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Millick, Sujata S. "Design Considerations for Oceanographic Research Vessels." Marine Technology Society Journal 35, no. 3 (2001): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533201788057937.
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As the oceanographic research vessel community prepares for updating its fleet of research vessels, they must consider vessel designs that improve the capability of the fleet to support science in the near and long-term. Advances in informational technologies have changed the "instruments" of science and resulted in the ability to study ocean processes in smaller time and space scales than before. While, networked structures on the ocean floor, remote sensing, and autonomous vehicles will allow oceanographers to synoptically measure the environment, ships will remain the "host-platforms" for such research. However, deployment and recovery of such systems, requires that future designs incorporate capabilities for increased speed, seakeeping, acoustic quietness, efficient power management systems, and lifecycle considerations. Consideration of such issues in the design phases will allow for the development of a technologically advanced ship that can serve the research community in the near and long-term.A major aspect of oceanography through the decades has been the availability of research vessels for science. However, the access to and the capability of such vessels under the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) must not be taken for granted. Changes in the oceanographer's ability to make measurements at smaller and smaller sampling scales are brought on by advents in computational and information technologies. These changes necessitate that the researcher's "host-platform" evolves to handle these new observing systems. This evolution can include, but is not limited to speed, seakeeping, efficient ship power arrangements, and acoustic quietness. While each subject can be the focus of detailed individual papers, this article presents a general discussion on four elements of oceanographic research vessel design—hull concepts, power systems, acoustics, and life cycle management.
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Morley, Michael G., Marlene A. Jeffries, Steven F. Mihály, Reyna Jenkyns, and Ben R. Biffard. "Detecting and Correcting Biases in Long-Term Ocean Observatory Time Series: Case Study on Current Directions Estimated From Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data." Marine Technology Society Journal 50, no. 3 (2016): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.50.3.9.
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AbstractOcean Networks Canada (ONC) operates the NEPTUNE and VENUS cabled ocean observatories to collect continuous data on physical, chemical, biological, and geological ocean conditions over multiyear time periods. Researchers can download real-time and historical data from a large variety of instruments to study complex earth and ocean processes from their home laboratories. Ensuring that the users are receiving the most accurate data is a high priority at ONC, requiring QAQC (quality assurance and quality control) procedures to be developed for a variety of data types (Abeysirigunawardena et al., 2015). Acquiring long-term time series of oceanographic data from remote locations on the seafloor presents significant challenges from a QAQC perspective. In order to identify and study important scientific events and trends, data consolidated from multiple deployments and instruments need to be self-consistent and free of biases due to changes to instrument configurations, calibrations, metadata, biofouling, or a degradation in instrument performance. As a case study, this paper describes efforts at ONC to identify and correct systematic biases in ocean current directions measured by ADCPs (acoustic Doppler current profilers), as well as the lessons learned to improve future data quality.
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Matthews, P. A. "The Impact of Nonsynoptic Sampling on Mesoscale Oceanographic Surveys with Towed Instruments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 14, no. 1 (1997): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0162:tionso>2.0.co;2.
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Krishfield, R., J. Toole, A. Proshutinsky, and M.-L. Timmermans. "Automated Ice-Tethered Profilers for Seawater Observations under Pack Ice in All Seasons." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 11 (2008): 2091–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecho587.1.
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Abstract An automated, easily deployed Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) instrument system, developed for deployment on perennial sea ice in the polar oceans to measure changes in upper ocean water properties in all seasons, is described, and representative data from prototype instruments are presented. The ITP instrument consists of three components: a surface subsystem that sits atop an ice floe; a weighted, plastic-jacketed wire-rope tether of arbitrary length (up to 800 m) suspended from the surface element; and an instrumented underwater unit that employs a traction drive to profile up and down the wire tether. ITPs profile the water column at a programmed sampling interval; after each profile, the underwater unit transfers two files holding oceanographic and engineering data to the surface unit using an inductive modem and from the surface instrument to a shore-based data server using an Iridium transmitter. The surface instrument also accumulates battery voltage readings, buoy temperature data, and locations from a GPS receiver at a specified interval (usually every hour) and transmits those data daily. Oceanographic and engineering data are processed, displayed, and made available in near–real time (available online at http://www.whoi.edu/itp). Six ITPs were deployed in the Arctic Ocean between 2004 and 2006 in the Beaufort gyre with various programmed sampling schedules of two to six one-way traverses per day between 10- and 750–760-m depth, providing more than 5300 profiles in all seasons (as of July 2007). The acquired CTD profile data document interesting spatial variations in the major water masses of the Canada Basin, show the double-diffusive thermohaline staircase that lies above the warm, salty Atlantic layer, measure seasonal surface mixed layer deepening, and document several mesoscale eddies. Augmenting the systems already deployed and to replace expiring systems, an international array of more than one dozen ITPs will be deployed as part of the Arctic Observing Network during the International Polar Year (IPY) period (2007–08) holding promise for more valuable real-time upper ocean observations for operational needs, to support studies of ocean processes, and to facilitate numerical model initialization and validation.
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Laney, Samuel R. "A General-Purpose Microcontroller-Based Framework for Integrating Oceanographic Sensors, Instruments, and Peripherals." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 2 (2017): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0069.1.
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AbstractSensors and instruments for basic oceanographic properties are becoming increasingly sophisticated, which both simplifies and complicates their use in field studies. This increased sophistication disproportionately affects smaller-scale observational efforts that are less likely to be well supported technically but which need to integrate instruments, sensors, and commonly needed peripheral devices in ways not envisioned by their manufacturers. A general-purpose hardware and software framework was developed around a widely used family of low-power microcontrollers to lessen the technical expertise and customization required to integrate sensors, instruments, and peripherals, and thus simplify such integration scenarios. Both the hardware and associated firmware development tools provide a range of features often required in such scenarios: serial data interfaces, analog inputs and outputs, logic lines and power-switching capability, nonvolatile storage of data and parameters for sampling or configuration, and serial communication interfaces to supervisory or telemetry systems. The microcontroller and additional components needed to implement this integration framework are small enough to encapsulate in standard cable splices, creating a small form factor “smart cable” that can be readily wired and programmed for a range of integration needs. An application programming library developed for this hardware provides skeleton code for functions commonly desired when integrating sensors, instruments, and peripherals. This minimizes the firmware programming expertise needed to apply this framework in many integration scenarios and thus streamlines the development of firmware for different field applications. Envisioned applications are in field programs where significant technical instrumentation expertise is unavailable or not cost effective.
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Young, I. R., E. Sanina, and A. V. Babanin. "Calibration and Cross Validation of a Global Wind and Wave Database of Altimeter, Radiometer, and Scatterometer Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 6 (2017): 1285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0145.1.
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AbstractA combined satellite dataset consisting of nine altimeter, 12 radiometer, and two scatterometer missions of wind speed and wave height is calibrated in a consistent manner against NDBC data and independently validated against a separate buoy dataset. The data are investigated for stability as a function of time. Instances where there are discontinuities or drift in the data are identified and accounted for in the calibration. The performance of each of the instruments at extreme values is investigated using quantile–quantile comparisons with buoy data. The various instruments are cross validated at matchup locations where satellite ground tracks cross. The resulting calibrated and cross-validated dataset is believed to represent the largest global oceanographic dataset of its type, which includes multiple instrument types calibrated in a similar fashion.
