Academic literature on the topic 'Octopus fisheries'

Simeulue Islands are the farthest area in West Indonesia that have potency in fisheries and marine science sectors. One of the marine resources from Simeulue Island are Octopus. The octopus price in the market were prospective than other fisheries commudity. However, we have no strategy to increase the Octopus sustainability. Thus, the research about the socio-economic were very important. The aim of this research was to determine the increasing strategy of small scale fishermen sustainability through the utilization of Octopus potency at Simeulue Island. The research method by using descriptive method with sampling method that used accidental sampling. Subsequently, those samples were analysed by using SWOT Analysis. The result showed that the internal factor in our study are togertherness in capture operational system with value as much as 0,58. Moreover, the weakness generated the lack attention from institutional as much as 0,31. In external factors showed the opportunity from fisheries resources abundantly as much as 0,61. However, the threats showed mostly local fishermen catch the fisheries resources by using unfriendly fishing gear. According to the scoring I grand matrix of small scale fisheries in Simeulue Islands. Thus, this grand strategy in the first kuadran. It means that the small scale fisheries have high opportunity for developing with utilize the strength and grab the opportunity. Keywords :small scale, fisheries, octopus, Simeulue

Productivity linked to upwelling strength is an important environmental factor affecting the production and dynamics of octopus populations. This often takes the form of a negative relationship between octopus abundance and sea-surface temperatures (SST). Enteroctopus dofleini (giant Pacific octopuses) is caught as by-catch in several fisheries, but management for octopuses is data-poor. Visual surveys (in Prince William Sound (PWS) and Puget Sound) showed significant negative correlations of octopus counts with winter SST over the previous 30 months in the waters of eastern Gulf of Alaska, as expected on the basis of life-history parameters. In PWS, local octopus densities varied more than six-fold during the study, and correlations with SST accounted for 48–61% of the variance in counts. Octopus by-catch datasets were not similarly significantly correlated with SST. The negative correlation with SST suggests that octopus populations are influenced by factors regulating marine productivity during larval stages of life history far from the site of recruitment to benthic habitats. Targeted visual surveys for E. dofleini may be more predictable than by-catch statistics, and may be better estimators of variation in octopus abundance.

The shallow-water octopuses of the Philippines are diagnosed on the basis of material collected in a series of expeditions by the Smithsonian Institution to the region between 1978 and 1990. Twenty species of shallow-water octopuses are recognised, 18 in the genus Octopus, and one species each in the genera Hapalochlaena and Cistopus. Three new species are described from Philippine waters: Octopus abaculus, O. nocturnus and O. pumilus. Octopuses reported in the earlier work of G. L. Voss on the cephalopod fauna of the Philippines are reviewed and identifications updated. A diagnostic key and illustrations are provided along with information on taxonomy, distribution, aspects of life history and importance in fisheries.

Subsistence fishery for cephalopods contributes significantly to the local economy of several Asian, African and island states. In addition to being unregulated and undocumented, recent studies indicate that low-scale fisheries can have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems. In the Lakshadweep islands, men, women and children have been involved in spear fishing for octopus for a long time, but there is a paucity of information on the biology and fishery of the octopus species in Indian waters. In this study, we estimated the population abundance, morphometry and sex ratio of Octopus cyanea. Moreover, we examined whether the current octopus spear fishing activity displayed size or sex selectivity, given that larger individuals are easier to spot and brooding females spend more time in crevices. O. cyanea surveys were conducted by snorkeling in the lagoons of Kavaratti and Agatti islands between November 2008 and April 2012. The estimated mean density of O. cyanea was 3 and 2.5 individuals per hectare in Agatti and Kavaratti, respectively. Individual mean weight was 923.36 g and 846.26 g in Agatti and Kavaratti and the male:female sex ratio 1.35:1 and 3.8:1, respectively. Comparison between visual counts and fisheries landings indicated that fishing effort was concentrated in areas of high juvenile abundance but without female-bias. Constructing a long-term database of fishery catches will help with stock assessment and understanding the factors that influence octopus populations. Implementation of a lower size limit of 500 g would act as a precautionary measure against catching very small octopuses.

This study highlights for the first time individual differences in ethology and vulnerability of Octopus vulgaris (i.e. body postures, movements and skin displays) facing passive baited traps. Common octopus exposed to a baited trap during three consecutive first-capture tests exhibited diverse behavioural and body pattern sequences resembling when the octopus searches for and hunts its wild prey. Overall, they first visually recognized new objects or potential preys and rapidly moved out of the den, exploring, grabbing and approaching the trap with the arms (chemotactile exploration), and capturing the bait with the arms and feeding on top over long periods inside the trap. Simultaneously, O. vulgaris displayed diverse skin textural and chromatic signs, the regular pattern being the most frequent and long-lasting, followed by broad mottle, passing cloud and dark patterns. All individuals (n=8) caught the bait at least once, although only five octopuses (62.5%) entered the trap in all three tests. In addition, high variability among individuals was observed regarding behaviour and body patterns during the first-capture tests, which might evidence different individual temperaments or life-history traits. Differences in behavioural responses at individual level might have population consequences due to fisheries-induced selection, although there is a high necessity to assess how behavioural traits might play an important role in life-history traits of this species harvested by small-scale trap fisheries.

