Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Odal'

Amongst the Iron Age Scandinavian elite, there are several supra-regional and multifaceted tripartite (or threefold) symbolic expressions. These include expressions found in art, artefacts and monuments, such as the triangular stone-settings, or Sw. treuddar, which may be the strongest manifestation in the landscape. In addition, tripartite symbolism is found in the elite’s óðal-claims and also Norse mythological structures. Due to the widespread pervasiveness of tripartite symbology within the culture of the Iron Age elite, these phenomena are conceptualised in the theoretical framework of a ‘tripartite ideology’. This study addresses the questions of why was the tripartite ideology so enduring within the Nordic Iron Age, in what ways did it manifest and what positions did it hold in the Iron Age elite’s socio-cultural and religious thought-world? This research examines the monumental, artefactual, social and mythological manifestations of the tripartite ideology in Iron Age Scandinavia. The objective is to formulate a theory which synthesises the various expressions of tripartite symbology using a source-pluralistic methodology, which combines archaeological evidence with both emic (insider) and etic (outsider) historical sources, alongside religious studies and semiotics in order to provide a more representative picture of the function of treuddar and tripartite symbolism in the Iron Age elite milieu. The result of this methodology is that the tripartite ideology is connected with the Iron Age elite’s ancestral óðal-claims based on a legendary or divine descent, along with acting as a‘liminal locus’ whereby the Other World could be accessed.

The industry for autonomous vehicles is growing. According to studies nine out of ten traffic accidents are due to the human factor, if the safety can get good enough in autonomous cars they have the potential to save thousands of lives every year. But obstacle detecting autonomous robots can be used in other situations as well, for example where the terrain is inaccessible for humans because of different reasons. In this project, a self navigating obstacle detecting robot was made. The robot uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles and avoid them. An algorithm of the navigation of the robot was created and implemented to the Arduino. For driving the wheels, two servo motors were used. The robot consisted of three wheels, two in the back to which the servo motors were attached and one caster wheel in the front. This made it possible to implement differential drive which enabled quick and tight turns. Tests were performed which showed that the robot could successfully navigate in a room with various obstacles placed out. The placement of the sensors worked good considering the amount of sensors that was used. Improvements in detection of obstacles could have been made if more sensors had been used. The tests also confirmed that ultrasonic sensors works good for this kind of task.
Industrin för självkörande fordon växer. Enligt studier beror nio av tio trafikolyckor på den mänskliga faktorn, om säkerheten kan bli tillräckligt bra i självkörande bilar har de potential att rädda tusentals liv varje år. Men hinderupptäckande självkörande robotar kan användas i andra situationer också, till exempel i terräng som är otillgänglig för människor av olika anledningar.  I det här projektet har en självnavigerande hinderupptäckande robot byggts. Roboten använder ultraljudssensorer för att upptäcka hinder och unvika dem. En algoritm för navigationen av roboten skapades och implementerades i Arduinon. För drivningen av hjulen användes två servomotorer. Roboten hade tre hjul, två i den bakre änden till vilka servomotorerna var fästa och ett länkhjul fram. Det möjliggjorde differentialstyrning vilket också tillät snabba och snäva svängar.  Tester genomfördes som visade att roboten kunde navigera i ett rum med olika hinder utplacerade utan större problem. Placeringen av sensorerna fungerade bra med tanke på det antal sensorer som användes. Förbättringar av hinderupptäckningen hade kunnat göras om fler sensorer hade använts. Testerna bekräftade också att ultraljudssensorer fungerar bra för denna typ av uppgift.

Detta arbete undersöker hur den nya zeeländska läsinlärningsmodellen Whole language kan se ut i praktiken på en svensk skola utifrån läsinlärningsmaterialet Kiwi. Syftet med undersökningen är att ta reda på hur materialet är uppbyggt, hur lärarna arbetar med det och vad de anser om metoden som bygger på läsning i tre former: gemensam, vägledd och självständig. Min metod består av tre delar: kvalitativa intervjuer med 5 lärare på min VFT-skola, hänvisningar till min fältdagbok som jag skrev där och en mindre textgranskning av kiwimaterialet. Det viktigaste resultatet är att det finns både lärare som helt har tagit metoden till sig och lärare som skulle vilja slippa arbeta med den. Min viktigaste slutsats är att Kiwi och storbok fungerar bäst om det finns resurser för det. En annan slutsats är att ljudningstekniken måste, på ett meningsfullt sätt, få en plats i en Whole languagebaserad undervisning.

This paper studies the fragmentation and reuse of early christian monuments ("eskilstunakistor") in churches in Östergötland during the medieval period. This is found to have been done in two stages. The first stage shows a collectivization of society. Within religion the change from ancestoral cult towards the saints' cult is important as the fragments are reused like relics. During the second stage the collectivization has been fulfilled, and the reuse is instead part of the christian churches' strategy for incorporating old powerful symbols from the landscape into their own church building.

La tesis analiza las ideas de modernidad y su impacto en la transformación de la práctica productiva arquitectónica portuguesa, a través de la especificidad producida por un grupo de arquitectos de Oporto, el ODAM que defendió los ideales modernos en sus trabajos y manifiestos, individuales y colectivos. Se indagan los fundamentos estéticos y conceptuales defendidos por el grupo en las premisas de la modernidad hacia una puesta en valor de las vivencias humanistas y culturales portuguesas.

La elección del grupo como objeto de la tesis surgió tanto por el interés en definir su relevancia en el marco de la arquitectura portuguesa, como por profundizar el estudio de la idea de lo "colectivo", como vehículo ideológico de la divulgación de los principios "Modernos". Principios tomados como premisas colectivas, que nos permitirán, en la especificidad del grupo, revelar las líneas de pensamiento fundamentales y conocer una producción en la que se establece una dialéctica entre los valores modernos y los valores permanentes culturales y productivos.

La estructura general del trabajo se organizó metodológicamente en cuatro partes.
La parte I, se dedicó a la formulación de las hipótesis trabajo y a plantear los interrogantes en torno a su objeto de análisis: el grupo ODAM.
En la parte II, se abordan las preocupaciones generales del grupo a través de los proyectos de carácter "expositivo" constituidos como "modelos absolutos" que ellos proponen.
La parte III profundiza en la materialización de sus preocupaciones en la confrontación con la práctica productivas, a través del estudio de obras singulares seleccionadas que se constituyen como paradigmas de modos de hacer.
Se concluye en parte IV, con la reflexión teórica en el marco de la producción y la síntesis crítica de las contribuciones arquitectónicas más relevantes elaboradas por el grupo, temas que pretenden responder a las preguntas efectuadas en la I parte.

El trabajo ha puesto el énfasis la formalidad singular del grupo, a través del descubrimiento y definición de tres "patrones", que revelan las preocupaciones inherentes a sus modos de concebir. El período temporal definido entre 45 y 55 corresponde a la afirmación de la identidad del Grupo ODAM que se constituyó en 1947 y tuvo su apogeo en la exposición en el Ateneu Comercial do Porto, en 1951.
El primer "patrón" corresponde genéricamente a la producción pre-moderna del Grupo, donde la expresión de los artefactos pesa más que sus contenidos modernos. Etapa averiguadora de las primeras obras polémicas que abren camino a la necesidad de los arquitectos de asociarse en uno grupo reivindicativo, con intereses y modos de actuación comunes.
El segundo, "patrón" corresponde a una producción en la que los contenidos formales corresponden a los nuevos valores y evidencian la confianza total en la nueva era, una filosofía y metodología del proyecto que se generan de forma más abstracta, como código universal total.
En el tercer. "patrón", asimilado y entendido el contenido moderno, se permiten incorporar otros valores. A la pureza abstracta de la forma se asocia la identidad local, más humanizada y la búsqueda de otros valores como la "memoria" y el "instinto".

Los tres patrones, que se plantean como premisas de estudio, permiten, cruzando la producción teórica y proyectual del colectivo, confirmar su amplitud y grado de pertenencia a la arquitectura Moderna en Portugal. Definir la importancia de los contenidos modernos -descubiertos en la afirmación del Grupo ODAM- precursores de una especificidad, que hoy genéricamente se entiende como la escuela de Oporto, se ha desvelado como un de los puntos de relevancia del trabajo, que ha permitido una mejor compresión de la validez actual de aquellos principios en la producción de la arquitectura portuguesa.
This dissertation instigate upon the premises of the modern and it's impact in the transformation of Portuguese architectonic practice, analyzed through the specificity of the architecture produced by a group of architects of Oporto, the ODAM group, that defended (the) modern ideals, in their individual and collective manifests. The aesthetic and conceptual foundations, constituted by this group, are researched as privileged instrument of Portuguese architectonic production outstanding the new proposal of the modernity in favour of Portuguese humanists and cultural values.

