Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Odorat'
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Jacquot, Laurence. "Etude des interactions olfactives et trigéminales dans la chimioréception nasale : aspects perceptifs et neurocognitifs chez l'homme : aspects cellulaires et perceptifs chez l'animal." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2025.
Full textSimonetto, Isabelle. "Maladie d'Alzheimer et mémoire olfactive : spécificité et précocité des troubles." Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX11058.
Full textCloquet, Jules Hippolyte. "Dissertation sur les odeurs, sur le sens et les organes de l'olfaction présentée et soutenue à la Faculté de médecine de Paris le 21 février 1815 /." Paris : BIUM, 2003. http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/cote?TPAR1815x048.
Full textBarkat, Samy Sicard Gilles. "La qualité perçue des mélanges odorants : analyses psychophysiologiques." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2005. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2005/barkat_s.
Full textMalvaut, Sarah, and Sarah Malvaut. "The role of different subtypes of olfactory bulb interneurons in olfactory behavior." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37555.
Full textLe bulbe olfactif (BO) représente dans le cerveau le premier relai dans le traitement des informations olfactives. Au niveau de cette structure, plusieurs types de neurones sont impliqués dans la modulation de l’information odorante, avant même que celle-ci ne soit envoyée vers des structures corticales supérieures. Parmi eux se trouvent les cellules granulaires (CGs), une population d’interneurones régulant de manière importante l’activité des cellules principales du BO. De manière intéressante, le BO est capable à l’âge adulte de produire et régénérer une partie de sa population interneuronale via le processus de neurogénèse adulte. Il est ainsi possible de faire la distinction entre les CGs générées au cours de la période postnatale (CGs postnatales) des CGs générées à l’âge adulte (CGs nouvellement générées). Le rôle que jouent ces CGs dans le traitement olfactif mais aussi dans les différents comportements olfactifs a pendant très longtemps donné lieu à des interprétations contradictoires. Le manque de cohérence au niveau des données peut s’expliquer par le fait que pendant longtemps, les CGs ont été considérées comme étant une population homogène de cellules. Néanmoins, des études ont montré que les CGs peuvent exprimer différents marqueurs neurochimiques. Notamment, nous nous sommes intéressés dans le cadre de notre étude à deux de ces marqueurs : la protéine kinase calcium calmoduline dépendante IIα (CaMKIIα) et la Calrétinine (CR). Une telle hétérogénéité au sein des cellules interneuronales du BO pourrait également refléter une hétérogénéité fonctionnelle, chaque sous-population de CGs pouvant contribuer de façon propre et unique au traitement des informations olfactives et donc au comportement olfactif. Dans la première partie de ces travaux, nous avons étudié le rôle fonctionnel des cellules exprimant la CaMKIIα et l’avons comparé à la population générale de CGs. De manière intéressante, nous montrons que, bien que ces deux populations de cellules soient en tous points semblables au niveau morphologique, les cellules CaMKIIα reçoivent un niveau d’inhibition moindre par rapport à leurs homologies négatives, les rendant plus susceptibles d’être activées suite à des tâches comportementales spécifiques. De plus, l’inhibition spécifique des cellules CaMKIIα- positive entraine une perturbation des performances de discrimination fine. Dans la seconde partie de ces travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés cette foisci à la sous-population de CGs exprimant la CR, en tenant compte également de la période développementale de ces cellules (i.e CGs post-natales ou nouvellement générées). Nous montrons que les cellules nouvellement générées exprimant ou non la CR, ainsi que les cellules CR-positives postnatales diffèrent quant à leurs propriétés électrophysiologiques. De plus, tout comme les cellules exprimant la CaMKIIα, les cellules exprimant la CR présentent un niveau d’activation plus important à la suite de certaines tâches comportementales et sont également nécessaires à la bonne réalisation de tâches de discrimination olfactive.
The olfactory bulb (OB) is considered as the first relay in the brain during olfactory processing. Several types of neurons are involved at the level of this structure in the refinement of the olfactory information before it is sent to higher cortical structures. Among the cell types involved is the population of granule cells (GC), a population of interneurons largely regulating the activity of OB principal cells. Interestingly, the OB retain during adulthood the ability to produce and renew part of its interneuronal pool through a process called adult neurogenesis. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish in the adult OB between GCs born during the early postnatal period (early-born GCs) to the one that were generated during adulthood (adult-born GCs). Several studies aimed at determining the precise role played by GC in olfactory processing and olfactory behavior, giving rise quite often to conflicting results. This absence of coherence in the data could come from the fact that for long, the population of GCs was considered as a homogeneous cell population. However, GCs were shown to express diverse neurochemical markers. In this study we investigated more particularly into two of those markers, showed to be expressed by GCs: the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) and Calretinin (CR). Hence, such a heterogeneity in the phenotype of OB interneurons could also underlie a functional heterogeneity of the different GC subpopulation, each one contributing in a unique way to olfactory processing and thus olfactory behavior. In the first part of this work, we investigated the functional role of CaMKIIα- expressing cells and compared it to the general population of GCs. Interestingly we revealed that CaMKIIα-positive GCs are more prone to activation following specific behavioral tasks, likely due to a decreased level of inhibition as compared to their negative counterparts. Moreover, the specific inhibition of this GC subpopulation let to alteration of animals’ fine discrimination abilities. In the second part of our work, when focusing this time on the subpopulation of CR-expressing GCs, taking this time also into account the developmental period at which they were generated (i.e early- versus adult-born cells), we showed that adultborn CR-expressing and non-expressing GCs, but also early-born CR-expressing GCs display different electrophysiological characteristics. Moreover, as for CaMKIIα- positive GCs, CR-positive GCs present a higher level of activation following specific olfactory tasks and are also important for a proper ability to perform olfactory discrimination tasks.