Abstract Leporati, S. C., Ziegler, P. E., and Semmens, J. M. 2009. Assessing the stock status of holobenthic octopus fisheries: is catch per unit effort sufficient? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 478–487. Holobenthic and merobenthic octopus fisheries are commonly treated as biological equivalents, regardless of their contrasting life-history strategies. This is the consequence of a lack of species identification and relevant biological information for many species, which has led to a reliance on catch per unit effort (cpue) data for stock status assessments. Using the commercial Octopus pallidus fishery in southeast Australian waters as a case study, the reliability of commercial cpue data as an indicator of stock status for holobenthic octopus fisheries was assessed. To achieve this, cpue and biological information from a fixed position experimental research line were investigated for consistency in stock status patterns and compared with commercial fishery cpue trends. Research line results revealed that cpue could remain stable regardless of size-selective fishing mortality potentially impacting recruitment. The cpue in the commercial fishery was very seasonal and dominated by females during autumn, when both cpue and spawning periods peaked, so increasing the potential for negative fishery impacts on egg production. The inability of cpue to account for the effects of continual fishing pressure on recruitment or seasonal changes in sex-specific catchability, however, indicates that cpue alone cannot provide sufficient information on the status of a holobenthic octopus fishery.

Abstract Octopus aff. tetricus is the target of Australia’s most significant octopus fishery. We utilized both fishery-independent surveys and fishery data from spatially detailed catch and effort logbooks to examine distribution and abundance across the spatial and depth ranges of the population. From this, a harvest strategy was developed to form the basis for monitoring, assessment, and management. Octopus aff. tetricus is abundant and widely distributed in Western Australia, with a biomass density range of 150–1000 kg km−2. This is comparable to Octopus vulgaris fisheries in the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa. From an estimated habitat area of 20 073 km2, total biomass on the West Coast was estimated to be a minimum of 3600 tonnes whole weight with 90% certainty. At the current annual catch of 300 tonnes, overall population exploitation rate is low, given the high natural productivity of the species, which has a maximum age of 1.5 years and two recruitment pulses per year. A formal species name for O. aff. tetricus is required so its contribution to the Australian cephalopod fisheries harvest can be officially recognized.

Abstract Faraj, A., and Bez, N. 2007. Spatial considerations for the Dakhla stock of Octopus vulgaris: indicators, patterns, and fisheries interactions. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1820–1828. The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is the target species of the cephalopod fishery that exploits two stocks, Dakhla and Cap Blanc, off southern Morocco (26°N 21°N), an area commonly referred to as the Saharan Bank. Octopusvulgaris is also one of the most abundant demersal species in this highly productive area, and plays a key role in the upwelling ecosystem. Spatial patterns of the main phases of the Octopus vulgaris life cycle of the Dakhla stock are described, using trawl surveys carried out twice a year from 1998 to 2003. Using geostatistics and spatial indicators, mature females and juveniles are analysed and mapped to characterize the main features of the spawning and recruitment phases. There are clear distinctions between the spatial patterns of the spawning and recruitment phases: juveniles are more coastal, less spatially dispersed, more anisotropically distributed, and more patchy. Our results suggest that the spatial pattern of the Octopus vulgaris Dakhla stock is different from that of the same species in other ecosystems such as the Mediterranean. GIS reveals that the spawning–stock biomass is globally more accessible to the industrial fleet than to the artisanal one, a finding contrary to contemporary thinking and with important resource management implications.

Recent molecular studies have proved beneficial in providing taxonomic resolution within the Octopus vulgaris species complex, therefore aiding in the appropriate management of this high value global fisheries resource. This study used the mitochondrial ‘barcode of life’ gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) to investigate the identity of shallow-water benthic octopuses in the mid-Atlantic Ocean and their relationship to members of the Octopus vulgaris species complex. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference placed individuals collected from two tropical islands, Ascension and St Helena, into a highly supported monophyletic clade with the North Brazilian species O. insularis (BS = 81, PP = 1), extending the known distribution of O. insularis to Ascension and St Helena Islands. Octopus vulgaris and two other member species of the O. vulgaris species complex, O. tetricus and O. cf. tetricus formed a highly supported monophyletic clade (BS = 99, PP = 1). Interspecific distances between the O. mimus group (O. mimus, O. bimaculoides, O. maya and O. insularis) and the O. vulgaris species group (O. vulgaris, O. tetricus and O. cf. tetricus) ranged from 14.7–26.0%, and an estimated date of divergence suggests these groups diverged from a common ancestor between 19.0 and 40.9 million years ago.

