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Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim M., Kamaran Abdoulrahman, Azad S. Sadraddin, Heman A. Smail, Zanko Hassan Jawhar, Kovan Dilawer Issa, Chabaco Armijos, and Giovanni Vidari. "Chemical Composition and In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Effects of Volatile Oils Hydrodistilled from Onobrychis carduchorum C.C. Towns., a Kurdish Traditional Plant." Plants 12, no. 16 (August 21, 2023): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12163013.
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The volatile oils hydrodistilled from the aerial parts and roots of O. carduchorum C.C Towns. (Fabaceae) have been chemically characterized for the first time. A total of 43 constituents with an abundance >0.03% were identified and quantified in the two oils by GC/MS and GC/FID analyses. They comprise 38 components (98.58%) of the oil isolated from the aerial parts (OCA) and 34 components (93.33%) of the oil from the roots (OCR). Six constituents, α-pinene (23.11 ± 0.1%), β-elemene (17.33 ± 0.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.15 ± 0.2%), furfural (7.91 ± 0.1%), terpineol-4-ol (6.32 ± 0.2%), and limonene (4.13 ± 0.1%), accounted for about 75% of the total OCA oil. On the other hand, 1,8-cineole (15.79 ± 0.1%), furfural (10.44 ± 0.1%), β-elemene (10.14 ± 0.2%), α-terpineol (7.74 ± 0.1%), linalool (7.45 ± 0.1%), and α-pinene (4.76 ± 0.1%) made up about 60% of the OCR oil. The IC50 values of the scavenging activities of the OCA and OCR oils towards the DPPH radical and H2O2 were 79.8 ± 0.5 and 153.3 ± 0.6 μg/mL and 394.09 ± 0.2 and 311.67 ± 0.4 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, in the MTS assay, the OCA and OCR oils showed significant antiproliferative effects against T47D, MDA-MB-453, BG-1, and A549 human cancer cells that were more powerful than those against two normal human cell lines, HEK-293 and HFF-1. The abundant presence of β-elemene as an antiproliferative component of the two oils suggested the existence of a new chemotype of O. carduchorum.
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Jing, Qi, Yonghui Xie, and Di Zhang. "Effects of Channel Outlet Configuration and Dimple/Protrusion Arrangement on the Blade Trailing Edge Cooling Performance." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142900.
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The trailing edge regions of high-temperature gas turbine blades are subjected to extremely high thermal loads and are affected by the external wake flow during operation, thus creating great challenges in internal cooling design. With the development of cooling technology, the dimple and protrusion have attracted wide attention for its excellent performance in heat transfer enhancement and flow resistance reduction. Based on the typical internal cooling structure of the turbine blade trailing edge, trapezoidal cooling channels with lateral extraction slots are modeled in this paper. Five channel outlet configurations, i.e., no second passage (OC1), radially inward flow second passage (OC2), radially outward flow second passage (OC3), top region outflow (OC4), both sides extractions (OC5), and three dimple/protrusion arrangements (all dimple, all protrusion, dimple–protrusion staggered arrangement) are considered. Numerical investigations are carried out, within the Re range of 10,000–100,000, to analyze the flow structures, heat transfer distributions, average heat transfer and friction characteristics and overall thermal performances in detail. The results show that the OC4 and OC5 cases have high heat transfer levels in general, while the heat transfer deterioration occurs in the OC1, OC2, and OC3 cases. For different dimple/protrusion arrangements, the protrusion case produces the best overall thermal performance. In conclusion, for the design of trailing edge cooling structures with lateral slots, the outlet configurations of top region outflow and both sides extractions, and the all protrusion arrangement, are recommended.
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Andrianakis, A., P. Kiss, U. Moser, A. Wolf, C. Holzmeister, A. Koutp, P. Grechenig, U. Pilsl, and P. V. Tomazic. "Extent of optico-carotid recess is significantly associated with presence of bony dehiscences and bone thickness in the optico-carotid area." Rhinology Online 4, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhinol/21.014.
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Background: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency of bony dehiscences in the optico-carotid recess (OCR) area and to measure the thickness of the bony lamellas bordering the OCR, according to our previously proposed OCR classification taking into account the extent of the recess. Methodology: A total of 100 human cadaver heads (n= 200 sphenoid sinuses) were investigated. Samples were divided into groups according to the presence and extent of OCR (no OCR, sub-optical OCR, latero-optical OCR). Bony dehiscences were visually identified and bone thickness was measured by using a high-resolution micrometer. Results: A bony dehiscence in the OCR area was observed in 20%. A significant difference in bony dehiscence occurrence rate between OCR types was found. The wall thickness of the bony carotid artery- and optic nerve canals bordering the OCR were 0.25 ± 0.16 mm and 0.27 ± 0.15 mm, respectively. Significant differences between OCR groups in bony wall thickness of the carotid artery canal and optic nerve canal were found. Samples with a latero-optical OCR had a significant thinner wall of the carotid artery and optic nerve canal than samples with a sub-optical OCR and no OCR. Conclusions: The current results indicate that the presence of an extended OCR, e.g. latero-optical, is highly associated with a greater risk of bony dehiscences and thinner bony lamellas in the OCR region.
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Prasetijo, Hari, Ari Fadli, and Feby Renaldi. "Improved Over Current Relay (OCR) Coordination Using Time Multiple Setting (TMS)." MATEC Web of Conferences 402 (2024): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202440202001.
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Proper coordination between overcurrent relay (OCR) is needed to improve the reliability of the power distribution system. By choosing the proper time multiple setting (TMS), an optimum setting of OCR coordination can be achieved. This study improve working time coordination of OCR bay transformer using time multiple setting. Simulations were carried out to see the performance of the OCR bay transformer against a 3 phase short circuit on the 20 kV outgoing bus. The 3 phase short circuit was chosen because it produces the largest fault current among other types of short circuits. The discussion focuses on the OCR bay transformer, consist of OCR incoming 20 kV and OCR outgoing 150 kV. Existing data and calculation results were used as a parameter in the simulation. Simulation results with existing tms 0.21 and 0.23 for OCR incoming 20 kV and OCR outgoing 150 kV, respectively, have the potential to cause miscoordination of the OCR working time. Smaller short circuit current, bigger potential miscoordination. Resetting tms improves coordination of OCR bay transformer working time according to the standard used. Bigger value of tms, as long as it meets the standar, better OCR working time coordination to protect phase-phase fault current.
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van Aardt, Willie J., Hendrika Fourie, Marthinus Pretorius, Roan Louw, and Hayley van Dyk. "The effects of stirring, population levels and a potential anti-nematodal product on the respiration of second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita measured with different technology." Nematology 18, no. 9 (2016): 1053–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003014.
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The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) ofMeloidogyne incognitasecond-stage juveniles (J2) was measured using polarographic oxygen sensor (POS) and fibre-optic oxygen sensor (FOS) technology. The effect of stirring speed on the OCR of J2 suspended in tap water was determined using POS. Next, the OCR of different J2 numbers was measured using FOS. Also, the OCR of J2 in tap water using POS and FOS was recorded, and also the effect of SoilBioMuti (SBM) on J2 OCR using FOS. Stirring speed had no pronounced effect on the OCR of J2. FOS recorded the OCR of as few as five J2. The OCR of J2 in sterile tap water was significantly lower for POS than FOS. Using FOS, non-filtered (NF) SBM without J2 had the highest OCR, being 42% higher than that of NF SBM with J2. The two filtered SBM (with and without J2) treatments had the lowest OCR values.
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Dannélls, Dana, and Simon Persson. "Supervised OCR Post-Correction of Historical Swedish Texts." Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries Publications 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/dhnbpub.11176.
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Current approaches for post-correction of OCR errors offer solutions that are tailored to a specific OCR system. This can be problematic if the postcorrection method was trained on a specific OCR system but have to be applied on the result of another system. Whereas OCR post-correction of historical text has received much attention lately, the question of what role does the OCR system play for the post-correction method has not been addressed. In this study we explore a dataset of 400 documents of historical Swedish text which has been OCR processed by three state-of-the-art OCR systems: Abbyy Finereader, Tesseract and Ocropus. We examine the OCR results of each system and present a supervised machine learning post-correction method that tries to approach the challenges exhibited by each system. We study the performance of our method by using three evaluation tools: PrimA, Sprakbanken evaluation tool and Frontiers Toolkit. Based on the evaluation analysis we discuss the impact each of the OCR systems has on the results of the post-correction method. We report on quantitative and qualitative results showing varying degrees of OCR postprocessing complexity that are important to consider when developing an OCR post-correction method.
