of in situ observations of the ocean has led to a revolution in physical oceanography. The highlights of the achievement include the description and understanding of the global ocean circulation, the air–sea fluxes driving the coupled ocean–atmosphere system that is most prominently illustrated in the tropical oceans. The polar oceans are most sensitive to climate change with significant consequences, but owing to remoteness they were not accessible until the space age. Fundamental discoveries have been made on the evolution of the state of sea ice as well as the circulation of the ice-covered ocean. Many surprises emerged from the extraordinary accuracy and expanse of the space observations. Notable examples include the determination of the global mean sea level rise as well as the role of the deep ocean in tidal mixing and dissipation.
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Stewart, Robert W. "Understanding fluxes to and within the ocean: a key to understanding climate." Journal of Oceanography 48, no. 1 (1992): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02234028.
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Wang, Sai, Guoping Fu, Yongduo Song, et al. "Ocean-Mixer: A Deep Learning Approach for Multi-Step Prediction of Ocean Remote Sensing Data." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 3 (2024): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030446.
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The development of intelligent oceans requires exploration and an understanding of the various characteristics of the oceans. The emerging Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an extension of the Internet of Things (IoT) to underwater environments, and the ability of IoUT to be combined with deep learning technologies is a powerful technology for realizing intelligent oceans. The underwater acoustic (UWA) communication network is essential to IoUT. The thermocline with drastic temperature and density variations can significantly limit the connectivity and communication performance between IoUT nodes. To more accurately capture the complexity and variability of ocean remote sensing data, we first sample and analyze ocean remote sensing datasets and provide sufficient evidence to validate the temporal redundancy properties of the data. We propose an innovative deep learning approach called Ocean-Mixer. This approach consists of three modules: an embedding module, a mixer module, and a prediction module. The embedding module first processes the location and attribute information of the ocean water and then passes it to the subsequent modules. In the mixing module, we apply a temporal decomposition strategy to eliminate redundant information and capture temporal and channel features through a self-attention mechanism and a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The prediction module ultimately discerns and integrates the temporal and channel relationships and interactions among various ocean features, ensuring precise forecasting. Numerous experiments on ocean temperature and salinity datasets show that Mixer-Ocean performs well in improving the accuracy of time series prediction. Mixer-Ocean is designed to support multi-step prediction and capture the changes in the ocean environment over a long period, thus facilitating efficient management and timely decision-making for innovative ocean-oriented applications, which has far-reaching significance for developing and conserving marine resources.
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Battisti, David S., Daniel J. Vimont, and Benjamin P. Kirtman. "100 Years of Progress in Understanding the Dynamics of Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Variability." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2019): 8.1–8.57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0025.1.
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Abstract In situ observation networks and reanalyses products of the state of the atmosphere and upper ocean show well-defined, large-scale patterns of coupled climate variability on time scales ranging from seasons to several decades. We summarize these phenomena and their physics, which have been revealed by analysis of observations, by experimentation with uncoupled and coupled atmosphere and ocean models with a hierarchy of complexity, and by theoretical developments. We start with a discussion of the seasonal cycle in the equatorial tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, which are clearly affected by coupling between the atmosphere and the ocean. We then discuss the tropical phenomena that only exist because of the coupling between the atmosphere and the ocean: the Pacific and Atlantic meridional modes, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific, and a phenomenon analogous to ENSO in the Atlantic. For ENSO, we further discuss the sources of irregularity and asymmetry between warm and cold phases of ENSO, and the response of ENSO to forcing. Fundamental to variability on all time scales in the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are preferred patterns of uncoupled atmospheric variability that exist independent of any changes in the state of the ocean, land, or distribution of sea ice. These patterns include the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern; they are most active in wintertime, with a temporal spectrum that is nearly white. Stochastic variability in the NPO, PNA, and NAO force the ocean on days to interannual times scales by way of turbulent heat exchange and Ekman transport, and on decadal and longer time scales by way of wind stress forcing. The PNA is partially responsible for the Pacific decadal oscillation; the NAO is responsible for an analogous phenomenon in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. In models, stochastic forcing by the NAO also gives rise to variability in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) that is partially responsible for multidecadal anomalies in the North Atlantic climate known as the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO); observations do not yet exist to adequately determine the physics of the AMO. We review the progress that has been made in the past 50 years in understanding each of these phenomena and the implications for short-term (seasonal-to-interannual) climate forecasts. We end with a brief discussion of advances of things that are on the horizon, under the rug, and over the rainbow.
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Virmani, Jyotika I., and Paul M. E. Bunje. "Incentivizing Innovation for the Oceans and Beyond." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 3 (2015): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.3.5.