Catch dynamics, fisheries biology and socio-economic dependence are described for the artisanal fishery for Octopus cyanea at three study sites (Kwale. Jibondo, and Mtwara) along the coat of Tanzania. A total of 23,165 octopuses were measured and sexed from 3,514 individual catches. FIShing effort was shown to be 2.9 times greater at Msangamkuu compared to Jibondo and nearly two times more than Kwale. Number of relaxation days between fishing events, when the octopus stock are able to recover through growth and immigration, was shown to be greater at Iibondo than for the other two sites. Marked reductions in catch landings, mean individual weight, catch per unit effort (kg) and size distributions are reported for Msangamkuu and Kwale when compared to Jibondo. Abundance of octopus was however, higher at the former sites most likely in response to predator and competition release. Stock size and biomass (kg) were calculated for Msangamkuu using a De-Lury depletion method and results extrapolated to the other two sites. Despite higher abundance at Msangamkuu and Kwale mean overall biomass (kg) was 36% and 14% respectively lower tban the mean biomass estimate for Jibondo. Spatial comparison of fishing impacts between sites using a surplus production model suggested Jibondo to be more productive and fishing pressure sustainable. In contrast, Msangamkuu was indicated to be seriously overtished and Kwale somewhere in between. Although, Bhattacharya modal progression analyses separated multiple size modes in monthly samples growth analyses were unsuccessful due to the lack of a clear corresponding pattern of modal progression in monthly size distributions. Length weight relationships varied between sites and sexes. All length weight relationships were negative allometric. Size reductions at Kwale and Msangambru may be impacting on reproductive output with a 40% reduction in the number of mature males at Msangamkuu and 24% reduction at Kwale when compared to Jibondo. Fewer mature females were observed at Msangamkuu and Kwale but even at Jibondo mature females accounted for only 2.2% of the catch. Results suggest spawning activity takes place in deeper water ( > 4m) below the fisbed zone. Nonetheless, enough females would have to reach brooding size at each site to contribute to the reproductive stock. Size at first maturity for females was estimated to be 1800g. Only 3.9% of the octopus at Kwale and 1.2% at Msangamkuu weigh more than 1800g compared to 17% at Jibondo. Fecundity was shown to increase with size. Breeding activity is likely to be year round but maturity peaks were evident for June and July and October to November. The den enrichment experiment indicated a clear preference for concrete dens over PVC pipe. Overall density increased by 10% subsequent to den placement but dens were shown in reef areas not to be limiting. The benefit of den enrichment was therefore ambiguous but could be initiated using a phased approach to gauge effectiveness. The artisanal octopus fisheries make an important contnbution to the local economy. population growth and fisher and trader immigrations were noted as the greatest threats to the octopus fishery by fishers. Awareness of relevant marine resource use issues was shown to be high yet enthusiasm for management varied between sites. The first descriptive details of the octopus fauna of Tanzania are provided. Implications for management of the octopus fishery and a series of proposed management actions are provided for discussion between relevant stakeholders.

A new policy incorporating an operational protocol was developed for the establishment of new fisheries in South Africa. The common octopus, Octopus vulgaris was used as a candidate species for the project. The operational protocol consisted of a three-phased development framework, namely information gathering (Phase 0), an experimental fishery (Phase 1) and the final implementation of a commercial fishery (Phase 2). The present study focussed on phase 0 of this theoretical framework and protocol and was implemented by using a proposed octopus pot fishery in South Africa as a case study. Phase 0 included a desktop study, information gathering in the field, an economic feasibility study and the formulation of a Fishery Management Plan and experimental design for the fishery. Information gaps identified during the desktop study were addressed during field investigations into the population structure and biology of O. vulgaris along the southeast coast. Immature females were found to use the intertidal area to feed and grow before migrating to the subtidal area to mature and spawn. Mean size differed substantially between intertidal and subtidal areas, with larger octopus found subtidally. Age and growth trials using tetracycline as a marker showed that O. vulgaris deposit daily growth lines in their beaks. A genetic study showed that there is most likely only one panmitic population along the coast. The economic feasibility study indicated that a longline pot fishery could be feasible provided a 30% catch in 6600 pots/month is attained. Only existing, debt-free vessels should be used in this fishery. The Fishery Management Plan proposed in this study includes management measures such as effort limitation of licences and gear, size restrictions, vessel monitoring systems, and observer programmes. Based on the population dynamics and biology of O. vulgaris it is suggested that a precautionary approach to developing fisheries for this species in both the inter- and subtidal areas along the South African coast.