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André, Xavier, Bertrand Moreau, and Serge Le Reste. "Argos-3 Satellite Communication System: Implementation on the Arvor Oceanographic Profiling Floats." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 10 (2015): 1902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00219.1.
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AbstractThe scientific community observes the ocean for applications in the fields of oceanography and climate research. To recover in situ data, more than 3000 profiling floats are operated in the framework of the Argo program. Each float performs cycles between the sea surface and a depth of 2000 m. Scientific data are gathered while the float is traveling upward from the depths of the oceans and are then transmitted via a satellite communication system at the end of each cycle. During its time at the surface, mainly dedicated to transmissions, the float is vulnerable and subject to drift, which limits its use in many studies. Moreover, transmission times are becoming longer due to a trend toward high-resolution or multisensor profiles. Consequently, the transmission system embedded in the profiling floats had to evolve.Argos-3 is the latest generation of the Argos satellite communication system. It has been designed to allow instruments to transmit more data in a small time budget and as an alternative to Iridium, already implemented on profiling floats in restrictive applications.This study aims to evaluate the implementation of Argos-3 on Arvor profiling floats. Tests were carried out first in the laboratory, before being implemented on the Arvor float and deployed at sea. This study proves that the high-data-rate mode suffered from European electromagnetic noise, which is incompatible with this application. The interactive low-data-rate mode was successfully qualified; it is capable of transmitting an entire dataset in a few minutes, compared to 8–10 h for the previous Argos-2 system.
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Bellacicco, Vellucci, Scardi, Barbieux, Marullo, and D’Ortenzio. "Quantifying the Impact of Linear Regression Model in Deriving Bio-Optical Relationships: The Implications on Ocean Carbon Estimations." Sensors 19, no. 13 (2019): 3032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19133032.
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Linear regression is widely used in applied sciences and, in particular, in satellite optical oceanography, to relate dependent to independent variables. It is often adopted to establish empirical algorithms based on a finite set of measurements, which are later applied to observations on a larger scale from platforms such as autonomous profiling floats equipped with optical instruments (e.g., Biogeochemical Argo floats; BGC-Argo floats) and satellite ocean colour sensors (e.g., SeaWiFS, VIIRS, OLCI). However, different methods can be applied to a given pair of variables to determine the coefficients of the linear equation fitting the data, which are therefore not unique. In this work, we quantify the impact of the choice of “regression method” (i.e., either type-I or type-II) to derive bio-optical relationships, both from theoretical perspectives and by using specific examples. We have applied usual regression methods to an in situ data set of particulate organic carbon (POC), total chlorophyll-a (TChla), optical particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp), and 19 years of monthly TChla and bbp ocean colour data. Results of the regression analysis have been used to calculate phytoplankton carbon biomass (Cphyto) and POC from: i) BGC-Argo float observations; ii) oceanographic cruises, and iii) satellite data. These applications enable highlighting the differences in Cphyto and POC estimates relative to the choice of the method. An analysis of the statistical properties of the dataset and a detailed description of the hypothesis of the work drive the selection of the linear regression method
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Early, Jeffrey J., and Adam M. Sykulski. "Smoothing and Interpolating Noisy GPS Data with Smoothing Splines." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 3 (2020): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0087.1.
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AbstractA comprehensive method is provided for smoothing noisy, irregularly sampled data with non-Gaussian noise using smoothing splines. We demonstrate how the spline order and tension parameter can be chosen a priori from physical reasoning. We also show how to allow for non-Gaussian noise and outliers that are typical in global positioning system (GPS) signals. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods on GPS trajectory data obtained from oceanographic floating instruments known as drifters.
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Katija, Kakani, Brian Schlining, Lonny Lundsten, et al. "FathomNet: An Open, Underwater Image Repository for Automated Detection and Classification of Midwater and Benthic Objects." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 3 (2021): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.3.20.
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Abstract Ocean-going platforms and instruments are integrating cameras for observation and navigation, producing a deluge of visual data. The volume of this data collection can rapidly outpace researchers' abilities to process and analyze them. Recent advances in artificial intelligence enable fast, sophisticated analysis of visual data, but have had limited success in the oceanographic world due to lack of dataset standardization, sparse annotation tools, and insufficient formatting and aggregation of existing, expertly curated imagery for use by data scientists. To address this need, we are building FathomNet, a public platform that makes use of existing (and future), expertly curated data to know what is in the ocean and where it is for effective and responsible marine stewardship. This platform is modeled after popular terrestrial datasets (e.g., ImageNet, COCO) that enabled rapid advances in automated visual analysis. FathomNet seeks to engage a wide audience, from the general public to subject-matter experts, to further augment, contribute to, and utilize the training data set. FathomNet will accelerate development of novel algorithms to automate the analysis of underwater visual data, thereby enabling scientists, explorers, policymakers, storytellers, and the public, to learn, understand, and care more about our ocean and its inhabitants.
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Wang, Jinbo, Lee-Lueng Fu, Bo Qiu, et al. "An Observing System Simulation Experiment for the Calibration and Validation of the Surface Water Ocean Topography Sea Surface Height Measurement Using In Situ Platforms." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 2 (2018): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0076.1.
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AbstractThe wavenumber spectrum of sea surface height (SSH) is an important indicator of the dynamics of the ocean interior. While the SSH wavenumber spectrum has been well studied at mesoscale wavelengths and longer, using both in situ oceanographic measurements and satellite altimetry, it remains largely unknown for wavelengths less than ~70 km. The Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission aims to resolve the SSH wavenumber spectrum at 15–150-km wavelengths, which is specified as one of the mission requirements. The mission calibration and validation (CalVal) requires the ground truth of a synoptic SSH field to resolve the targeted wavelengths, but no existing observational network is able to fulfill the task. A high-resolution global ocean simulation is used to conduct an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) to identify the suitable oceanographic in situ measurements for SWOT SSH CalVal. After fixing 20 measuring locations (the minimum number for resolving 15–150-km wavelengths) along the SWOT swath, four instrument platforms were tested: pressure-sensor-equipped inverted echo sounders (PIES), underway conductivity–temperature–depth (UCTD) sensors, instrumented moorings, and underwater gliders. In the context of the OSSE, PIES was found to be an unsuitable tool for the target region and for SSH scales 15–70 km; the slowness of a single UCTD leads to significant aliasing by high-frequency motions at short wavelengths below ~30 km; an array of station-keeping gliders may meet the requirement; and an array of moorings is the most effective system among the four tested instruments for meeting the mission’s requirement. The results shown here warrant a prelaunch field campaign to further test the performance of station-keeping gliders.
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Jones, David H., Tom A. Jordan, and Carl Robinson. "An Avionics Platform for Multi-instrument Survey Navigation." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 5 (2016): 927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000084.