The election of this group stands on the idea of the "collective", as an ideological vehicle of divulgation of the "Modern" principles. Doctrine that is taken as collectives premises, accepted as transforming bases of architecture, in its respond to society, as a cultural phenomena, and that allowed, in the specificity of the group, to reveal the fundamental lines of a production confronted between the dialectic, of modern values and the permanent valences of cultural and productive artesian.

The general structure of the work was organized methodologically in four parts. The part I, is reserved to explain problematic issues within the work and summary the interrogations drown upon the analysis objects: the group ODAM. In the part II, are approached the general "apprehensions" (concerns) of this collective, showed through projects with a "expository" character and constituted/proposed by the group as "absolute models". The part III, deals with the intensive materialization of these concerns within the productive practice of the group, through the study of selected (constructed) works treated as, paradigmatic manners of doing. To conclude in the part IV, with a theoretical reflection, of the global production and a synthetic critical of the most relevant architectonic contributions elaborated by the group, intended to answer the interrogations brought out in the part I.
The centrality of the work lies in the demand of understanding this "specific collective formality", by the sighting of three categories (of actuation) common to the elements of the group, here denominated as patterns, that reveal the main concerns, essential to its characterization and inherent to its conception. The period of study among 1945 to 1955 correspond to the statement of identity of the Group ODAM, constituted in 1947 and with its acme within the exhibition in 1951at the commercial athenaeum of OPorto.

The first pattern contest generically with the (initial) production of modern performs of the Group, where the expressions of the artefacts are more substantial /weighty than their modern contents. In this stage are identified the first polemics works that imply the architects to associate in a vindicate group with common architectonic interests and actuations. At this stage the production reveals a commitment with the conventional values not in favour of a modern radical.
In the second pattern, the formal contents correspond to an aim/ to total trust/ to belong to the ethics ideals of the machine age that is reflected in original uses, innovative programs, in the "rationalization of the function", in a philosophy and methodology of project that it is mirrored in a more abstract form, as a universal code .

In the third pattern, assimilated the modern content, other focal beliefs maybe added. To the pure abstractness of the form is associated the local identity, more humanized and the search of other relegated valences, the "memory" and the "instinct."
These three patterns that are presented as premises, try to confirm through the crossing of the theoretical and project production of the group, its pertinence as new mater of modern values in Portuguese architecture.

To define the importance of the modern contents, discovered in Group ODAM'S statement, as precursors of a specificity, that one today generically designate as the school of Oporto, constitute one of the points of relevance of the work turning understandable and valuable the actual productive processes in Portuguese architecture.
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A Tese parte das premissas do moderno e do seu impacto na transformação da prática produtiva arquitectónica portuguesa, analisada através da especificidade da arquitectura produzida por um grupo de arquitectos do Porto, o grupo ODAM que defenderam os ideais modernos nos seus trabalhos e manifestos individuais e colectivos. Indaga-se os fundamentos estéticos e conceptuais constituídos por este grupo, em defesa das novas valências da modernidade para a valorização de vivências humanistas e civilizacionais portuguesas.
A eleição deste grupo residiu no estudo da ideia do "colectivo", como veículo ideológico da divulgação dos princípios e cânones "Modernos", tomados como premissas colectivas e aceites como bases transformadores da arquitectura, na sua capacidade de resposta à sociedade. Assumindo-se como fenómeno cultural, permitiram, na especificidade do grupo, revelar as linhas de pensamento fundamentais e uma produção confrontada na dialéctica, dos valores modernos e das valências permanentes, culturais e produtivas.
A estrutura geral do trabalho organizou-se assim metodologicamente em quatro partes.
A parte I, reservada à explicação sumária da problemática do trabalho e das interrogações a colocar ao seu objecto de análise: o grupo ODAM.
Na parte II, abordam-se as preocupações gerais do colectivo através de projectos de carácter "expositivo" constituídos como "modelos absolutos" propostos pelo grupo.
A parte III, trata do aprofundamento e materialização destas preocupações no confronto com a prática produtiva, através do estudo de obras singulares seleccionadas que se constituem como paradigmas de modos de fazer.
Conclui-se na parte IV, com a reflexão teórica, do quadro de produção e a síntese crítica das contribuições arquitectónicas mais relevantes elaboradas pelo grupo em que os temas que pretendem responder às interrogações efectuadas na I parte.
A centralidade do trabalho residiu, deste modo, na procura de entendimento desta formalidade singular, através da descoberta e definição de três "padrões" de actuação que revelam preocupações inerentes ao seu modo de conceber e caracterizam a essência do grupo. O período temporal definido entre 45 e 55, correspondente à afirmação de identidade do Grupo ODAM que se constituiu como tal em 1947 e teve o seu apogeu com a exposição no ateneu comercial do Porto em 1951.
O primeiro "padrão" corresponde genericamente à produção de pré-forma moderna do Grupo, onde a expressão dos artefactos pesa mais do que os seus conteúdos modernos. É nesta etapa que se identificam as primeiras obras polémicas que abrem caminho à necessidade de os arquitectos se associarem num grupo reivindicativo, com interesses e modos de actuação comuns em que se revelam os primeiras procuras formais modernos, embora o compromisso com a representatividade dos valores convencionais se sobrepunha à vontade de ser radicalmente moderno.
No segundo "padrão", os conteúdos formais correspondem à pertença aos novos valores apoiados numa confiança total na nova era da máquina que se reflectem no uso, no programa, na "racionalização da função", numa filosofia e metodologia de projecto que se espelha numa forma mais abstracta, como código universal totalizante.
No terceiro "padrão", assimilado e entendido o conteúdo moderno, são outras valências que se querem somar. À pureza abstracta da forma associa-se a identidade local, mais humanizada e a procura de outras valências relegadas, a "memória" e o "instinto".
Estes três padrões que, de modo abdutivo, se apresentam como premissas de estudo, procuram através da produção teórica e projectual do colectivo, confirmar a amplitude e grau de pertinência dos valores modernos em Portugal. Definir a importância dos conteúdos modernos, descoberto na afirmação do Grupo ODAM, como percursores de uma especificidade, a que hoje genericamente se designa como a escola do Porto, constitui-se como um dos pontos de relevância do trabalho para o entendimento e validade actual dos processos produtivos da arquitectura portuguesa.

This study examines the abundance, distribution, reproduction and feeding behaviour of the Odax pullus (butterfish) around the Kaikoura Peninsula. O. pullus is one of a small number of species of herbivorous fish inhabiting temperate marine waters and is one of only two herbivorous species that are widely distributed in New Zealand and extend their ranges into cold southern latitudes. In this study, the abundance of butterfish across habitats and depths, and associations with other mobile reef fish species, were examined monthly for thirteen months. This enabled a determination of the spatial and temporal variability of butterfish populations. Visual underwater transects at nine sites showed that butterfish were associated exclusively with habitats dominated by large brown algae, particularly Lessonia variegata, Marginariella boryana and Carpophyllum spp. Abundance declined during winter, probably because larger fish migrated into deeper reef habitats. Recruitment occurred during summer. Butterfish are wide-ranging along the patch reefs around Kaikoura and there were no marked differences in the depth distribution of the different ontogenetic stages. Histological examination of gonads was used to determine sex, minimum size to reproduction, reproductive seasonality and length of the spawning season. Butterfish are reproductive from July to December, with peak gonad ripeness occurring in, September and October. There was a clear separation between sizes of female and male fish. No individuals < 370 mm SL, but all of those above this size, were males. This is suggestive that O. pullus is a protogynous hermaphrodite, which was further supported by the histological examination of gonads. Nine testes in fish> 380 mm SL contained both sperm and retained eggs. Nineteen female butterfish reached maturity at around 200 mm SL, which is smaller than found in earlier studies in the North Island. Scales and otoliths were used to estimate age. The number of distinct rings in these structures agreed well until the age six years, after which scales tended to under-estimate age. Despite the distinct size separation of female and male fish, the two sexes overlapped in ages over years 4 - 6. However, most of the oldest fish were males. Butterfish appear to be a fast-growing, relatively short-lived species that reaches a maximum age of around ten years. Very similar colour patterns of larger females and males indicated that visual sexing is often not accurate and, therefore, histological examination of the gonads is necessary to determine sex reliably, at least for larger individuals. Gut contents were analysed to determine the diet of butterfish and how it compared to findings of studies done in the North Island. The latitudinal change in the species mix of dominant large brown algae is reflected in the diet of O. pullus. Around Kaikoura, butterfish feed predominantly on the laminarian Lessonia variegata which is very abundant in subtidal habitats. Butterfish in northern New Zealand feed predominantly on Ecklonia radiata and Carpophyllum spp. This latitudinal diet shift indicates that butterfish are highly adaptable in their feeding habit. Furthermore, a small proportion of butterfish (6.5 %) targeted salps in their feeding. The presence of animal material in the gut contents of herbivorous fish has usually been ascribed to incidental feeding, but it is clear that this feeding is both opportunistic and selective in butterfish populations around Kaikoura. Spawning and its associated behaviours were not seen during this study, probably because they occur either in open water or else on deeper reefs. However, the sex distribution in Odax pullus indicates that this species has a complex social system and there is clear evidence of male territoriality during the reproductive period. There is considerable fishing pressure on butterfish populations around Kaikoura, which targets mostly larger fish. Despite this, the populations around Kaikoura seem to be robust. Butterfish have only a moderate life span for an inshore fish, but there are many juveniles in the local populations, indicating that there was successful recruitment for at least a few years,