The fishery for octopus in Northwest Mexico has increased to over 2,000 tons annually, but to date the specific composition of the catch has been ignored. With at least three main species targeted by artisanal fisheries in the region with distinct life histories, the lack of basic biological information about the distribution, metapopulation size and structure of each species could impede effective fisheries management to avoid overexploitation. We tested if different life histories of three species of octopus could help predict observed patterns of genetic diversity, population dynamics, structure and connectivity and how this information could be relevant to the sustainable management of the fishery. We sequenced two mitochondrial genes and genotyped seven nuclear microsatellite loci to identify the distribution of each species in 20 locations from the Gulf of California and the west coast of the Baja California peninsula. We tested five hypotheses derived from population genetic theory based on differences in the fecundity and dispersal potential for each species. We discovered that Octopus bimaculoides with low fecundity and direct development (without a planktonic phase) had lower average effective population size and genetic diversity, but higher levels of kinship, population structure, and richness of private alleles, than the other two species. These features indicated limited dispersal and high local recruitment. In contrast, O. bimaculatus and O. hubbsorum with higher fecundity and planktonic phase as paralarvae had higher effective population size and genetic diversity, and overall lower kinship and population structure than O. bimaculoides. These observations supported higher levels of gene flow over a larger geographical scale. O. bimaculatus with the longest planktonic paralarval duration and therefore larger dispersal potential had differences in the calculated parameters possibly associated with increased connectivity. We propose O. bimaculoides is more susceptible to over exploitation of small, isolated populations and could have longer recovery times than the other two species. This species may benefit from distinct fishery management within each local population. O. bimaculatus and O. hubbsorum may benefit from fishery management that takes into account metapopulation structure over larger geographic scales and the directionality and magnitude of larval dispersal driven by ocean currents and population connectivity among individuals of each locality. The distribution of each species and variations in their reproductive phenology is also important to consider when establishing marine reserves or seasonal fishing closures.

Tourism fuels the Zanzibari economy but adds to the depletion of marine resources. However, the concept of corporate biosphere stewardship suggests that companies with consolidated power can influence sustainability pathways. Can tourist hotels practically support octopus closures, a novel conservation tool, as a way towards sustainable marine resource consumption? I address this issue by making the first known attempt to estimate Zanzibari hotels’ seasonal and annual octopus demand, mapping their value chain structure and identifying the nature of their demand. The study relies on semi-structured interviews of 31 respondents (hotel staff, hotel suppliers, market traders, food importers and key informants) and official data. I assess the demand of hotels to range between 16 to 27 percent of the mean 2008-2018 annual catch in Zanzibar. Hence, this consumer power hotels may confer agency for them to contribute to resource conservation such as octopus closures. Hotels may support closures particularly if they match seasonality in octopus price and demand. However, hoteliers’ use of a wide sourcing network including imports may lead to diluted price signals hampering understanding and incentives to protect the local octopus supply. Additionally, hoteliers’ weight preferences largely correspond with the Zanzibari voluntary minimum weight limit, but do not align with the desired outcome of bigger octopus from closures. The typical practise of purchasing fresh octopus and limited freezer capacity of hotels may also limit their agency to support octopus closures. This study makes a novel contribution of linking octopus conservation with tourism. It furthermore nuances the concept of corporate biosphere stewardship by assessing the practical potential of Zanzibari tourism, a less consolidated industry, to contribute to marine resource conservation.  Further research into local biosphere stewardship of value chains within low-income country contexts should investigate differences in use of consumer power by small as opposed to large-scale businesses. In addition, similar assessments could benefit from research into local spatial and relational value chains, and their influence on hoteliers’ capacity to perceive of supply status through price signals, not only for octopus but seafood in general.
Utalii unakuza uchumi wa zanzibar lakini umekubwa na kupungua kwa rasilimali za bahari. Ingawaje, dhana ya uhirika wa kibailogio stewardship umependekeza kua nguvu ya mashirikiano ya makampuni yanaweza kuchangia njia endelevu. Inawezekana kwa mahoteli ya kitalii yakatoa msaada wa vitendo wa kufungia pweza wasivuliwe kwa kipindi maalumu, kama zana ya uhifadhi wa mazingira ambayo ni njia ya kupelekea matumizi endelevu ya matumizi ya rasilimali ya bahari? Ninaangalia suala hili kwa kufanya majaribio ya kwanza kwa kukadiria mahitaji ya pweza kwa hoteli za Zanzibar kwa msimu na kwa kila mwaka, kuyaainisha maeneo ya mnyororo wa thamani na kutambua maumbile ya upungufu wake. Utafiti huu ulikuwa ni wa muundo wa mahojiano ya wazi na watu 31 walihojiwa (wafanyakazi wa hoteli, wasambazaji wa mahoteli, wauzaji wa masokoni, wasafirihaji na watu wengine wanohusika) na taarifa za takwimu. Nilipima mahitaji ya mahoteli kwa asilimia kati ya 16 mpaka 27 ya jumla 2008-2018 upatikanaji wa kila mwaka kwa zanzibar. Hivyo basi nguvu ya maoteli wanaweza kua mashirika ya kuchangia uhifadhi wa rasilimali kama kufungia mwamba kwa uvuvi wa pweza. Mahoteli yanaweza kuwasaidia kufungwa kwa mwamba kwa uvuvi wa pweza hasahasa ikiwa watafanana kwa msimu na kwa upatikanaji. Ingawaje wenye mahoteli wanatafuta chanzo kikubwa ikiwemo kuagiza kutoka nje ambayo inaweza kushusha bei na ni ishara ya kuzuia kutoa motisha ya kulinda usambazaji wa ndani. Kwakuengezea wenye mahoteli uzito wanaoupendelea unawiana na ule wa kiwango cha chini cha Zanzibar, lakini hayaendani na matokeo ya matakwa yao ya pweza wakubwa wakati wa kufungia mwamba kwa uvuvi wa pweza. Mahoteli hayawezi kuwa kama mashirika ya kusaidia kufungs pweza kutokana na kutaka pweza ambao wametoka kuvuliwa na vilevile uwezo mdogo wa majokofu yao kuweza kuhifadhi pweza hao. Utafiti huu utaleta mchango mpya baina ya uhifandhi wa pweza na utalii. Na vilevile itaelezea dhana ya mashirikiano ya kibiosphere stewardship kwa kuchunguza umuhimu halisi wa utalii wa Zanzibar, muunganiko mdogo wa wadau katika kuchangia uhifadhi wa rasilimali za bahari. Tafiti zijazo zinazohusiana na biosphere stewardship ya mtiririko wa thamani kwa muktadha wa nchi zenye kipato kidogo zifanye uchunguzi juu ya tofauti ya nguvu ya watumiaji wadogo wadogo inavyoenda kinyume na biashara kubwa. Kwa kuengezea uchunguzi kama huo utanufaisha watu wa hali za chini na mahusiano ya mnyororo wa thamani na mchango wao kwa uwezo wa wenye mahoteli kutambua hali ya usambazaji kupitia bei zake si kwa pweza peke tu bali ni kwa vyakula vya baharini vyote.

