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Journal articles on the topic 'Odor perception'
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Caccappolo, Elise, Howard Kipen, Kathie Kelly-McNeil, Susan Knasko, Robert M. Hamer, Benjamin Natelson, and Nancy Fiedler. "Odor Perception:." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42, no. 6 (June 2000): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200006000-00012.
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Li, Xin, Dehan Luo, Yu Cheng, Kin-Yeung Wong, and Kevin Hung. "Identifying the Primary Odor Perception Descriptors by Multi-Output Linear Regression Models." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 3320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083320.
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Semantic odor perception descriptors, such as “sweet”, are widely used for product quality assessment in food, beverage, and fragrance industries to profile the odor perceptions. The current literature focuses on developing as many as possible odor perception descriptors. A large number of odor descriptors poses challenges for odor sensory assessment. In this paper, we propose the task of narrowing down the number of odor perception descriptors. To this end, we contrive a novel selection mechanism based on machine learning to identify the primary odor perceptual descriptors (POPDs). The perceptual ratings of non-primary odor perception descriptors (NPOPDs) could be predicted precisely from those of the POPDs. Therefore, the NPOPDs are redundant and could be disregarded from the odor vocabulary. The experimental results indicate that dozens of odor perceptual descriptors are redundant. It is also observed that the sparsity of the data has a negative correlation coefficient with the model performance, while the Pearson correlation between odor perceptions plays an active role. Reducing the odor vocabulary size could simplify the odor sensory assessment and is auxiliary to understand human odor perceptual space.
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Bo, Weichen, Yuandong Yu, Ran He, Dongya Qin, Xin Zheng, Yue Wang, Botian Ding, and Guizhao Liang. "Insight into the Structure–Odor Relationship of Molecules: A Computational Study Based on Deep Learning." Foods 11, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11142033.
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Molecules with pleasant odors, unacceptable odors, and even serious toxicity are closely related to human social life. It is impractical to identify the odors of molecules in large quantities (particularly hazardous odors) using experimental methods. Computer-aided methods have currently attracted increasing attention for the prediction of molecular odors. Here, through models based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) and physicochemical descriptors (MLP-Des), MLP and molecular fingerprint, and convolutional neural network (CNN), we conduct the two-class prediction of odor/no odor, fruity/no odor, floral/no odor, and woody/no odor, and the multi-class prediction of fruity/flowery/woody/no odor on our newly refined molecular odor datasets. We show that three kinds of predictors can robustly predict molecular odors. The MLP-Des model not only exhibits the best prediction results (the AUC values are 0.99 and 0.86 for the two- and multi-classification models, respectively) but can also well reflect the characteristics of the structure–odor relationship of molecules. The CNN model takes 2D molecular images as input and can automatically extract the structural features related to molecular odors. The proposed models are of great help for the prediction of molecular odorants, understanding the underlying relationship between chemical structure and odor perception, and the discovery of new odorous and/or hazardous molecules.
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Zakrzewska, Marta, Marco Tullio Liuzza, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "Body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) is related to extreme odor valence perception." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): e0284397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284397.
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Odors are important disease cues, and disgust sensitivity to body odors reflects individual differences in disease avoidance. The body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) scale provides a rapid and valid assessment of individual differences. Nevertheless, little is known about how individual differences in BODS might correlate with overall odor perception or how it is related to other differences in emotional reactivity (e.g., affect intensity). We investigated how BODS relates to perceptual ratings of pleasant and unpleasant odors. We aggregated data from 4 experiments (total N = 190) that were conducted in our laboratory, and where valence and intensity ratings were collected. Unpleasant odors were body-like (e.g., sweat-like valeric acid), which may provide disease cues. The pleasant odors were, in contrast, often found in soap and cleaning products (e.g., lilac, lemon). Across experiments, we show that individuals with higher BODS levels perceived smells as more highly valenced overall: unpleasant smells were rated as more unpleasant, and pleasant smells were rated as more pleasant. These results suggest that body odor disgust sensitivity is associated with a broader pattern of affect intensity which causes stronger emotional responses to both negative and positive odors. In contrast, BODS levels were not associated with odor intensity perception. Furthermore, disgust sensitivity to odors coming from external sources (e.g., someone else’s sweat) was the best predictor of odor valence ratings. The effects were modest in size. The results validate the BODS scale as it is explicitly associated with experimental ratings of odor valence.
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Lee, Brian K., Emily J. Mayhew, Benjamin Sanchez-Lengeling, Jennifer N. Wei, Wesley W. Qian, Kelsie A. Little, Matthew Andres, et al. "A principal odor map unifies diverse tasks in olfactory perception." Science 381, no. 6661 (September 2023): 999–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ade4401.
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Mapping molecular structure to odor perception is a key challenge in olfaction. We used graph neural networks to generate a principal odor map (POM) that preserves perceptual relationships and enables odor quality prediction for previously uncharacterized odorants. The model was as reliable as a human in describing odor quality: On a prospective validation set of 400 out-of-sample odorants, the model-generated odor profile more closely matched the trained panel mean than did the median panelist. By applying simple, interpretable, theoretically rooted transformations, the POM outperformed chemoinformatic models on several other odor prediction tasks, indicating that the POM successfully encoded a generalized map of structure-odor relationships. This approach broadly enables odor prediction and paves the way toward digitizing odors.
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Kerr, Kara-Lynne, Stephanie Joyce Rosero, and Richard L. Doty. "Odors and the Perception of Hygiene." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 1 (February 2005): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.1.135-141.
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Although certain odors, such as lemon, are commonly associated with cleanliness and positive hygiene, empirical assessment of such associations for other odors and attributes is generally lacking. Moreover, differences between men and women in such associations have not been established. In this study of lemon, onion, pine, and smoke odors, ratings were obtained from 142 men and 336 women ( M age = 30.1 yr., SD = 12.3) for odor intensity, gender association (masculine/feminine), and the success, sociability, intelligence, cleanliness, and attractiveness of a hypothetical person whose clothes smell like the odor in question. Ratings of the pleasantness or unpleasantness one would attribute to each odor in various rooms of the home were obtained, as well as a specification of whether such ratings are influenced by laundry habits, e.g., whether laundry is smelled before or after washing. Numerous associations were found. For example, a hypothetical person whose clothes smell of pine was rated as relatively more successful, intelligent, sociable, sanitary, and attractive than one whose clothes smelled of lemon, onion, or smoke. Sex differences, as well as differences between people who reported smelling their own laundry, were also found.