The olfactory bulb (OB) is considered as the first relay in the brain during olfactory processing. Several types of neurons are involved at the level of this structure in the refinement of the olfactory information before it is sent to higher cortical structures. Among the cell types involved is the population of granule cells (GC), a population of interneurons largely regulating the activity of OB principal cells. Interestingly, the OB retain during adulthood the ability to produce and renew part of its interneuronal pool through a process called adult neurogenesis. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish in the adult OB between GCs born during the early postnatal period (early-born GCs) to the one that were generated during adulthood (adult-born GCs). Several studies aimed at determining the precise role played by GC in olfactory processing and olfactory behavior, giving rise quite often to conflicting results. This absence of coherence in the data could come from the fact that for long, the population of GCs was considered as a homogeneous cell population. However, GCs were shown to express diverse neurochemical markers. In this study we investigated more particularly into two of those markers, showed to be expressed by GCs: the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) and Calretinin (CR). Hence, such a heterogeneity in the phenotype of OB interneurons could also underlie a functional heterogeneity of the different GC subpopulation, each one contributing in a unique way to olfactory processing and thus olfactory behavior. In the first part of this work, we investigated the functional role of CaMKIIα- expressing cells and compared it to the general population of GCs. Interestingly we revealed that CaMKIIα-positive GCs are more prone to activation following specific behavioral tasks, likely due to a decreased level of inhibition as compared to their negative counterparts. Moreover, the specific inhibition of this GC subpopulation let to alteration of animals’ fine discrimination abilities. In the second part of our work, when focusing this time on the subpopulation of CR-expressing GCs, taking this time also into account the developmental period at which they were generated (i.e early- versus adult-born cells), we showed that adultborn CR-expressing and non-expressing GCs, but also early-born CR-expressing GCs display different electrophysiological characteristics. Moreover, as for CaMKIIα- positive GCs, CR-positive GCs present a higher level of activation following specific olfactory tasks and are also important for a proper ability to perform olfactory discrimination tasks.
Chrea, Christelle. "Odeurs et catégorisation : à la recherche d'universaux olfactifs." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS020.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation work was to better understand the effect of cultural experience on the cognitive mechanisms of odor categorization. A first cross-cultural study carried out with American, French and Vietnamese students, shows that odor mental representations are formed more likely on the basis of the function associated to the odors in a given culture than on universal perceptual properties. A second cross-cultural study, based on work in other cognitive categories, indicates that olfactory categories seem to be organized according to a typicality gradient and that this internal structure could be determined by perceptual factors such as salience. Thus, due to their salience, some odors may play the role of universal anchors in the organisation of olfactory categories and others, due to their cultural value, may act as specific anchors of a given culture
LAURETTE, FREDERIC. "Contribution a l'exploration de l'olfaction : etude clinique du sujet age." Amiens, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AMIEM101.
Full textMinn, Anne-Laure. "Caractérisation des enzymes et des transporteurs impliqués dans le métabolisme des xénobiotiques dans les tissus olfactifs." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOPE01.
Full textAudouze, Karine. "Validation de nouvelles stratégies de Data Base Mining appliquées à l'olfaction." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2002.
Full textLartigue, Audrey. "Etudes structurales et fonctionnelles de protéines impliquées dans l'olfaction des insectes." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22058.
Full textIn insects, pheromones or odor detection takes place in sensilla. They induce behavioural modifications of an individual of the same species. Two different protein classes present in sensilliary lymph are the Chemosensory Protein (CSP) and the Pheromone Binding Proteins (PBP). To date, their precise function remain uncertain : solubilization, specificity, pheromone carrier to receptors. To bring some structural and functional elements, one CSP and three PBP were expressed in E. Coli and purified. They were afterward studied by X-Ray crystallography, NMR and fluorescence. The structures of the apo and complexed CSP (Mamestra brassicae) reveal a new 6 a-helix fold. The protein interacts with aliphatic molecules which induce a large conformational change. PBPs of Leucophaea maderae et Apis mellifera display a different 6 a-helix fold. In this protein family, the mechanism for ligand binding and release may depend of their length
Bailez, Omar Eduardo. "Etude du comportement de butinage et des capacités de discrimination olfactive dans la relation abeille (Apis mellifera L. ) - colza (Brassica napus L. )." Paris 13, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA132009.