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Mast, Fred W. "Does the world rock when the eyes roll?" Swiss Journal of Psychology 59, no. 2 (June 2000): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.59.2.89.
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When the head is inclined sideways, the eyes are counter-rotated with respect to the head (ocular-counterroll, OCR). In man, the gain of OCR in static body tilts is limited to about 10% of the angle of roll tilt, which suggests that its function is vestigial. However, it is still unclear how the residual OCR is related to the perceived orientation of visual stimuli. Wade and Curthoys (1997) claim that the brain does not “take into account” the OCR, so that the eye position directly interferes with perception of visual orientation. Alternately, it has been argued that OCR is partly compensated by an extraretinal eye-position information such as, e.g., an efference copy ( Haustein, 1992 ; Haustein & Mittelstaedt, 1990 ). The two experiments reported in this study are targeted towards critically examining this inter-relation between OCR and perceived visual orientation. The latter was assessed via the subjective visual vertical, SVV, which is determined when a subject judges the orientation of an indicator (e.g., a short line segment) as apparently vertical. The OCR was measured by using a video-oculographic system. In Experiment 1, a human centrifuge was used to test the effect of an increase of the gravito-inertial force (GIF) on SVV and OCR. Experiment 2 was inspired by the fact that OCR can also be elicited during “barbecue rotation”. Again, it was the aim to compare OCR and SVV in different body positions, such as pure roll and barbecue rotated tilts. The present study provides convincing experimental evidence that SVV is widely uninfluenced by the course of OCR. Increasing the GIF in Experiment 1 had a divergent effect on SVV and OCR; the gain of OCR increases whereas the SVV changed differently, at obtuse tilt angles even in the opposite direction. OCR and SVV were again found to dissociate in Experiment 2, which emphasizes the fact that the SVV and OCR are not controlled by the same neural mechanism, but rather use different spatial reference information.
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Muthusundari, Muthusundari, A. Velpoorani, S. Venkata Kusuma, Trisha L, and Om k. Rohini. "Optical character recognition system using artificial intelligence." LatIA 2 (August 13, 2024): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.62486/latia202498.
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Abstract A technique termed optical character recognition, or OCR, is used to extract text from images. An OCR the system's primary goal is to transform already present paper-based paperwork or picture data into usable papers. Character as well as word detection are the two main phases of an OCR, which is designed using many algorithms. An OCR also maintains a document's structure by focusing on sentence identification, which is a more sophisticated approach. Research has demonstrated that despite the efforts of numerous scholars, no error-free Bengali OCR has been produced. This issue is addressed by developing an OCR for the Bengali language using the latest 3.03 version of the Tesseract OCR engine for Windows.
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Tezer, Damla Çetinkaya, Ipek Gungor Dogan, Melek Colak Atmaca, Murat Mert Atmaca, and Serkan Demir. "Does pandemic change the ocrelizumab therapy approach? Yes. : Single center ocrelizumab experience." Ideggyógyászati szemle 75, no. 11-12 (2022): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18071/isz.75.0411.
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We know that treatment algorithms have changed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) practice during the pandemic. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether there was a change in the patient population for ocrelizumab (OCR) treatment during the pandemic period, the treatment compliance of the patients, and the course of the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) disease in the patients who received OCR. Our study was designed as a survey study. A questionnaire was sent to the patients assessing whether they had COVID-19 infection, whether they received treatments regularly before and after the pandemic, vaccination status and duration of OCR treatment. Demographic characteristics of the patients, treatments they used before, MS type, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were determined from the database. Each group of OCR started before pandemic and OCR started after pandemic were compared. We included into the study 86 patients who started OCR before pandemic period and 75 patients who started OCR after the pandemic. Demographic features were similar. EDSS scores were higher in the group that started OCR treatment before the pandemic (p<0.0001). The patients who started OCR treatment before the pandemic had more disruptions than which started during the pandemic (p<0.0001). No correlation was found between the duration of OCR treatment and COVID-19 infection (p=0.940). We observed that the patients who had severe COVID-19 infection had received OCR therapy for a longer period. This retrospective study concluded that the OCR treatment approach in our center had changed during the pandemic period. OCR therapy was started in patients with less disability. The possible reasons for this situation include the proven relationship between high EDSS and serious COVID-19 infection, and that the patients who have higher EDSS score had troubles in reaching health institutions during the pandemic. The result that patients with severe COVID-19 infection received OCR treatment for a longer period necessitates more evidence-based research to investigate the relationship between treatment duration and disease severity.
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Sisodia, Prakhar. "Optical Character Recognition Development Using Python." Journal of Informatics Electrical and Electronics Engineering (JIEEE) 4, no. 3 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54060/jieee.2023.75.
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Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology used to convert scanned or digital images into editable text. OCR has become an increasingly important tool in the fields of data extraction and information retrieval, allowing for quick and efficient conversion of scanned documents and digital images into text. In this paper, we explore the use of the Python programming language to implement OCR algorithms and systems. We provide a comprehensive overview of existing Python libraries and packages used for OCR, including Tesseract and pytesseract, along with their strengths and limitations. We also examine the different OCR approaches and techniques, including template matching, feature extraction, and encrypting/decrypting the OCR parsed files and discuss their implementation in Python. Finally, we present a case study of a simple OCR system built using Python and evaluate its performance on a sample dataset. The results of our study highlight the potential of Python for OCR implementation and demonstrate its feasibility for real-world applications.
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Evertsson, Björn, Tammy Hoyt, Angel Christensen, Faiez AL Nimer, John Foley, and Fredrik Piehl. "A comparative study of tolerability and effects on immunoglobulin levels and CD19 cell counts with ocrelizumab vs low dose of rituximab in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical 6, no. 4 (October 2020): 205521732096450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055217320964505.
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Background Rituximab (RTX) and ocrelizumab (OCR) are two anti-CD20 biologics used in MS; however, comparisons on safety and efficacy are rare. Objective To compare treatment outcomes over the first year with RTX and OCR. Methods Retrospective cohort study comprising MS patients initiating RTX at the Karolinska University Hospital (Sweden; n = 311) and OCR at Rocky Mountain MS Clinic (Utah, USA; n = 161), respectively. Results Levels of immunoglobulin G measured in blood dropped 0.16 g/L (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.31) with each OCR infusion, but remained stable with RTX. In contrast, levels of immunoglobulin M decreased to a similar extent with both drugs. Ten and 15% of patients discontinued treatment with RTX and OCR, respectively (n.s), however, adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation were more common with OCR (6.8% vs 2.6%; p = 0.026). Only 3.1 and 1.6% discontinued OCR and RTX, respectively, due to lack of effect (n.s). The degree of B cell depletion was superior with OCR. Conclusion Overall, differences between the two treatments were small. Although the study design precludes robust conclusions regarding the risk-benefit with the studied therapies, our findings indicate that the tolerability and safety with RTX is not inferior to OCR.
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Najam, Rayyan, and Safiullah Faizullah. "Analysis of Recent Deep Learning Techniques for Arabic Handwritten-Text OCR and Post-OCR Correction." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (June 27, 2023): 7568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137568.
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Arabic handwritten-text recognition applies an OCR technique and then a text-correction technique to extract the text within an image correctly. Deep learning is a current paradigm utilized in OCR techniques. However, no study investigated or critically analyzed recent deep-learning techniques used for Arabic handwritten OCR and text correction during the period of 2020–2023. This analysis fills this noticeable gap in the literature, uncovering recent developments and their limitations for researchers, practitioners, and interested readers. The results reveal that CNN-LSTM-CTC is the most suitable architecture among Transformer and GANs for OCR because it is less complex and can hold long textual dependencies. For OCR text correction, applying DL models to generated errors in datasets improved accuracy in many works. In conclusion, Arabic OCR has the potential to further apply several text-embedding models to correct the resultant text from the OCR, and there is a significant gap in studies investigating this problem. In addition, there is a need for more high-quality and domain-specific OCR Arabic handwritten datasets. Moreover, we recommend the practical development of a space for future trends in Arabic OCR applications, derived from current limitations in Arabic OCR works and from applications in other languages; this will involve a plethora of possibilities that have not been effectively researched at the time of writing.