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Abstract For over a decade, XPRIZE has been the leader in incentivized global prize competitions. Historically, such competitions have radically changed the world by spurring the rapid innovation of technologies to address societal challenges. XPRIZE currently has four active global competitions, including the $2 million Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE to develop accurate, robust, and affordable pH sensors to improve our understanding of ocean acidification. This addresses the grand challenge of the overwhelming lack of data on our oceans. Innovations are expected to emerge from this competition that could be adapted to other ocean sensors, including portability, ease of deployment and recovery, solutions to address power and biofouling limitations, and data recovery using modern software and wireless capabilities. This competition is part of the XPRIZE Ocean Initiative, which is a suite of five ocean XPRIZE competitions that, over 10 years, will award millions of dollars to innovators who can solve some of the grand challenges facing the ocean. Collectively, these ocean-focused prizes aim to achieve the XPRIZE vision of a healthy, valued, and understood ocean.
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Kim, Sung-Kyu. "Pre-service Elementary Teachers' Understanding of Ocean Acidification." Journal of Environmental Science International 26, no. 5 (2017): 661–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jesi.2017.26.5.661.
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Axelrod, Mark, Meghan Vona, Julia Novak Colwell, et al. "Understanding gender intersectionality for more robust ocean science." Earth System Governance 13 (August 2022): 100148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2022.100148.
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Tagliabue, Alessandro, and Laurent Bopp. "Towards understanding global variability in ocean carbon-13." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, no. 1 (2008): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007gb003037.
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Capstick, Stuart B., Nick F. Pidgeon, Adam J. Corner, Elspeth M. Spence, and Paul N. Pearson. "Public understanding in Great Britain of ocean acidification." Nature Climate Change 6, no. 8 (2016): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3005.
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Wadhams, Peter. "Modern Observational Physical Oceonography: Understanding the Global Ocean." Underwater Technology 34, no. 3 (2017): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3723/ut.34.141.
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Willmott, Andrew J. "Modern observational physical oceanography: understanding the global ocean." Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 110, no. 4 (2016): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091929.2016.1192889.
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Clark, David L., and Arthur Grantz. "Piston cores improve understanding of deep Arctic Ocean." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 83, no. 38 (2002): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002eo000302.
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Polyakov, Igor, Laurence Padman, and Jennifer Hutchings. "Understanding Arctic Ocean Processes Under Changing Ice Cover." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 95, no. 35 (2014): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014eo350006.
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Wootton, Nina, Melissa Nursey-Bray, Shane Holland, and Bronwyn M. Gillanders. "Better understanding ocean awareness: Insights from young people." Marine Policy 164 (June 2024): 106159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106159.
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Wang, Ling. "Dake Chen: unraveling the secrets of ocean–climate interaction." National Science Review 4, no. 1 (2017): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nww100.
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Abstract The ocean is a complex and mysterious system that attracts scientists around the world to unravel its secrets. Dake Chen, a distinguished physical oceanographer and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is one of them. Since the mid-1980s, he has been studying ocean dynamics and ocean–atmosphere interaction, and has made seminal contributions to the understanding and prediction of short-term climate variability, especially the El Niño phenomenon. In a recent interview with NSR, Professor Dake Chen says that China has made significant progress in recent years in ocean research, but, in order to make breakthroughs in the field of oceanography, China needs to further expand the scope of research programs from coastal seas to open oceans, to greatly increase the investment in global ocean-observing systems and to pay more attention to fundamental scientific problems in addition to practical applications. He also calls for a better-defined national strategic plan for ocean science and technology.
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Hopkins, Frances E., Parvadha Suntharalingam, Marion Gehlen, et al. "The impacts of ocean acidification on marine trace gases and the implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2237 (2020): 20190769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0769.
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Surface ocean biogeochemistry and photochemistry regulate ocean–atmosphere fluxes of trace gases critical for Earth's atmospheric chemistry and climate. The oceanic processes governing these fluxes are often sensitive to the changes in ocean pH (or p CO 2 ) accompanying ocean acidification (OA), with potential for future climate feedbacks. Here, we review current understanding (from observational, experimental and model studies) on the impact of OA on marine sources of key climate-active trace gases, including dimethyl sulfide (DMS), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), ammonia and halocarbons. We focus on DMS, for which available information is considerably greater than for other trace gases. We highlight OA-sensitive regions such as polar oceans and upwelling systems, and discuss the combined effect of multiple climate stressors (ocean warming and deoxygenation) on trace gas fluxes. To unravel the biological mechanisms responsible for trace gas production, and to detect adaptation, we propose combining process rate measurements of trace gases with longer term experiments using both model organisms in the laboratory and natural planktonic communities in the field. Future ocean observations of trace gases should be routinely accompanied by measurements of two components of the carbonate system to improve our understanding of how in situ carbonate chemistry influences trace gas production. Together, this will lead to improvements in current process model capabilities and more reliable predictions of future global marine trace gas fluxes.