Full textLe, Guérer Annick. "Le sang et l'encens : essai anthropologique sur l'odeur et l'odorat." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05H054.
Full textIf oenologists, perfumers, historians, or sociologists are questioned concerning the place allotted to the sense of smell and to odors in contemporary western society, this analyses, while quite different, converge in one respect : all of them give testimony to a break between the olfactory dimension of the past and our generally "deodorized" society. The realization of the solid foundations of this conclusion leads to investigation of the role in Europe accorded by speculative thought to the sense of smell and to odor, and of the powers attributed to good or bad odors, in social practices and by the social imagination. In its main currents, the history of philosophy appears to oscillate in this regard between the relegation of the olfactory dimension to a secondary position and its total expulsion from philosophical enquiry. This exclusion contrasts markedly with the role of the sense of smell and odor in literature and poetry, and with their importance in social relations and in ancient medical thought and in the practices to which it led. It is possible to give several answers to the question of the origin of these powers which have subsequently vanished. .
Bensafi, Moustafa. "Le traitement affectif des odeurs : aspects implicites et explicites." Lyon 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/bensafi_m.
Full textThe objective of the present thesis was to study implicit as well as explicit aspects of odor affective processing. This study of the interaction between emotion and cognition included three stages. First, we considered the effects of affective states induced by pleasant and unpleasant odors on a particular behavior : judgements given on faces Three experiments were conducted, using methods from cognitive psychology (priming) and neurophysiological methods (cerebral evoked potentials recordings). Second, temporal aspects of odor affective processing were investigated studied. We designed two experiments in which we recorded response times to pleasant and unpleasant odors. Third, we studied variations of the autonomic nervous system provoked by the perception of pleasant and unpleasant olfactory stimuli. During the three experiments conducted in this part, we recorded variables as heart rate, skin conductance and responses of some facial muscles. Our results indicate that affective reactions are the spontaneous mode of reaction to odors, although they may be inhibited and implies the intervention of two basic systems : a rather slow system linked to approach behaviors and a different, quick one implied in negative affects. The activation of each of each of them provoked specific facial and autonomous responses, and influenced particular behaviors such as judgements given on faces
Mougey, Laurent. "Contribution à l'étude de l'écoulement de l'air dans les fosses nasales humaines." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2000ISAL0097/these.pdf.
Full textThe study presented aims at understanding the mechanisms governing the flow in the nasal cavity and the incidence of certain modifications of the operational type (ablation total or partial of a horn). In a first chapter, the study made it possible to visualize the distribution of flow within a mode! of nasal cavity on scale 10, then to measure by laser velocimetry speeds in various points. Three series of experiments were carried out: the first in low inspiratory flow (0,2 l/s), the second in normal flow (0,6 l/s) and the third in forced flow (1 l/s). In a second chapter, the results obtained on mode! are used to validate a numerica1 model of flow in the nasal cavity by using a model of field based on the resolution of the equations of the fluid mechanics by the method of finite volumes (software FLUENT). The volume of the nasal cavity is reconstituted in 3D then the digital simulation is carried out on a voluminal grid built starting from the surface grid. Calculations were carried out on the one hand in the case of a healthy subject with a constant flow (stationary case), in streamline flow~ at the time of a phase of inspiration then of expiry on the other band in the case of a total ablation of the lower horn. The numerical and experimental results, agree satisfactorily and correctly predict the distribution of flows in the nasal cavity as well as the appearance of a zone of recirculation on the level of the olfactive zone. Moreover, in the case of a turbinectomy on the lower horn one highlights the absence of flow irrigating the olfactive zone phenomenon coming to confirm the medical observations
Faivre, Hélène. "Odorat et humanité : approche de l'intégration de la sensorialité odorative et de la signification de l'univers olfactif contemporain." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOL016.
Full textNowadays, the analyzing effort is being questioned by numerous attempts at facing life as a whole that mixes up body and soul. Now Descartes’s analyzing entreprise, however necessary it has been for improving knowledge, cannot traduce our existential reality. The olfactive experience of feeling, as it is essentially symbiotic, appears as paradigmatic of the existential “chiasm” of the being-in-the-world. From this unrecognized meaning, a two-level refutation of Descartes appears as possible : the sense of smell, although peripheral, is in relation with the highest aims of human quests, and this ability to be in relation is based on the characteristic this sensoriality has of being integrated. Essentially human, this sense, in the cenesthetic approach it has of the reality, takes part in the building up of atmospheric prints, which constitute our personality ; so that any alteration of this sense can be signal of a human pathology, which can be checked by studying our contemporary odorous world. The sense of smell, which is the sense of the imagination, is indeed endowed with a very powerful symbolism : it is a temporal symbol, a duration, of the essence of the real, or even of the invisible. Apart from this, although a sense that brings pleasure, it also enters the aesthetic field of things, and above all, intimately linked to the human duration, it allows any man in the instant the sensation is, to flee off his condition by finding the lost time again. Then, a mere exhalation is a fountain of youth, an echo, and thus it is bliss
Bensafi, Moustafa Holley André Rouby Catherine. "Le traitement affectif des odeurs aspects implicites et explicites /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/bensafi_m.