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The British Antarctic Survey regularly conducts airborne surveys with Twin Otter aircraft equipped with a variety of instruments. Each instrument captures its specific navigation requirements in a dedicated cockpit display that is unique and incompatible with that of other instruments. This creates unwanted logistical problems and training requirements, and necessitates extra air safety certification. In this paper we describe a new avionics display that is sufficiently flexible to capture the requirements of all of our instruments, as well as all of the preferences of our pilots. This Airborne Survey Navigation Device (ASCEND) dynamically routes aircraft within the constraints of the survey and features flexible and intuitive planning and navigation interfaces. ASCEND has been tested and compared to the instrument specific displays and is preferred, both for its ease of use and also for the effective accuracy of the pilot following a survey line.
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Send, Uwe, Lloyd Regier, and Brent Jones. "Use of Underwater Gliders for Acoustic Data Retrieval from Subsurface Oceanographic Instrumentation and Bidirectional Communication in the Deep Ocean." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 5 (2012): 984–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00169.1.
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Abstract Many fixed oceanographic instruments and observing systems are deployed in the water column or on the seafloor for extended periods of time without any expression at the sea surface. To routinely communicate with such subsurface instruments in the deep ocean, here a system is presented that uses underwater gliders and commercially available acoustic modems for this task and its use is demonstrated with subsurface moorings and inverted echo sounders plus bottom pressure sensor (PIES). One recent glider mission spent 31 days in data retrieval dives, capturing 2 MB of error-free subsurface data. To acquire this volume, a total of 2.65 MB (including all retransmissions) were sent, with a success rate of 75%. A model for the energy usage of each phase of modem function was derived from laboratory measurements. While the model predicts that the glider would expend 0.21 J to acquire each data byte, the actual consumption of the glider in the field is 0.49 J byte−1. The inefficiency is due to overhead associated with establishment of the acoustic link and with the resending of data that is received with errors. Including all the time for negotiating the acoustic link and for the retransmission of erroneous data, the net data throughput are around 3 bytes s−1 in spite of the modem operating at 140 to 600 baud. Even with these limitations, the technique has shown to be useful and is being utilized routinely in a research project in the California Current to obtain data from horizontal distances up to 7 km from an instrument at depths up to 4000 m, transferring on average 6 kB of data in a day of acoustic communications.
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Roldão, J., J. L. B. Carvalho, and P. J. W. Roberts. "Field observations of dilution on the Ipanema Beach outfall." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 11 (2001): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0702.
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Field observations of the Ipanema Beach, Rio de Janeiro, ocean sewage outfall are presented. Measurements of dilution and other wastefield characteristics were obtained by adding dye tracer to the effluent and measuring in-situ. Simultaneous measurements of oceanographic conditions were made by Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers, thermistor strings, and profiling instruments. Four experiments were performed, two during unstratified conditions when the plume was surfacing, and two during conditions of strong stratification when the plume was submerged. The minimum dilution varied from 30 to 130. The measurements reflect the worst case conditions as the campaigns were all made for weak currents.
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Tamburri, Mario N., Thomas H. Johengen, Marlin J. Atkinson, et al. "Alliance for Coastal Technologies: Advancing Moored pCO2 Instruments in Coastal Waters." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 1 (2011): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.1.4.
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AbstractThe Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) has been established to support innovation and to provide the information required to select the most appropriate tools for studying and monitoring coastal and ocean environments. ACT is a consortium of nationally prominent ocean science and technology institutions and experts who provide credible performance data of these technologies through third-party, objective testing. ACT technology verifications include laboratory and field tests over short- and long-term deployments of commercial technologies in diverse environments to provide unequivocal, unbiased confirmation that technologies meet key performance requirements. ACT demonstrations of new technologies validate the technology concept and help eliminate performance problems before operational introduction. ACT’s most recent demonstration of pCO2 sensors is an example of how ACT advances the evolution of ocean observing technologies, in this case to address the critical issue of ocean acidification, and promotes more informed decision making on technology capabilities and choices.
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Venkatesan, Ramasamy, Manickavasagam Arul Muthiah, and Pothikasalam Murugesh. "Unusual Corrosion of Instruments Deployed in the Deep Sea for Indian Tsunami Early Warning System." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 6 (2014): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.6.9.
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AbstractUnderwater technology is advancing with the development of instruments capable of measuring continuous data for longer durations for diversified ocean data collection. A bottom pressure recorder is deployed on the seabed to measure the water level for tsunami early warning, thus playing a critical role in saving lives. Recently, many countries have installed their warning systems. Here, we report an unusual corrosion of such an instrument deployed in the deep sea (3,250 m) in the Bay of Bengal, which led to severe damage of the instrument. This paper reports for the first time on the investigation and possible causes for this unusual corrosion of an instrument made from highly marine corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy and duplex stainless steel material.
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Forty, Gerald. "The Backstaff and the Determination of Latitude at Sea in the Seventeenth Century." Journal of Navigation 39, no. 2 (1986): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300000114.
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In a previous paper the writer considered the problems of establishing latitude at sea in the sixteenth century and in part based his conclusions on the results of experiments made with modern replicas of the quadrant, the mariner's astrolabe and in particular the cross-staff, these being the instruments in use at the time. Reference was made to the backstaff or Davis quadrant which, though first described by John Davis in its simplest form in 1595 was not in effective use in its final version until well into the seventeenth century. It remained, together with the cross-staff, the principal altitude-measuring instrument in use at sea until the introduction of instruments of reflection in the eighteenth century and indeed continued in use long after that time, no doubt because it was cheaper than the new instruments, but perhaps also in part because of the ingrained conservatism of seafarers. The name ‘backstaff’ can be used generically to refer to all those instruments with which the observer turns his back on the Sun (e.g. the Gunter's bow), but they all post-dated and derived in concept from the Davis quadrant, which remained the most common in England and elsewhere. (The French knew it as le quartier anglais.) It is in this sense that the term is used here.
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Schrader, Paul S., Clare E. Reimers, Peter Girguis, et al. "Independent Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells Powering Sensors and Acoustic Communications with the MARS Underwater Observatory." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 3 (2016): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0102.1.
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AbstractMost oceanographic instruments on the seafloor have no connections with the surface and therefore have to run on batteries and store data until recovery. To demonstrate a developing technology, sensors and acoustic modems were powered with energy harvested from the seafloor, and data were relayed acoustically in near–real time to the Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS) observatory in Monterey Bay, California, and to surface research vessels. MARS is a cabled observatory in deep water (~890 m) at the edge of Monterey Canyon. An acoustic modem was attached to the MARS node and configured to send out commands to, and relay data received from, remote modems. Two benthic microbial fuel cells (BMFCs) positioned approximately 0.5 km away from MARS supplied power to the remote modems and sensors. At their peak performance, these BMFCs produced continuous power densities of ~35 mW m−2 (footprint area). The modems utilized in this study contained an integrated power management platform (PMP) designed to manage and store the electrical energy generated by each BMFC and to record BMFC performance parameters and sensor data on an hourly basis. Temperature and either oxygen or conductivity sensors were chosen because of their common use and environmental relevance. Acoustically transmitted data records show that the BMFCs renewed energy stores and that the oceanographic sensors measured dissolved oxygen, temperature, and conductivity reliably throughout the operational life of each BMFC system (~6 months). These systems remained in place for more than 12 months.