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Kildow, Judith T. "The Importance of Understanding the Ocean's Economic Value for a Sustainable World." Marine Technology Society Journal 56, no. 1 (2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.56.1.9.
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Abstract A major paradigm shift is underway globally, a revolution in our relationship with the ocean. From cavalier exploitation of offshore resources spurred on by dreams of infinite wealth, nations now recognize a thriving ocean economy needs a healthy ocean. Past events brought global attention to the impressive rise in offshore revenue generated by the Blue Economy. In 2021, ocean values were estimated at $2.5 trillion annually (Sumaila et al., 2021). The advent of exclusive economic zones enhanced by technological innovations led to rapid increases in offshore commercial and industrial activities, accompanied unfortunately by mismanaged and overexploited resources. The resultant decline in ocean health from unsustainable practices, compounded by climate-related impacts, provided the momentum toward sustainable strategies for development, institutionalized by the 2016 United Nations (UN) Conference on Sustainable Development and the resultant Sustainable Development Goals.National practices expanded categories of original estimates of ocean gross domestic product, formerly based solely on National Income Accounts to include environmental and non-market assets, revealing a more accurate net estimate of the ocean's values.The New Blue Economy, or knowledge-based economy, has been in large part responsible for economists' ability to capture environmental and non-market values, allowing this paradigm shift toward a sustainable world to occur. The NBE generates the rapid pace of scientific discovery and technological innovations that facilitated those discoveries through advanced measurement and analytical tools. The latest UN declaration, the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, solidifies the future of this positive paradigm shift.
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Patterson, Joshua, Lisa Krimsky, and Joseph Henry. "Ocean Acidification: Fish Physiology and Behavior." EDIS 2020, no. 2 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fa219-2020.
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Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has led to increased levels of dissolved carbon dioxide in the oceans and acidified ocean water, which could have direct effects on the physiology and behavior of fishes. This 5-page fact sheet written by Joshua Patterson, Lisa Krimsky, and Joseph Henry and published by the UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences will summarize the current state of our understanding on the topic, with special emphasis on Florida fishes. It will also address current challenges in understanding the real-world effects of a complex global process using data largely collected on isolated fish in laboratory experiments. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fa219
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Iudicone, D., I. Stendardo, O. Aumont, et al. "Watermasses as a unifying framework for understanding the Southern Ocean carbon cycle." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (2010): 3393–451. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-3393-2010.
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Abstract. A watermass-based framework is presented for a quantitative understanding of the processes controlling the cycling of carbon in the Southern Ocean. The approach is developed using a model simulation of the global carbon transports within the ocean and with the atmosphere. It is shown how the watermass framework sheds light on the interplay between biology, air-sea gas exchange, and internal ocean transport including diapycnal processes, and the way in which this interplay controls the large-scale ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange. The simulated pre-industrial regional patterns of DIC distribution and the global distribution of the pre-industrial air-sea CO2 fluxes compare well with other model results and with results from an ocean inversion method. The main differences are found in the Southern Ocean where the model presents a stronger CO2 outgassing south of the polar front, a result of the upwelling of DIC-rich deep waters into the surface layer. North of the subantarctic front the typical temperature-driven solubility effect produces a net ingassing of CO2. The biological controls on surface CO2 fluxes through primary production is generally smaller than the temperature effect on solubility. Novel to this study is also a Lagrangian trajectory analysis of the meridional transport of DIC. The analysis allows to evaluate the contribution of separate branches of the global thermohaline circulation (identified by watermasses) to the vertical distribution of DIC throughout the Southern Ocean and towards the global ocean. The most important new result is that the overturning associated with Subantarctic Mode Waters sustains a northward net transport of DIC (15.7×107 mol/s across 30° S). This new finding, which has also relevant implications on the prediction of anthropogenic carbon redistribution, results from the specific mechanism of SAMW formation and its source waters whose consequences on tracer transports are analyzed for the first time in this study.
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Fox, Natalie, Jamie Marshall, and Dorothy Jane Dankel. "Ocean Literacy and Surfing: Understanding How Interactions in Coastal Ecosystems Inform Blue Space User’s Awareness of the Ocean." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (2021): 5819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115819.
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Intergovernmental policy is targeting public ocean literacy to help achieve the societal changes needed to reach a sustainable ocean agenda within a 10-year timeframe. To create a culture of care for the ocean, which is under threat from Anthropocentric pressures, informed ocean citizens are central to upholding meaningful actions and best practices. This research focuses on recreational ocean users, specifically surfers and how their blue space activities may inform understanding of ocean processes and human-ocean interconnections. The Ocean Literacy Principles were used to assess ocean awareness through surfing interactions. An online survey questionnaire was completed by 249 participants and reduced to a smaller sample focus group. Qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated to develop further understanding of surfer experiences, using the social-ecological systems framework to model surfing outcomes. The results found that surfers indeed receive ocean literacy benefits, specifically three out of the seven Ocean Literacy Principles and that ocean literacy is a direct benefit many surfers in the sample group receive. By identifying synergies between the Ocean Literacy Principles, variables within coastal ecosystems and user (surfer) interactions, this research offers novel insight into opportunities for integrating ocean sustainability strategies through blue space activity mechanisms and coastal community engagement.
