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Journal articles on the topic 'Oculocardiac Reflex'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Eldweik, Luai T., and Shaikha Aljneibi. "Restrictive strabismus and gaze-evoked oculocardiac reflex following pterygium repair with fibrin glue." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 2050313X2211224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x221122459.

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Oculocardiac reflex is a phenomenon caused by traction applied to the extraocular muscles, or pressure on the globes. The afferent stimulus travels via the ophthalmic branch of cranial nerve V, and the efferent stimulus travels via cranial nerve X, which can cause severe bradycardia and potentially hypotension, atrioventricular block, ventricular ectopy, and rarely asystole. Oculocardiac reflex is different from vasovagal syncope which has another pathway, and is triggered by pain or emotional upset, that results in failure of autoregulation of blood pressure. Ophthalmologists often observe oc

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2

Naff, Katherine A., Suzanne Craig, and Kenneth Gray. "Diagnosis: Oculocardiac Reflex." Lab Animal 33, no. 6 (2004): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0604-24.

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3

Arnold, Robert W. "The Oculocardiac Reflex: A Review." Clinical Ophthalmology Volume 15 (June 2021): 2693–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/opth.s317447.

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4

Hazrati, Ezatollah. "The oculocardiac reflex in adults." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 78, no. 1 (1986): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198607000-00039.

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5

Schumacher, August C., Michelle L. Ball, Andrew W. Arnold, Robin L. Grendahl, R. Kevin Winkle, and Robert W. Arnold. "Oculocardiac Reflex During ROP Exams." Clinical Ophthalmology Volume 14 (December 2020): 4263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/opth.s288043.

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6

Munden, Paul M., Keith D. Carter, and Jeffrey A. Nerad. "The Oculocardiac Reflex During Enucleation." American Journal of Ophthalmology 111, no. 3 (1991): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72332-3.

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7

Pryne, S. J., and J. C. Edwards. "Vecuronium and the oculocardiac reflex." Anaesthesia 40, no. 1 (1985): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1985.tb10524.x.

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8

MIRAKHUR, R. K., W. F. I. SHEPHERD, and C. J. JONES. "Ventilation and the oculocardiac reflex." Anaesthesia 41, no. 8 (1986): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb13125.x.

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9

Blanc, V. F. "Ventilation and the oculocardiac reflex." Anaesthesia 42, no. 3 (1987): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb03066.x.

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10

Arnold, Robert W., Russell Biggs, and Brion Beerle. "Dexmetadomidine (Precedex) increases oculocardiac reflex." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 21, no. 4 (2017): e38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.07.133.

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11

Montero, Javier A., Jose M. Ruiz-Moreno, Marta Fernandez-Muñoz, and Maria Camino Gonzalez-Martinez. "Asymptomatic oculocardiac reflex during phacoemulsification." Acta Ophthalmologica 88, no. 2 (2010): e52-e53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01538.x.

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12

Lang, Scott A., and Michael Van der Wal. "Death from the oculocardiac reflex." Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 41, no. 2 (1994): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03009813.

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13

Smith, R. Brian. "Death and the oculocardiac reflex." Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 41, no. 8 (1994): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03015643.

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14

Cobb, Lindsey B., and Robert W. Arnold. "Ice Slush Oculocardiac Reflex Reduction." Anesthesia & Analgesia 136, no. 6 (2023): e43-e44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000006496.

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15

Mittal, Bharat, and Arun Kumar Singh. "Oculocardiac reflex during DCR surgery-An unusual presentation." Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology 36, no. 3 (2024): 282–84. https://doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_13_23.

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Oculocardiac reflex (OCR) is a physiological response of the heart to physical stimulation of the eye or ocular adnexa. It is defined by the appearance of bradycardic arrhythmia during ocular surgery. It is defined as decrease in heart rate from baseline values by atleast 10% to 20%. We report an unusual presentation of oculocardiac reflex during DCR surgery in a 65-year-old female while suturing the muscle layer and which gets resolved as soon as the sutures are removed. OCR during DCR surgery has been rarely reported in the literature and here we present one such case.

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16

Ducloyer, Jean-Baptiste, Chloé Couret, Cécile Magne, et al. "Prospective evaluation of anesthetic protocols during pediatric ophthalmic surgery." European Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 6 (2018): 606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118804798.

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Purpose: To date, no protocol of anesthesia for pediatric ophthalmic surgery is unanimously recognized. The primary anesthetic risks are associated with strabismus surgery, including oculocardiac reflex, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and postoperative pain. Methods: This was a prospective, monocentric, observational study conducted in a tertiary pediatric ophthalmic unit. Our anesthetic protocol for strabismus surgery included postoperative nausea and vomiting prevention using dexamethasone and ondansetron. No drug-based prevention of oculocardiac reflex or local/locoregional anesthesia w

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17

Maharaj, K., R. Cedrola, and T. Mirza. "Asystole during Le Fort 1 osteotomy: the trigeminovagal reflex." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 102, no. 9 (2020): e1-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2020.0126.