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Bar-Or, Amit, Jonathan C. Calkwood, Cathy Chognot, Joanna Evershed, Edward J. Fox, Ann Herman, Marianna Manfrini, et al. "Effect of ocrelizumab on vaccine responses in patients with multiple sclerosis." Neurology 95, no. 14 (July 29, 2020): e1999-e2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010380.
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ObjectiveThe phase IIIb A Study to Evaluate the Effects of Ocrelizumab on Immune Responses in Participants With Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis (VELOCE) study (NCT02545868) assessed responses to selected vaccines in ocrelizumab (OCR)-treated patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis.MethodsPatients were randomized 2:1 into the OCR group (n = 68; OCR 600 mg) or control group (n = 34; interferon beta or no disease-modifying therapy). All received tetanus toxoid (TT)-containing vaccine, Pneumovax (23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [23-PPV]), and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The OCR group was subdivided into OCR1 (n = 33) and OCR2 (n = 35) at randomization. The OCR1 group received Prevnar (13-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine) 4 weeks after 23-PPV; the OCR2 and control groups received influenza vaccine. Vaccinations started 12 weeks after OCR initiation (OCR group) or on day 1 (control group).ResultsPositive response rate to TT vaccine at 8 weeks was 23.9% in the OCR vs 54.5% in the control group. Positive response rate to ≥5 serotypes in 23-PPV at 4 weeks was 71.6% in the OCR and 100% in the control group. Prevnar did not enhance response to pneumococcal serotypes in common with Pneumovax. Humoral response to KLH was decreased in the OCR vs control group. Seroprotection rates at 4 weeks against 5 influenza strains ranged from 55.6% to 80.0% in the OCR2 group and 75.0% to 97.0% in the control group.ConclusionPeripherally B-cell–depleted OCR recipients mounted attenuated humoral responses to clinically relevant vaccines and the neoantigen KLH, suggesting that use of standard nonlive vaccines while on OCR treatment remains a consideration. For seasonal influenza vaccines, it is recommended to vaccinate patients on OCR because a potentially protective humoral response, even if attenuated, can be expected.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class II evidence confirming that the humoral response to nonlive vaccines in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after OCR treatment is attenuated compared with untreated or interferon beta–treated patients, but they can still be expected to be protective.Clinicaltrials.gov identifierNCT02545868.
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Smith, M. D., A. D. Smirthwaite, D. E. Cairns, R. B. Cousins, and J. D. Gaylor. "Techniques for Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates of Hepatocytes during Attachment and Post-Attachment." International Journal of Artificial Organs 19, no. 1 (January 1996): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889601900106.
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Three techniques for measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of cultured cells relevant to the development of bioartificial liver devices are reported. In an oxystat apparatus, HepG2 cells immobilised on Cytodex 3 microcarriers at a concentration of 106 cells ml-1 had a mean OCR of 0.7 nmol s-1/106 cells. The OCR decreased with increasing cell density, a characteristic previously reported for other cell lines. Rat hepatocytes immobilised on single collagen layers in a flow cell and challenged with ammonia had a mean OCR of 0.59 nmol s-1/106 cells. A novel two-compartment oxystat system was used to determine the OCR of rat hepatocytes during the attachment phase. OCR declined from 1.0 nmol s-1/106 immediately after seeding to 0.7 nmol s-1/106 cells at nine hours. The low OCR for HepG2 reflects loss of certain oxygen dependent metabolic pathways. The OCR measured for rat hepatocytes during and post-attachment are significantly higher than those reported elsewhere and have major implications for the development of bioartificial liver devices.
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Schumann, Jörg, Michael J. Zellweger, Marcello Di Valentino, Simone Piazzalonga, and Andreas Hoffmann. "Sexual Dysfunction before and after Cardiac Rehabilitation." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/823060.
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Background. The aim of this study was to assess sexual function before and after cardiac rehabilitation in relation to medical variables.Methods. Analysis of patients participating in a 12-week exercise-based outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program (OCR) between April 1999 and December 2007. Exercise capacity (ExC) and quality of life including sexual function were assessed before and after OCR.Results. Complete data were available in 896 male patients. No sexual activity at all was indicated by 23.1% at baseline and 21.8% after OCR, no problems with sexual activity by 40.8% at baseline and 38.6% after OCR. Patients showed an increase in specific problems (erectile dysfunction and lack of orgasm) from 18% to 23% () during OCR. We found the following independent positive and negative predictors of sexual problems after OCR: hyperlipidemia, age, CABG, baseline ExC and improvement of ExC, subjective physical and mental capacity, and sense of affiliation.Conclusions. Sexual dysfunction is present in over half of the patients undergoing OCR with no overall improvement during OCR. Age, CABG, low exercise capacity are independent predictors of sexual dysfunction after OCR.
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Pathak, Kavita, Shreya Saraf, Sayali Wagh, and Dr Saroja Vishwanath. "OCR Studymate." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41103.
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Abstract: As we are familiar that there are many languages around the world, which many of us might even not be aware of but due to globalization and digitalization we have got to see and learn many languages. During those days of colonization, English became an integral part of many people’s language and still continues to be in dominance. Hence, inarguably English is one of the prominent languages that is spoken worldwide. But we also cannot deny the fact that there are still many people across the world who aren’t familiar with this language and face difficulties when most of the texts are written in this particular language. For instance, Indian being one of the countries where there are more than 121 languages and every state has its own dialects. So, it becomes difficult for the people who are less familiar with English or any other language that they aren’t familiar with. To overcome these issues and help people who are from vernacular medium or whose native language is other than English, there are already many applications and systems around the world which is appreciable. Most of the existing systems that are present currently have built separate application for each and every step which could be little overwhelming for someone who is not very mobile friendly specifically people with age group above 60. So, the applications are divided according to the steps like capturing text image through camera, then another application for translation which could be done through any translation API and lastly for scanning we have Optical Character Recognition (OCR) scanner for text. But problem is that people expect that the application that they are using should be easy to use, simple to reach and does everything in one go. So, the application that we have proposed makes it easy for people and provides them with a new idea to translate the unfamiliar language (specifically English) into their native language or the languages that are known to them. So, this mobile application captures images which are text based and has important messages or any documents from real world that is important to be translated, and once capturing of image is done then the text is extracted and at the same time identification of language is done of extracted text, and then using Google translation (we have used this translation api) language is translated into their chosen language( we have more than 50 languages to choose) and then the result is displayed on the screen. Keywords: Text recognition, Text Translation, Language Identification, Natural Language Processing, Android, ML kit
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Mekala, Sagar, Padma TNS, and Rama Rao Tandu. "DHM-OCR." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 15, no. 4 (March 28, 2024): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.15.4.5.
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In recent years, there has been an increase in online education resources to help learners improve their skills. However, it is difficult to select the right course from available online education resources due to the demands and needs of learners with different knowledge domains. To solve this problem, an online course recommendation model has the important factor of enhancing learner's knowledge. Many existing recommendation systems (RS) use collaborative filtering (CF) to recommend courses to learners. The major problems with the Collaborative Filtering Recommendation System (CFRS) are the sparse preferences and the scalability of the data. According to the similarity of items, many recommendation models are proposed and developed, but none of these provide suggestions to users without their associations or preferences. We propose a deep hybrid model-online course recommendation (DHM-OCR) that uses high-level learner behavior and course objective features. We demonstrate the improvements and efficiency of the model for suggesting online e-learning courses. According to the analysis and evaluation results, it seems that our DHM-OCR outperforms the parallel research recommendation system. Experimental findings from online course data reveal that the suggested model and approach significantly improve classification accuracy and training efficiency, particularly limited available data.
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Dupent, Sébastien. "Tesseract-OCR." Revue Cyber & Conformité N° 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cyco.002.0025.
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V, Mrs Soniya Komal. "OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION SYSTEM." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (April 26, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem31649.