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Bilgen, Simge I., and Ben P. Kirtman. "Impact of ocean model resolution on understanding the delayed warming of the Southern Ocean." Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 11 (2020): 114012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abbc3e.
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Vo, Si Tuan, and Minh Ha Bui Thi. "The UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021–2030." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 21, no. 4 (2021): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/16860.
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The United Nations General Assembly declared the “United Nations Decade for Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, 2021–2030” in December 2017 to support the successful implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), including SDG14 on seas and oceans. Drawing on IOC documents, the review provides background information on the Decade to help promote awareness and participation of Vietnam, a country that has actively committed to the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations. The United Nations Decade of Marine Science for Sustainable Development vision is “the science we need for the ocean we want”. Decade’s mission is to “promote the transformation of ocean science for sustainable development, connecting people and our oceans”. The Decade is geared towards seven socially desirable goals of a pollution-free, ecologically healthy, predictable, safe, productive, transparent, and understood ocean. The Decade’s perspectives and directions for action encourage the scientific community, public, and decision-makers to think beyond just doing business as usual and expect real change in the process of ocean understanding and collaborative management and partnerships to support sustainable development and maintain healthy oceans. During 2019–2020, the IOC, as the coordinating body, coordinated to prepare the implementation plan for the Decade, including the operating mechanism, the method of financial mobilization and management, and the process of evaluating the Decade’s performance results.
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Su, Hua, Tian Qin, An Wang, and Wenfang Lu. "Reconstructing Ocean Heat Content for Revisiting Global Ocean Warming from Remote Sensing Perspectives." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (2021): 3799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193799.
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Global ocean heat content (OHC) is generally estimated using gridded, model and reanalysis data; its change is crucial to understanding climate anomalies and ocean warming phenomena. However, Argo gridded data have short temporal coverage (from 2005 to the present), inhibiting understanding of long-term OHC variabilities at decadal to multidecadal scales. In this study, we utilized multisource remote sensing and Argo gridded data based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network method, which considers long temporal dependence to reconstruct a new long time-series OHC dataset (1993–2020) and fill the pre-Argo data gaps. Moreover, we adopted a new machine learning method, i.e., the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and applied the well-known Random Forests (RFs) method for comparison. The model performance was measured using determination coefficients (R2) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). The results showed that LSTM can effectively improve the OHC prediction accuracy compared with the LightGBM and RFs methods, especially in long-term and deep-sea predictions. The LSTM-estimated result also outperformed the Ocean Projection and Extension neural Network (OPEN) dataset, with an R2 of 0.9590 and an RMSE of 4.45 × 1019 in general in the upper 2000 m for 28 years (1993–2020). The new reconstructed dataset (named OPEN-LSTM) correlated reasonably well with other validated products, showing consistency with similar time-series trends and spatial patterns. The spatiotemporal error distribution between the OPEN-LSTM and IAP datasets was smaller on the global scale, especially in the Atlantic, Southern and Pacific Oceans. The relative error for OPEN-LSTM was the smallest for all ocean basins compared with Argo gridded data. The average global warming trends are 3.26 × 108 J/m2/decade for the pre-Argo (1993–2004) period and 2.67 × 108 J/m2/decade for the time-series (1993–2020) period. This study demonstrates the advantages of LSTM in the time-series reconstruction of OHC, and provides a new dataset for a deeper understanding of ocean and climate events.
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Haditiar, Yudi, Muhammad Ikhwan, Muhammad Nanda, and Haekal Azief Haridhi. "Understanding sea wave height conditions in sumatra waters." BIO Web of Conferences 87 (2024): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248702014.
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Ocean waves play a crucial role in influencing a wide range of marine and fisheries activities. In this research study, we aim to analyze the climatological conditions of sea wave heights in Sumatran waters over a span of 83 years (1940-2022). We utilize three-dimensional Copernicus numerical model simulations to examine seasonal patterns of sea wave heights and assess the likelihood of extreme wave events. Our findings reveal that high waves, reaching heights of 4-5 meters, are predominantly observed in the western and southern zones off the coast of Sumatra, particularly in the vicinity of smaller islands. Conversely, in enclosed or semi-enclosed waters, such as the lee side of Sumatra and the Malacca Strait, sea wave heights tend to be relatively lower. Seasonally, our study indicates that extreme wave heights are more likely to occur during the west season as opposed to the east season. This research provides valuable insights into the dynamic ocean wave conditions in Sumatran waters, which can have significant implications for various sectors reliant on the ocean environment.