Norrbotten är ett län med stora ytor och en liten befolkning. Regionen är dock långt ifrån att vara självförsörjande på livsmedel. Detta beror till stor del på det karga klimatet som inte tillåter god skörd av många stapelvaror. Detta förvärras av att det finns ett ointresse att producera livsmedel hos befolkningen i övrigt. För att ändå kunna föda befolkningen måste hundratusentals ton livsmedel importeras varje år, inte bara från övriga Sverige utan också resten av Europa och världen. Samtidigt finns det många stora industrier i länet och nästan varje större tätort har ett fjärrvärmesystem. Dessa anläggningar producerar stora mängder restvärme som till viss del tas tillvara på, men mycket går till spillo. I Luleå Energis fall är nästan all fjärrvärme producerad av restgaser från SSABs ståltillverkning, vilket innebär att värmen redan är en form av restenergi. Luleå Energi har en ambition att bidra till att restvärme nyttjas ytterligare i samhället än den redan görs, en idé är att använda den till odling. Under hösten 2019 utfördes ett examensarbete på Luleå Energi, där designen för en lämplig odlingsenhet togs fram. Det är från denna odlingsenhet som detta examensarbete tar avstamp. Energiberäkningar och diskussion med sakkunniga visar att det är möjligt att nyttja lågvärdig värme till odlingsenheten. Det kräver heller inte några komplicerade värmekomponenter för att uppnå en god uppvärmning. Implementering av returvärmebaserad uppvärmning i en odlingsenhet som ställs upp centralt i Luleå tätort hoppas väcka intresse hos befolkningen till odling, men även nyttjande av restvärme då odlingsenheten tar sin värme från fjärrvärmereturen. Odlingsenheten är alltså ämnad att tackla två problem med livsmedelsförsörjningen, dels ointresset samt det karga klimatet. En livscykelanalys visar att odlingsenheten även är hållbar på andra sätt, då den kräver mindre resurser och kortare transportsträckor, däremot är koldioxidutsläppen något högre. Effekten av att odlingsenhetens nyttjande av fjärrvärmereturen skulle sänka dess temperatur var dock försumbar om inte tusentals odlingsenheter utplaceras.
Norrbotten county has a small population but a large area, however it is far from being self-sufficient on food. This is in big part due to the rugged and cold climate, which prevents ample harvest of many staple foods. Food production is exacerbated by disinterest by the population at large. To still have enough, hundreds of thousands of tonnes of food is imported from the rest of Sweden, Europe and the world. At the same time, there are quite a few large industries in the county, and almost every large town has their own district heating network. These facilities produce enormous amounts of residual heat, some of this heat is made use of but alot also goes to waste. The heat in Luleå Energi's district heating network is mainly produced by residual gases from steel production at SSAB, therefore the heat is already a form of residue. Luleå Energi has an ambition to contribute to a much wider use of residual heat in society, one idea is to use it for cultivation. During the fall of 2019, a master thesis handling the design of a suitable cultivation unit was presented. From that thesis, this work has its basis. Litterature study, energy calculations, and discussion with experts show that it is possible to use residual heat for this cultivation unit. Using this heat also does not require any complicated heating system to get a good effect. Implementation of residual-based heating in a cultivation unit placed in central Luleå is hoped to awaken interest within the population for cultivation, but also interest in use of residual heat, as the cultivation unit uses heat from the return flow from the district heating network. The cultivation is as such meant to combat two problems regarding food production, both the disinterest and the climate. A life cycle analysis also show that the cultivation unit is sustainable in other ways, as it requires less resources and less transport, however the carbon emissions are somewhat higher. The presumed effect that the cultivation units use of the return flow would lower its temperature, was negligible however, unless thousands of cultivation units would be placed.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In this Dissertation we study the scattering of massless monochromatic scalar waves by 5-dimensional (5D) Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black holes. We compute the scattering phase shifts using Prüfer method for high frequencies and high-values of the angular multipole index l. The phase shifts are then used to analyze the glory effect, in comparison with the respective 4D values. In the case of low frequencies th total absorption is completely absent in some cases. The oscillatory behavior of the phase shift for large values of l, typical in the 4D case, now becomes absent. For high frequencies, the total absorption starts at much lower values of l, compared to the 4D case.
Nesta Dissertação estudamos o espalhamento de ondas escalares monocromáticas sem massa por buracos negros de Schwarzschild-Tangherlini em 5 dimensões (5D). Computamos os desvios de fase usando o método de Prüfer para altas freqüências e altos valores do índice de multipolo l. Os desvios de fase são para análise do efeito glória, comparando com os respectivos valores resultantes do caso do espalhamento em 4D. Para baixas freqüências a absorção total em 5D é, em alguns casos, totalmente ausente para l + 0. O comportamento oscilatório do desvio de fase para grandes valores de l, típico em 4D, agora desaparece. Para altas freqüências a absorção total em 5D começa para valores de l muito menores que aqueles respectivos ao caso 4D.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar se a meta da ajuda internacional de 0,7% da renda nacional dos países ricos a ser destinada à ajuda ao desenvolvimento ainda é adequada às condições mundiais atuais. Para tal, a dissertação investiga as origens da meta e as principais teorias econômicas e o contexto político que a fundamentaram. A revisão teórica mostrou que as teorias e modelos econômicos que embasaram a meta e sua lógica de assistência internacional são, em geral, considerados desatualizados no meio acadêmico. A análise empírica utilizou como metodologia o Two-Gap Model - com as mesmas premissas feitas para criar a meta na década de 1960, mas utilizando dados atuais - para estimar os valores da meta para os anos 2014-2019. Os resultados mostraram que, para quase todas as hipóteses, o montante da ajuda necessária para o desenvolvimento dos países pobres seria menor do que a meta sugere. Além disso, ao analisar diferentes regiões, foram encontrados números distintos para a meta, o que revela que a meta de 0,7% generalizou erroneamente as necessidades dos países em desenvolvimento.
This dissertation aims to verify whether the international aid target of 0.7% of the rich countries' national income to be destined to development aid is still adequate to the world current conditions. In order to do so, it investigates the origins of the target and the main economic theories and political context that underpinned it. The theoretical review showed that the economic theories and models that supported the target and its aid rationale are in general considered outdated in the academic field. The empirical analysis used the Two-Gap Model methodology - with the same assumptions made to create the target in the 1960s but using current data - to estimate the target's values for the years 2014-2019. The results showed that, for almost all assumptions, the amount of aid needed for the development of poor countries would be less than the target suggests. Furthermore, when analyzing different regions, distinct figures were found for the target, which reveals that the 0.7% target has wrongly generalized the developing countries' needs.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker framtagningen av ett bakteriellt cellulosamaterial (BC-material), samt undersöker om materialets vattenavvisande egenskaper kan förbättras för att kunna möjliggöra användning som textilt material. Arbetet grundar sig i det faktum att BC- materialet är av en hydrofil karaktär, något som den brittiska designern Suzanne Lee utryckt vara ett problem för dess användningsmöjligheter. Arbetet behandlar en litteraturstudie av BC, vilken ligger till grund för en experimentel del där odling, vattenavvisande beredningar och vattenavvisande tester utförts. Gällande BC-produktion och materialframtagning har faktorer som pH-värde, temperaturförhållanden, och recept visat sig påverka cellulosaproduktionen. Ett varmare temperaturförhållande på 30°C jämfört med rumstemperatur (20- 22°C) har uppvisat bättre cellulosatillväxt. Detsamma gäller även för användandet av äppelcidervinäger i odlingmediumet, vilket uppvisat positiva resultat. Testerna av det framtagna BC-membranet har för det första kunnat bekräfta dess påstådda hydrofilitet. Vidare har även de vattenavvisande behandlingarna visat positiva resultat, även om användarmöjligheterna för materialet fortfarande anses vara begränsade inom det textila området. En ökning av kontaktvinkeln från 40,76° till 96,98° uppvisades efter att en behandling med en syntetisk vaxpolymer applicerats. Denna ökning på drygt 100 % skapade en kontaktvinkel över 90°, vilket teoretiskt betyder att materialets karaktär gått från hydrofilt till hydrofobt. Ett likvärdigt resultat uppvisades även efter en behandling med en vaxdendrimer. Materialet uppvisade dock tydliga resultat på att absorbera vatten vid längre tid av blötläggning, oavsett om det behandlats eller ej.
This bachelor thesis is investigating the development of a material based on bacterial cellulose (BC), as well as examine and test the material's hydrophobic properties. This is made in order to improve its user possibilities as a textile material. The motive is based on the fact that BC- materials have a hydrophilic nature, something that the British designer Suzanne Lee expressed as a problem for its user possibilities. The thesis process a literature study of BC, which is used for an experimental study where cultivation, water repellent treatments and water repellent tests are performed. Regarding BC-production and material creation, factors as pH-levels, temperature conditions and the recipes has shown to affect the cellulose production. The cellulose levels occurred to increase during a warmer condition at 30 °C compared to room temperature (20-22°C), both conditions where used for the cultivation. The same positive results also occurred when apple cider vinegar was used in the cultivation bath. The tests on the developed BC-membrane, initially confirmed its alleged hydrophilic nature. Furthermore, positive results occurred for the water repellant-treated materials, even if the user possibilities still is considered to be limited in the textile field. The contact angle increased from 40.76 ° to 96.98 ° on the material treated with a synthetic wax polymer, which results in a 100% increase. The angle of 90°, theoretically means that the character of the material changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Similar results also occurred after treatment with a wax dendrimer. The material, however, showed significant results in absorbing water when subjected for a longer time of soaking, whether it was treated or not.