Tese de mestrado, Ecologia Marinha, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2017
The excessive fishing effort during several decades led to the collapse of many stocks, partly due to a mixture of lack of appropriate scientific information, deficient management systems, default of rules and regulations by fishers and incapacity to enforce them by authorities. Given the failure of the topdown centralist system dominated by the state, a demand for progressive decentralization of decisionmaking process emerged and calls for co-management systems, a new concept in fisheries management that considers the importance of the participation of social agents, have increased. Cephalopods are one of the main exploited resources in the South of Europe. In Portugal, Octopus vulgaris is consistently one of the most important resource to artisanal fleet, estimated as the most important in value and fourth in terms of quantities landing (2016). Octopus is a singular species in terms of biological characteristics and environmental sensitivity, which make the management of this resource a real challenge. Cephalopods’ management fall under national governments, and in Portugal measures are mainly related with minimum landing weight and gears. The present dissertation is organized in two main sections, each corresponding to a research article. This work had as practical methodology inquires conducted in several fishing ports of Portuguese coast (Cascais, Sesimbra, Sines, Ferragudo, Santa Luzia and Fuzeta). Questionnaires included different sections dedicated to fishing operation, knowledge about octopus’ ecology, opinions about management measures and management plan and demographic characteristics. The first article compared local ecological knowledge of fishers with scientific knowledge obtained from literature regarding octopus’ life cycle. The second article analysed fishers opinions and perceptions relative to management measures and plans for octopus fishery. Fishing communities in Portuguese coast have shown a high dependence on this resource, and their answers revealed a medium knowledge about octopus’ biological characteristics. Regarding fishers’ opinions about management, different perceptions were found between regions. However, the implementation of biological closures and management plans developed by fishers were found consistently accepted management measures all over the country. In general, fishers were not satisfied with the actual management and this has reflections in their attitudes. The development of education and awareness actions in fishing communities focused on the biological characteristics of octopus and fishing impacts on the resource could promote a better understanding and respect for management measures. Having into consideration fishers’ perceptions and opinions about management has the potential to facilitate successful planning and development of management measures which fishers will accept as legitimate. Fishers’ participation could increase their receptivity to management. Also, the involvement of stakeholders in the development of management measures provides a sense of worth that may cultivate a greater responsibility of fishers about the resource.
A pesca excessiva durante várias décadas conduziu ao colapso de vários stocks de recursos marinhos, quer devido à falta de informação científica apropriada, quer devido aos sistemas de gestão deficitários ou à falha da imposição das medidas aos pescadores. Considerando o fracasso do sistema centralizado e dominado pelo estado (“top-down”), surgiu a necessidade da descentralização do processo de tomada de decisão, apelando a sistemas de co-gestão, um novo conceito na gestão das pescas que considera a importância da importância das partes envolvidas. Os cefalópodes são um dos recursos mais explorados no sul da Europa. Em Portugal, Octopus vulgaris é um dos recursos mais importantes para a frota artesanal do país, estimado como o primeiro em termos de valor e o quarto mais importante em termos de quantidade desembarcada (2016). O polvo é uma espécie singular em termos de características biológicas e sensibilidade a variações ambientais, tornando a sua gestão um verdadeiro desafio. A gestão dos cefalópodes está sob tutela do governo nacional e, em Portugal, as medidas de gestão impostas relacionam-se, sobretudo, com o peso mínimo de captura e com as armadilhas usadas (covos ou alcatruzes). A presente dissertação está organizada em duas secções, cada uma correspondente a um artigo científico. Este trabalho teve como metodologia a realização de inquéritos em vários portos de pesca da costa portuguesa (Cascais, Sesimbra, Sines, Ferragudo, Santa Luzia e Fuzeta). Os inquéritos foram desenvolvidos com diferentes secções sobre características de funcionamento da atividade, conhecimento acerca de aspetos da ecologia do polvo comum, opiniões acerca do plano e de medidas de gestão e características demográficas. No primeiro artigo efetuou-se uma análise comparativa entre o conhecimento empírico dos pescadores e o de natureza científica obtido na literatura acerca de aspetos relacionados com o ciclo de vida do polvo. O segundo artigo analisou dados recolhidos durante o desenvolvimento da presente dissertação e dados previamente recolhidos no âmbito de um projeto sobre o plano e medidas de gestão do polvo na costa portuguesa. Estes dados foram compilados de forma a transmitir uma análise com maior alcance e que considerasse várias comunidades piscatórias. As comunidades piscatórias da costa portuguesa mostram uma dependência elevada deste recurso e revelaram um conhecimento aceitável do recurso que exploram. Foram identificadas diferentes perceções a algumas medidas de gestão entre as regiões, mas, de uma forma geral, duas medidas de gestão revelaram-se como significativamente aceites: implementação de defeso à pesca e desenvolvimento de um plano de gestão por pescadores. Ainda, de uma forma geral, os pescadores não se mostraram satisfeitos com a gestão atual do polvo, o que se revela nas suas atitudes perante limitações definidas por lei. O desenvolvimento de ações de sensibilização acerca das características biológicas do polvo e dos impactos da pesca pode promover uma maior compreensão e respeito pelas medidas de gestão. Da mesma forma, a sua participação poderá aumentar a recetividade do setor à gestão. Ainda, o envolvimento dos pescadores no desenvolvimento das medidas de gestão pode provocar uma maior responsabilidade dos pescadores sob o recurso.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Cidadania Ambiental e Participação apresentada à Universidade Aberta