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Optical character acknowledgment (OCR) is the method concerning the classification of optical designs contained in a advanced picture. OCR accomplishes character acknowledgment through division, highlight extraction, and classification. OCR could be a interesting innovation that changes over different sorts of records, such as checked paper reports, PDF records, or pictures captured by a advanced camera into editable and searchable information. Here's a brief diagram of the OCR technique. The distinctive applications are OCR frameworks highlighted and examined subsequent to taken after by the current status of OCR frameworks. Thus, long run of OCR systems is displayed. Upon recognizing the dialect of the content, the OCR framework can interpret the text into the pointed target dialect employing a interpretation API or benefit like Google Decipher, Microsoft Interpreter, or DeepL. And the deciphered content replaces the first content extricated from the image. Text-to-Speech Transformation: After interpretation, the OCR framework can change over the deciphered content into discourse utilizing a text-to-speech motor. This highlight permits clients to tune in to the deciphered content rather than perusing it, which can demonstrate to be especially supportive for people with visual disabilities or in scenarios where hands-free operation gets to be vital!!! Key Words: text, image, scan, speech, language translation, conversion, extract, character
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Oh, Kwang-Keun, Byeong-Yeon Moon, Hyun Gug Cho, Sang-Yeob Kim, and Dong-Sik Yu. "Measurement of ocular counter-roll using iris images during binocular fixation and head tilt." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 3 (March 2021): 030006052199732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060521997329.
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ObjectiveTo compare the ocular counter-roll (OCR) measured using iris images during binocular fixation and head tilt with OCR measured via fundus photography.MethodsFifty-three healthy college students participated in this study. The mean OCR was measured by collection of iris images and fundus images under seven head tilt conditions (0 degrees; 10, 20, and 30 degrees right; and 10, 20, and 30 degrees left). Three iris images (crossed pupil center, pupil center, and pupil periphery) were taken using a slit-lamp biomicroscope with an ophthalmic camera and a half-silvered mirror; fundus images were collected via fundus photography. The mean OCR values were compared between images taken with each method.ResultsNo iris images or head tilt conditions revealed any significant differences in mean OCR comparison with fundus images. The mean difference in OCR was smallest, and the correlation was greatest, between the crossed pupil center and fundus images.ConclusionA half-silvered mirror and iris images can replace fundus photography for the measurement of OCR.
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Raj, Aaryan, Sakshi Sharma, Janvee Singh, and Aastha Singh. "Revolutionizing Data Entry: An In-Depth Study of Optical Character Recognition Technology and Its Future Potential." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49108.
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Abstract: This research paper delves into the advancements and potential of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology for revolutionizing data entry processes. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the history, current state, and future of OCR technology. The paper begins with an overview of the evolution of OCR technology and its various applications in document scanning, indexing, and management. The research then examines the benefits of OCR technology, such as improved accuracy, faster processing times, and cost savings compared to traditional data entry methods. It also addresses the challenges faced by OCR technology, including difficulties in recognizing handwritten text and the need for continuous improvement and innovation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the future potential of OCR technology, including the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning for improved accuracy and efficiency, and the potential for increased automation in various industries. The study highlights the importance of OCR technology for revolutionizing data entry processes and its potential for further development and growth in the future
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Jwaid, Wasan M. "Development of text extraction technique using optical character recognition and morphological reconstruction to eliminate artifacts of image’s background." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 2(115) (February 25, 2022): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.252803.
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Text recognition of images is beneficial in a wide range of computer vision purposes such as robot navigation, document analysis, and image search. The optical character recognition (OCR) technique presents a simple tool to combine text recognition functionality to many industrial and educational applications. Best OCR results can be acquired when the background of the text image is uniform and appears as a document picture. In contrast, the challenges to recognizing accurate texts occur when the image has a non-uniform background that require further preprocessing to obtain acceptable OCR result. This work discusses three scenarios. Initially, this work will test the OCR on a normal business card as an image with a uniform background. Next, discusses the text recognition of a keypad image including digits with a non-uniform background. Here, there are two preprocessing algorithms used to enhance the OCR function to overcome the negative effect of the non-uniform background of images and to detect text with high accuracy. Finally, the developed OCR method is tested on different scanned bills and discusses the variation of the obtained results. The two algorithms are the morphological reconstruction to eliminate artifacts and create cleaner images to be further processed by OCR and the Region of Interest ROI-based OCR to spot explicit regions in a tested image. Verification for the effectiveness of the Morphological-based OCR over the ROI-based method has been conducted on a dataset of scanned electricity bills images with an accuracy of 98.2 % for Morphological-based while it is only about 89.3 % for ROI-based OCR.
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Коростін, О. О. "ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ РОЗПІЗНАВАННЯ ТЕКСТУ В АВТОМАТИЗАЦІЇ МІЖНАРОДНИХ МОРСЬКИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ." Таврійський науковий вісник. Серія: Технічні науки, no. 3 (September 23, 2024): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/tnv-tech.2024.3.4.
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Сучасні технології оптичного розпізнавання символів (OCR) на основі штучного інтелекту значно покращили можливості автоматизації обробки текстових документів. Вони забезпечують високу точність та універсальність, дозволяючи ефективно обробляти документи різних типів та мов. Вибір конкретної OCR-технології залежить від специфіки завдання та вимог до точності, швидкості й інтеграції з існуючими системами. У статті розглядається ефективність технологій оптичного розпізнавання символів на основі штучного інтелекту у контексті автоматизації міжнародних морських перевезень. Щораз більша складність і обсяг документів, які супроводжують логістичні процеси, вимагають впровадження інноваційних рішень для покращення результативності обробки даних та зниження операційних витрат. Метою дослідження є вивчення можливостей та переваг використання OCR на основі ШІ для підвищення ефективності обробки текстових даних у логістиці. Завдання дослідження включають аналіз сучасних технологій OCR, визначення принципів роботи OCR-систем, оцінку їхніх переваг та обмежень, а також надання рекомендацій щодо підвищення ефективності їх використання. Дослідження показало, що впровадження OCR-систем у логістичні процеси забезпечує високу точність розпізнавання тексту, значне скорочення часу обробки документів та зниження кількості помилок. Реальні приклади успішного використання OCR-технологій у провідних логістичних компаніях, таких як DHL, Maersk, Amazon, FedEx та UPS, підтверджують значні переваги автоматизації обробки транспортних накладних, митного оформлення, управління складами та рахунків-фактур. OCR-технології на основі ШІ мають великий потенціал для автоматизації та оптимізації логістичних процесів. Для досягнення максимальних результатів рекомендується покращувати якість вхідних зображень, використовувати сучасні алгоритми та моделі, адаптувати їх до конкретних завдань, забезпечувати безпеку та конфіденційність даних, інтегрувати OCR-системи з іншими інформаційними системами, регулярно моніторити та оптимізувати роботу систем, а також навчати персонал. Використання OCR у логістиці сприяє підвищенню ефективності, точності та швидкості обробки документів, що є ключовим для успішного функціонування міжнародних морських перевезень.
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Giovannoni, Gavin, Stephen L. Hauser, Bruno Brochet, Xavier Montalban, Robert T. Naismith, Jerry S. Wolinsky, Stanislas Hubeaux, Lahar Mehta, Fabian Model, and Ludwig Kappos. "178 Long-term efficacy of ocrelizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, no. 12 (November 14, 2019): e47.2-e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-abn-2.158.
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BackgroundThe efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis were demonstrated in the double-blind control period of the Phase III OPERA I/II trials (NCT01247324/NCT01412333). Here we assessed the efficacy of switching to or maintaining ocrelizumab therapy after 3 years’ follow-up in the open-label extensions (OLEs) of these studies.MethodsAt OLE commencement, patients continued ocrelizumab (OCR-OCR) or switched from interferon-β-1a (IFN) to ocrelizumab (IFN-OCR). Adjusted annualised relapse rate (ARR) and time-to-onset of 24-week confirmed disability progression (CDP24) were analysed.ResultsAmong IFN-OCR patients, ARR decreased from 0.20 in the year pre-switch to 0.10, 0.08 and 0.07 at Years 1, 2 and 3 post-switch. OCR-OCR continuers maintained low ARRs through the year pre-OLE and the 3 years of OLE (0.13, 0.11, 0.08, 0.07). CDP24 was less frequent in OCR-OCR continuers versus IFN-OCR switchers in the year pre-switch and Years 1, 2 and 3 of OLE (7.7%/12.0%, 10.1%/15.6%, 13.9%/18.1% and 16.1%/21.3%; p<0.05, all comparisons).ConclusionsSwitching from IFN to ocrelizumab at the start of the OLE provided rapid reductions in ARR, maintained throughout the 3-year follow-up. After 5 years’ follow-up, patients who initiated ocrelizumab 2 years earlier accrued significant, sustained reductions in disability progression compared with patients switching from IFN.DisclosuresSponsored by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; writing and editorial assistance was provided by Articulate Science, UK, and funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
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Tian, Gailei, and Zhihong Zhang. "A Calculation Method of Thermal Pore Water Pressure Considering Overconsolidation Effect for Saturated Clay." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 6325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136325.