Abstrakt   Nyckelord: Web of Things, Tillsammansodling, Ting, Entitet, Kultur   I undersökningen går vi igenom hur ting kan existera inom olika plan av vårt medvetande och även hur teknologin inom Web of Things (WoT*) kan agera som en entitet inom ett fenomen såsom tillsammansodling. De metoder som valts för att undersöka fenomenet är Brainstorm, Att flytta gränser och De sex tänkarmössorna. Dessa tre metoder är våra huvudmetoder som ansågs vara bästa valen för ändamålet medan alternativa metoder som Kanban*, funktionsanalys och ett agilt tänkande var för att kunna ge vår design det extra stöd som behövdes för att utvecklas. Metoderna för att kunna undersöka detta fenomen har utgjorts av olika delar från boken Design av informationsteknik av Jonas Löwgren och Erik Stolterman där vi utgått från att skapa en design med hjälp av de tre delarna vision, den operativa bilden och specifikationen (Löwgren & Stolterman, 2004). Dessa tre delar har använts i fem olika iterationer för att kunna använda metoderna i olika plan av designen. Resultatet påvisas genom att gå igenom designprocessens fem iterationer och med stöd från tidigare och aktuell forskning medan diskussionen presenteras genom att gå igenom de fyra hypoteser vi själva arbetade fram genom att undersöka tidigare och aktuella forskningstexter, de fyra hypoteser är som följer.   Hypotes ett: Fenomenet tillsammansodling i stadsmiljöer med kopplingar till Web of Things (WoT) skapar ett ting som består av både fysiska och psykiska relationer till de som befinner sig i det. Hypotes två: Tillsammansodlingar är till förmån för hållbarhet och sociala möten. Hypotes tre: WoT är inte bara ett fysiskt ting utan även psykiskt och kan beblanda sig med både människa och maskin på olika plan. Hypotes fyra: WoT som sociala medier kan få människan att vilja börja ta del av tillsammansodlingar i stadsmiljöer och påtrycka ändringar hos maskiner och hur människor arbetar tillsammans med dem.
Abstract   Keywords: Web of Things, Community gardening, Things, Entity, Culture   In this Bachelor thesis we go through how things can exist within different planes of our mind and further how technology within Web Of Things (WoT) can act as an entity within a phenomenon like Community gardening. The methods that was chosen for the survey of the phenomenon are Brainstorm, To move the border and The six thinkingcaps. This three methods are our main methods that was considered to be the best choice for our purpose while alternative methods like Kanban, Function analyses and an agile thinking was considered to be the extra structure our design needed to evolve. The methods to maintain this survey of the phenomenon has been consisted of different parts from the book Thoughtful interaction design written by Jonas Löwgren and Erik Stolterman where we extracted three parts from it where the parts was vision, operative image and specification in order to create our design (Löwgren & Stolterman, 2004). This three parts has been integrated in five different iterations in order to use the methods of choosing in different parts of the design. The result is manifested from the design processes five iterations and the support from earlier and current researches while the discussion is presented through four hypotheses we manifested from the work from earlier and current research papers, the four hypotheses are as followed.   Hypothesis s one: The phenomenon Community gardening in urban environments with relations to Web of Things creates a thing that coexist within both the physical and psychological in the relationships of what is inside of the phenomenon. Hypothesis two: Community gardening is beneficial for sustainability and social encounters. Hypothesis three: Web Of Things is not just a physical thing but also a psychical and can exist in different planes of both mankind and machines. Hypothesis four: Web Of Things as social media can make the mankind want to integrate with Community gardening in urban environments and push changes in how humans and machine works together.

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) is a legume crop with great potential for global food security due to its exceptional tolerance to drought and flooding. The main limitation of this crop is the presence of the toxin β-L-oxalyl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (β-L-ODAP) in its seeds and green tissues, which can cause paralysis in humans if grass pea is consumed over long periods. The objective of this study was to develop means to identify grass pea genotypes with reduced or zero seed β-L-ODAP content and to investigate the biosynthetic pathway of this compound in grass pea. To this end, collections of grass pea germplasm were screened for variation in seed β-L-ODAP levels. Considerable variation in β-L-ODAP levels was observed but no β-L-ODAP-free plants were identified. To increase the available variation for this trait, an EMS-mutagenised population was screened for low/zero-ODAP mutants. This mutant screen yielded 14 low-ODAP mutant lines, three of which were characterised using a mass spectrometry method, employing a stable-isotope-labelled isoform of β-L-ODAP as an internal standard. Both the development of the mass spectrometry method and the synthesis of the internal standard were performed for the purposes of this project. The three characterised lines yielded seed β-L-ODAP-contents below existing low-ODAP varieties, although none were β-L-ODAP-free. To further investigate the synthesis of β-L-ODAP, RNA was extracted from several tissues of grass pea and sequenced to create tissue specific transcriptomes. These were interrogated to identify candidate genes, which were tested using heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. One candidate gene of the BAHD-acyltransferase family was confirmed as an enzyme capable of catalysing the synthesis of β-L-ODAP. The identification of a set of low- ODAP mutants and the ODAP-synthase gene represent significant advances towards understanding the role of β-L-ODAP in grass pea and the development of grass pea genotypes free of this neurotoxin.