Full textDAURAT, DIDIER. "Effets d'une prise unique de yohimbine sur l'alliesthesie olfacto-gustative chez le volontaire sain." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU31104.
Full textFrançois, Adrien. "Caractérisation des canaux chlorure dépendants du calcium dans la voie de transduction olfactive chez Spodoptera littoralis." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066613.
Full textSerra, Jessica. "Discrimination olfactive précoce de l'environnement postnatal par le lapereau nouveau-né : ontogenèse, mécanismes et finalités adaptatives." Tours, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR4034.
Full textThe first part of this thesis showed innovatively that one-day-old rabbits were able to discriminate their mothers, siblings and nests. The second part examined postnatal learning of intrinsic olfactory cues of the nest and the mechanisms involved. Two-day-old rabbit pups can learn either artificial odours added to their nest or natural odours from a new nest during an adoption procedure. These studies demonstrated the plasticity of newborn rabbit memory, corroborated by a last experiment which illustrated the role of nursing and its postprandial effects on enhancement of memory retention. A third part illustrated the role of early olfactory learning in the establishment of food preferences at weaning, and also in the later choice of nest materials by pregnant does during their first parturition, suggesting a transmission of learned odours from generation to generation
Moncomble, Anne-Sophie. "Contribution à l’étude des mécanismes olfactifs initiateurs de l’ingestion lactée et post-lactée chez le lapereau : analyses éthologiques, histologiques et chimiques." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS046.
Full textThe present study is devoted to the chemosensory mechanisms which govern the interactions between the doe and her litter. 1) Rabbits pups are attracted from birth by odour cues released on the nipples' surface and from milk. The active cue responsible for milk but not for the nipples attractivity is the mammary pheromone (MP). Two sources can produce these cues: a) the sebaceous glands located at the base of the nipple's epidermis; b) the lactiferous ducts’ epithelium, located at the sinus level, in which milk only becomes behaviourally efficient. 2) The doe leaves faecal pellets after each nursing visit. These pellets are olfactivly attractive during the 30 min after suckling for the 10 first postnatal days. The pups ingest part of them. Faecal pellets bear secretions from the anal glands. The attraction to the pellets may be caused by the MP. Consequently, the behaviour of the rabbits pups towards to the milk and the faecal pellets could be based on the same chemical compound
Rivière, Stéphane. "Olfaction et gustation chez la blatte Leucophaea maderae (Blaberidae, Oxyhaloi͏̈nae) : caractérisation de protéines solubles impliquées dans la chimioréception." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS059.
Full textDaghfous, Gheylen. "Contribution à l'étude du système voméronasal chez les serpents : approches comportementale, fonctionnelle et neuroanatomique." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0018.
Full textThe Jacobson's or vomeronasal organs (VNOs) are paired chemosensory organs situated in the anterior roof of the mouth, near the base of the nasal cavity. Most tetrapods, with the exceptions of birds, crocodilians, aquatic mammals and some primates have functional VNOs. However, these organs reach their highest development in squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes), and especially in snakes. The connections of the VNOs with the oral and nasal cavities vary among tetrapods. They can be connected to the mouth by means of the palatine duct (squamates) or with the nasal cavity by the nasal duct (monotremes and marsupials) or to both by the nasopalatine duct (carnivores, rodents, insectivores, some ungulates and primates). These organs are the anatomical substrate of vomeronasal olfaction (or vomerolfaction), a sense similar to nasal olfaction but most sensitive to high molecular weight compounds, with different neural connections and thus different behavioral roles. The behavioral mechanisms of chemical delivery to VNOs are as diverse as are the structure of the vomeronasal system among tetrapods. Vomodors are brought to the sensory epithelium during sense seeking behaviors like flehmen in felids and ungulates, nuzzling in opposums, and vascular pumping in rodents. In squamates reptiles, odors and/or vomodors are gathered in the environment and are delivered to VNOs during tongue-flicking. Snakes provide an ideal framework for studying olfaction and vomerolfaction as well as the interactions between these two sensory modalities. However, some fundamental questions related to the functioning of the vomeronasal system in these vertebrates remain unanswered. Indeed, despite the relatively large number of studies investigating various aspects of tongue-flicking (tongue morphology, muscle activity, behavioral aspects), the behavior itself remains poorly understood. The aim of this dissertation is to better understand the functioning and the behavioral role of this sensory exploration behavior in snakes. Our results provide insights into the functioning of the tongue-vomeronasal organ system in snakes and its role in prey recognition. The preliminary results of our neuroanatomical experiments set up the basis for characterizing the neural substrate and cellular mechanisms that generate the tongue movements responsible for the sampling of environmental chemicals in response to olfactory stimuli. The comparison of our data with literature data provides insights on the origin and overall functioning of the vomeronasal system in tetrapods
Couégnas, Alice. "Étude morphologique et fonctionnelle d'un modèle de dysconnexion synaptique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/COUEGNAS_Alice_2008.pdf.