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Syrjänen, Elmeri, Håkan Fischer, Marco Tullio Liuzza, Torun Lindholm, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "A Review of the Effects of Valenced Odors on Face Perception and Evaluation." i-Perception 12, no. 2 (March 2021): 204166952110095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211009552.
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How do valenced odors affect the perception and evaluation of facial expressions? We reviewed 25 studies published from 1989 to 2020 on cross-modal behavioral effects of odors on the perception of faces. The results indicate that odors may influence facial evaluations and classifications in several ways. Faces are rated as more arousing during simultaneous odor exposure, and the rated valence of faces is affected in the direction of the odor valence. For facial classification tasks, in general, valenced odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, decrease facial emotion classification speed. The evidence for valence congruency effects was inconsistent. Some studies found that exposure to a valenced odor facilitates the processing of a similarly valenced facial expression. The results for facial evaluation were mirrored in classical conditioning studies, as faces conditioned with valenced odors were rated in the direction of the odor valence. However, the evidence of odor effects was inconsistent when the task was to classify faces. Furthermore, using a z-curve analysis, we found clear evidence for publication bias. Our recommendations for future research include greater consideration of individual differences in sensation and cognition, individual differences (e.g., differences in odor sensitivity related to age, gender, or culture), establishing standardized experimental assessments and stimuli, larger study samples, and embracing open research practices.
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Patel, Muktiben M., Nigam D. Patel, Angela Rekhi, and Alan R. Hirsch. "163 Treatment of Odor-Induced Anxiogenesis With Odor-Induced Anxiolysis." CNS Spectrums 23, no. 1 (February 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918000548.
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AbstractStudy ObjectiveTo understand the effects of odor on anxiety.IntroductionReduction of odor-induced anxiety through a presentation of an odor has not heretofore been described.MethodCase report: A 69-year-old right-handed male with a five year history of generalized anxiety disorder, presented with a one and a half month history of hypersensitivity to odors of multiple synthetic chemicals manifest by the perception that these odors were more intense and unpleasant inducing nausea, abdominal cramping, coughing, a need to “get away from the smell”, and panic with intense anxiety. These symptoms would occur whenever he was exposed to these smells, 20 to 25 times a day, and would persist for 10 to 15 minutes after the exposure. When odors induced the above symptoms, exposure to the aroma of cinnamon immediately alleviated these symptoms. He now continues using cinnamon odor whenever the odor induced anxiety and associated symptoms arise. This remedy has been effective over the course of treatment, for almost two years.ResultsAbnormalities on examination: Three per second titubation. Archimedean Spiral Test: Saw tooth pattern with macrographia. Anxious, circumstantial, overly inclusive. Unable to determine how to put on shoe covers. Impaired voluntary upward gave, but intact vertical doll’s eyes. Left torticollis. Bilateral finger to nose dysmetria. Low amplitude, high frequency tremor on extension of both upper extremities. Areflexic. Olfactory Testing: hyposmic. MRI of brain with and without infusion: mild generalized volume loss.ConclusionsThere are myriad mechanisms whereby odor may have reduced the odor-induced anxiety. Since aroma induced anxiogeneis is usually confined to a specific odor, it does not preclude other odors from acting in an anxiolytic manner. The combination of exposure simultaneously of anxiolytic and anxiogenic odors may have acted to increase the threshold of the anxiety producing odor, inhibiting perception of the anxiogenic odor and thus precipitation of anxiety. The two odors could have combined in an additive fashion, changing the olfactory characteristics of the anxiety provoking odor such that it no longer was perceived as the same odor and thus no anxiety. The anxiolytic/anxiogenic odor mixture could have overwhelmed the anxiogenic odor, thus creating the perception of only anxiolytic odor. On a central basis, the anxiolysis and anxiogenesis may have been induced to occur coincidently with anxiolysis superseding anxiogenesis. Alternatively, the odors may have acted as a distractor, changing the focus of attention from anxiogenic odor to a different odor which does not have the same anxiety provoking effect. Maybe because the patient already has demonstrated a heightened odor emotion linkage, he may be more susceptible to any other odor emotion effects. Trial of odors in those with odor induced anxiety warrants consideration.Funding AcknowledgementsNo funding.
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Kranz, Georg S., Ulrike Kaufmann, and Rupert Lanzenberger. "Probing the Impact of Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment on Odor Perception." Chemical Senses 45, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz069.
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Abstract Evidence suggests that women outperform men in core aspects of odor perception, and sex hormones may play a significant role in moderating this effect. The gender-affirming treatment (GAT) of transgender persons constitutes a powerful natural experiment to study the psychological and behavioral effects of high dosages of cross-sex hormone applications. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effects of GAT on odor perception in a sample of 131 participants including female and male controls, as well as transmen and transwomen over their first 4 months of gender transition. The Sniffin’ Sticks test battery was used to measure odor detection, discrimination, and identification at baseline, as well as 1 and 4 months after the start of GAT. Plasma levels of estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were analyzed for each assessment point. Results revealed no significant change of olfactory performance in the two transgender groups compared with female and male controls. There was no significant difference between groups at baseline or any other time point. Neither biological sex, nor gender identity had an influence on odor perception. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between sex hormones and odor perception and between GAT-induced changes in sex hormones and changes in odor perception. Our results indicate that the effects of sex hormones on olfactory performance are subtle, if present at all. However, our results do not preclude hormonal effects on odors not included in the Sniffin’ Sticks test battery, such as body odors or odors associated with sex.
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Holley, André. "Recent Advances in Mechanisms of Odor Perception." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 6 (September 1, 1999): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0267.
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This paper summarizes recent findings on the olfactory system and on its functioning. Studies in molecular biology indicate that odor receptors are extremely numerous and diverse. These remarkable findings, along with recent data on the functional organization of the olfactory bulb and cortex, provide a framework for revisiting traditional views on odor coding. Both spatial and temporal neural codes seem to participate in the representation of odors in the olfactory system.
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Li, Bingjie, Marissa L. Kamarck, Qianqian Peng, Fei-Ling Lim, Andreas Keller, Monique A. M. Smeets, Joel D. Mainland, and Sijia Wang. "From musk to body odor: Decoding olfaction through genetic variation." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): e1009564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009564.