Le standard ISO 8613ODA a été conçu pour garantir la pérennité et l'échange des documents. Le lecteur du document électronique a besoin de structures adaptatives aux mécanismes d'associations d'idées. Le modèle proposé dans cette thèse définit une structure appelée hyper-structure au dessus des structures ODA. Le but est d'organiser une base de documents en vues et de rendre la lecture efficace et naturelle. L'hyper-structures est un réseau de nœuds interconnectés par des liens. Les nœuds référencent le contenu ODA à travers l'interface abstraite qui garantit interdépendance de l’hyper structure des composants ODA. Ce modèle spécifie des extensions au standard ODA, par exemple le formatage multiple et la notion de portion de document
Hypermedia is a mean of structuring information in a network of nodes interconnected by links. Considering the richness of ODA, it is possible to build a hypermedia document model (hyper-document). The architecture ODF the proposed model is made of a structure called hyper-structure above the ODA layers. The hyper-structure is a network of nodes and limits which constitute an hyper-document. Nodes reference their ODA content through an abstract interface. This interface brings the independence between the hyper-structure and ODA components. This model specifies some extensions to ODA, mailing, multiple layout and the document portion concept

Oda kao umjetnička forma, lijepo i uzvišeno, razum i mašta, dinamički imatematički uzvišeno, uzvišenost forme i uzvišenost ideje, subjektivizacija uzvišenosti, nekisu od ključnih pojmova kojima se bavi ovo istraživanje. Međutim, u širem kontekstu, onoobuhvata i pojmove individualnog i opšteg, vječnog i prolaznog, konačnog i beskonačnog,ljudskog i mitskog, ljudskog i božanskog, čovjeka i prirode. Sva ta pitanja, naime, prožimajuse u uzvišenim okvirima ode, koja je svojim postojanjem obilježavala najsvjetlije tačkepojedinih epoha i upisivala ih u veličanstvenu hroniku ljudske istorije. Ovaj rad predstavljaosvrt na tu zlatnu hroniku u kojoj će, nadamo se, i naša epoha upisati nekoliko stihova.
Ode as an artistic form, beautiful and sublime, reason and imagination,dynamically and mathematically sublime, the sublimity of a form and the sublimity of anidea, subjectivity of the sublime, are some of the key terms of this study. However, insomewhat wider context, it also includes the individual and the universal, eternal andtemporal, finite and infinite, human and mythical, human and divine, man and nauture. Allthese questions are intertwined in the sublime frame of an ode, which, by its own existence,has marked the brightest spots of each epoch and written them in the magnificent chronicle ofhuman history. This work represents the retrospect of that golden chronicle in which our ownepoch will hopefully write a few lines.

In this study Official Development Assistance (ODA) is defined as resource flows from international community in the form of grants, technical assistance, support and financial co-operation. Government is held partially responsible or accountable for the management of these resources but not accountable for utilization of direct support to NGOs and private sector. According to the National Treasury’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) 2010 Review Report, the Eastern Cape is the second largest recipient of ODA in relation to other provinces. The province of KwaZulu Natal, ranked number one, and the province of Limpopo was recorded as the third largest recipient of ODA. As such it is recorded that European Union is the greatest funder in the provincial government focusing in the areas of Health, Urban renewal and Local Economic Development source (National Treasury ODA 2010 Review Report). To date, no analysis has been done on ODA in the Eastern Cape. This study seeks to analyse Official Development Assistance in Eastern Cape with a view to identifying constraints and gaps that may be contributing towards the ineffectiveness of ODA in the Eastern Cape.

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This research's objective is to study how Brazilians from the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition (from the Odsal Ling Temple, Nyingma School) conceive the idea of the Absolut, in other words, understood as the "divine" at the Buddhist universe (which is non-teist) − concentrating mainly in philosophical definitions from the Tibetan Buddhism. To do that, it will be presented some conceipts, which are: compassion, bodhichitta and emptiness. These three elements are didatic steps that Tibetan Buddhism uses to work and wake Buddha's Nature, recognizing the same perfect nature in all beings and all things. After this first part, the research will focus in the analysis of how this non-teistic point of view is conceived and seen by the Brazilians from the Tibetan Buddhism (concerning Odsal Ling Temple), identifying languages and sincretisms with Brazilian religiosity and questioning the difficulty of the Brazilian adept in adopting this religious way
O objetivo da pesquisa é estudar como os budistas brasileiros de tradição tibetana concebem o Absoluto, ou em outras palavras, compreendido como o divino , do universo budista (nãoteísta) se concentrando principalmente em definições filosóficas do Budismo Tibetano. Para isso, serão trabalhados três conceitos-chave, que são: a compaixão, a bodhichitta e a vacuidade. Esses três elementos são os passos didáticos que o Budismo Tibetano utiliza para trabalhar e despertar a natureza de buda, reconhecendo a mesma natureza perfeita em tudo e em todos. Depois desta primeira parte, a pesquisa se concentra em analisar como esta visão não-teísta é concebida e reconfigurada em tradições budistas tibetanas brasileiras, identificando suas linguagens e sincretismos com a própria religiosidade brasileira e questionando a dificuldade do brasileiro em adotar tal mentalidade

Water and environmental resources which provide opportunities for households are threatened by human activities that leads to pollution. The research objectives were to understand the contribution water makes to the livelihoods of urban and peri-urban households; the factors influencing perceptions, attitudes and behaviour in relation to surface water and environmental quality, and measures for promoting community participation in water and environmental management. Ten communities were selected in Accra and its surrounding communities to reflect different levels of infrastructure provision for the study. Four focus group discussions were held in each community, with a mixed group, men, women, and young adults. Issues which emerged were investigated further in a structured household questionnaire survey involving 443 respondents. Key informant interviews were held with the most important government and non government regulatory, research and service provision departments and organizations in water, sanitation, and the environment sectors. Water samples from some of the selected communities were analyzed in the laboratory to compare with respondents’ perceptions. Among the households surveyed, 59.14% were engaged in a water dependent occupation which contributed over 80% of household income in some cases. The study also found that perceptions of water and environment are influenced by the existing social and cultural setting. There were common concepts which helped groups to interpret and make meaning from their environment. The prospects for successful water and environmental interventions can be enhanced through an understanding of this local knowledge and perceptions. There was no clear relationship between attitudes and environmental behaviour or between attitudes and socioeconomic status. Actual behaviour was influenced by ability to pay for services, their availability and the influence of shared community norms. Although citizen participation in water and environmental management decision making is very limited at present, community collective action holds good prospects for future interventions in water and environmental management.

This thesis examined latitudinal variation in the demography and life history of a temperate marine herbivorous fish, Odax pullus (Labridae). Over 1000 individuals were collected at six locations across ~13o of latitude, and an age-based approach was used to establish the patterns of variation in growth rate, size-at-age, development rate (size- and age at- maturity and -at-sex change), life span, and rate of physiological ageing. Firstly, an otolithbased ageing procedure was developed following successful validation of the daily and annual periodicity of opaque zone formation, and histological analysis of the reproductive biology of O. pullus was combined with sex-specific demographic information to establish a diagnosis of monandric protogynous sex change. Secondly, a 'biota-environment linkage' approach was used to explore the patterns of geographic variation in life history and the effects of potential underlying environmental factors (sea surface temperature, species density, habitat and food availability, exposure, and extrinsic mortality). Significant latitudinal trends in growth, body size, development, and longevity were identified along a broad North - South gradient, with individuals growing slower, maturing and changing sex later, achieving larger body sizes and living longer at higher latitudes. The main effects of latitude on the phenotypic response of life histories were related to the latitudinal gradient in environmental temperature. Species density and habitat (food) availability also affected the responses in body size and development, and these effects were detected on a local spatial scale. Comparison with a temperate carnivorous labrid, Notolabrus fucicola, revealed no differences in the response of growth, body size, development and life span to temperature in the two species with contrasting diets, thus providing no support for the hypothesis of a temperature constraint on herbivory at high latitudes in O. pullus. Lastly, the processes underlying latitudinal changes in life span were investigated in the context of the oxidative stress hypothesis of ageing and of the predictions of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, and the age-pigment neurolipofuscin was quantified in older O. pullus individuals to assess the rate of oxidative damage accumulation across latitudes. Neurolipofuscin accumulation rate increased with temperature, indicating that a slower rate of ageing contributed to greater life expectancies at colder temperatures