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With the increase of soil consolidation degree, the pore water pressure induced by thermal loading drops dramatically. To conveniently and quickly calculate the thermal pore water pressure inside the soil under different overconsolidation states and quantify overconsolidation effect on thermal pore water pressure, a calculation method of thermal pore water pressure considering overconsolidation effect for saturated clay is proposed. The method is verified by the relevant experimental data, and good agreements were achieved. Through analyzing the influence mechanism of OCR on the thermal pore water pressure, three important findings were captured. (1) For overconsolidated clay, thermal pore water pressure decreases nonlinearly with the increase of OCR. (2) There is a critical threshold of OCR 4.3; when 1 < OCR ≤ 4.3 (slightly overconsolidated state), the ratio of compression line slope to recompression line slope (Λ) of overconsolidated clay is consistent with that of the normally consolidated clay, while when OCR > 4.3 (highly overconsolidated state), the value of Λ is smaller than that of normally consolidated clay. (3) For highly overconsolidated clay (OCR > 4.3), considering the reducing of Λ with OCR, the prediction accuracy of the thermal pore pressure calculation method has been greatly improved; especially when OCR equals 30, the prediction accuracy improves by 92.7% as temperature change achieves 35 °C.
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Johnson, Natalie A., Kerry J. Inder, Ben D. Ewald, Erica L. James, and Steven J. Bowe. "Association between Participation in Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation and Self-Reported Receipt of Lifestyle Advice from a Healthcare Provider: Results of a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/541741.
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We test the hypothesis that the odds of self-reported receipt of lifestyle advice from a health care provider will be lower among outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (OCR) nonattendees and nonreferred patients compared to OCR attendees. Logistic regression was used to analyse cross-sectional data provided by 65% (4971/7678) of patients aged 20 to 84 years discharged from public hospitals with a diagnosis indicating eligibility for OCR between 2002 and 2007. Among respondents, 71% (3518) and 55% (2724) recalled advice regarding physical activity and diet, respectively, while 88% (592/674) of smokers recalled quit advice. OCR attendance was low: 36% (1764) of respondents reported attending OCR, 11% (552) did not attend following referral, and 45% (2217) did not recall being invited. The odds of recalling advice regarding physical activity and diet were significantly lower among OCR nonattendees compared to attendees (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.21, 0.56 and OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.25, 0.44, resp.) and among nonreferred respondents compared to OCR attendees (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.07, 0.15 and OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.14, 0.22, resp.). Patients hospitalised for coronary heart disease should be referred to OCR or a suitable alternative to improve recall of lifestyle advice that will reduce the risk of further coronary events.
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Englmeier, Tobias, Florian Fink, Uwe Springmann, and Klaus U. Schulz. "Optimizing the Training of Models for Automated Post-Correction of Arbitrary OCR-ed Historical Texts." Journal for Language Technology and Computational Linguistics 35, no. 1 (December 3, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/jlcl.35.2022.232.
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Systems for post-correction of OCR-results for historical texts are based on statistical correction models obtained by supervised learning. For training, suitable collections of ground truth materials are needed. In this paper we investigate the dependency of the power of automated OCR post-correction on the form of ground truth data and other training settings used for the computation of a post-correction model. The post-correction system A-PoCoTo considered here is based on a profiler service that computes a statistical profile for an OCR-ed input text. We also look in detail at the influence of the profiler resources and other settings selected for training and evaluation. As a practical result of several fine-tuning steps, a general post-correction model is achieved where experiments for a large and heterogeneous collection of OCR-ed historical texts show a consistent improvement of base OCR accuracy. The results presented are meant to provide insights for libraries that want to apply OCR post-correction to a larger spectrum of distinct OCR-ed historical printings and ask for "representative" results.
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Kholifah, Desiana Nur, Hendri Mahmud Nawawi, and Indra Jiwana Thira. "IMAGE BACKGROUND PROCESSING FOR COMPARING ACCURACY VALUES OF OCR PERFORMANCE." Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri 16, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33480/pilar.v16i1.1076.
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Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is an application used to process digital text images into text. Many documents that have a background in the form of images in the visual context of the background image increase the security of documents that state authenticity, but the background image causes difficulties with OCR performance because it makes it difficult for OCR to recognize characters overwritten by background images. By removing background images can maximize OCR performance compared to document images that are still background. Using the thresholding method to eliminate background images and look for recall values, precision, and character recognition rates to determine the performance value of OCR that is used as the object of research. From eliminating the background image with thresholding, an increase in performance on the three types of OCR is used as the object of research.
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Faizullah, Safiullah, Muhammad Sohaib Ayub, Sajid Hussain, and Muhammad Asad Khan. "A Survey of OCR in Arabic Language: Applications, Techniques, and Challenges." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 4584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074584.
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Optical character recognition (OCR) is the process of extracting handwritten or printed text from a scanned or printed image and converting it to a machine-readable form for further data processing, such as searching or editing. Automatic text extraction using OCR helps to digitize documents for improved productivity and accessibility and for preservation of historical documents. This paper provides a survey of the current state-of-the-art applications, techniques, and challenges in Arabic OCR. We present the existing methods for each step of the complete OCR process to identify the best-performing approach for improved results. This paper follows the keyword-search method for reviewing the articles related to Arabic OCR, including the backward and forward citations of the article. In addition to state-of-art techniques, this paper identifies research gaps and presents future directions for Arabic OCR.
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Setyaningrum, Yulia, Suprihadi Prasetyono, and Andi Setiawan. "OPTIMASI KOORDINASI OVER CURRENT RELAY PADA TRAFO 60 MVA 150/20 KV DAN PENYULANG 20 KV GUMUL GARDU INDUK BANARAN BERBASIS PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION." Jurnal Arus Elektro Indonesia 7, no. 1 (May 23, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jaei.v7i1.21480.
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Abstract
At Banaran Transformer Substation 60 MVA 150/20 kV, the problem that often occurs is a short circuit fault. Short circuit fault sometimes causes the 20 kV Gumul Feeder to go out, so that the incoming safety of the 60 MVA transformer is also affected. This is because the coordination of the relay between the 20 kV Gumul feeder OCR and the 60 MVA incoming transformer OCR is less selective in isolating the disturbance which causes the relays not to overlap (not overlap). Therefore, to improve the performance of OCR coordination, it is necessary to set optimal OCR using the PSO method. The results of this study indicate the value of the OCR setting on the feeder side using PSO produces a TMS of 0.1197 s
with a relay operating time of 0.2471 s faster than the conventional results obtained by a TMS of 0.1453 s with a relay operating time of 0.300 s. So that the results of the PSO resulted in an increasing CTI of 0.3529 s, while the results from the conventional method obtained a CTI of 0.300 s. Based on these results it can be concluded that the coordination of the relay between the 20 kV Gumul Feeder OCR and the 60 MVA incoming transformer OCR can work quite selectively by isolating the disturbance appropriately.
Keywords — Coordination, Short Circuit, OCR, PSO, TMS
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Wang, Junmiao. "A Study of The OCR Development History and Directions of Development." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 72 (December 15, 2023): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/bm665j77.
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Optical character recognition (OCR) is a well-established technology that enables the conversion of scanned images and documents into editable and searchable electronic text. This technology has numerous applications across a range of industries and has proven to be a crucial tool for digitizing books, documents, and records. One of the main benefits of OCR technology is its ability to automate data entry processes, saving time and reducing errors that can be introduced through manual data entry. Additionally, OCR technology is used to extract text from images, which can be used as input data for machine learning and artificial intelligence applications. To better understand the current state of OCR technology, this systematic literature review is conducted that collected various research articles on the topic. The results of this paper provide insights into the strengths and limitations of OCR technology and also offer directions for future research in the field. In terms of language support, the paper found that OCR technology is capable of supporting a wide range of languages, including English, Spanish, Chinese, and many others. However, the accuracy of OCR technology can vary greatly based on the language, with some languages being more challenging to recognize than others. With continued advancements in technology and the increasing need for digitization, OCR technology will continue to play a crucial role in the development of many industries.