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The trigeminovagal reflex is a phenomenon that occurs rarely during maxillofacial surgery. Previously described as the oculocardiac reflex, this reflex can occur during ocular and periocular surgery. To be more anatomically precise, it was renamed the trigeminocardiac or trigeminovagal reflex, since stimulation of any part of the trigeminal nerve can elicit this reflex arc. We describe a case of asystole during mobilization of a maxilla following a Le Fort 1 osteotomy.

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18

Ginsburg, Robin N., Mont J. Cartwright, Sharlet S. Murad, and Christine C. Nelson. "Oculocardiac Reflex in the Anophthalmic Socket." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 23, no. 2 (1992): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1542-8877-19920201-17.

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19

Mimura, Tatsuya, Shiro Amano, Hideharu Funatsu, et al. "Oculocardiac reflex caused by contact lenses." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 23, no. 3 (2003): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00114.x.

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20

Khalil, Samia N. "Heart Rate and the Oculocardiac Reflex." Anesthesia & Analgesia 74, no. 1 (1992): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199201000-00034.

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21

Goudsouzian, Nishan G., and Lynne Ferrari. "Heart Rate and the Oculocardiac Reflex." Anesthesia & Analgesia 74, no. 1 (1992): 166???167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199201000-00035.

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22

Loewinger, Jacob. "Heart Rate and the Oculocardiac Reflex." Anesthesia & Analgesia 74, no. 1 (1992): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199201000-00036.

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23

Jain, Aditi, Aditi Mehta, Usha Singh, and Vikas Saini. "Oculocardiac reflex in an anophthalmic eye." Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 64, no. 2 (2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ija.ija_713_19.

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24

Schaller, B. J. "Ketamine and decrease of oculocardiac reflex." Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 52, no. 3 (2008): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01513.x.

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25

KHAN, F., M. M. ANKUTSE, and R. MUWA. "Oculocardiac reflex from the empty orbit." Anaesthesia 41, no. 4 (1986): 441–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb13253.x.

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26

Sinha, Renu, and Kanil Ranjith Kumar. "Intravenous dexmedetomidine augments the oculocardiac reflex." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 23, no. 1 (2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.09.001.

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27

Arnold, Robert W., Russell E. Biggs, and Brion J. Beerle. "Intravenous dexmedetomidine augments the oculocardiac reflex." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 22, no. 3 (2018): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.01.016.

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28

Ziccardi, Vincent B., James Russavage, George C. Sotereanos, and Gary T. Patterson. "Oculocardiac reflex: Pathophysiology and case report." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 71, no. 2 (1991): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(91)90453-j.

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29

Matarasso, Alan. "The Oculocardiac Reflex in Blepharoplasty Surgery." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 83, no. 2 (1989): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198902000-00006.

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30

Matarasso, Alan, and David J. Steward. "The Oculocardiac Reflex in Blepharoplasty Surgery." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 83, no. 2 (1989): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198902000-00007.

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31

Sires, Bryan S. "Orbital Trapdoor Fracture and Oculocardiac Reflex." Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 15, no. 4 (1999): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002341-199907000-00014.

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32

Bloch, Mathew. "Oculocardiac reflex: ‘My heart just stopped’." Emergency Medicine Australasia 30, no. 4 (2018): 592–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13113.

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33

Sharma, R., G. K. Thapliyal, R. Sinha, and P. S. Menon. "Oculocardiac reflex and maxillofacial surgical procedures." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 36, no. 11 (2007): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2007.08.456.

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34

Arnold, R. W., G. G. Hohberger, and A. B. Gould. "The Oculocardiac Reflex in Identical Twins." Archives of Ophthalmology 106, no. 7 (1988): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1988.01060140021007.

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35

Koc, Hakan, Serkan Özen, and Murat Atabey Özer. "Severe oculocardiac reflex during intravitreal injection." Journal of Retina-Vitreous 32, no. 4 (2023): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.37845/ret.vit.2023.32.44.

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36

Ritonga, Diva Zuniar, Dedi Fitri Yadi, and Muhamad Adli. "Anesthesia Management of Oculocardiac Reflex in Strabismus Surgery: A Case Study." Jurnal Anestesi Perioperatif 9, no. 1 (2021): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15851/jap.v9n1.2388.

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There are various types of eye surgery with each requires special attention in anesthesia management. Strabismus surgery has several risks that need to be considered; one of which is oculocardiac reflex. The oculocardiac reflex is a condition characterized by decreased heart rate caused by the pressure on the globe or by traction on the extraocular muscles and conjunctiva or the orbital structures. This reflex can manifest as an asystole if left untreated. This is a case report of a 19-year-old male with ASA classification 1 presented with esotropia of left and right eyes. General anesthesia w

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37

Akram, Mehreen, Iqra Mushtaq, and Rafia Kousar. "Prevention of Oculocardiac Reflex by Premedication With Low Dose I/V Ketamine during Strabismus Surgery." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 10 (2021): 2652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115102652.