Full textSchizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness with a lifetime prevalence of 1% and a late adolescence onset. Schizophrenia probably results from the combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental factors. The main hypothesis supposes cortico-cortical dysconnections where the synapse is the main disturbed element. We looked for the consequences of these modifications both from morphologic and functional aspects. We chose to study the transgenic KO-STOP mouse. Synaptic defects (at least in the hippocampus) and behavioral troubles confer to this mouse a good phenotype for the study of schizophrenia. We established the spatial and temporal STOP protein expression map in order to find the localization and the evolution of the synaptic perturbations. We found expressions in well delimitated cerebral regions with, for most of them, a potential link with schizophrenia. A robust and precocious expression of STOP in the olfactory system leads us to study the olfactory glomerulus. The glomerulus is a synaptic zone with a large plasticity. We also found synaptic defects in this region: GAP43 expression was reduced and membranes were abnormally accumulated in the pre-synaptic part of the synapse. Thus, in this work, we characterized the consequences of the synaptic defects on the micro-environment of the main olfactory synapse, which could be considered as a neuronal micro-circuit. These results offer research perspectives on more complex cortical neuronal circuits in order to find out new therapeutic strategies
Fenaux-Benderitter, Florence. "Communication chimique et dominance chez Nauphoeta cinerea (Dictyoptera, Bladeridae)." Paris 13, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA131012.
Full textThe males of nauphoeta cinerea establish dominance hierarchies through intraspecific agonistic encounters. Dominant males mate more frequently than do subordinates. Females do not interfere directly in the establishment of the hierarchy but they prefer to mate with dominants. In dominants, sex pheromone contains more 2-methylthiazolidine and 4-ethylguaiacol, and less 3-hydroxy-2-butanone than in subordinates. Males identify the status of other males by contact chemoreception. The culticular hydrocarbon patterns are different in dominant and subordinate. It is possible to obtain dominant and subordinate lineages. This involves that there is an heredity component in ability to dominate. The differences between dominate and subordinate pheromones and cuticular hydrocarbon are not linked to the heredity but are due to the social context
Mérignac-Lacombe, Jeanne. "Approches innovantes dans la caractérisation des enzymes du métabolisme des xénobiotiques dans les muqueuses nasales : du modèle animal à l’ingénierie tissulaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCI003.
Full textOur sensitive olfaction relies on Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes (XMEs) that protect the nasal tissue from potentially harmful volatile compounds, but also quickly terminate the olfactory signal to prepare olfactory receptors to detect new odorant stimuli. Some of them also generate metabolites that participate in the odorant signal, hence their other name Odorant Metabolizing Enzymes (OMEs). The objective of this thesis was to study the nasal XMEs using two innovative models that aim to comply as much as possible with the 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments). While rat olfactory explants showed some limitations in investigating XME gene expression, human nasal respiratory mucosa tissue models were promising in vitro tools for the odorant metabolism field. These models express around 80 XME isoforms and efflux transporters. Selected XME genes were not regulated by the compounds chosen for the thesis, however, they were able to metabolize odorants, such as benzaldehyde and 3,4-hexanedione. Overall, protocols were created and adapted to use tissue models to study the implication of the respiratory epithelium in odorant metabolism in humans. This work provides novel knowledge on the involvement of the human respiratory tissue in odorant metabolism and contributes to the reduction of animal experiments
Chaffiol, Antoine. "Etude de la représentation des odeurs dans le lobe antennaire de Periplaneta americana." Paris 13, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA132039.
Full textIn this study, we examined olfaction in the cockroach Periplaneta americana (also known as the American cockroach), and focused on the first olfactory relay, the antennal lobe. The goal of this work was to describe the behavior of antennal lobe neurons either during periods of spontaneous activity or during responses to olfactory stimuli. As information coding involves the activity of populations of neurons, we monitored simultaneously the activity of several cells using Multi Electrode Array (MEA) recordings. Large variations in the discharge patterns were observed during the spontaneous regime, and the combinatorial responses of neurons during odor stimulations displayed complex dynamics. We have also presented preliminary results on the development of a conditioning protocol associated with electrophysiological recordings. Together with these experimental results, we have also developped new tools for quantitative analysis of extracellular recordings that describe and model the spontaneous activity and discharge of neurons during olfactory stimulations. Interactions across neurons can also be investigated. These tools allow the user to analyze the data
Lesponne, Martine. "Quantification de deux substances odorantes par trois sujets humains et par trois chromatographes en phase gazeuse. Contribution à la mise en évidence des points critiques de la mesure sensorielle." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOS032.
Full textParty, Virginie. "Influence d'un environnement odorant végétal sur la communication phéromonale chez l'insecte Spodoptera littoralis." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066547.