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The olfactory system combines input from multiple receptor types to represent odor information, but there are few explicit examples relating olfactory receptor (OR) activity patterns to odor perception. To uncover these relationships, we performed genome-wide scans on odor-perception phenotypes for ten odors in 1000 Han Chinese and validated results for six of these odors in an ethnically diverse population (n = 364). In both populations, consistent with previous studies, we replicated three previously reported associations (β-ionone/OR5A1, androstenone/OR7D4, cis-3-hexen-1-ol/OR2J3 LD-band), but not for odors containing aldehydes, suggesting that olfactory phenotype/genotype studies are robust across populations. Two novel associations between an OR and odor perception contribute to our understanding of olfactory coding. First, we found a SNP in OR51B2 that associated with trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, a key component of human underarm odor. Second, we found two linked SNPs associated with the musk Galaxolide in a novel musk receptor, OR4D6, which is also the first human OR shown to drive specific anosmia to a musk compound. We noticed that SNPs detected for odor intensity were enriched with amino acid substitutions, implying functional changes of odor receptors. Furthermore, we also found that the derived alleles of the SNPs tend to be associated with reduced odor intensity, supporting the hypothesis that the primate olfactory gene repertoire has degenerated over time. This study provides information about coding for human body odor, and gives us insight into broader mechanisms of olfactory coding, such as how differential OR activation can converge on a similar percept.
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ANHOLT, R. R. H. "The Perception of Odor." Science 252, no. 5003 (April 12, 1991): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5003.321.
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Hölscher, Bernd, Norbert A Braun, Berthold Weber, Claus-Hermann Kappey, Manfred Meier, and Wilhelm Pickenhagen. "Enantioselectivity in Odor Perception." Helvetica Chimica Acta 87, no. 7 (July 2004): 1666–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200490151.
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Basevitch, Itay, Brooke Thompson, Robyn Braun, Selen Razon, Guler Arsal, Umit Tokac, Edson Medeiros Filho, Tonya Nascimento, and Gershon Tenenbaum. "Olfactory Effects on Attention Allocation and Perception of Exertion." Sport Psychologist 25, no. 2 (June 2011): 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.2.144.
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The aim of the current study was to test the effectiveness of pleasant odors on perception of exertion and attention allocation. A secondary purpose was to employ a placebo-control design and measure perceived smell intensity during task performance; methods that have been overlooked in previous olfaction studies in the sport and exercise domain. Seventy-six college students (35 females, 41 males) were recruited to perform a handgrip task. They were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups: control, placebo, lavender odor, and peppermint odor. Adhesive strips were placed under the noses of those in the latter three groups. The placebo group had a strip with no odor. The lavender and peppermint odor groups had a drop of concentration on the strip. After establishing a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) level, participants performed at 30% of their MVC level for as long as they could tolerate, during which they provided ratings of perceived exertion (or effort; RPE), attention, and smell intensity at 30s intervals, and affect every 60s. MANOVA procedures failed to reveal significant differences among the treatment and nontreatment groups on rate of perceived exertion, attention allocation, and total time duration on the task. However, statistical differences were found between both odor groups and the placebo group on perceived attention diversion. The lavender group reported that the odor diverted attention to a higher degree than both the peppermint and placebo groups. Although nonsignificant, findings revealed a trend suggesting that odors may have an effect on cognitive processes, and on performance. There is a need for additional research to better capture these effects. Directions for further research, with an emphasis on methodological issues are outlined.
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Beaulieu-Lefebvre, Mathilde, Fabien C. Schneider, Ron Kupers, and Maurice Ptito. "Odor perception and odor awareness in congenital blindness." Brain Research Bulletin 84, no. 3 (February 2011): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.12.014.
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Bierling, Antonie Louise, Ilona Croy, Thomas Hummel, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, and Alexander Croy. "Olfactory Perception in Relation to the Physicochemical Odor Space." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050563.
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A growing body of research aims at solving what is often referred to as the stimulus-percept problem in olfactory perception. Although computational efforts have made it possible to predict perceptual impressions from the physicochemical space of odors, studies with large psychophysical datasets from non-experts remain scarce. Following previous approaches, we developed a physicochemical odor space using 4094 molecular descriptors of 1389 odor molecules. For 20 of these odors, we examined associations with perceived pleasantness, intensity, odor quality and detection threshold, obtained from a dataset of 2000 naïve participants. Our results show significant differences in perceptual ratings, and we were able to replicate previous findings on the association between perceptual ratings and the first dimensions of the physicochemical odor space. However, the present analyses also revealed striking interindividual variations in perceived pleasantness and intensity. Additionally, interactions between pleasantness, intensity, and olfactory and trigeminal qualitative dimensions were found. To conclude, our results support previous findings on the relation between structure and perception on the group level in our sample of non-expert raters. In the challenging task to relate olfactory stimulus and percept, the physicochemical odor space can serve as a reliable and helpful tool to structure the high-dimensional space of olfactory stimuli. Nevertheless, human olfactory perception in the individual is not an analytic process of molecule detection alone, but is part of a holistic integration of multisensory inputs, context and experience.
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Wang, Yu, Qilong Zhao, Mingyuan Ma, and Jin Xu. "Decoding Structure–Odor Relationship Based on Hypergraph Neural Network and Deep Attentional Factorization Machine." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 8777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178777.
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Understanding the relationship between the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of odor molecules and olfactory perception, i.e., the structure–odor relationship, remains a decades-old, challenging task. However, the differences among the molecular structure graphs of different molecules are subtle and complex, and the molecular feature descriptors are numerous, with complex interactions that cause multiple odor perceptions. In this paper, we propose to decompose the features of the molecular structure graph into feature vectors corresponding to each odor perception descriptor to effectively explore higher-order semantic interactions between odor molecules and odor perception descriptors. We propose an olfactory perception prediction model noted as HGAFMN, which utilizes a hypergraph neural network with the olfactory lateral inhibition-inspired attention mechanism to learn the molecular structure feature from the odor molecular structure graph. Furthermore, existing methods cannot effectively extract interactive features in the large number of molecular feature descriptors, which have complex relations. To solve this problem, we add an attentional factorization mechanism to the deep neural network module and obtain a molecular descriptive feature through the deep feature combination based on the attention mechanism. Our proposed HGAFMN has achieved good results in extensive experiments and will help product design and quality assessment in the food, beverage, and fragrance industries.