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Chen, Yanhu, Canjun Yang, Dejun Li, Bo Jin, and Ying Chen. "Design and Application of a Junction Box for Cabled Ocean Observatories." Marine Technology Society Journal 46, no. 3 (2012): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.46.3.4.
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AbstractCabled ocean observatories enabling large amounts of power and two-way communication bandwidth for underwater experiments are a future approach for studying the oceans. On April 21, 2011, at Monterey Bay, California, USA, a network node composed of a junction box (JBox) and three scientific instruments was deployed at the Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS) site for a 6-month uninterrupted sea trial. The JBox is a facility that can provide multiple wet-mateable connections for various instruments. Each connection can draw 500 W of power and has 10/100 Mbit/s network communication. The current study presents the design and construction of the JBox with focus on the following aspects: a power distribution system with high reliability; a flexible springloaded mechanical structure for heat dissipation; communication that incorporates various data protocols; and self-protection against faults like over-current, short fault, ground fault, and flooding. The deployment and operation of the JBox is described. The sea trial results show that the technologies and methods applied on the JBox and the deploying approach are applicable and worthy of consideration for long-term cabled ocean observatories.
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Pausch, Steffen, Detlef Below, and Kevin Hardy. "Under High Pressure: Spherical Glass Flotation and Instrument Housings in Deep Ocean Research." Marine Technology Society Journal 43, no. 5 (2009): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.43.5.15.
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AbstractAll stationary and autonomous instrumentation for observational activities in ocean research have two things in common, they need pressure-resistant housings and buoyancy to bring instruments safely back to the surface. The use of glass spheres is attractive in many ways. Glass qualities such as the immense strength‐weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and low cost make glass spheres ideal for both flotation and instrument housings. On the other hand, glass is brittle and hence subject to damage from impact. The production of glass spheres therefore requires high-quality raw material, advanced manufacturing technology and expertise in processing. VITROVEX® spheres made of DURAN® borosilicate glass 3.3 are the only commercially available 17-inch glass spheres with operational ratings to full ocean trench depth. They provide a low-cost option for specialized flotation and instrument housings.
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Klatt, Olaf, Olaf Boebel, and Eberhard Fahrbach. "A Profiling Float’s Sense of Ice." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 7 (2007): 1301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech2026.1.
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Abstract The Argo project intends to continuously monitor temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 m of the global ocean by use of autonomous, vertically profiling floats. They are currently generating the largest oceanographic dataset that ever existed, covering most of the world’s oceans. However, the use of these instruments in the polar oceans is seriously impeded by the presence of sea ice, as floats are hindered from transmitting their profile data or, even more seriously, potentially damaged when ascending to, or being at, the ice-covered sea surface. The authors present a cost neutral ice sensing algorithm (ISA), which alerts for the likely presence of sea ice. In this event, the profile is aborted and no surfacing attempted. To retrospectively track floats that actively remained under the sea ice because of ISA, acoustic tracking via the RAFOS technique was tested in the Weddell Sea. Last but not least, the most recent version of floats features the option of interim storage of profiles that could not be transmitted in real time (iStore). With these three developments, the ice-compatible float system to reliably extend Argo into the Antarctic Ocean in the near future was completed. Additional improvement might include using faster satellite communication links (Iridium or Argos 3) to reduce the float’s risk-prone surface drift.
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Wood, Stephen L., and Cheryl E. Mierzwa. "State of Technology in Autonomous Underwater Gliders." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 5 (2013): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.5.4.
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AbstractOver the last few decades, a range of instruments and vehicles have been used to monitor the oceans. One example is the use of autonomous underwater vehicles to perform ocean surveys, and within this group, autonomous underwater gliders have made their mark. Gliders enable the scientist to make extended complex studies on topics such as the effect of metals, pesticides, and nutrients on fish abundance, reproductive success, and ability to feed or on contaminants such as chemicals or biological toxins that are transported in particulate form and may become incorporated into living organisms (plankton, bivalves, and fish) or become deposited in bottom sediments. With these vehicles, the scientist or environmentalist can detect hazardous substances in the ocean such as chemicals from an oil spill or toxic algae such as red tide.
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Antoine, David, Pierre Guevel, Jean-François Desté, et al. "The “BOUSSOLE” Buoy—A New Transparent-to-Swell Taut Mooring Dedicated to Marine Optics: Design, Tests, and Performance at Sea." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 6 (2008): 968–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecho563.1.
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Abstract A new concept of oceanographic data buoy is described, which couples a taut mooring and a “transparent-to-swell” superstructure, and is specifically designed for the collection of radiometric quantities in offshore environments. The design of the thin superstructure addresses two major requirements: stabilizing the instruments in the water column and avoiding shading them. The development of the buoy is described, starting with the theoretical assessment and then describing the various stages of development leading to the latest version of the mooring and buoy. Its performance at sea is also analyzed. This new platform has been deployed in the deep waters (&gt;2400 m) of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea for about 4 yr (since September 2003) and provides a quasi-continuous record of optical properties at this site. The data are used for bio-optics research and for calibration and validation operations of several European and U.S. ocean color satellite missions. The plan is to continue the deployment to build a decadal time series of optical properties. The instrument suite that is installed on this buoy is also briefly described, and sample results are shown to demonstrate the ability of this new system to collect the data at the desired frequency and quality.
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Paduan, Jeffrey D., P. Michael Kosro, and Scott M. Glenn. "A National Coastal Ocean Surface Current Mapping System for the United States." Marine Technology Society Journal 38, no. 2 (2004): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522839.
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A description is given for a nation-wide surface current mapping system for the U.S. continental shelf regions based on the emerging capabilities of high frequency (HF) radar backscatter instruments. These HF radar systems have the advantages of being real-time, non-invasive, shore-based instruments capable of mapping ocean surface currents out to ranges of ∼200 km from shore. A framework for a national backbone system is described based on long-range HF radar systems and example results are provided from existing arrays off the northwest and northeast U.S. coastlines.
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Gao, Cunchen, and Jifeng Guo. "On the existence of an optimal control of ship automatic steering instruments." Journal of Ocean University of China 4, no. 2 (2005): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-005-0014-6.
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Fratantoni, David M. "Environmentally Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation Using a Submerged Autonomous Launch Platform (SALP)." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 1 (2014): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.1.3.
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AbstractSatellite-tracked surface drifters, acoustically tracked subsurface floats, and actively ballasted profiling floats provide an effective and efficient means of describing the ocean environment over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Many coastal and blue-water process studies require the repetitive deployment of such instrumentation over periods of days to years. At best, reliance on ships and/or aircraft for serial instrument deployment can be expensive and logistically difficult. At worst, such deployments may be impossible in remote locations, areas of unfavorable weather, or seasonal ice cover or in response to transient or episodic phenomena such as spawning events or severe storms.The submerged autonomous launch platform (SALP) enables serial deployment of an arbitrary mixture of drifting instrumentation (surface drifters, subsurface floats, profiling floats) from depths as great as 2,000 m on a standard oceanographic mooring. A single SALP magazine allows up to 16 floats to be deployed automatically according to a user-defined schedule, interactively by real-time acoustic remote control or adaptively in response to observed environmental conditions. Here, we describe the design and implementation of the SALP prototype and evaluate its performance during extended field trials in the Atlantic Ocean near Bermuda. During these trials, moored subsurface measurements of temperature, pressure, and velocity were autonomously processed by the SALP and used to preferentially deploy novel glass-encapsulated GPS/Argos surface drifters within mid-ocean mesoscale anticyclones.