The international development cooperation landscape that has been largely dominated by the OECD-DAC members since the 1960s began to change in recent years with the ‘emergence’ and growing prominence of a group of ‘new’ development partners, many of which come from the Global South. Heated debate has since been going on around the socalled ‘emerging donors’ but much of that is flawed by its DACorientation, an almost exclusive focus on the ODA form of cooperation, as well as a lack of empirical evidence. Against this context, with an intent to further the current research on the Southern development partners, this thesis selects China, one of the most representative among them, and aims to investigate the Chinese ‘development package model’ through the case of its agricultural development cooperation policy and practice in Africa. Specifically, this thesis tries to explain how China’s current ‘package model’ of development cooperation has been shaped by its own decades-long history of aid-giving and reforms. At the same time, it attempts to explore how exactly the ‘package model’ has been played out on the ground, and especially how the innovative commercial elements have been incorporated and utilized in China’s agricultural development cooperation with Africa. Lastly, the thesis examines results of this new ‘package model’ of Chinese development cooperation so far provides a systematic explanation to why the ‘implementation gap’ exists in this specific policy issue. Based on a detailed historical review, the thesis argues that China’s own identity and experiences over the past decades have played a significant role in shaping its current model, and thus balances, to certain extent, the oft-seen ‘DAC/Northern-centric’ tendency of many in observing, judging and sometimes trying to assimilate the Chinese/Southern development cooperation model(s). The thesis also gives an in-depth treatment to the ‘development package’ model through the case of Chinese agricultural cooperation with Africa and compares that with the emerging trend of ‘development PPP’ in the Northern DAC community. It thus enriches the research on Southern development partners and that on development cooperation in general which both tend to focus almost exclusively on ODA. Furthermore, the thesis fills the gap of lack of empirical evidence in the existing literature by incorporating more project-level, fieldwork based case studies on the Chinese/Southern development cooperation model(s). By doing so, the thesis also points out a series of practical problems in the implementation phase that otherwise may not be identified, and more importantly provides a systematic explanation for that ‘implementation gap’. From a theoretical perspective, in order to explain the abovementioned implementation challenges, this thesis adopts the ‘Public Policy Implementation (PPI)’ approach and establishes an analytical framework based on a ‘dialogue’ between the theoretical literature and the empirical data. It thus finds that three aspects – namely the policy per se that structures the implementation process, the policy implementer who are formally or informally mandated to carry out the policy, and the implementation environment wherein the policy is executed – have played a crucial and synergic role in accounting for the observed ‘implementation gap’ of Chinese agricultural cooperation policy in Africa; the ‘implementer’ factor, furthermore, has weighed more strongly in this regard given its potential role in remedying policy imperfections and responding to adverse environment. This ‘policy-implementerenvironment’ framework may also serve as a useful analytical tool for analysing China’s development and foreign policy implementation in other fields in Africa and explaining the implementation results.

Há um grande numero de aplicações que necessitam manipular documentos. Tal manipulação exige uma gerência dos mesmos nas tarefas de criação, armazenamento, recuperação e transmissão. Estas tarefas devem levar em conta características e aspectos inerentes aos documentos tais como estrutura lógica, estrutura de apresentação e hiperestrutura formada pelas referências internas e externas existentes nos documentos envolvidos. A multimídia estabelece novos requisitos para os sistemas de gerência de documentos estruturados. Gráficos, sons, e imagens contêm informações que enriquecem o conteúdo textual tradicional dos documentos, podendo ser potencialmente explorados pelos usuários em um processo de formulação de consultas e busca de documentos. A complexidade das aplicações que manipulam documentos estruturados e do tipo multimídia exige o apoio de modelos capazes de expressar características semanticamente mais ricas. Desta forma, tais modelos devem permitir modelar as seguintes estruturas: lógica, de apresentação e hiperestrutura. A adoção de um modelo conceitual de documentos é fator determinante nas possibilidades oferecidas para consultas e recuperação dos referidos documentos. Para a especificação e definição de tal modelo, foram consideradas duas possibilidades: i) utilização dos sistemas de hipertextos, nos quais a ênfase é fornecer um corpo estruturado de objetos com ligações conectando objetos relacionados. Aqui, a estrutura está projetada especificamente para auxiliar aos leitores a navegar através da informação, ii) uso do padrão de documentos eletrônicos ODA/ODIF, o qual dá ênfase à composição e controle da forma dos documentos, preocupando-se, também, com a divisão layout-estrutura-conteúdo dos mesmos, mas faltando nele um tratamento específico em relação às características hipertextuais. Neste trabalho se considera que a integração destas duas filosofias permitirá, de uma maneira natural, a modelagem de Documentos Estruturados Multimídia. As pesquisas e propostas para combinar estas duas opções foram escassas no passado e se desconhecem trabalhos deste tipo visando a Gerência de Documentos Estruturados Multimídia. Como resultado desta integração, no presente trabalho é definido e especificado o meta-modelo OHypA (Office HyperDocument Architecture), que pode ser considerado como uma extensão do padrão ODA/ODIF. Tal meta-modelo terá uma aplicação real e prática pela combinação da tecnologia de hipermídia e a representação de documentos do tipo ODA. Assim sendo, uma vez que o presente trabalho trata a modelagem de Documentos Estruturados Multimídia , envolvendo as áreas definidas, ele permitirá o estudo e delineamento de possíveis soluções para problemas comuns resultantes da integração das referidas áreas. Finalmente, serão integrados dois enfoques em pleno desenvolvimento, resultando num meta-modelo orientado a objetos, que será facilmente integrado a um Sistema de Banco de Dados Orientado a Objetos.
There it a great number of applications that need a document manipulation. Such manipulation demands a management of these documents on tasks like creation, storage, recovery and transmission. Such tasks should consider marks and aspects inherent on documents such as logical structure, presentation structure and hyperstructure, shaped by internal and external references existent in the documents involved. Multimedia establishes new requirements for management systems of structured documents. Graphics, sounds and images contain informations which increase the traditional textual content from the documents that might be potentially explored by user in a process of formulation- queries and search for documents. The complexity of the applications that manipulate structured documents and the kind of multimedia, demands support from models which are able to express characteristics semanually ricer. This way, such models must allow the modeling of the following structures: luzical, presentation and hyperstructure. The adoption of a respected model of documents is a main factor on the offered possibilities for queries and recovering of the reported documents. For spt-Afication and definition of such model, two possibilities were considered: i) utilization of hypertexts systems, in which the emphasis is to provide a structured body of objets connecting other objects related. Here, the structure is designed specificity to help re.ers to navigate through the information, ii) application of the electronic documents model ODA/ODIF, which emphasizes the composition and control of the documents shape, worries also about its sharing of layout-structure-content, but lacks an specific treatment in relation to hypertextual characteristics. This work considers that the integration of these two philosophies will allow, in a natural way, the modeling of multimedia structured documents. The researches and proposals to connect these two options used to be rare in the past. Besides, works that emphasizes the Management of Multimedia Structured Documents are unknown. As a result of such integration, this work describes precisely the OHypA metamodel (Office HyperDocument Architecture) which might be consider as an extension of the ODA/ODIF model. This metamodel will have a real and practical application with the connection of hypermedia technology and the representation of ODA documents. This way, since this work is about the modeling of Mul timedia Structured Documents, covering the described areas, it'll allows the study and outline of possible solutions to common problems that come from the integration of such areas. Finally, two topics in development will be integrated, resulting in a objectoriented metamodel, that should be easily integrated in a Object-Oriented Data Base System.

This thesis looks at the representations of Osaka from the 1920s to the 1940s in Tokyo writer Tanizaki Jun’ichirō and Osaka writer Oda Sakunosuke’s literature. I examine how Tanizaki and Oda approached issues of local and national and responded to the changing power relations between the local and the national order, as well as Osaka’s gradual subordination into a greater national entity. I argue that the Osaka outsider Tanizaki and the Osaka insider Oda’s literary responses to Osaka’s changing relation with the nation share certain similarities and differences: the similarities lie in their awareness of the changing power dynamics between Tokyo and Osaka, and their attempt to accentuate Osaka’s uniqueness, in addition to their treatment with the wartime censorship in the 1940s. The differences lie in the era they wrote of, their positions via and attitudes toward Osaka, and their focus on different social classes.