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Fallon, Nicholas, Timo Giesbrecht, Anna Thomas, and Andrej Stancak. "A Behavioral and Electrophysiological Investigation of Effects of Visual Congruence on Olfactory Sensitivity During Habituation to Prolonged Odors." Chemical Senses 45, no. 9 (October 9, 2020): 845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa065.
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Abstract Congruent visual cues augment sensitivity to brief olfactory presentations and habituation of odor perception is modulated by central-cognitive processing including context. However, it is not known whether habituation to odors could interact with cross-modal congruent stimuli. The present research investigated the effect of visual congruence on odor detection sensitivity during continuous odor exposures. We utilized a multimethod approach, including subjective behavioral responses and reaction times (RTs; study 1) and electroencephalography (EEG, study 2). Study 1: 25 participants received 2-min presentations of moderate-intensity floral odor delivered via olfactometer with congruent (flower) and incongruent (object) image presentations. Participants indicated odor perception after each image. Detection sensitivity and RTs were analyzed in epochs covering the period of habituation. Study 2: 25 new participants underwent EEG recordings during 145-s blocks of odor presentations with congruent or incongruent images. Participants passively observed images and intermittently rated the perceived intensity of odor. Event-related potential analysis was utilized to evaluate brain processing related to odor–visual pairs across the period of habituation. Odor detection sensitivity and RTs were improved by congruent visual cues. Results highlighted a diminishing influence of visual congruence on odor detection sensitivity as habituation occurred. Event-related potential analysis revealed an effect of congruency on electrophysiological processing in the N400 component. This was only evident in early periods of odor exposure when perception was strong. For the first time, this demonstrates the modulation of central processing of odor–visual pairs by habituation. Frontal negativity (N400) responses encode the aspects of cross-modal congruence for odor–vision cross-modal tasks.
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Du, Hongxia, Zihan Wang, Yongjun Sun, and Kinjal J. Shah. "An Overview of the Progress made in Research on Odor Removal in Water Treatment Plants." Water 16, no. 2 (January 12, 2024): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16020280.
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Odor is one of the most intuitive indicators for assessing drinking water quality in waterworks. Removing odors is of great importance to improve the quality of tap water, ensure people’s health, and address public perception. The effective identification of odors in drinking water and the exploration of the source of the odor are the prerequisites for eliminating odors. Therefore, this article first discusses the sources and types of odors that are typical in current drinking water, focuses on reviewing the research progress of odor removal technologies in water treatment plants, including adsorption technology, chemical oxidation technology, biodegradation technology and combined technology, and explains the advantages, disadvantages, principles, research progress, practical application scenarios, considerations and application prospects of each odor-removal technology. It is expected to provide a reference for controlling odor pollution in drinking water.
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Puleo, Sharon, Ada Braghieri, Corrado Pacelli, Alessandra Bendini, Tullia Gallina Toschi, Luisa Torri, Maria Piochi, and Rossella Di Monaco. "Food Neophobia, Odor and Taste Sensitivity, and Overall Flavor Perception in Food." Foods 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 3122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123122.
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Smell, which allows us to gather information about the hedonic value of an odor, is affected by many factors. This study aimed to assess the relationship among individual factors, odor sensitivity, and enjoyment, and to evaluate how overall flavor perception and liking in actual food samples are affected by odor sensitivity. A total of 749 subjects, from four different Italian regions, participated in the study. The olfactory capabilities test on four odors (anise, banana, mint, and pine), as well as PROP (6-n-prpyl-2-thiouracil) status and food neophobia were assessed. The subjects were clustered into three groups of odor sensitivity, based on the perceived intensity of anise. The liking and intensity of the overall flavor were evaluated for four chocolate puddings with increasing sweetness (C1, C2, C3, and C4). The individual variables significantly affected the perceived intensity and liking of the odors. Even if all of the odor sensitivity groups perceived the more intensely flavored samples as the C1 and C4 chocolate puddings, the high-sensitivity group scored the global flavor of all of the samples as more intense than the low-sensitivity group. The low-sensitive subjects evaluated the liking of the sweeter samples with higher scores than the moderate-sensitive subjects, whereas the high-sensitive subjects gave intermediate scores. In conclusion, odor sensitivity plays a pivotal role in the perception and liking of real food products; this has to be taken into account in the formulation of new products, suitable for particular categories with reduced olfactory abilities.
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SATO, Narumi, Mika SHIRASU, and Kazushige TOUHARA. "Mechanisms of Musk Odor Perception." KAGAKU TO SEIBUTSU 53, no. 11 (2015): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu.53.774.
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ELI, ILANA, RONI BAHT, HILIT KORIAT, and MEL ROSENBERG. "Self-perception of breath odor." Journal of the American Dental Association 132, no. 5 (May 2001): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2001.0239.
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Lombion, Sandrine, Blandine Bechetoille, Sylvie Nezelof, and Jean-Louis Millot. "Odor perception in alexithymic patients." Psychiatry Research 177, no. 1-2 (May 2010): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.018.
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Engen, Trygg. "Perception of odor and irritation." Environment International 12, no. 1-4 (January 1986): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(86)90028-0.
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Filsinger, Erik E., Richard A. Fabes, and George Hughston. "Introversion-Extraversion and Dimensions of Olfactory Perception." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 3 (June 1987): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.3.695.
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A possible relationship between odor perception and introversion-extraversion was explored. 195 subjects completed Eysenck's Introversion-Extraversion Scale and rated strength, familiarity, and pleasantness of four odors. Zero-order correlations were examined and the data were factor analyzed. The introversion-extraversion items formed a factor separate from three olfactory factors.
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Tromelin, Anne, Florian Koensgen, Karine Audouze, Elisabeth Guichard, and Thierry Thomas-Danguin. "Exploring the Characteristics of an Aroma-Blending Mixture by Investigating the Network of Shared Odors and the Molecular Features of Their Related Odorants." Molecules 25, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133032.