A comunidade de Pescadores de Cascais, possuidora de uma prestigiante ligação histórica às pescas e ao oceano, sempre mostrou dependência dos recursos marinhos para sobreviver, e sempre teve na dependência a coesão social municipal, por via do emprego direto e indireto, neste momento associado a setores a montante e jusante das pescas, onde se destaca o comércio, gastronomia e turismo. Apesar de ser considerada estratégica para a dinamização local, ainda não erradicou completamente atuações deploráveis contra o ecossistema marinho, sua fonte de rendimento, colocando em causa o equilíbrio da biota, e em último lugar a sua própria existência. É urgente uma simbiose entre a oferta do oceano e a procura dos pescadores. Para transformar o comportamento da comunidade, tornando-o mais sustentável, foi necessário saber como esta pensa e atua, para que as propostas de alteração sejam direcionadas. Para isso aplicaram-se dois inquéritos, um no âmbito da compreensão da sustentabilidade dos recursos marinhos, outro para avaliação do processo de certificação do Polvo de Cascais, que já leva um ano de vigência. O primeiro avaliou os conhecimentos dos marítimos sobre a sustentabilidade dos recursos marinhos, e sobre as práticas conducentes a uma maior sustentabilidade, determinou a dependência dos recursos, e reportou que a comunidade tem um bom nível de conhecimento das problemáticas relacionadas com a sustentabilidade das pescas. Ainda permitiu identificar atitudes insustentáveis, sobretudo no que se refere às capturas, e diagnosticou o que na opinião dos marítimos determina a atual crise de sobre-exploração de algumas espécies, o que isso representa, e o que estão dispostos a fazer para reequilibrar as populações. O segundo avaliou o grau de execução do processo de certificação, e a criação da marca Polvo de Cascais, enquanto iniciativa promotora de uma pesca consciente, dinamizadora da economia local e impulsionadora de um consumo de maior qualidade, portanto um instrumento ao serviço do Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Permitiu concluir que o processo foi pouco conseguido e inofensivo (sem resultados), por falta de estrutura e planeamento, empreendedorismo, e devido à deficiente implementação e ao reduzido empenho de todos os intervenientes no processo. Esta iniciativa ainda continua a merecer o apoio dos marítimos mas provou requerer vários ajustamentos, pelo que se consubstanciaram sinergias num bloco final de soluções alternativas à situação atual, de apoio à decisão do poder local, nas quais os pescadores sentem confiança, e com as quais concordam colaborar na sua implementação, gestão e monitorização. Os resultados convergiram quanto à necessidade da utilização consciente dos recursos marinhos, especialmente dos haliêuticos, porque possuem potencial para dinamizar os vários setores económicos de Cascais.
The fishing community of Cascais, owner of a prestigious historical connection to fisheries and to the ocean, has always been dependent on marine resources to survive, which gave it a local social cohesion, through the direct and indirect employment, currently associated to upstream and downstream sectors of fisheries, where it is noted the trade, the gastronomy and the tourism. Although it is considered strategic to the local regeneration, it has not completely eradicated deplorable actions against the marine ecosystem, their source of income, jeopardizing the balance of biota and its existence. It’s important to create a symbiosis between what the ocean can supply and what fishermen demand. To transform the behaviour of the community, making it more sustainable, we needed to know how it thinks and acts, so that we can direct the proposed changes. For this purpose we applied two surveys: one in the understanding of the sustainability of marine resources, and the other to evaluate the certification process of the Octopus of Cascais, which already has a year of duration. The first survey evaluated the knowledge of seafarers about the sustainability of marine resources and the practices leading to greater sustainability. It determined the dependence of resources, and reported that the community has a good knowledge of issues related to sustainable fisheries. It also allowed to identify unsustainable attitudes, mainly about the captures, and to diagnose (according to the seafarers) what determines the current crisis of overfishing of some species, what it represents, and what they are willing to do to rebalance the populations. The second survey evaluated the degree of implementation of the certification process, and the branding of Octopus of Cascais (Polvo de Cascaistm) as an initiative that promotes a conscious fishing, dynamizing the local economy and stimulating a consumption of higher quality, so an instrument for Sustainable Development. It concluded that the process was poorly achieved and harmless (without results), due to a lack of structure and planning, entrepreneurship, and to the poor implementation and the reduced commitment of all the people involved in the process. This initiative continues to have the support of seafarers but it proved to require several adjustments, so synergies where merged into a final block of alternatives to the current situation, supporting the local government decisions, in which fishermen feel confident, and with which they agree to collaborate in its implementation, management and monitoring. The results converged on the need for wise use of marine resources, especially fisheries, because they have the potential to boost the several economic sectors of Cascais.