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Howe, Bruce M., and James H. Miller. "Acoustic Sensing for Ocean Research." Marine Technology Society Journal 38, no. 2 (2004): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533204787522811.
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Ocean observatories have the potential to examine the physical, chemical, biological, and geological parameters and processes of the ocean at time and space scales previously unexplored. Acoustics provides an efficient and cost-effective means by which these parameters and processes can be measured and information can be communicated. Integrated acoustics systems providing navigation and communications and conducting acoustic measurements in support of science applications are, in concept, analogous to the Global Positioning System, but rely on acoustics because the ocean is opaque to electromagnetic waves and transparent to sound. A series of nested systems is envisioned, from small- to regional- to basin-scale. A small number of acoustic sources sending coded, low power signals can service unlimited numbers of inexpensive receivers. Drifting and fixed receivers can be tracked accurately while collecting ocean circulation and heat content data (both point and integral data), as well as ambient sound data about wind, rain, marine mammals, seismic T-phases, and anthropogenic activity. The sources can also transmit control data from users to remote instruments, and if paired with receivers enable two-way acoustic communications links. Acoustic instrumentation that shares the acoustic spectrum completes the concept of integrated acoustics systems. The ocean observations presently in the planning and implementation stages will require these integrated acoustics systems.
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Johnson, Gregory C., John M. Toole, and Nordeen G. Larson. "Sensor Corrections for Sea-Bird SBE-41CP and SBE-41 CTDs." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 6 (2007): 1117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech2016.1.
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Sensor response corrections for two models of Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) instruments (the SBE-41CP and SBE-41) designed for low-energy profiling applications were estimated and applied to oceanographic data. Three SBE-41CP CTDs mounted on prototype ice-tethered profilers deployed in the Arctic Ocean sampled diffusive thermohaline staircases and telemetered data to shore at their full 1-Hz resolution. Estimations of and corrections for finite thermistor time response, time shifts between when a parcel of water was sampled by the thermistor and when it was sampled by the conductivity cell, and the errors in salinity induced by the thermal inertia of the conductivity cell are developed with these data. In addition, thousands of profiles from Argo profiling floats equipped with SBE-41 CTDs were screened to select examples where thermally well-mixed surface layers overlaid strong thermoclines for which standard processing often yields spuriously fresh salinity estimates. Hundreds of profiles so identified are used to estimate and correct for the conductivity cell thermal mass error in SBE-41 CTDs.
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Winslow, Luke A., Hilary A. Dugan, Heather N. Buelow, et al. "Autonomous Year-Round Sampling and Sensing to Explore the Physical and Biological Habitability of Permanently Ice-Covered Antarctic Lakes." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 5 (2014): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.5.6.
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AbstractThe lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, are some of the only systems on our planet that are perennially ice-covered and support year-round metabolism. As such, these ecosystems can provide important information on conditions and life in polar regions on Earth and on other icy worlds in our solar system. Working in these extreme environments of the Dry Valleys poses many challenges, particularly with respect to data collection during dark winter months when logistical constraints make fieldwork difficult. In this paper, we describe the motivation, design, and challenges for this recently deployed instrumentation in Lake Bonney, a lake that has been the subject of summer research efforts for more than 40 years. The instrumentation deployed includes autonomous water, phytoplankton, and sediment samplers as well as cable-mounted profiling platforms with dissolved gas and fluorometry sensors. Data obtained from these instruments will allow us, for the first time, to define the habitability of this environment during the polar night. We include lessons learned during deployment and recommendations for effective instrument operation in these extreme conditions.
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Svensson, A., and J. Holst. "Integration of Navigation Data." Journal of Navigation 48, no. 1 (1995): 114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300012558.
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This article treats integration of navigation data from a variety of sensors in a submarine using extended Kalman filtering in order to improve the accuracy of position, velocity and heading estimates. The problem has been restricted to planar motion. The measurement system consists of an inertial navigation system, a gyro compass, a passive log, an active log and a satellite navigation system. These subsystems are briefly described and models for the measurement errors are given.Four different extended Kalman filters have been tested by computer simulations. The simulations distinctly show that the passive subsystems alone are insufficient to improve the estimate of the position obtained from the inertial navigation system. A log measuring the velocity relative to the ground or a position determining system are needed. The improvement depends on the accuracy of the measuring instruments, the extent of time the instrument can be used and which filter is being used. The most complex filter, which contains fourteen states, eight to describe the motion of the submarine and six to describe the measurement system, including a model of the inertial navigation system, works very well.
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Zhang, Feng, Yanhu Chen, Dejun Li, Canjun Yang, and Bo Jin. "A Double-Node Star Network Coastal Ocean Observatory." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 1 (2015): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.1.7.
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AbstractA coastal cabled ocean observatory network with two observation nodes (first phase) along a 150-km electrical/optical submarine cable, supporting tens of scientific packages and up to hundreds of sensors, is under development in China, which is also China’s first attempt at constructing a long-term, large-scale ocean observatory network. Each node consists of one primary junction box (JB) and several secondary JBs that provide standardized ports for secondary JBs or scientific packages, respectively, through wet-mateable connections. The power system introduces bus topology for the primary nodes and star topology for all subnodes while the communication system adopts two separated and nonrepeated star topologies. In August 2013, the first primary node equipped with two scientific instruments deployed in the South China Sea 75 km offshore and at a 200-m depth. The node, however, failed in only 1 h due to a dry-mate connector breakdown and short caused by seawater, which prevented the high-voltage converter from properly starting up. Lessons learned from this failure and future plans are presented herein.
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Cole, Rick. "ADCPs on Surface Buoys: A Brief Look at Legacy Systems and Moving Forward." Marine Technology Society Journal 52, no. 3 (2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.52.3.1.
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AbstractThe discussion constantly comes up when planning an observing project, whether one system or multiple systems in an array: “Full water column current velocity and direction included in with all data streams is required,” usually surface meteorology, density, and perhaps wave measurements are needed as well (a complete MetOcean sensor suite). Measuring currents means using acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) in today's ocean observing world. Bottom-mounted systems are now standard and straightforward and the best approach for the cleanest data sets. Surface-mounted ADCPs, on moving buoys, take some thought. Hardware is relatively easy; data processing is not so easy, at least not at first, until all that is involved below the waterline of the buoy is understood. The main reason for placing the buoy in the water in the first place is to collect “good,” high-quality data. Here we look at some early applications where ADCPs (RD Instruments/Teledyne RD Instruments) were mounted on surface buoys and discuss some results and ideas on options moving forward.
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Siegelman, Lia, Fabien Roquet, Vigan Mensah, et al. "Correction and Accuracy of High- and Low-Resolution CTD Data from Animal-Borne Instruments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 5 (2019): 745–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0170.1.