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Campagnoli, Lucrezia Irene Maria, Lara Ahmad, Nicoletta Marchesi, Giacomo Greco, Federica Boschi, Francesco Masi, Giulia Mallucci, Roberto Bergamaschi, Elena Colombo, and Alessia Pascale. "Disclosing the Novel Protective Mechanisms of Ocrelizumab in Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of PKC Beta and Its Down-Stream Targets." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16 (August 16, 2024): 8923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168923.
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Ocrelizumab (OCR) is a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody approved for both Relapsing and Primary Progressive forms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) treatment. OCR is postulated to act via rapid B cell depletion; however, by analogy with other anti-CD20 agents, additional effects can be envisaged, such as on Protein Kinase C (PKC). Hence, this work aims to explore novel potential mechanisms of action of OCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients before and after 12 months of OCR treatment. We first assessed, up-stream, PKCβII and subsequently explored two down-stream pathways: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and human antigen R (HuR)/manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70). At baseline, higher levels of PKCβII, HIF-1α, and VEGF were found in MS patients compared to healthy controls (HC); interestingly, the overexpression of this inflammatory cascade was counteracted by OCR treatment. Conversely, at baseline, the content of HuR, MnSOD, and HSP70 was significantly lower in MS patients compared to HC, while OCR administration induced the up-regulation of these neuroprotective pathways. These results enable us to disclose the dual positive action of OCR: anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective. Therefore, in addition to B cell depletion, the effect of OCR on these molecular cascades can contribute to counteracting disease progression.
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Prasetijo, Hari, Widhiatmoko Herry Purnomo, and Edwin Triwijaya. "SIMULASI KOORDINASI RELAY ARUS LEBIH POLA NON-KASKADE." Dinamika Rekayasa 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.dr.2020.16.1.292.
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<p>Dibutuhkan pola koordinasi antar OCR agar diperoleh sistem pengamanan yang handal dalam mengamankan transformator dari gangguan arus lebih. Pola koordinasi yang digunakan di Gardu Induk 150 kV Rawalo saat ini adalah pola koordinasi kaskade, namun kelemahan pada pola ini adalah pengaturan waktu kerja OCR <em>incoming</em> selama 1 detik, sehingga jika terjadi kegagalan kerja pada OCR <em>feeder</em> maka transformator akan terganggu selama 1 detik. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pola koordinasi baru yang tidak mengabaikan selektifitas sistem pengamanan dan dapat mempercepat waktu kerja OCR <em>incoming </em>yaitu pola koordinasi non-kaskade. Studi ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa penerapan pola koordinasi OCR non-kaskade di Gardu Induk 150 kV Rawalo. Untuk mengetahui kinerja pola koordinasi non-kaskade dilakukan simulasi pada Matlab Simulink 7.0.1. Hasil simulasi kinerja pola non-kaskade jika OCR <em>feeder </em>mengalami kegagalan kerja maka OCR <em>incoming</em> akan bekerja 0,6 detik setelah gangguan terjadi, sehingga transformator hanya akan terganggu selama 0,6 detik.</p><p> </p>
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Hafiizh, Naufal, Hermawan Hermawan, and Bambang Winardi. "PERENCANAAN SETTING RELAY ARUS LEBIH (OCR) DAN RELAY ARUS LEBIH BERARAH (DOCR) PADA JARINGAN TEGANGAN MENENGAH 20 KV FEEDER A – L1 PS 2, TERMINAL 1 BANDARA SOEKARNO-HATTA." TRANSIENT 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/transient.7.1.166-173.
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Sistem proteksi pada jaringan tegangan menengah 20 kV feeder A - L1 PS 2 terminal 1 bandara Soekarno-Hatta awalnya menggunakan dua relay diferensial yang tersambung dengan pilot wire pada tiap salurannya. Namun, ada rencana untuk pergantian panel pada busbar utama terminal 1 dimana panel tersebut sudah terdapat relay arus lebih (OCR) sehingga relay diferensial di awal saluran tergantikan oleh relay OCR dan relay diferensial di akhir saluran tidak bisa berpasangan dengan relay OCR pada dua saluran tersebut. Untuk mengatasi hal ini, relay diferensial yang satunya diganti dengan relay arus lebih berarah (DOCR). Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan perencanaan setting relay OCR dan DOCR. Perencanaan tersebut dilakukan dengan perhitungan secara manual, kemudian hasil perhitungan tersebut disimulasikan pada ETAP 12.6.0 untuk memeriksa setting yang benar. Apabila belum benar, maka akan dilakukan setting ulang. Setting relay OCR dan DOCR yang akan digunakan pada jaringan tegangan menengah 20 kV feeder A – L1 PS 2, terminal 1 bandara Soekarno-Hatta, didapat pickup = 0,4 dan Time Multiple Setting (TMS) = 0,15 untuk Relay1 (OCR), pickup = 0,4 dan TMS = 0,05 untuk Relay2 (DOCR), pickup = 0,4 dan TMS = 0,15 untuk Relay3 (OCR), serta pickup = 0,4 dan TMS = 0,05 untuk Relay4 (DOCR).
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Herrmann, Elisa. "OCR-D – Koordinierte Förderinitiative zur Weiterentwicklung von OCR-Verfahren." Bibliotheksdienst 52, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bd-2018-0007.
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Zusammenfassung Das Projekt OCR-D hat zum Ziel, das Verfahren der automatischen Texterkennung für historische Texte des 16.–19. Jahrhunderts weiterzuentwickeln. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden der derzeitige Arbeitsstand, das Funktionsmodell als Ergebnis der ersten Projektphase und die Herausforderungen der einzelnen Prozessschritte beschrieben. Für diese sollen nach Abschluss der Bedarfsanalyse in der primären Phase ab 2018 durch Modulprojekte Lösungen erarbeitet werden. Der Artikel basiert auf einem Vortrag auf dem 106. Bibliothekartag in Frankfurt a. M. von Dr. Thomas Stäcker und Elisa Herrmann.
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Silfverberg, Miikka, and Jack Rueter. "Can Morphological Analyzers Improve the Quality of Optical Character Recognition?" Septentrio Conference Series, no. 2 (June 17, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/5.3467.
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Optical Character Recognition (OCR) can substantially improve the usability of digitized documents. Language modeling using word lists is known to improve OCR quality for English. For morphologically rich languages, however, even large word lists do not reach high coverage on unseen text. Morphological analyzers offer a more sophisticated approach, which is useful in many language processing applications. is paper investigates language modeling in the open-source OCR engine Tesseract using morphological analyzers. We present experiments on two Uralic languages Finnish and Erzya. According to our experiments, word lists may still be superior to morphological analyzers in OCR even for languages with rich morphology. Our error analysis indicates that morphological analyzers can cause a large amount of real word OCR errors.
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Knopf, Alison. "HHS Office for Civil Rights opens investigation into UnitedHealthcareGroup cyberattack." Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 36, no. 12 (March 15, 2024): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adaw.34070.
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Last week, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued a “Dear Colleague” letter addressing the cybersecurity incident impacting Change Healthcare, a unit of UnitedHealthcare Group (UHG), and many other health care entities. The cyberattack is disrupting health care and billing information operations nationwide and poses a direct threat to critically needed patient care and essential operations of the health care industry. OCR enforces the HIPAA Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules, which require that HIPAA covered entities – virtually all health care providers, clearinghouses, and insurance companies – protect the privacy and security of protected health information. The likelihood that substance use disorder (SUD) treatment information was included in the breach is very likely. However, OCR does not mention 42 CFR Part 2, just HIPAA. HHS views ransomware and hacking as the “primary cyber threats in health care.” There has been a 256% increase in large breaches involving hacking, and a 264% increase in ransomware, over the last 5 years, and this only includes those breaches OCR was notified of. $22 million was reportedly paid to the Change Healthcare hackers, in the form of bitcoin, likely from UHG, according to news reports. HHS OCR says: “If you believe that your or another person's health information privacy or civil rights have been violated, you can file a complaint with OCR at https://www.hhs.gov/ocr/complaints/index.html.” The one bright side of the new Part 2 rules are that OCR now enforces the regulation.