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The perception of aroma mixtures is based on interactions beginning at the peripheral olfactory system, but the process remains poorly understood. The perception of a mixture of ethyl isobutyrate (Et-iB, strawberry-like odor) and ethyl maltol (Et-M, caramel-like odor) was investigated previously in both human and animal studies. In those studies, the binary mixture of Et-iB and Et-M was found to be configurally processed. In humans, the mixture was judged as more typical of a pineapple odor, similar to allyl hexanoate (Al-H, pineapple-like odor), than the odors of the individual components. To explore the key features of this aroma blend, we developed an in silico approach based on molecules having at least one of the odors—strawberry, caramel or pineapple. A dataset of 293 molecules and their related odors was built. We applied the notion of a “social network” to describe the network of the odors. Additionally, we explored the structural properties of the molecules in this dataset. The network of the odors revealed peculiar links between odors, while the structural study emphasized key characteristics of the molecules. The association between “strawberry” and “caramel” notes, as well as the structural diversity of the “strawberry” molecules, were notable. Such elements would be key to identifying potential odors/odorants to form aroma blends.
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Hoenen, Matthias, Oliver T. Wolf, and Bettina M. Pause. "The Impact of Stress on Odor Perception." Perception 46, no. 3-4 (January 10, 2017): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616688707.
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The olfactory system and emotional systems are highly intervened and share common neuronal structures. The current study investigates whether emotional (e.g., anger and fear) and physiological (saliva cortisol) stress responses are associated with odor identification ability and hedonic odor judgments (intensity, pleasantness, and unpleasantness). Nineteen men participated in the modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and a control session (cycling on a stationary bike). The physiological arousal was similar in both sessions. In each session, participants’ odor identification score was assessed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, and their transient mood was recorded on the dimensions of valence, arousal, anger, and anxiety. Multivariate regression analyses show that an increase of cortisol in the TSST session (as compared with the control session) is associated with better odor identification performance (β = .491) and higher odor intensity ratings (β = .562). However, increased anger in the TSST session (as compared with the control session) is associated with lower odor identification performance (β = −.482). The study shows divergent effects of the emotional and the physiological stress responses, indicating that an increase of cortisol is associated with better odor identification performance, whereas increased anger is associated with poorer odor identification performance.
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Cho, Hyeon-Jun, and Su-Chul Yoon. "Occurrence of Designated Odor Substances in Wastewater Treatment Plant and Industrial Estate." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 46, no. 3 (March 31, 2024): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.3.73.
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Objectives : Odor emissions pose a challenge due to the diversity of odor-producing substances, their various sources, and the complex interactions between different compounds. Moreover, people's perception of odor intensity can vary based on their living environment and psychological state, making it difficult to effectively manage and develop mitigation measures for odors, in contrast to other air pollutants. To address this issue, this study focuses on two prominent sources of residential odors, namely wastewater treatment plant and industrial estate.Methods : Through on-site data collection, the study aims to investigate the characteristics of odor emissions and analyze seasonal trends in odor generation. Ultimately, the study seeks to assess the substances contributing to odors in wastewater treatment plant and industrial estate through odor contribution analysis.Results and Discussion : The research findings reveal that wastewater treatment plants predominantly emit high concentrations of fatty acid substances such as Propionic acid, iso-Valeric acid, and n-Valeric acid. In contrast, industrial estates release a variety of odor-causing substances, including Toluene, Xylene, Butyraldehyde, Trimethylamine, and iso-Valeraldehyde.Conclusion Significant differences are observed both in terms of odor concentration and odor contribution. These disparities are attributed to the specific characteristics of wastewater treatment plants and industrial processes that induce odors. Nevertheless, in both types of facilities, Trimethylamine is identified as a major contributor to odors.
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Wilson, D. A. "Odor Perception is Dynamic: Consequences for Interpretation of Odor Maps." Chemical Senses 30, Supplement 1 (January 1, 2005): i105—i106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh136.
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Oren, Chen, and Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory. "Women’s Body Odor during Ovulation Improves Social Perception in Single Men." Chemical Senses 44, no. 9 (August 14, 2019): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz053.
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Abstract Previous research has shown that men’s mating motivation may increase following exposure to women’s body odor during ovulation. In the current study, we examined whether exposure to women’s fertility odor cues influences social perception among men, while focusing on the role of men’s relationship status in moderating this reaction. We collected body odor samples from 43 women during ovulation and during the luteal phase and exposed 85 men to these odor samples while they performed an emotion recognition task and an interpersonal perception task. Single men were better at recognizing emotional facial expressions following exposure to odor cues of high fertility as compared with odor cues of low fertility. No such effect was identified in pair-bonded men. In support of this finding, single men became more accurate on the interpersonal perception task following exposure to odor cues of high fertility, while pair-bonded men became less accurate after such exposure. Collectively, the results suggest that exposure to women’s fertility odor cues improves social perception among single men, while it impairs such perception among pair-bonded men. We suggest that these effects may result from increased mating motivation following exposure to odor cues of fertility, which in turn encourages accurate social perception among single men while promoting an avoidant attitude toward social stimuli among pair-bonded men.
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Croijmans, Ilja, Daniel Beetsma, Henk Aarts, Ilse Gortemaker, and Monique Smeets. "The role of fragrance and self-esteem in perception of body odors and impressions of others." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): e0258773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258773.
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Human sweat odor serves as social communication signal for a person’s traits and emotional states. This study explored whether body odors can also communicate information about one’s self-esteem, and the role of applied fragrance in this relationship. Female participants were asked to rate self-esteem and attractiveness of different male contestants of a dating show, while being exposed to male participant’s body odors differing in self-esteem. High self-esteem sweat was rated more pleasant and less intense than low self-esteem sweat. However, there was no difference in perceived self-esteem and attractiveness of male contestants in videos, hence explicit differences in body odor did not transfer to judgments of related person characteristics. When the body odor was fragranced using a fragranced body spray, male contestants were rated as having higher self-esteem and being more attractive. The finding that body odors from male participants differing in self-esteem are rated differently and can be discriminated suggests self-esteem has distinct perceivable olfactory features, but the remaining findings imply that only fragrance affect the psychological impression someone makes. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of body odor and fragrance in human perception and social communication.
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Sabiniewicz, Agnieszka, Elena Schaefer, Cagdas Guducu, Cedric Manesse, Moustafa Bensafi, Nadejda Krasteva, Gabriele Nelles, and Thomas Hummel. "Smells Influence Perceived Pleasantness but Not Memorization of a Visual Virtual Environment." i-Perception 12, no. 2 (March 2021): 204166952198973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669521989731.