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AbstractMost available CTD Satellite Relay Data Logger (CTD-SRDL) profiles are heavily compressed before satellite transmission. High-resolution profiles recorded at the sampling frequency of 0.5 Hz are, however, available upon physical retrieval of the logger. Between 2014 and 2018, several loggers deployed on elephant seals in the Southern Ocean have been set in continuous recording mode, capturing both the ascent and descent for over 60 profiles per day during several months, opening new horizons for the physical oceanography community. Taking advantage of a new dataset made of seven such loggers, a postprocessing procedure is proposed and validated to improve the quality of all CTD-SRDL data: that is, both high-resolution profiles and compressed low-resolution ones. First, temperature and conductivity are corrected for a thermal mass effect. Then salinity spiking and density inversion are removed by adjusting salinity while leaving temperature unchanged. This method, applied here to more than 50 000 profiles, yields significant and systematic improvements in both temperature and salinity, particularly in regions of rapid temperature variation. The continuous high-resolution dataset is then used to provide updated accuracy estimates of CTD-SRDL data. For high-resolution data, accuracies are estimated to be of ±0.02°C for temperature and ±0.03 g kg−1 for salinity. For low-resolution data, transmitted data points have similar accuracies; however, reconstructed temperature profiles have a reduced accuracy associated with the vertical interpolation of ±0.04°C and a nearly unchanged salinity accuracy of ±0.03 g kg−1.
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Demer, David A., George Randall Cutter, Kevin L. Stierhoff, and Josiah S. Renfree. "Two-Million-Liter Tank Expands the Boundaries of Marine Technology Innovation: National Resource Available for Advancing Marine Science." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 2 (2015): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.2.9.
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AbstractWith one small move across a street, NOAA Fisheries, our nation's steward of marine ecosystems, made a giant leap into the future of ocean science and technology development. The new Southwest Fisheries Science Center facility in La Jolla, California, houses dozens of interdisciplinary research and engineering groups and features a world-class Ocean Technology Development Tank that expands the possibilities for advancing marine industry and science. This 20 × 10 × 10-meter, two-million-liter, freshwater or seawater “Tech Tank” is clear, quiet, and large enough to calibrate and test a wide variety of sensitive instruments with minimal boundary effects. The tank's temperature, salinity, and circulation can be made to mimic the broad range of water conditions encountered in the field, its water conditioning system greatly mitigates microbubbles and turbidity, and it can accommodate live marine animals. This unique combination of features opens doors to efficient engineering and scientific experimentation. The Tech Tank, supported by scientists and engineers and co-located with other state-of-the-art laboratory facilities, is a unique national resource for marine research and development and a catalyst for government, academic, and industry partnerships. The broad range of new possibilities is exemplified by multiple recent collaborative developments of acoustic and optical sensors and sensor platforms that effectively expand the boundaries of oceanic sampling, particularly near the sea surface, seabed, and seashore, to more efficiently and accurately monitor large marine ecosystems.
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Roemmich, Dean, Jeffrey T. Sherman, Russ E. Davis, et al. "Deep SOLO: A Full-Depth Profiling Float for the Argo Program." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 10 (2019): 1967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0066.1.
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AbstractDeployment of Deep Argo regional pilot arrays is underway as a step toward a global array of 1250 surface-to-bottom profiling floats embedded in the upper-ocean (2000 m) Argo Program. Of the 80 active Deep Argo floats as of July 2019, 55 are Deep Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer (SOLO) 6000-m instruments, and the rest are composed of three additional models profiling to either 4000 or 6000 m. Early success of the Deep SOLO is owed partly to its evolution from the Core Argo SOLO-II. Here, Deep SOLO design choices are described, including the spherical glass pressure housing, the hydraulics system, and the passive bottom detection system. Operation of Deep SOLO is flexible, with the mission parameters being adjustable from shore via Iridium communications. Long lifetime is a key element in sustaining a global array, and Deep SOLO combines a long battery life of over 200 cycles to 6000 m with robust operation and a low failure rate. The scientific value of Deep SOLO is illustrated, including examples of its ability (i) to observe large-scale spatial and temporal variability in deep ocean temperature and salinity, (ii) to sample newly formed water masses year-round and within a few meters of the sea floor, and (iii) to explore the poorly known abyssal velocity field and deep circulation of the World Ocean. Deep SOLO’s full-depth range and its potential for global coverage are critical attributes for complementing the Core Argo Program and achieving these objectives.
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Luther, Mark E., Guy Meadows, Earle Buckley, Sherryl A. Gilbert, Heidi Purcell, and Mario N. Tamburri. "Verification of Wave Measurement Systems." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 5 (2013): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.5.11.
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AbstractGiven the societal importance of reliable and accurate ocean observations, the wave monitoring community (including academic researchers, agency scientists, resource managers, and representatives from wave instrument manufacturers) came together to develop a set of protocols for the test and evaluation of wave measurement systems in support of the 2009 National Operational Wave Observation Plan. These protocols are focused on a wide range of wave measurement instruments and their respective performance in successfully recovering the “First-5” Fourier components of the incident wave field. Performance is determined by comparing each system’s output with a verifiable reference method over a predetermined range of wave frequencies. It is recommended that permanent wave test facilities are created on the West Coast (Monterey Bay, CA—deep water) and the East Coast (Duck, NC—shallow water) for continued evaluations of existing and new technologies. It was recognized that no absolute standard exists for the determination of the “First-5” across all spatial domains. Therefore, it was agreed that the Directional Waverider DWR-MkIII system was the best available reference/standard for the deep and intermediate water wave evaluations as verified by the laser array (LASAR) at the ConocoPhillips Ekofisk offshore platform complex in the North Sea. The long linear array at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Field Research Facility could be used as the standard for shallow water wave evaluations. Finally, given the significance of wave measurements, an appropriate level of quality assurance and quality control procedures must be included as part of any test and evaluation effort. The details of the proposed protocols for the verification of wave measurement systems are described.
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Sun, Hequan, Chunhua Li, and Yifeng Cheng. "Monitoring Polar Sea Ice Using Optical and SAR Data." Marine Technology Society Journal 53, no. 6 (2019): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.53.6.4.
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AbstractWith the movement and destructiveness of sea ice, conventional in situ instruments are restricted or unavailable for polar sea ice observation. Satellite remote sensing is a feasible way to monitor sea ice in the polar area. Multispectral imaging spectrometer and synthetic aperture radar are applied to monitoring the sea ice in this article with high spatial resolution, wide swath, and continuous imaging. The sea ice distribution and motion can be measured by analyzing satellite remote sensing images. The image segmentation method is presented in the article to obtain the sea ice distribution. Meanwhile, the cross-correlation algorithm to extract sea ice motion is proposed as well as the processed vector results.
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Yang, Shujia, Yi Wang, Min Jiang, Wei Ren, and Yanbo Gao. "Indirect Fault Diagnosis of Fixed Marine Observing Buoy Based on Bayesian Network." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 2 (2021): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.2.18.