Official Development Assistance (ODA) or international development aid (defined as the transfer of official financing to promote the development and welfare of developing countries), is a highly influential and politically sensitive area of international relations. Though it is not governed by any international legal agreement, it displays remarkable cohesion across the major Northern donors in its modalities of governance, the coherence in its normative aims and in its institutional reform agenda. In order to understand why, this project focuses on the central, if overlooked, role of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and its Development Assistance Committee (DAC) as the key institutional locus of the international governance of ODA by donors. This project examines the legal nature of the international governance of ODA, tracing and critically analysing the link between the governance of ODA and governance by ODA. It demonstrates how the legal form of the international governance of ODA is central to the reach and effectiveness of the legal and institutional reform agenda promoted via ODA at national and international levels, and to contouring the legal and political subjectivities of donors and aid-recipient states in ways that escape formal legal and democratic recognition. Finding that mainstream legal analytical methods fail to fully capture the legal-juridical quality of the international governance framework of ODA, and the particular role of law therein, I develop a new analytical lens based on the concepts of ‘jurisdiction’ (as juris dictio) and the ‘signature.’ This lens reveals how ODA creates a distinct jurisdiction with its own internal legal logic, where donor and aid-recipient subjectivities and relations of authority are continually constructed and maintained by international governance instruments and practices developed during colonial and imperial governance eras under the League of Nations and Marshall Plan institutions. I demonstrate how this jurisdictional space is augmented by key legal, policy, bureaucratic and technocratic instruments of governance by the OECD and DAC, through patterns of juridification and reiteration.

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Portugueses
Esta dissertação tem como objectivo o estudo da figura de Oda Nobunaga enquanto personagem literário na Historia de Japam de Luís Fróis. Nobunaga foi um poderoso militar e governante do Japão durante grande parte dos anos em que decorreu, aí, a missão dos Jesuítas do Padroado Português, tendo Fróis convivido largamente com esta impressionante figura, apresentando uma ampla e curiosa descrição deste homem fascinante na sua crónica. Proponho-me estudar o retrato que Luís Fróis construiu acerca de Nobunaga, verificar a sua complexidade, não sendo o meu objectivo entender até que ponto condiz esta representação com a sua vida histórica, mas analisá-lo exclusivamente sob o ponto de vista do narrador, estudar unicamente a imagem que Fróis decidiu transmitir aos leitores, observar como o retrato desta personagem literária se desenvolve, surgindo como um verdadeiro herói épico até atingir o seu chocante e inesperado final, em que o herói se torna, subitamente, num arrogante e luciferino vilão.

The foreign aid sector is expanding each year, distributing hundreds of billions of USD per year to the least developed countries of the world. Meanwhile, extensive research has found that aid is not an efficient way to stimulate economic growth in the recipients. Neither is it an effective way to increase long-term sustainable development. While a major debate is going on regarding what actions can be taken to increase the efficiency of foreign aid, a parallel discussion is going on regarding whether the motives of the donor countries are complicit in making the aid inefficient. This thesis examines the contemporary discourse on motives behind foreign aid allocation and puts together an analytical framework for distinguishing between humanitarian, developmental and strategical motives. This framework is used to interpret the results of an empirical study covering two groups of donors; five donors that have previously been found to prioritize their own interests over those of the recipients, and five donors with a more altruistic profile within the literature on the topic. The results of this study corroborate those findings, while emphasizing the impact of colonial- and regional ties for both groups of donors.

Gabon is a Sub-Saharan francophone country which has been independent since August 1960. Its Educational System is modelled on the French System. However, the Gabonese Education System currently does not have any guidelines or policies for the system-wide implementation, integration and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into the education system. The Gabonese Government committed itself to some ICT-related partnerships, but did not launch any programme or activity relating to those commitments. In addition, the Government provided funding to change the country’s Internet connectivity by satellite with the WASC/SAT3 sub-marine cable in order to make Internet access and connection ten times cheaper at the international level. Unfortunately, the benefit from this investment is not experienced in the country as the potential users, such as teachers, keep having challenges with Internet connection. After fifty years of independence, the government also does not offer sufficient opportunity for teachers to enhance their pedagogical knowledge and skill through teacher professional development (TPD). As a result, no research, guidelines or policies exist for the implementation and use of Open Distance Learning (ODL) for TPD supported by ICT. The aim of this qualitative descriptive exploratory research study was to explore, describe and understand the enablers and challenges of initiating ICT in the ODL training of Gabonese in-service teachers. Although the academic seat for this research was the School of Continuing Teacher Education on the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University in South Africa, the research project’s focus, conceptualisation, data-collection and data-interpretation were all based and conducted within the researcher’s heimat, i.e. the Gabonese Education System context. An interactive qualitative casestudy research design (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005; Merriam, 1998) was used in this investigation to obtain in-depth context sensitive data concerning the attitudes, fears, needs, expectations, infrastructure and readiness of the Gabonese Education teachers (at schools and training institutions) for the implementation and use of ICT for ODL training of Gabonese English (second language) teachers, collected through qualitative research methods, i.e. semi-structured open-ended individual and focusgroup interviews, as well as additional research artefacts in the form of photographs to visually record the unique contexts involved. The researcher decided to involve Gabonese English (second language) teachers in the investigation, as he has worked in this discipline for at least twenty years. To ensure sufficient participants, the researcher made use of a snowball strategy where participants in the research referred others. Participants were also selected according to specific selection criteria. Two English (second language) teachers, one school principal, four ICT specialists, one advisor of English teachers, and one inspector of English teachers (ICT specialist) participated in eight individual interviews. Nine English teachers and two advisors of English teachers participated in four focus-group interviews. All interviews were conducted in French. At the North-West University in South Africa, the researcher transcribed the interview data and used ATLAS.ti™ (qualitative data-analysis software) to construct an integrated data-set for analysis. Qualitative data-analysis was performed under the guidance of an expert researcher in qualitative data-analysis. The relevant research findings were translated into English for the purpose of this report. Qualitative data-analysis of the integrated data-set identified six categories of data related to three themes, i.e. (i) Gabonese Education, (ii) ICT in Gabon and (iii) ODL in Gabon. The six categories are: (i) Challenges of Gabonese Education, (ii) Enablers of Gabonese Education, (iii) Challenges to implementation and integration of ICT, (iv) Enablers of ICT; (v) Challenges of ODL, and (vi) Enablers of ODL. These categories supported by codes and quotations provide basic ideas on the research enablers and challenges of initiating ICT in ODL training of Gabonese in-service teachers. The discussion comprises thirty codes, and recommendations are made. The findings of this rich qualitative exploration could benefit and support the Gabonese Education Department, policy makers and academic institutions in their quest to implement, integrate and use ICT in the TPD of in-service teachers via DE and ODL.
Thesis (MEd (Curriculum Development))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Trots att kulturens roll för hållbar utveckling erkänts av många inom såväl akademien som planeringsbranschen, är planeringen av praktiska förutsättningar för konst och kultur - kulturell infrastruktur – bristfällig och ibland helt utebliven i Sverige idag. Syftet med studien är därför att utforska vilka förutsättningar som kan skapas för kulturell infrastruktur genom stads- och samhällsplanering i Sverige. Kulturell infrastruktur innefattar såväl hårda (såsom fysiska lokaler) som mjuka strukturer (såsom ekonomiskt stöd). Studien inriktar sig på offentliga verksamheter (främst kommunalt och regionalt) men behandlar även hur privata konsultfirmor kan skapa förutsättningar för kulturell infrastruktur.   Resultaten bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med såväl konstnärer, konst- och kultursamarbetsorganisationer, arkitekter som tjänstepersoner på kommunal och regional nivå, samt på två enkätundersökningar med såväl konst- och kulturaktörer som planerare. Inom ramen för studien har även två exempelfall studerats – Fyrklövern i Upplands Väsby, samt Gatukonstfestivalen No Limit i Borås. Studien undersöker tre forskningsfrågor: 1) Vad för kulturell infrastruktur behövs i Sverige idag? 2) Vad hindrar etableringen av kulturell infrastruktur idag? 3) Vilken potential finns inom stads- och samhällsplanering att skapa förutsättningar för kulturell infrastruktur?   Studiens resultat visar att de former av kulturell infrastruktur som främst behövs i Sverige idag är Tillgängliga mötesplatser, Information och kunskap, samt Nätverk och Finansieringsformer. De tre största hindren som studien identifierar är Brist på värdering och ansvar för konst- och kultur, Finansiering och Struktur och organisation. Samverkan visar sig vara den viktigaste potentialen inom stads- och samhällsplanering, såväl över nivåerna kommun-region-stat, som med konst- och kulturaktörer, övriga civilsamhället och näringslivet. Två andra stora potentialer visar sig vara Strategisk planering och Krav och investering. Här ingår användningen av planeringsverktyg såsom Cultural planning och kulturkonsekvensanalyser. Studien visar på vikten att kommuner våga ställa högre krav och använda sin position som långsiktig samhällsutvecklare med planmonopol för att möjliggöra för konst och kultur - exempelvis genom att tillämpa ett poängsystem likt det i Fyrklövern vid markprissättning. Samtidigt understryks värdet av att inta en möjliggörande roll genom att stötta gräsrotsinitiativ och ge dem långsiktiga förutsättningar att driva kulturell infrastruktur. För att även göra kulturella infrastrukturer tillgängliga och inkluderande krävs ett kritiskt förhållningssätt som uppmärksammar dolda normer.   Resultaten av studien talar för komplexitetsteorins relevans för att förstå och beskriva kulturell utveckling. Teorin stöttar studiens resultat såsom vikten av att samarbeta över politikområden såsom bostäder och kollektivtrafik, samt vikten av att inte planera allt i detalj, utan att lämna rum för organisk vidareutveckling. Den förklarar också att det inte går att avkräva direkta och exakt mätbara effekter av konst- och kultursatsningar.     Studiens resultat har slutligen sammanfattats i form av rekommendationer för såväl stads- och samhällsplanerare som politiska och privata beslutsfattare.
Although the role of culture for sustainable development is recognized by many in the academy as well as in the urban and regional planning sector, the planning of practical conditions for arts and culture - cultural infrastructure - is inadequate and sometimes completely absent in Sweden today. The aim of this study is therefore to explore what conditions can be created for cultural infrastructure through urban and regional planning in Sweden. Cultural infrastructure includes both hard (such as physical premises) and soft structures (such as financial support). The study focuses on public activities (mainly municipal and regional) but also deals with how private consultancy firms can enable cultural infrastructure.   The results are based on qualitative interviews with artists, arts and culture associations, architects as well as municipal and regional planners. Moreover, the study comprises of two questionnaires aimed at art and culture actors and planners and architects from the municipal, regional and private sector. Within the study, two sample cases have been studied - Fyrklöven in Upplands Väsby, and the Street art festival No Limit in Borås. The study explores three research questions: 1) What kind of cultural infrastructure that is needed in Sweden today? 2) What prevents the development of Cultural Infrastructure? 3) What potential lies in urban and regional planning?   The results of the study show that the types of cultural infrastructure that are primarily needed in Sweden today are Available meeting places, Information and knowledge, as well as Networks and Funding. The three biggest obstacles identified is Lack of value and responsibility for art and culture, Funding and Structure and organization. Collaboration proves to be the most important potential in planning, both over the levels of municipal-region-state, as with art and culture actors and other civil society actors and businesses. Two other main potentials lie in Strategic planning, and Demands and investments. This includes application of planning tools such as Cultural Planning and Culture Impact Assessments. The study also highlights the importance that municipalities set higher demands and use their positions as long-term societal developers with monopoly in order to give room for art and culture – e.g. by applying a scoring system similar to that in Fyrklövern when pricing land. Moreover, the study points to the benefits and importance of supporting grassroots initiatives and providing them long-term conditions for driving cultural infrastructure. In order to make cultural infrastructures available and inclusive, a critical approach is also required that draws attention to hidden norms.   The results of the study speak for the relevance of the complexity theory in understanding and describing cultural development. This theory support results of the study such as the importance of collaborating over policy areas, e.g. housing and public transport, the importance of not planning everything in detail and instead leave room for organic development. It also explains that one cannot directly or precisely quantify the effects of art and culture efforts. The results of the study are finally summarized as recommendations for urban and regional planners as well as political and private decision-makers.