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The present study aimed to investigate whether the perception of still scenes in a virtual environment in congruent versus incongruent condition can be influenced by odors. Ninety healthy participants were divided into three groups, including two experimental virtual reality (VR) environments: a rose garden, an orange basket, and a control condition. In each VR condition, participants were exposed to a rose odor, an orange odor, or no odor, resulting in congruent, incongruent, and control conditions. Participants were asked to describe (a) the content of the VR scene and rate its overall pleasantness and (b) the smell and to rate its intensity and pleasantness. For each condition, participants were tested twice. During the second test, participants provided ratings and descriptions of the content of the VR scenes without being exposed to odors or VR environments. Virtual scenarios tended to be remembered as more pleasant when presented with congruent odors. Furthermore, participants used more descriptors in congruent scenarios than in incongruent scenarios. Eventually, rose odor appeared to be remembered as more pleasant when presented within congruent scenarios. These findings show that olfactory stimuli in congruent versus incongruent conditions can possibly modulate the perception of the pleasantness of visual scenes but not the memorization.
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Singh, Shripriya. "Decoding the sense of smell: understanding the structural organization within the brain." Biotechnology Kiosk 2, no. 7 (July 22, 2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37756/bk.20.2.7.1.
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The olfactory sense is a potent sensory tool which helps us perceive our environment much better. However, smells despite being similar have different impacts on individuals. What makes one odor categorically different from the other and why do people have a unique and personalized experience with smell is an answer that needs to be addressed. In the present article we have discussed the research in which neuroscientists have decoded and described how the relationships between different odors are encoded in the brain. How the brain transforms information about odor chemistry into the perception of smell is a major highlight of this publication. Carefully selected odors with defined molecular structures were delivered in mice and the neural activity was analyzed. It was observed that neuronal representations of smell in the cortex reflected chemical similarities between odors, thus allowing the brain to categorize scents. The study has employed chemo informatics and multiphoton imaging in the mouse to demonstrate both the piriform cortex and its sensory inputs from the olfactory bulb represent chemical odor relationships through correlated patterns of activity. The research has given us cues in the direction of how the brain translates odor chemistry into neurochemistry and eventually perception of smell.
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Cammaerts, Marie-Claire, and Roger Cammaerts. "Ants’ Capability of Adding and Subtracting Odors." International Journal of Biology 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v12n1p1.
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Summing and discriminating odors may be useful for animals in their daily life. The workers of the ant Myrmica sabuleti rely essentially on odors for navigating and have a rather poor visual perception. It was previously shown that they can add and subtract visual elements when the result of the operation has been concretely presented to them, i.e. they thus respond to an image which corresponds the best to that they have memorized. Here we examined if these ants can sum two odors and ‘subtract’ (discriminate) an odor from a mixture of two ones. They added two distinct odors only when these odors were presented side by side and perceived simultaneously, and not when they were located at some distance from one another and perceived consecutively. They discriminated one odor from a mixture when that odor was presented in association with a reward (the food). They subtracted one odor from a mixture when that specific odor was presented and perceived separately at a place not associated with a reward. Myrmica sabuleti workers could thus effectively add two odors and subtract one odor from a mixture, but only when the odor(s) to which they should respond was (were) associated with a reward. In the wild, such a behavior could help the ants to navigate.
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Zhang, Yan, Weihua Yang, Günther Schauberger, Jianzhuang Wang, Jing Geng, Gen Wang, and Jie Meng. "Determination of Dose–Response Relationship to Derive Odor Impact Criteria for a Wastewater Treatment Plant." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030371.
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Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) inside cities have been the major complained sources of odor pollution in China, whereas there is little knowledge about the dose–response relationship to describe the resident complaints caused by odor exposure. This study explored a dose–response relationship between the modelled exposure and the annoyance surveyed by questionnaires. Firstly, the time series of odor concentrations were preliminarily simulated by a dispersion model. Secondly, the perception-related odor exposures were further calculated by combining with the peak to mean factors (constant value 4 (Germany) and 2.3 (Italy)), different time periods of “a whole year”, “summer”, and “nighttime of summer”, and two approaches of odor impact criterion (OIC) (“odor-hour” and “odor concentration”). Thirdly, binomial logistic regression models were used to compare kinds of perception-related odor exposures and odor annoyance by odds ratio, goodness of fit and predictive ability. All perception-related odor exposures were positively associated with odor annoyance. The best goodness of fit was found when using “nighttime of summer” in predicting odor-annoyance responses, which highlights the importance of the time of the day and the time of the year weighting. The best predictive performance for odor perception was determined when the OIC was 4 ou/m3 at the 99th percentile for the odor exposure over time periods of nighttime of summer. The study of dose–response relationship could be useful for the odor management and control of WWTP to maximize the satisfaction of air quality for the residents inside city.
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Goshin, Mikhail E., Olga V. Budarina, and Nadezhda N. Demina. "Analysis of the health status of the population living in conditions of air pollution with odorous substances (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 9 (October 20, 2020): 930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-9-930-938.
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The article provides the literature review devoted to the analysis of international research on the effects of air odor pollution on population health. A literature search was carried out using the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, RSCI. The authors analyzed a total of 59 publications from 1949 to 2019. Analysis of the results of studies conducted in various countries (mainly using survey methods), showed the inhabitants of residential areas located near sources of odor, compared with the control areas, more often to have various somatic (respiratory disorders, nausea, eye irritation, headache, dizziness, sleep problems, stomach upset, etc.) and emotional (stress, fatigability, depression) symptoms. At the same time, a significant correlation with these symptoms most often shows a subjective assessment of the frequency and intensity of odor perception by the residents. The researches allow assuming the odor to effect on these disorders indirectly, through the so-called “annoyance”, which is a more powerful predictor of symptoms than the perception of odor, its concentration, or distance to the source. According to researchers, annoyance is a complex of human reactions that occurs as a result of exposure to odor as a stressful factor that causes negative cognitive assessment requiring a certain response. Annoyance is an emotional response to a stimulus that can mediate various symptoms. In addition to the direct effects of odor, a significant influence on the degree of annoyance have socio-economic factors, subjective perception of odor as a harmful factor for the health, personal, and situational factors. The authors conclude that it is necessary to expand approaches to assessing the influence of odors on the health status and quality of life of the population with comprehensive studies, including morbidity analysis, with using highly informative non-invasive methods for the study of cytogenetic, cytological, immunological, psychological status and adaptive capacity of the organism.