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Abstract Fault diagnosis of a fixed marine observing buoy (FMOB) is important for ensuring the reliability of an ocean observing system. Aiming at the difficulty that most FMOB instruments lack direct operational status information in fault diagnosis, an indirect fault diagnosis method based on a Bayesian network (BN) for FMOBs is presented, through which the ocean observing series collected by the FMOB are effectively utilized and analyzed for fault diagnosis of FMOB equipment. The ocean observing series not only reflects the characteristics of the marine environment but also includes the operating status of FMOBs. Based on the analysis of an ocean observing series, the different fault symptoms of FMOBs are confirmed. According to the BN theory, the indirect fault diagnosis model is developed. The model structure is defined based on a comprehensive analysis of the causal relationships among faults and their symptoms. The model parameters are estimated according to experts' knowledge and statistical analysis of historical data. Three typical fault cases of FMOBs are selected for verifying the method. The results show that the BN-based indirect fault diagnosis method is reliable and effective for fault diagnosis of an FMOB even when the fault diagnosis evidence is incomplete and uncertain. Furthermore, this approach can work in a real-time way and help technicians to take effective measures to avoid big losses.
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McCurdy, Andrea, and Nadya Vinogradova-Shiffer. "Improved Value of the Observing System Through Integrated Satellite and In-Situ Design." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 3 (2021): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.3.22.
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Abstract Primary among the goals for this Ocean-Shot will be to support the important role of, and maintenance of the continuity of space-based, broad-scale measurements of the essential ocean surface variables; e.g., OSVW, SSH, SST, SSS, Precipitation, Ocean Color, by building on associated in-situ measurements. Projects and pilots will seek to enhance the value of satellite observation with measurements made of physics, biogeochemistry, and biology within the water column, and the atmosphere. This endeavor will also contribute to the well-established infrastructure in place to improve the calibration, evaluation, and validation of satellite measurements, and to intercalibrate different satellite missions and instruments. This project will highlight community awareness of the interfaces and activities that will ensure the sustained observations needed for EOV satellite and in-situ observational operations, research, and monitoring.Activities will include convening and/or joining an international, multidisciplinary working group or groups consisting of members of requirements setting, implementation teams, and data managers. In time the project will develop a series of use cases highlighting satellite field campaigns that have resulted in enhanced system design and to an improved understanding of the ocean. Over the decade the project will seek to create mechanisms resulting in ongoing recommendations for additional co-design requirements among the scientific, remote sensing, and in-situ community.
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Finney, Ben. "Rediscovering Polynesian Navigation through Experimental Voyaging." Journal of Navigation 46, no. 3 (1993): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300011838.
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Over the last two decades, my colleagues and I have sailed a modern reconstruction of a Polynesian voyaging canoe some 40 000 nautical miles through Polynesian waters. This programme has been driven by two intertwined goals: one experimental – to test the sailing technology and navigational methods of the ancient Polynesians in order to resolve issues in Polynesian prehistory; and the other cultural – to enable contemporary Polynesians to relearn the means by which their ancestors found and settled their islands, and thereby gain a better sense of their uniquely maritime heritage and, ultimately, themselves. This paper focuses on the effort to rediscover how to navigate without instruments, and how that rediscovery is helping both to change scientific thinking about the colonization of Polynesia and to transform the selfimage of contemporary Polynesians.
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Wang, Hangzhou, Liwen Nan, Jiwan Han, Ying Chen, and Haocai Huang. "Long-Term Measurement of Solar Irradiance above, within, and under Sea Ice in Polar Environments by Using Fiber Optic Spectrometry." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 9 (2019): 1773–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0086.1.
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An irradiance profiling system was developed to obtain long-term autonomous measurements of solar irradiance above, within, and under sea ice in the Arctic. Two miniature spectrometers were adopted to sequentially sense light signals collected and transmitted by eight fiber probes deposited at different levels of the sea ice environment. Each spectrometer was aligned to each fiber probe by rotating the spectrometer to the desired angle by using a rotary spectrometer switching device. A small optical probe was developed that could be placed in an auger hole with a diameter of 5 cm and enable a high transmission rate for the light signal. The temperature dependence of the signal output was examined and evaluated over the entire operating temperature range from −50° to +30°C. A signal output correction model was proposed to correct temperature-induced biases in the system output; this was combined with the system spectral sensitivity correction to determine the absolute irradiance entering the system. The performance of the system was examined for two days during the ninth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition by deploying it in a 185-cm-thick ice pack in the Arctic and measuring the solar irradiance distribution at different levels. The spectral shape of the measured solar irradiance above the sea ice agreed well with that measured using other commercial oceanographic spectroradiometers. The measured optical properties of the sea ice were generally comparable to those of similar ice measured using other instruments.
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Knox-Johnston, Robin. "In the Wake of Columbus." Journal of Navigation 45, no. 1 (1992): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300010419.
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This paper is based on the Eva G. R. Taylor lecture given by the author at the Royal Geographical Society on 28 November 1990. The precise landfall of Columbus in the New World has been the subject of discussion for many years owing to various interpretations of the information given by copies of his log and his own statement that his San Salvador lay about 28° north. The twofold aims of the author's 1989 voyage were: first, to experiment with fifteenth-century methods and instruments to find out by practical experimentation how accurate the navigation at the time might have been and so cast light on this 4° error in latitude; and secondly, to follow the navigation information given by Columbus as closely as possible to assess the effect of the currents on his dead reckoning as clues as to his landfall.
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Knight, Ashley, James Lindholm, Andrew DeVogelaere, and Fred Watson. "An Approach to the Collection, Processing, and Analysis of Towed Camera Video Imagery for Marine Resource Management." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 4 (2014): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.4.1.
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AbstractA variety of video and photographic imaging platforms are used to survey seafloor habitats and organisms beyond the effective depth of most SCUBA diving (>30 m). Each platform has benefits and shortcomings, with the most frequently limiting factors being (a) access to the most advanced instruments, (b) response of organisms, and (c) resolution of organism identification. Here, we describe the approaches used to collect, process, and analyze video imagery collected with a simple towed camera sled in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary as part of a larger, ongoing characterization project that began in 2006. We describe the details of deployment, imagery collection, postprocessing, and analyses gleaned from hundreds of hours of underwater video. Data extracted from camera sled imagery have been analyzed using multivariate model comparison techniques and have been represented in a variety of forms to support management needs and public outreach efforts.
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Novelli, Guillaume, Cédric M. Guigand, and Tamay M. Özgökmen. "Technological Advances in Drifters for Oil Transport Studies." Marine Technology Society Journal 52, no. 6 (2018): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.52.6.9.
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AbstractAdvances in drifter technology applied to oil spill studies from 1970 to the present are summarized here. Initially, drifters designed for oil spill response were intended to remotely track trajectories of accidental spills and help guide responders. Most recently, inexpensive biodegradable drifters were developed for massive deployments, making it possible to significantly improve numerical transport models and to investigate, via observations, the processes leading to dispersion and accumulation of surface pollutants across multiple scales. Over the past 50 years, drifters have benefited from constant improvements in electronics for accurate and frequent location and data transmission, as well as progress in material sciences to reduce fabrication costs and minimize the environmental impact of sacrificial instruments. The large amount of in-situ data provided by drifters, covering a broad area, is crucial to validate the numerical models and remote sensing products that are becoming more important in guiding response and policy decisions.