La comunidad de Pescadores de Cascais, poseedora de una prestigiosa relación histórica con el arte de la pesca y el océano, siempre mostro dependencia de los recursos marinos para sobrevivir, y siempre tuvo también en esa dependencia su cohesión social municipal, mediante empleo directo e indirecto, en este momento asociado de principio a fin al sector pesquero, donde destaca el comercio, la gastronomía y el turismo. A pesar de ser considerada estratégica para la dinamización local, todavía no ha erradicado totalmente algunas actuaciones deplorables contra el ecosistema marino, su fuente de rendimientos, colocando en causa el equilibrio de su biodiversidad, y en último lugar su propia existencia. Es urgente una simbiosis entre la oferta del océano y la demanda de los pescadores. Para transformar el comportamiento de dicha comunidad, transformándolo en un modelo sostenible, fue necesario conocer su manera de pensar y actuar, de modo que las propuestas de alteración sean correctamente dirigidas. Para ello se aplicaron dos modelos de encuesta, uno en el ámbito de la comprensión de la sostenibilidad de los recursos marinos, otro para la evaluación del proceso de certificación del Pulpo de Cascais, ya vigente desde hace un año. El primer modelo, evaluó los conocimientos de los marineros sobre la sostenibilidad de los recursos marinos, y sobre las prácticas que conducen a una mayor sostenibilidad, determinó la dependencia de los recursos, y demostró que la comunidad tiene un alto nivel de conocimiento acerca de las problemáticas relacionadas con la sostenibilidad de las pescas. También permitió identificar actitudes intolerables, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a las capturas, y diagnosticó lo que en opinión de los pescadores determina la actual crisis de sobreexplotación de algunas especies, lo que esto significa, y lo que están dispuestos a hacer para reequilibrar las poblaciones de tales especies. La segunda encuesta, evaluó el grado de ejecución del proceso de certificación, y la creación de la marca Pulpo de Cascais (Polvo de Cascais), representando una iniciativa promotora de una pesca consciente, dinamizadora de la economía local y propulsora de un consumo de mayor calidad, por tanto un instrumento al servicio del Desarrollo Sostenible. Permitió concluir que dicho proceso no fue muy exitoso (sin resultados), debido a la falta de estructura y planificación, falta de emprendedores, y también debido a la deficiente implementación y al reducido empeño por parte de todos los elementos intervinientes en el proceso. Esta iniciativa aun continua mereciendo el apoyo de los marineros, pero demostró requerir algunos ajustes, por lo que se reunieron sinergias en un bloque final de soluciones alternativas a la situación actual, de apoyo a la decisión del poder local, en las cuales los pescadores depositan su confianza, y con las cuales acuerdan colaborar en su implementación, gestión y monitorización. Los resultados irán destinados a la necesidad de una utilización consciente de los recursos marinos, especialmente de los pesqueros, ya que estos poseen el potencial para dinamizar los diferentes sectores económicos de Cascais.
Die Gemeinde von Fischern in Cascais, die über einer prestigeträchtigen historischen Verbindung zur Fischerei und dem Ozean besitzt, zeigten immer die Abhängigkeit von marine Ressourcen für das Überleben, und war schon immer abhängig von den örtlichen sozialen Zusammenhalt. Über die direkte und indirekte Beschäftigung, zur Zeit mit vor-und nachgelagerten Sektoren der Fischerei, die den Handel, Gastronomie und touristischen Highlights verbinden. Obwohl sie als strategisch für die lokale Regeneration gilt, hat sie noch nicht vollständig die beklagenswerten Handlungen gegen das marine Ökosystem beseitigt, ihre Einkommensquelle, gefährdet das Gleichgewicht der Flora und Fauna, und schließlich seine Existenz. Eine Symbiose zwischen den Angebot des Ozeans und Nachfrage von den Fischern ist notwendig. Um das Verhalten der Gemeinde zu verwandeln, so dass es nachhaltiger wird, müssen wir wissen, wie sie denkt und handelt, so dass die vorgeschlagenen Änderungen gerichtet sind. Zu diesem Zweck wandten wir zwei Umfragen, eines im Verständnis über die Nachhaltigkeit der Ressourcen des Meeres, das andere über den Zertifizierungsprozess der Krake von Cascais, die bereits seit einem Jahr beobachtet wird. Die erste beurteilt die Kenntnisse der Seeleute auf die Nachhaltigkeit der Meeresressourcen, und die Praktiken die zu mehr Nachhaltigkeit führen, es hat die Abhängigkeit von bestimmten Ressourcen festgestellt, und berichtet, dass die Gemeinde eine gute Kenntnis der Probleme im Zusammenhang mit einer nachhaltigen Fischerei hat. Es wurde auch unhaltbare Verhaltensweisen identifiziert, insbesondere in Bezug auf den Fang, und es wurde diagnostiziert was, in der meinung der Marine, die aktuelle Krise der Überfischung einiger Arten ist, was es darstellt, und was sie bereit sind zu tun um die Bevölkerungen auszugleichen. Die zweite Auswertung burteilt den Grad der Umsetzung des Zertifizierungsprozesses, und das Branding von Cascais Oktopus (Polvo de Cascais), die Initiative fördert eine bewusste Fischerei, aktive Ansteuerung der lokalen Wirtschaft und den Konsum von höherer Qualität, also um ein Instrument für nachhaltige Entwicklung. Es hate als Schluss, dass der Prozess schlecht verwaltet und harmlos war (keine Ergebnisse), durch Mangel an Struktur und Planung, Unternehmergeist, und aufgrund der schlechten Umsetzung und der reduzierten Engagement aller Beteiligten in den Prozess. Diese Initiative verdient auch weiterhin die Unterstützung von Seeleuten, hat aber erwiesen dass es noch einige Anpassungen erfordert, also haben sich Synergien consubstantiated, in einem abschließenden Block von Alternativen zur gegenwärtigen Situation, als Support zur Decision der lokalen Regierung, denen die Fischer vertrauen, und mit denen sie zur zusammenarbeit zustimmen, in ihrer Umsetzung, Verwaltung und Monitoring. Die Ergebnisse trafen sich in der Notwendigkeit für eine vernünftige Nutzung der Ressourcen des Meeres, vor allem die Fischerei, weil sie das Potenzial besitzen, die verschiedenen Wirtschaftssektoren von Cascais zu stäken.