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Dalton, Pamela. "Odor Perception and Beliefs about Risk." Chemical Senses 21, no. 4 (1996): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/21.4.447.
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Stevenson, Richard J., and Robert A. Boakes. "A mnemonic theory of odor perception." Psychological Review 110, no. 2 (2003): 340–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.110.2.340.
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Visser, J. H. "Host Odor Perception in Phytophagous Insects." Annual Review of Entomology 31, no. 1 (January 1986): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.001005.
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Djordjevic, J., R. J. Zatorre, and M. Jones-Gotman. "Odor-induced changes in taste perception." Experimental Brain Research 159, no. 3 (October 20, 2004): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-2103-y.
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Ahlstrom, R., B. Berglund, U. Berglund, T. Lindvall, and Arne Wennberg. "Impaired odor perception in tank cleaners." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 12, no. 6 (December 1986): 574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2100.
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Singh, Amrinder, Sidhu Rubani, Estevao Ribeiro, Vikram Preet Kaur, and Alan Hirsch. "Anosmia as an Enantiopathy for Migraines." CNS Spectrums 27, no. 2 (April 2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852922000244.
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AbstractIntroductionElimination of olfactory sensory perception with a reduction in odor-induced migraine has not heretofore been reported.MethodsCase study: A 64-year-old right-handed woman presented with a history of common migraines since childhood. The headaches were bilateral, throbbing, pulsatile, and without aura and were associated with lightheadedness, photophobia, sonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. They would be precipitated by ambient aromas, such as perfumes and bath products, and she became agoraphobic, fearful of going out of her domicile and being exposed to odors. She avoided stores, perfume counters, and public places; scared that it would initiate a disabling headache. Twenty-five years prior to presentation, the patient fell on ice, striking her head and causing a transient loss of consciousness and persistent absence of smell and taste. From that point forwards, while she would have an occasional headache independent of an odor, she no longer experienced odor-induced headaches. Her agoraphobia had resolved. Since the head trauma, her smell remained at 10% to 20%. Her taste remained at 30% of normal.ResultsAbnormalities on neurological examination: Motor examination: Drift testing: Right pronator drift with right abductor digiti minimi sign. Cerebellar examination: Bilateral finger-to-nose dysmetria. Rapid alternating movements: decreased in the left upper extremity. Reflexes: Bilateral upper extremity 3+. Absent bilateral ankle jerks. Bilateral palmomental and Hoffmann reflexes present. Chemosensory testing: Olfaction: Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT): 7 (hyposmia), Alcohol Sniff Test: 0 (anosmia). Retronasal Olfaction: Retronasal Smell Index: 4 (hyposmia). Gustation: Propylthiouracil Disc Taste Test: 10 (normogeusia). While performing the B-SIT and sniffing the aroma of rose, the patient noted the sudden onset of a headache, even though she could not detect any odor present.DiscussionThe temporal relationship between loss of sense of smell and elimination of odor-induced migraines suggests a causal relationship. Conscious recognition of odor may induce a stimulus-response paradigm, whereby migraine occurs. Head trauma-induced anosmia, by elimination of conscious perception of the odor, may thus be the modality whereby her headaches resolved. Alternatively, odors may induce an autonomic response, and conscious recognition of such autonomic response may induce a headache. To tergiversate, that the rose aroma in the B-SIT induced a headache, without any conscious detection of the odor, implies that either unconscious perception is enough to precipitate a headache or that these odors act not as odorants, but rather as an exogenous ambient chemical inducing headaches. Possibly the production of temporary anosmia by use of nose clips may be utilized as a prophylactic device for those with odor-induced migraines. Further investigation into this is warranted.FundingNo funding
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Majid, Asifa, Laura Speed, Ilja Croijmans, and Artin Arshamian. "What Makes a Better Smeller?" Perception 46, no. 3-4 (January 19, 2017): 406–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616688224.
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Olfaction is often viewed as difficult, yet the empirical evidence suggests a different picture. A closer look shows people around the world differ in their ability to detect, discriminate, and name odors. This gives rise to the question of what influences our ability to smell. Instead of focusing on olfactory deficiencies, this review presents a positive perspective by focusing on factors that make someone a better smeller. We consider three driving forces in improving olfactory ability: one’s biological makeup, one’s experience, and the environment. For each factor, we consider aspects proposed to improve odor perception and critically examine the evidence; as well as introducing lesser discussed areas. In terms of biology, there are cases of neurodiversity, such as olfactory synesthesia, that serve to enhance olfactory ability. Our lifetime experience, be it typical development or unique training experience, can also modify the trajectory of olfaction. Finally, our odor environment, in terms of ambient odor or culinary traditions, can influence odor perception too. Rather than highlighting the weaknesses of olfaction, we emphasize routes to harnessing our olfactory potential.
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Kaeppler, K., and F. Mueller. "Odor Classification: A Review of Factors Influencing Perception-Based Odor Arrangements." Chemical Senses 38, no. 3 (January 16, 2013): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjs141.
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Escanilla, Olga, Nathalie Mandairon, and Christiane Linster. "Odor-reward learning and enrichment have similar effects on odor perception." Physiology & Behavior 94, no. 4 (July 2008): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.03.008.
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McQueen, Kelsey A., Kelly E. Fredericksen, and Chad L. Samuelsen. "Experience Informs Consummatory Choices for Congruent and Incongruent Odor–Taste Mixtures in Rats." Chemical Senses 45, no. 5 (April 2, 2020): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa025.
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Abstract Experience is an essential factor informing food choice. Eating food generates enduring odor–taste associations that link an odor with a taste’s quality and hedonic value (pleasantness/unpleasantness) and creates the perception of a congruent odor–taste combination. Previous human psychophysical experiments demonstrate that experience with odor–taste mixtures shapes perceptual judgments related to the intensity, familiarity, and pleasantness of chemosensory stimuli. However, how these perceptual judgments inform consummatory choice is less clear. Using rats as a model system and a 2-bottle brief-access task, we investigated how experience with palatable and unpalatable odor–taste mixtures influences consummatory choice related to odor–taste congruence and stimulus familiarity. We found that the association between an odor and a taste, not the odor’s identity or its congruence with a taste, informs consummatory choice for odor–taste mixtures. Furthermore, we showed that the association between an odor and a taste, not odor neophobia, informs consummatory choice for odors dissolved in water. Our results provide further evidence that the association between an odor and a taste, after odor–taste mixture experience, is a fundamental feature guiding consummatory choice.