Full textCouégnas, Alice Boehm Nelly. "Étude morphologique et fonctionnelle d'un modèle de dysconnexion synaptique." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/995/01/COUEGNAS_Alice2_2008.pdf.
Full textJaillardon, Emmanuel. "Modélisation et visualisation de l'écoulement dans la cavité nasale du rat." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ECDL0035.
Full textMatton, Cécile. "Olfaction et parfums." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P006.
Full textVillanueva, Rodriguez Socorro Josefina. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions entre entrées sensorielles : effets de l'addition d'une stimulation buccale (gustative ou trigéminale) à une stimulation olfactive sur les paramètres inspiratoires et sur la perception de l'intensité et de la qualité de la sensation olfactive." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS056.
Full textKermen, Florence. "Bases neurales des préférences olfactives." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10071.
Full textThe first dimension of human olfactory perception is the pleasantness of smells. Numerous studies suggest that olfactory preferences are strongly modulated by experience, culture and context. However, recent evidences suggest that olfactory hedonics could be also partly driven by the physico-chemical features of the odorant molecule. The objective of this work was first to identify the odorant’s physico-chemical parameters determining odor hedonic valence. Second, we studied how the first olfactory cerebral relay, the olfactory bulb (OB), encodes spontaneous or learned odor hedonic valence. In a first part, we looked at the effect of the structural complexity of odorant molecules on human olfactory perception and found that this parameter can influence both the odorant’s perceptual complexity (number of olfactory notes evoked) and its hedonic valence. This suggests that the human olfactory system is able to encode odorant hedonic valence from the molecule itself. In a second part, taking advantage of the highly conserved olfactory system in mammals and the shared olfactory preferences between mice and human, we analyzed the OB response to attractive (complex) or less attractive (less complex) odorants by mapping the expression of the immediate early genes Zif268 and cFos. Results indicated a stronger activity in the posterior OB for the low compared to the high attractiveness odors. In a last part, we examined the plasticity of the odorant bulbar representation when the predictive value of the odorant changes. We first modulated the valence of an odorant using an appetitive or an aversive learning in mice and measured the OB response to this odorant depending on its acquired positive or negative valence. We found that, when the same odorant goes from positive to negative valence, the responsiveness of granule interneurons in the posterior part of the OB was dramatically decreased. This indicated that the anteroposterior distribution of activation conveys information regarding the acquired valence of the odorants. Because the OB undergoes a constant neuronal turnover during adulthood, which has been implicated in associative memory, we also looked at the effect of valence modulation on neurogenesis. Interestingly, neurogenesis was involved in this process since the activity of newborn granule cells present in the posterior OB was also decreased in response to the negatively-reinforced odorant. Interestingly, the two last parts of this work suggest a plasticity of the neural representation of hedonic value along the antero-posterior axis depending on the spontaneous versus acquired preference. Altogether, these results show first that molecular complexity is an important factor determining odor hedonic valence in humans and mice. Second, they show an early neural trace of spontaneous and learned hedonic valence which is expressed along the anteroposterior axis of the OB. The latter data reveal an early coding of hedonics in the OB and a yet unknown antero-posterior functional regionalization of the OB
Apelbaum, Alexandre. "Influences des états alimentaires sur le système olfactif chez le rat." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10192.
Full textMartin, Claire. "Dynamique oscillatoire dans le système olfactif et représentation des odeurs : étude chez le rat vigile dans une tâche de reconnaissance olfactive." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10271.
Full textQuignon, Pascale. "Le modèle génétique canin : analyse du répertoire des récepteurs olfactifs et cartographie de gènes d'intérêt." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN1S035.
Full textVeloso, Da Silva Stéphanie. "Effet d’une substance anti-mitotique sur l’épithélium olfactif de rongeurs : études électrophysiologique et comportementale." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS058.
Full textClinical studies have documented that cytotoxic chemotherapy is often associated with body weight loss, decreased enjoyment of food, and olfactory disorder. The goal of the study was to assess whether a taxane-based treatment in rodents compromises olfactory function. Rats and mice were systemically treated with docetaxel, administered either acutely or chronically. We recorded electro-olfactograms (EOG) which are slow potentials, recorded extracellularly from a population of olfactory sensory neurons in response to odorants. Two different types of EOG recordings were set up and employed, the classical vapor-phase method, where odorants are delivered by an odorous gas stream and the submerged EOG recording technique utilizing aqueous odorant stimulation. The recordings of vapor-phase EOGs, in rats and mice, revealed that docetaxel induced significant transitory and regionalized electrophysiological changes after a single administration of docetaxel. The submerged recording technique did not yield the same results as no alterations in EOG responses were recorded after docetaxel treatment. The differences might be due to different solubilities of the odorant molecules in water and gas phase. The electrophysiological study was complemented by a behavioral olfactory assay in the rat. Docetaxel-treated rats were subjected to the buried food pellet test and the latency to discover the buried pellet was measured as an index of olfactory function. There was no significant difference between control and docetaxel treated animals. Although docetaxel exerts a neurotoxic effect on olfactory epithelia, the study failed to demonstrate a detrimental effect of docetaxel on the peripheral olfactory function in rodents
Millery, Julie. "Une adaptation du système olfactif au milieu aérien : les Olfactory-Binding Protein (OBP) chez Xenopus laevis et Xenopus tropicalis." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS047.