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Bristow, Caroline. "OCR Exams FAQs." Journal of Classics Teaching 17, no. 33 (2016): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631016000155.
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Kaur, Sukhvir, P. S. Mann, and Sukhwinder Kaur. "Page Segmentation using XY Cut Algorithm in OCR Systems - A Review." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 3 (December 30, 2007): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v6i3.4465.
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Page segmentation is an important field to analyse patterns from the OCR Systems. In this paper we tried to present how page segmentation is done on the OCR systems. We discussed the XY Cut page segmentation algorithm. The result of XY Cut page segmentation is evaluated on scanned OCR document.
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Laurent, Sarah A., Nicolas B. Strauli, Erica L. Eggers, Hao Wu, Brady Michel, Stanislas Demuth, Arumugam Palanichamy, et al. "Effect of Ocrelizumab on B- and T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Diversity in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis From the Randomized Phase III OPERA Trial." Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 10, no. 4 (April 24, 2023): e200118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000200118.
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Background and ObjectivesThe B cell–depleting anti-CD20 antibody ocrelizumab (OCR) effectively reduces MS disease activity and slows disability progression. Given the role of B cells as antigen-presenting cells, the primary goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of OCR on the T-cell receptor repertoire diversity.MethodsTo examine whether OCR substantially alters the molecular diversity of the T-cell receptor repertoire, deep immune repertoire sequencing (RepSeq) of CD4+and CD8+T-cell receptor β-chain variable regions was performed on longitudinal blood samples. The IgM and IgG heavy chain variable region repertoire was also analyzed to characterize the residual B-cell repertoire under OCR treatment.ResultsPeripheral blood samples for RepSeq were obtained from 8 patients with relapsing MS enrolled in the OPERA I trial over a period of up to 39 months. Four patients each were treated with OCR or interferon β1-a during the double-blind period of OPERA I. All patients received OCR during the open-label extension. The diversity of the CD4+/CD8+T-cell repertoires remained unaffected in OCR-treated patients. The expected OCR-associated B-cell depletion was mirrored by reduced B-cell receptor diversity in peripheral blood and a shift in immunoglobulin gene usage. Despite deep B-cell depletion, longitudinal persistence of clonally related B-cells was observed.DiscussionOur data illustrate that the diversity of CD4+/CD8+T-cell receptor repertoires remained unaltered in OCR-treated patients with relapsing MS. Persistence of a highly diverse T-cell repertoire suggests that aspects of adaptive immunity remain intact despite extended anti-CD20 therapy.Trial Registration InformationThis is a substudy (BE29353) of the OPERA I (WA21092;NCT01247324) trial. Date of registration, November 23, 2010; first patient enrollment, August 31, 2011.
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Munivel, Monisha, and V. S. Felix Enigo. "Optical Character Recognition for Printed Tamizhi Documents using Deep Neural Networks." DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 42, no. 4 (July 19, 2022): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.42.4.17742.
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Tamizhi (Tamil-Brahmi) script is one of the oldest scripts in India from which most of the modern Indian scripts are evolved. The ancient historical documents are generally preserved as digitised texts using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technique. But the development of OCR for Tamizhi documents is highly challenging as many characters have similar shapes and structures with very small variations. In specific, for Tamizhi script it is very difficult to build an OCR as many characters are combined characters. This can be a single character formed by a single vowel/consonant or compound characters formed by combining vowels and consonants. This paper deals with the development of Tamizhi OCR for printed Tamizhi documents which is anticipated to perform efficiently irrespective of poor quality, noises and various input formats of Tamizhi documents. This is a preliminary study towards developing an OCR for handwritten Tamizhi inscription images that recognises text captured from onsite inscriptions. The developed Tamizhi OCR for printed text can produce an accuracy of about 91.12 per cent.
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Isaev, Artem, Alena Drobiazko, Nicolas Sierro, Julia Gordeeva, Ido Yosef, Udi Qimron, Nikolai V. Ivanov, and Konstantin Severinov. "Phage T7 DNA mimic protein Ocr is a potent inhibitor of BREX defence." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 10 (April 27, 2020): 5397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa290.
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Abstract BREX (for BacteRiophage EXclusion) is a superfamily of common bacterial and archaeal defence systems active against diverse bacteriophages. While the mechanism of BREX defence is currently unknown, self versus non-self differentiation requires methylation of specific asymmetric sites in host DNA by BrxX (PglX) methyltransferase. Here, we report that T7 bacteriophage Ocr, a DNA mimic protein that protects the phage from the defensive action of type I restriction–modification systems, is also active against BREX. In contrast to the wild–type phage, which is resistant to BREX defence, T7 lacking Ocr is strongly inhibited by BREX, and its ability to overcome the defence could be complemented by Ocr provided in trans. We further show that Ocr physically associates with BrxX methyltransferase. Although BREX+ cells overproducing Ocr have partially methylated BREX sites, their viability is unaffected. The result suggests that, similar to its action against type I R–M systems, Ocr associates with as yet unidentified BREX system complexes containing BrxX and neutralizes their ability to both methylate and exclude incoming phage DNA.
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Papas, Klearchos K., and Mary Ann C. Jarema. "Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is not obligatorily linked to an increase in O2 consumption in βHC9 cells." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 275, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): E1100—E1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.6.e1100.
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We investigated the effects of glucose on the rates of oxygen consumption (OCR) and insulin secretion (ISR) by βHC9 cells derived from mouse pancreatic islets with β-cell hyperplasia. Our results demonstrate that the OCR by βHC9 cells incubated in nutrient-rich DMEM is unaffected by glucose (0–25 mM), is dissociated from the ISR (which increases with the addition of glucose), and is always higher than that measured in PBS. Glucose (25 mM) increases both the OCR and ISR when added to nutrient-free PBS. On the basis of results presented here, we suggest that, contrary to the current consensus, the observed increases in the OCR by β-cells upon addition of glucose to nutrient-free buffers may be unrelated to the process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and, instead, related to nutrient starvation. We believe that a reevaluation of the implication of changes in OCR upon glucose stimulation in the process of GSIS is warranted and that OCR and ISR measurements should be performed in more physiological media to avoid nutrient starvation artifacts.
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Clément, Gilles, Pierre Denise, Millard F. Reschke, and Scott J. Wood. "Human ocular counter-rolling and roll tilt perception during off-vertical axis rotation after spaceflight." Journal of Vestibular Research 17, no. 5-6 (July 3, 2008): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2007-175-602.
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Ocular counter-rolling (OCR) induced by whole body tilt in roll has been explored after spaceflight as an indicator of the adaptation of the otolith function to microgravity. It has been claimed that the overall pattern of OCR responses during static body tilt after spaceflight is indicative of a decreased role of the otolith function, but the results of these studies have not been consistent, mostly due to large variations in the OCR within and across individuals. By contrast with static head tilt, off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) presents the advantage of generating a sinusoidal modulation of OCR, allowing averaged measurements over several cycles, thus improving measurement accuracy. Accordingly, OCR and the sense of roll tilt were evaluated in seven astronauts before and after spaceflight during OVAR at 45°/s in darkness at two angles of tilt (10° and 20°). There was no significant difference in OCR during OVAR immediately after landing compared to preflight. However, the amplitude of the perceived roll tilt during OVAR was significantly larger immediately postflight, and then returned to control values in the following days. Since the OCR response is predominantly attributed to the shearing force exerted on the utricular macula, the absence of change in OCR postflight suggests that the peripheral otolith organs function normally after short-term spaceflight. However, the increased sense of roll tilt indicates an adaptation in the central processing of gravitational input, presumably related to a re-weighting of the internal representation of gravitational vertical as a result of adaptation to microgravity.
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Kuno, Takashi, Masahito Tachibana, Ayako Fujimine-Sato, Misaki Fue, Keiko Higashi, Aiko Takahashi, Hiroki Kurosawa, et al. "A Preclinical Evaluation towards the Clinical Application of Oxygen Consumption Measurement by CERMs by a Mouse Chimera Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 5650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225650.