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Österbauer, Robert A., Paul M. Matthews, Mark Jenkinson, Christian F. Beckmann, Peter C. Hansen, and Gemma A. Calvert. "Color of Scents: Chromatic Stimuli Modulate Odor Responses in the Human Brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00555.2004.
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Color has a profound effect on the perception of odors. For example, strawberry-flavored drinks smell more pleasant when colored red than green and descriptions of the “nose” of a wine are dramatically influenced by its color. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we demonstrate a neurophysiological correlate of these cross-modal visual influences on olfactory perception. Subjects were scanned while exposed either to odors or colors in isolation or to color-odor combinations that were rated on the basis of how well they were perceived to match. Activity in caudal regions of the orbitofrontal cortex and in the insular cortex increased progressively with the perceived congruency of the odor-color pairs. These findings demonstrate the neuronal correlates of olfactory response modulation by color cues in brain areas previously identified as encoding the hedonic value of smells.
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Manesse, Cédric, Arnaud Fournel, Moustafa Bensafi, and Camille Ferdenzi. "Visual Priming Influences Olfactomotor Response and Perceptual Experience of Smells." Chemical Senses 45, no. 3 (February 17, 2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa008.
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Abstract Whereas contextual influences in the visual and auditory domains have been largely documented, little is known about how chemical senses might be affected by our multisensory environment. In the present study, we aimed to better understand how a visual context can affect the perception of a rather pleasant (floral) and a rather unpleasant (damp) odor. To this end, 19 healthy participants performed a series of tasks including odor detection followed by perceptual evaluations of odor intensity, pleasantness, flowery, and damp characters of both odors presented at 2 different concentrations. A visual context (either congruent or incongruent with the odor; or a neutral control context) preceded odor stimulations. Olfactomotor responses as well as response times were recorded during the detection task. Results showed an influence of the visual context on semantic and motor responses to the target odors. First, congruency between context and odor increased the saliency of the olfactory feature of the memory trace, for the pleasant floral odor only (higher perceived flowery note). Clinical applications of this finding for olfactory remediation in dysosmic patients are proposed. Second, the unpleasant odor remained unaffected by visual primes, whatever the condition. In addition, incongruency between context and odor (regardless of odor type) had a disruptive effect on odor sampling behavior, which was interpreted as a protective behavior in response to expectancy violation. Altogether, this second series of effects may serve an adaptive function, especially the avoidance of, or simply vigilance toward, aversive and unpredictable stimuli.
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Small, Dana M., Joel Voss, Y. Erica Mak, Katharine B. Simmons, Todd Parrish, and Darren Gitelman. "Experience-Dependent Neural Integration of Taste and Smell in the Human Brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 3 (September 2004): 1892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00050.2004.
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Flavor perception arises from the central integration of peripherally distinct sensory inputs (taste, smell, texture, temperature, sight, and even sound of foods). The results from psychophysical and neuroimaging studies in humans are converging with electrophysiological findings in animals and a picture of the neural correlates of flavor processing is beginning to emerge. Here we used event-related fMRI to evaluate brain response during perception of flavors (i.e., taste/odor liquid mixtures not differing in temperature or texture) compared with the sum of the independent presentation of their constituents (taste and/or odor). All stimuli were presented in liquid form so that olfactory stimulation was by the retronasal route. Mode of olfactory delivery is important because neural suppression has been observed in chemosensory regions during congruent taste–odor pairs when the odors are delivered by the orthonasal route and require subjects to sniff. There were 2 flavors. One contained a familiar/congruent taste–odor pair (vanilla/sweet) and the other an unfamiliar/incongruent taste–odor pair (vanilla/salty). Three unimodal stimuli, including 2 tastes (sweet and salty) and one odor (vanilla), as well as a tasteless/odorless liquid (baseline) were presented. Superadditive responses during the perception of the congruent flavor compared with the sum of its constituents were observed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsal insula, anterior ventral insula extending into the caudal orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), frontal operculum, ventral lateral prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. These regions were not present in a similar analysis of the incongruent flavor compared with the sum of its constituents. All of these regions except the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex were also isolated in a direct contrast of congruent − incongruent. Additionally, the anterior cingulate, posterior parietal cortex, frontal operculum, and ventral insula/caudal OFC were also more active in vanilla + salty minus incongruent, suggesting that delivery of an unfamiliar taste–odor combination may lead to suppressed neural responses. Taken together with previous findings in the literature, these results suggest that the insula, OFC, and ACC are key components of the network underlying flavor perception and that taste–smell integration within these and other regions is dependent on 1) mode of olfactory delivery and 2) previous experience with taste/smell combinations.
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Kitson, Jennifer, Monica Leiva, Zachary Christman, and Pamela Dalton. "Evaluating Urban Odor with Field Olfactometry in Camden, NJ." Urban Science 3, no. 3 (August 18, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030093.
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Odor annoyance negatively impacts residents of communities adjacent to persistent nuisance industries. These residents, often with a high percentage of minority or otherwise marginalized residents, experience subjective and objective impacts on health and well-being; yet, reliable methods for quantifying and categorizing odors have been elusive. Field olfactometry is integral to the study of odor annoyance experienced by communities as it includes both qualitative (human perception) and quantitative (intensity measurement) dimensions of human odor experience and has been employed by municipalities in the U.S. to evaluate odor pollution levels. Cartographic visualization of odor data recorded using a field olfactometer offers further opportunity to evaluate potential patterns of odor annoyance, yet the use of field olfactometry and geographic information systems have not been frequently employed by geographers. By employing a mixed-methods approach to evaluate odor pollution, this study addresses the environmental justice context by quantifying and categorizing the presence of odor pollution in Waterfront South, a neighborhood in Camden, NJ previously identified for its disproportionate malodor burden. This study offers support to mixed methods research and the need for monitoring subjective and objective impacts in communities with compounding odor nuisance industries.