Full textOlfactory Binding Proteins (OBP), commonly associated with aerial olfaction, are currently found in mammals olfactory mucus, but have never been identified in fish. It is not clear yet if OBP is an adaptation of the olfactory system to an aerial environment. Adult olfactory system Xenopus is organized into two olfactory chambers which are thought to be devoted respectively to aquatic (MC) and aerial olfaction (PC). This specificity provides us the opportunity to test this alternative hypothesis. We have identified for the first time Olfactory Binding Protein in Xenopus laevis and tropicalis. By a reverse transcription and 3’ RACE strategy two products were cloned and sequenced. These cloned sequences were used to analyse the expression pattern of the gene by HIS and immunocytochemistry in the olfactory system of two Xenopus species: X. Laevis and X. Tropicalis. The transcripts and the proteins are only present in the aerial chamber supporting the idea that OBPs are an adaptation to aerial olfaction. Moreover, from an EST (expressed sequence tag) library we also demonstrated that X. Laevis has 2 different OBP genes while X. Tropicalis has only one gene
Demarquay, Geneviève. "Physiopathologie de l'hypersensibilité intercritique aux odeurs dans la migraine." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10042.
Full textThis thesis presents an original work that focuses on the pathophysiology of interictal olfactory hypersensitivity (OHS) in migraine patients. In the first study, we evaluate olfactory performances in migraineurs and control subjects and show that patients with OHS judge odours less pleasant than non-OHS patients and control subjects, suggesting an alteration of central olfactory processes. Our second study aims to determine brain areas involved in interictal OHS using a H215O-Positron Emission Tomography (PET) study. During both olfactory and non-olfactory stimulations, we observe an hyperperfusion localized in the left piriform cortex (PC) and anterior superior temporal gyrus in migraineurs with OHS compared to control subjects. We hypothesize that PC is particularly involved in the hedonic alteration observed in migraineurs with OHS between attacks and in activation of trigemino-vascular system in odour-triggered attacks. During olfactory stimulation, we observe a lack of normal activation in several cortical and sub-cortical areas, such as the right locus coeruleus. The aim of our third study is to evaluate brain serotonin distribution in the same subgroup of OHS migraineurs using PET with a selective 5-HT1A antagonist, the [18F]MPPF. No significant interictal [18F]MPPF BP change is observed between headache-free migraineurs and controls. Conversely, in four patients who present a migraine attack without aura during the PET study, analyses show a [18F]MPPF binding potential (BP) increase in the pontine raphe when compared to headache-free migraineurs and control subjects. These results highlight the role of 5HT1A receptors dependent neuromodulation in the pontine raphe nuclei during migraine attacks, possibly through their inhibitory descending projections on the trigeminal system
Campanacci, Valérie. "Etudes fonctionnelles et structurales de protéines d'insectes impliquées dans le transport de phéromones ou de chémo-effecteurs." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11023.
Full textMossière-Ghezi, Marie-Hélène. "Contribution à l'étude des com posés volatils des champignons supérieurs." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P038.
Full textDigonnet, Rémi. "Approches cognitives de la métaphore dans le domaine de l'olfaction : anglais - français." Lyon 3, 2010. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2010_out_digonnet_r.pdf.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation tackles a cognitive approach to metaphor in olfaction. Metaphor appears in an olfactory perspective. Minor perception of smell, both historical and cognitive, mirrors an olfactory discourse reduced to the bare minimum. There are few specific terms referring to smell. From this observation, the objective of the metaphor in the sense of smell is twofold: to develop a better perception of smell on one hand and to convey new perceptions thanks to smell on the other hand. This twofold objective matches a double metaphoric positioning of smell: an entity which either fits into a target domain or source domain. Smell, as target domain, reveals a great amount of metaphors benefitting the sense of smell. Thanks to metaphor, smell gains its own trajectory, substance, space and time, ontology and power. Smell becomes more observable and confirms the metaphor in its perceptive status. Smell, as source domain, entails recurrent perceptions: negative, approximative, and integrative. The study of these three motifs in light of contemporary cognitive theories of metaphor attests the motivation of metaphor in the field of smell, and then confirms the invention of meaning through metaphor. The examination of olfactory metaphors, using an English and French corpora in addition to an in-depth study of both metaphor and smell, reveals a large metaphoric spectrum, which can be attributed to the double metaphoric positioning of smell
Chauvin, Françoise. "Amélioration de la définition et de la détermination des paramètres de solubilité : application à l'olfaction-." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOS042.
Full textTcatchoff, Lionel. "Etude des interactions entre une protéine humaine de liaison aux odorants et ses partenaires, odorants et récepteurs olfactifs." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007VERS0018.