Australian waters contain the highest diversity of cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish and octopus) found anywhere in the world. They are highly significant ecologically, both as top-level predators and as prey for numerous vertebrates, including fishes, seals, cetaceans and seabirds. Cephalopods of Australia and Sub-Antarctic Territories is a comprehensive guide covering 226 species, which represent over a quarter of the world’s cephalopod fauna. With an emphasis on identification, this book includes keys, species descriptions, full-colour illustrations and distribution maps, as well as a summary of the biology and behaviour of cephalopods and fisheries information. This is an invaluable tool for researchers and fisheries experts as well as amateur naturalists, fishers and divers.

<em>Abstract.</em>—Recent observations from trawling and submersibles have shown several species of cephalopods to be common in slope-waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean. The slope-water cephalopods include the commercially-important genus <em> Illex</em>, taxonomy of which remains troubling in the area off Charleston because of the possibility that <em> I. oxygonius </em>is a hybrid. Other common species include another ommastrephid <em> Ornithoteuthis antillarum</em>, single species of <em> Mastigoteuthis</em>, <em> Brachioteuthis</em>, and <em> Pholidoteuthis</em>, several cranchiids, histioteuthids, and sepiolids, two octopodids, the pelagic incirrate octopod <em> Haliphron atlanticus</em>, and the cirrate octopod <em> Stauroteuthis syrtensis</em>. Behavior and distribution of these species contrast with those of truly open-ocean cephalopods, which also are present in slope waters. In-situ observations have shown that several of the squids are more strongly associated with the bottom than was previously supposed and that many of the slope-water cephalopods exhibit unexpected behaviors.