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We have developed an automated device for the measurement of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) called Chip-sensing Embryo Respiratory Measurement system (CERMs). To verify the safety and the significance of the OCR measurement by CERMs, we conducted comprehensive tests using a mouse model prior to clinical trials in a human in vitro fertilization (IVF) program. Embryo transfer revealed that the OCR measured by CERMs did not compromise the full-term development of mice or their future fertility, and was positively correlated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), thereby indirectly reflecting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity. We demonstrated that the OCR is independent of embryo morphology (the size) and number of mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA copy number). The OCR correlated with the total cell numbers, whereas the inner cell mass (ICM) cell numbers and the fetal developmental rate were not. Thus, the OCR may serve as an indicator of the numbers of trophectoderm (TE) cells, rather than number or quality of ICM cells. However, implantation ability was neither correlated with the OCR, nor the embryo size in this model. This can probably be attributed to the limitation that chimeric embryos contain non-physiological high TE cells counts that are beneficial for implantation. CERMs can be safely employed in clinical IVF owing to it being a safe, highly effective, non-invasive, accurate, and quantitative tool for OCR measurement. Utilization of CERMs for clinical testing of human embryos would provide further insights into the nature of oxidative metabolism and embryonic viability.
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Fathy, Shymaa, Maha Gamil Hanna, Nasr Mahmoud Abdallah, Sarah Maher El Waraky, Essam El-Din Zaki Bassyouni, and Hany Mohammed El-Hadi Shoukat. "A Comparison Between the Effects of Peribulbar and Sub-tenon Blocks Combined with General Anesthesia on the Incidence of Oculocardiac Reflex during Pediatric Strabismus Surgery: A Double-Blinded Randomized Control Study." Bali Journal of Anesthesiology 8, no. 4 (October 2024): 208–14. https://doi.org/10.4103/bjoa.bjoa_194_24.
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Abstract Background: Pediatric strabismus surgeries have frequently been linked to the occurrence of oculocardiac reflex (OCR). This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of peribulbar and sub-tenon blocks on the occurrence of OCR during pediatric strabismus surgeries. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blinded trial was conducted with 120 children (ASA I/II) scheduled for strabismus surgery. Patients were randomized into three groups: control (intravenous paracetamol 15 mg/kg), sub-tenon (0.08 mL/kg of 0.5% bupivacaine), and peribulbar (0.25 mL/kg of a 1:1 mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine and 2% lidocaine). The study assessed the incidence rate of OCR as well as the time of occurrence of OCR after induction, hemodynamic variables, postoperative pain and analgesic requirements, the incidence of postoperative vomiting (POV), complications resulting from the orbital regional anesthesia, and total intraoperative atropine requirements. Results: The OCR incidence did not differ significantly between groups. Twenty-three patients (57%) in the sub-tenon group, 14 patients (35%) in the peribulbar group, and 14 patients (35%) in the control group experienced OCR (P = 0.063 and 0.201). All OCR cases were treated with atropine. Pain scores at 4 h post-surgery were significantly higher in the sub-tenon and peribulbar groups compared to the control group (P = 0.001 and 0.041, respectively). The sub-tenon group had one case of POV, whereas the control group had five cases (P = 0.025). Conclusion: Both sub-tenon and peribulbar blocks effectively reduced POV and analgesic requirements in pediatric strabismus surgery, but did not prevent the occurrence of OCR.
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Gu, Yu, Yunxiao Liu, Xuelin Fan, and Renjie Liu. "P‐5.8: Investigation of Acrylic Inkjet Printed OCR for Mid‐Size Flexible OLED." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 55, S1 (April 2024): 922–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.17236.
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The application of acrylic ester inkjet printing OCR on medium‐sized flexible OLED display modules will have significant advantages in terms of cost and performance. Therefore, we tested multiple inkjet printing OCR with different characteristics and summarized the relevant material specifications, providing technical references for the application of inkjet printing OCR on flexible OLED modules.
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Ibrahmusa, Ganesha Ardha, Joko Joko, Tri Wrahatnolo, and Achmad Imam Agung. "Analisis Koordinasi Setting Relay Proteksi Pada Jaringan Distribusi 20 kV di PT. PLN UP3 Kediri Gardu Induk Pare." JURNAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jte.v12n1.p28-36.
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Sistem proteksi sangat penting guna menjaga kelangsungan sistem distribusi. Selain itu, dengan adanya sistem proteksi dapat melindungi peralatan di sekitarnya, sehingga melindunginya dari gangguan yang sewaktu-waktu dapat terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis koordinasi setting relay proteksi pada penyulang Brenggolo apakah sudah benar dan tepat sesuai dengan standar IEC dan SPLN. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode matematis dan simulasi dengan software ETAP 12.6. Analisis dilakukan dengan perhitungan arus hubung singkat sebagai dasar dalam menentukan setting relay kemudian mensimulasikan hasil perhitungan dengan software ETAP 12.6 untuk mengetahui koordinasi recloser, fuse, Overcurrent Relay (OCR) dan Groundfault Relay (GFR) pada penyulang Brenggolo. Berdasarkan analisis ini, didapatkan hasil perhitungan setting OCR outgoing yaitu Ip = 0,825 A dan TMS = 0,44, Setting GFR OCR outgoing yaitu Ip = 0,181 A dan TMS = 0,259, Setting OCR recloser yaitu Ip = 0,07 A dan TMS = 0,18, Setting GFR recloser yaitu Ip = 0,0481 A dan TMS = 0,1. Hasil penilitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa koordinasi proteksi pada penyulang Brenggolo telah sesuai dengan standard IEC 60255 dengan selisih waktu recloser dan OCR outgoing sebesar 0,4 detik dan tidak terdapat perpotongan kurva atau peralatan proteksi yang saling mendahului. Penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai PT. PLN UP3 Kediri untuk melakukan resetting OCR dan GFR di penyulang Brenggolo agar tetap terus terciptanya keandalan pada sistem jaringan distribusi.
Kata Kunci: Koordinasi Proteksi, OCR outgoing, Recloser, Setting Relay.
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Jain, Parth Hasmukh, Vivek Kumar, Jim Samuel, Sushmita Singh, Abhinay Mannepalli, and Richard Anderson. "Customized AI Readers: An Adaptive Framework for Flexible Human Handwriting Recognition of Numerical Digits with OCR Methods." Information 14, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14060305.
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Advanced artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have led to significant developments in optical character recognition (OCR) technologies. OCR applications, using AI techniques for transforming images of typed text, handwritten text, or other forms of text into machine-encoded text, provide a fair degree of accuracy for general text. However, even after decades of intensive research, creating OCR with human-like abilities has remained evasive. One of the challenges has been that OCR models trained on general text do not perform well on localized or personalized handwritten text due to differences in the writing style of alphabets and digits. This study aims to discuss the steps needed to create an adaptive framework for OCR models, with the intent of exploring a reasonable method to customize an OCR solution for a unique dataset of English language numerical digits were developed for this study. We develop a digit recognizer by training our model on the MNIST dataset with a convolutional neural network and contrast it with multiple models trained on combinations of the MNIST and custom digits. Using our methods, we observed results comparable with the baseline and provided recommendations for improving OCR accuracy for localized or personalized handwritten text. This study also provides an alternative perspective to generating data using conventional methods, which can serve as a gold standard for custom data augmentation to help address the challenges of scarce data and data imbalance.
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Nguyen, Thi Tuyet Hai, Adam Jatowt, Mickael Coustaty, and Antoine Doucet. "Survey of Post-OCR Processing Approaches." ACM Computing Surveys 54, no. 6 (July 2021): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3453476.
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Optical character recognition (OCR) is one of the most popular techniques used for converting printed documents into machine-readable ones. While OCR engines can do well with modern text, their performance is unfortunately significantly reduced on historical materials. Additionally, many texts have already been processed by various out-of-date digitisation techniques. As a consequence, digitised texts are noisy and need to be post-corrected. This article clarifies the importance of enhancing quality of OCR results by studying their effects on information retrieval and natural language processing applications. We then define the post-OCR processing problem, illustrate its typical pipeline, and review the state-of-the-art post-OCR processing approaches. Evaluation metrics, accessible datasets, language resources, and useful toolkits are also reported. Furthermore, the work identifies the current trend and outlines some research directions of this field.