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We noticed that even with the diversity of computational tools, along with the management, a lack of efficiency in meeting project deadlines in construction work. Several studies indicate failures in project management, highlighting the existence of problems related to planning and control of construction works, as the most recurring. The critical chain is an application of the theory of constraints in project management that aims to meet the deadlines, through the lungs management of consumption. In this context, the present study evaluates the implementation of the critical chain methodology in a physical planning using Ms Project as management software, in a construction work company. The methodology used was a case study and was conducted in two projects, located in the cities of Guapó and Palmeiras de Goiás, in the State of Goiás. According to the study, as the application in construction work, the results show that the Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) can be applied in compliance with all steps recommended by the theory. Regarding the fulfillment of the project’s deadline, the study showed that in companies with emphasized problems in planning and financing, delays continue. In the financial aspect, we noticed that the delay in transferring funds by the funding agency, attached to the Federal Government, to the company impacted directly on planning the purchase of materials, equipment and workforce. The methodology of critical current proved to be applicable to the construction work sector and the Ms Project software, but with limitations. Among the limits, it is worth mentioning the use in very extensive schedules and the carrying out of steps without the aid of automatic functions or the method known as "manual", in Ms Project. As a solution to this limitation, the study presents the use of Ms Project on critical chain using automatic routines (macros). As a result, while using the "manual" it was noticed a significantly higher period of time, compared with the automatic, in addition to the possibility of errors in data entry and reworking. In automatic method, the time is reduced and errors and reworking are eliminated. Both in the "manual" method, as the automatic method, the steps of creating convergence lungs and the late start of the tasks are not feasible for long schedules, which are characteristic of real estate undertakings of social interest.
Observa-se que, mesmo com a diversidade de ferramentas computacionais, aliada à gestão, constata-se a ineficiência no cumprimento dos prazos de projetos na construção civil. Diversos estudos apontam para as falhas no gerenciamento de projetos, destacando-se a existência de problemas relacionados ao planejamento e controle em obras, como os mais recorrentes. A corrente crítica é uma aplicação da teoria das restrições em gerenciamento de projetos que tem como objetivo atender aos prazos estipulados, por meio do gerenciamento do consumo dos pulmões. Diante desse contexto, a presente pesquisa avalia a aplicação da metodologia da corrente crítica, em um planejamento físico, utilizando o Ms Project como software de gestão, em uma empresa da construção civil. A metodologia utilizada classifica-se como estudo de caso e foi realizada em dois empreendimentos, localizados nas cidades de Guapó e de Palmeiras de Goiás, Estado de Goiás. De acordo com a pesquisa, quanto à aplicação na construção civil, os resultados apontam que a Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) pode ser aplicada cumprindo todos os passos preconizados pela teoria. Quanto ao cumprimento do prazo do projeto, a pesquisa mostrou que, em empresas com problemas acentuados de planejamento e financeiros, os atrasos continuam. No aspecto financeiro, pode-se constatar que o aumento no tempo de repasse financeiro pelo órgão financiador, ligado ao Governo Federal, para a empresa, impactou diretamente no planejamento da aquisição de materiais, de equipamentos e mão de obra. A metodologia da corrente crítica se mostrou aplicável ao setor da construção civil e ao software Ms Project, mas com limitações. Dentre as limitações, destaca-se a aplicação em cronogramas muito extensos e a realização dos passos sem o auxílio de funções automáticas ou denominado, nesta pesquisa, de método “manual”, no Ms Project. Como solução para essa limitação, a pesquisa apresenta a utilização do Ms Project para a corrente crítica, por meio de rotinas automáticas (macros). Como resultados, no método “manual” se percebe um tempo significativamente elevado, comparado com o automático, além da possibilidade de inserção de erros de dados e de retrabalhos. No método automático, o tempo é reduzido e os erros e retrabalhos são eliminados. Tanto no método “manual”, quanto no método automático, os passos de criação de pulmões de convergência e o início tardio das tarefas não são viáveis para cronogramas extensos, característicos para empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social.

Le bombardement de films de polyimide (13000 nm d'epaisseur) sur support metallique par des ions d'energie intermediaire (gamme des 100 kev) est mis en oeuvre afin : - d'effectuer de la gravure seche ; - d'augmenter la conductivite electrique. La gravure, dans les meilleures conditions, peut atteindre 1,6 microns de profondeur. La conductivite electrique, dans les conditions optimales, passe de 10#-#1#4 s. Cm#-#1 a 10#-#1 s. Cm#-#1. Le regime de conduction dans des bus a echelle millimetrique n'est ohmique que pour certaines conditions d'irradiation. L'ion n#+ est le plus performant, tant pour la gravure que pour la conductivite. L'effet est explique sur la base theorique des collisions (resonance de la fonction gama). L'ensemble des resultats montre que l'irradiation ne peut pas etre modelisee sur le principe classique de l'implantation. Un effet de desorption et de gelification se produit. Le mode de conduction electrique est identifie, et les parametres de description quantitativement evalues. La nature et l'epaisseur de la couche conductrice de surface sont decrites, notamment l'existence possible d'une couche graphitisee, a l'aide de methodes de caracterisation : sims, eels, xps.