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Background: OCR commonly occurs during strabismus surgery, producing bradycardia, arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest after manipulation of orbital structures. Ketamine is NMDA receptor antagonist and acts as an analgesic. Aim: To determine the effect of ketamine premedication on prevention of OCR during strabismus surgery. Study design: Randomized control trial Methodology: 60 patients were randomly divided into two groups i.e., Ketamine 0.75mg/kg (Group K) and control (Group C). Group K patients were premedicated with 0.75mg/kg ketamine while Group C patients did not receive any premedicatio

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38

Miyazaki, Hidetaka, Steffani Krista Someda, Tatsuro Yokoyama, Aric Vaidya, Hirohiko Kakizaki, and Yasuhiro Takahashi. "Orbital Trapdoor Fracture With Extraocular Muscle Entrapment in Adults: A Case Series." Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 40, no. 1 (2023): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iop.0000000000002508.

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Purpose: To report adult patients with an orbital trapdoor fracture with extraocular muscle entrapment. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 566 adult patients (>18 years) with a pure orbital fracture who were referred to us from January 2016 to May 2023. The following data were collected: age, sex, affected side, causes of injury, concomitant ocular injury and nasal bone fracture, presence or absence of oculocardiac reflex and infraorbital nerve hypesthesia, period from injury to surgery, follow-up period, and pre- and postoperative limitation of extraocular muscle motility and fields of a

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39

Arnold, Robert W., Gus Schumacher, Michelle Ball, Andrew W. Arnold, Robin L. Grendahl, and R. K. Winkle. "Oculocardiac reflex during retinopathy of prematurity exams." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 25, no. 4 (2021): e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.08.056.

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40

Uda, Hirokazu, Yasusih Sugawara, Syunji Sarukawa, and Ataru Sunaga. "The oculocardiac reflex in aponeurotic blepharoptosis surgery." Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery 48, no. 3 (2013): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/2000656x.2013.836529.

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41

Bhatiwal, Akshay, Sagarika Aggarwal, Shalini Virani, Sanjeev Kumar, and Parveen Rewri. "Oculocardiac Reflex during Pupilloplasty under Peribulbar Block." Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology 33, no. 2 (2023): 105–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/dljo.dljo_66_23.

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A 25-year-old healthy man developed sinus bradycardia during pupilloplasty under peribulbar anesthesia. During slippage of 3rd suture, the patient complained of uneasiness, lightheadedness, and nausea. His heart rate had fallen to 39/min in sinus rhythm. Intravenous atropine was injected, which improved patients’ symptoms and heart rate to baseline. Oculocardiac reflex (OCR) has not been reported with pupilloplasty so far. This case highlights that the risk of OCR is inconspicuous in ocular procedures under peribulbar anesthesia, and monitoring of heart rate and swift response is needed to ave

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42

Matarasso, Alan. "Keeping an eye on the oculocardiac reflex." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 49, no. 4 (1991): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(91)90400-g.

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43

Paciuc, Miguel, Gerardo Mendieta, and Ramon Naranjo. "Oculocardiac reflex during laser in situ keratomileusis." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 24, no. 10 (1998): 1317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-3350(98)80221-6.

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44

Baek, Hong In, Byung Cheol Park, Wee Hwang Kim, and Won Sang Son. "Oculocardiac reflex during the endoscopic sinus surgery." American Journal of Otolaryngology 31, no. 2 (2010): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2008.11.005.

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45

Yoo, Jason J., Kriya E. Gishen, and Seth R. Thaller. "The Oculocardiac Reflex: Its Evolution and Management." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 32, no. 1 (2020): e80-e83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000006995.

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46

Felber, Daniel, Francoise Roulez, and Anja Palmowski-Wolfe. "Influence of Pre- and Intraoperative Local Anaesthetic in Strabismus Surgery under General Anaesthesia in Adults." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 241, no. 04 (2024): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-2268-9411.

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Abstract Background As studies have shown a reduction in the occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex with the addition of local anaesthesia, we changed our care regime accordingly a few years ago. To promote and establish better patient care, we retrospectively analysed the files of our patients who underwent strabismus surgery from 2013 to 2021 in order to compare strabismus surgery under general anaesthesia with and without local anaesthetics in a routine clinical setting. Patients and Methods Data from 238 adult patients who had undergone strabismus surgery could be extracted from the files:

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47

Dandekar, Prajakta, Sanil Mohan, and Vinod Baranwal. "Oculocardiac reflex in phacoemulsification: Peribulbar vs topical anesthesia." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 69, no. 4 (2021): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_1019_20.

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48

Arora, Vivek, and Alex Lee. "Oculocardiac reflex: an unusual trigger during dental surgery." Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 47, no. 4 (2021): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2021.47.4.335.

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49

Hazrati, Ezatollah. "Oculocardiac reflex from the empty orbit. Anaesthesia 38." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 77, no. 1 (1986): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198601000-00047.

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50

Kim, Jae Hong, Kyung Soo Park, Seong Doo Cho, Nam Won Song, and Keon Hwa Lee. "The Oculocardiac Reflex during Strabismus Surgery in Children." Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 20, no. 6 (1987): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1987.20.6.824.

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