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Manzanares, Aarón, Francisco Segado, and Ruperto Menayo. "A Protocol for Recording Visual and Motor Behaviour for Scientific Support in the Teaching and Training of Sailing in a Simulator." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 3 (2015): 582–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000855.
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This research aims to test the suitability of a protocol for automated measurement to describe visual and motor behaviour in the process of learning to sail. The objective is to provide coaches with the necessary scientific and technological support to analyse the variables of success in race starting. The study was performed with a highly ranked sailor in the Optimist class ranking. The instruments used to carry out the investigation were the sailing simulator VSail-Trainer®and the eye tracking system ASL®. Two simulated race starts were performed with a protocol of five minutes. The results show the automated protocol is suitable for measuring the ability of boat handling and visual performance in simulated conditions. Visual behaviour shows that the sailor visually fixates on locations that provide relevant information for the race start such as clock, other competitors, wind direction and the start buoys.
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de Moustier, C. "Approaches to Acoustic Backscattering Measurements From the Deep Seafloor." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 110, no. 2 (1988): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231369.
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Because the average ocean depth is four kilometers, seafloor investigations are mostly remote sensing operations. The primary means to determine the morphology, the structure, and the texture of the seafloor are acoustic. This paper considers the current seafloor remote sensing approaches involving acoustic backscattering. The physical constraints imposed by the ocean as a propagation medium, by the seafloor as a backscattering boundary, and by the measuring instruments are briefly reviewed. The sonar systems currently used by the oceanographic community for deep seafloor acoustic backscattering measurements deal with these constraints differently, depending on their specific application and on whether they are towed behind a ship or mounted on her hull. Towed sidescan systems such as Gloria II (U.K.), the Sea Mapping and Remote Characterization (Sea MARC) I and II, the Deep Tow system of the Marine Physical Laboratory (MPL), and hull-mounted systems, such as Swathmap all give a qualitative measure of backscattering by converting echo amplitudes to gray levels to produce a sidescan image of the seafloor. A new approach is presented which uses a Sea Beam multibeam echo-sounder to produce similar acoustic images. Quantitative measurements of backscattering have been attempted in recent experiments using the Deep Tow system and Sea Beam. Such measurements provide some insight into the geological processes responsible for the acoustic backscatter, with useful applications for geologists as well as designers and operators of bottom-interacting sonars.
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Kemp, John. "William Dampier: Navigator Extraordinary." Journal of Navigation 67, no. 4 (2014): 545–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463314000095.
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This paper looks at the navigational challenges faced by William Dampier when, as Captain of the Royal Navy ship Roebuck, in 1699, he approached, and then found his way along the coast of Western Australia (at that time known as New Holland). A discussion of the methods and instruments available to Dampier is followed by consideration of how, and with what success, he went about his task. Dampier's own account of the voyage was included in his book A Voyage to New Holland (Dampier, 1703) although this is likely to have been heavily edited, and perhaps even rewritten by a “man of letters” to make it more attractive to the general public. For this reason and, bearing in mind that autobiographical work may contain omissions or otherwise be slanted to show the writer in his best light, the navigational information in his book has been cross-checked with the Roebuck's original Master's Log, held by the UK National Archives at Kew (Documents ADM 52/94). Jacob Hughes was the ship's Master, but the Log entries were written in at least two hands.
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Martin Ludvigsen, Geir Johnsen, Asgeir J. Sørensen, Petter A. Lågstad, and Øyvind Ødegård. "Scientific Operations Combining ROV and AUV in the Trondheim Fjord." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 2 (2014): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.2.3.
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AbstractThis paper describes an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) complementing each other on a scientific cruise in the Trondheim Fjord (Norway). The Norwegian University of Science and Technology Applied Underwater Robotics-Laboratory and the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment mobilized for a collaborative cruise with an ROV equipped with video camera, dynamic positioning system, still camera for photographic mosaic, underwater hyperspectral imager (UHI) and inertial measurement unit, and the AUV Hugin HUS with synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) and still camera as main instruments. A multidisciplinary approach was used to set up the operations for using ROV, AUV, SAS, and UHI to document archaeological and biological sites. The cruise was run as an integrated operation processing data online and using collected data actively in the cruise planning and replanning.The AUV presented unparalleled area coverage capacity for mapping and search, while the ROV provided detailed information from the sites. During the cruise, approximately 20 km2 were mapped with high-resolution sensors, and the data were ground-truthed using the ROV. These data provided new information and insight of both biological and archaeological sites.
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Kirincich, Anthony. "Toward Real-Time, Remote Observations of the Coastal Wind Resource Using High-Frequency Radar." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 4 (2013): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.4.22.
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AbstractThere is now a large installed base of high-frequency (HF) coastal ocean radars in the United States able to measure surface currents on an operational basis. However, these instruments also have the potential to provide estimates of the spatially variable surface wind field over distances ranging from 10 to 200 km offshore. This study investigates the ability of direction-finding HF radars to recover spatial maps of wind speed and direction from the dominant first-order region radar returns using empirical models. Observations of radar backscatter from the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory HF radar system were compared to wind observations from an offshore tower, finding significant correlations between wind speed and the backscatter power for a range of angles between the wind and radar loop directions. Models for the directional spreading of wind waves were analyzed in comparison to data-based results, finding potentially significant differences between the model and data-based spreading relationships. Using empirical fits, radar-based estimates of wind speed and direction at the location of the in situ wind sensor had error rates of 2 m/s and 60°, which decreased with hourly averaging. Attempts to extrapolate the results to the larger domain illustrated that spatially dependent transfer functions for wind speed and direction appear possible for large coastal ocean domains based on a small number of temporary, or potentially mobile, in situ wind sensors.
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Caccia, M., R. Bono, G. A. Bruzzone, G. I. Bruzzone, E. Spirandelli, and G. Veruggio. "Romeo-ARAMIS Integration and Sea Trials." Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 2 (2002): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533202787914115.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with the integration and sea trials of Romeo, a latest generation ROV for scientific applications and robotics research, and ARAMIS, a scientific and technological system to be integrated with typical mid-class existing ROVs to carry out pelagic and benthic investigations both in shallow and deep waters. The ARAMIS project (Advanced ROV package for Automatic Mobile Inspection of Sediments), funded by the European Union, developed a system constituted by a subsea module, i.e. a toolsled equipped with the technological and scientific instruments and their dedicated data acquisition and control system, and a surface station, i.e. a network of computers devoted to: i) the supervisory control of the ROV motion and of the scientific devices' sampling activities, ii) the acoustic and video image processing, iii) the interfaces for pilot and scientists. The ARAMIS system capabilities have been demonstrated by operating the system with a couple of ROVs designed for scientific applications: the deep-water ROV Victor 6000 developed by IFREMER, and the mid-water ROV Romeo developed by CNR-IAN. The integration of the ARAMIS system with Romeo, the design and development of the ARAMIS Core Skid data acquisition and control system (CSDACS), and the execution of the trials in the thermal vent areas near the island of Milos in the Aegean Sea during the ARAMIS' final demo with the medium size ROV are presented and discussed.