Full textOdorant molecules, generally hydrophobic, activate the olfactory receptors (OR) embedded in the membrane of sensitive neurons which are covered with an aqueous layer of mucus. It was proposed that odorant-binding proteins, named OBP, transport odorants through olfactory mucus towards OR. In this work we studied a human OBP variant, hOBP-2A, which has a narrow specificity for aliphatic aldehydes and acids. Using site directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated the fundamental role, in this specificity, of a lysin located in the hydrophobic cavity of hOBP-2A. The functional expression of an olfactory receptor, OR1G1, revealed an activation of this receptor by some compounds that bind to hOBP-2A. Study of the activation of OR1G1 with and without hOBP-2A revealed that hOBP-2A did not have impact on OR1G1 activity. One cannot however exclude the possibility that the OBP is involved in other biological processes than odorants transport
Sim, Eun-Log. "Cing sens et vérité utile." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0048.
Full textThis work aims at finding the origins of the five senses (touch, hearing, sight, smell, taste) in Western countries, so as to understand how the Human uses his ability to sense and to judge. This research is codified according to the "useful truth" (spatio-temporal adequacy of the thing and the sensitive) rather than to the « truth » (perpetuai adequacy of the thing and the intellect). The origin of the five senses ("senso-gony") can be mainly found in the stories of the creation of the world, as the first event of the universe of the Human being. In the Graeco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian stories, we can find more than five different creations of the world by the five senses. Each creation is an externalization and an objectification of the senses according to the "Useful Truth". As souls, the senses are internalized and subjectified. In those processes, "Senso-gony" is closely linked to "Cosmo-gony" and "Psycho-gony" (the origin of the soul)
Leroy, Thierry. "La communication chimique chez le sitone du pois Sitona lineatus : étude comportementale et électrophysiologique." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR4033.
Full textRigolli, Nicola. "Navigation olfactive : comment prendre des décisions avec un signal brisé." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789670.
Full textAll living organisms are surrounded by fluids, either air or water, which create unique sensory landscapes. For example, chemical signals disperse in the flow by diffusion and advection and when the flow is turbulent odor concentration breaks up in filaments and discrete patches of varying intensity. In my thesis I focused on olfactory navigation in turbulent environments and I aimed at understanding how organisms overcome uncertainties to make decisions. I developed three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow to recreate a realistic environment for olfactory search. I realized these state of the art simulations by customizing an open software called Nek5000, which solves the Navier-Stokes equations for the velocity field and the advection-diffusion equation, which regulates the evolution of the odor (passive scalar) in a fluid. After generating large fluid dynamics datasets of odorant evolution in a channel, I analyzed which features of the olfactory signal are more relevant to locate the odor source. Surprisingly, not only the signal, but also its absence can be informative to infer the distance from the odor source. Using supervised learning algorithms I showed that the intensity of odor concentration is an informative measure, but that the temporal dynamics of the signal allow robust predictions in different conditions and at different ranges from the source. These theoretical results suggest that it is computationally advantageous to measure both odor intensity and timing. I analyzed a set of neural recording from awake mice, demonstrating that they are indeed able to store both quantities, and that the neural representation depends on the underlying flow. I then considered the problem of navigating to the source of the turbulent odor. Although animals (for example moths and crustaceans) robustly perform this task, the algorithms they use are not understood. I modeled olfactory navigation using the framework of Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) and I proposed a normative theory to explain the alternation between sniffing in the air and sniffing the ground, typical of mammals like rodents and dogs. Alternation stems from the physics of fluids, prescribing that odor near the ground is more continuous than up in the air, but remains relatively close to the source. In contrast, at nose level the odor is transported quickly away from the source, but is more noisy and intermittent. An agent searching for the odor source should thus sniff in the air when it is far from the source to increase its chances of detecting the odor. Once the agent localizes the odor plume, it should continue the search sniffing the ground where the trail is less intermittent. The exact timing for alternation stems from marginal value theory. Finally, the commonly observed behavior of searchers proceeding in casts and surges emerges from this computational framework, and alternation naturally complements this dynamics to ensure optimal exploration
Cristiani, Giulia. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la capture des odorants chez l'être humain : comparaison des interactions biochimiques entre odorants et variants de protéines de liaison aux odeurs." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0013.
Full textThe function of Odorant Binding Protein located in the mammal nasal mucus is stinn unknown They belong to the lipocalin structural superfamily. The aim of this work was to investigate the odorant binding specificity of human OBP, to determine whether they take into account the diversity of perceived odorant molecules, and whether these very homologous proteins (hOBP-2A, -2AB and -2B) are involved in human odorant discrimination. Binding affinity of hOBP-2B and -2AB for different odorants were be compared to the already known properties of hOBP-2A. Recombinant proteins were produced by the heterologous expression systems : Pichia pastoris and purified by anion exchange chromatography purification, thoroughly characterised proteins were submitted to functional studies. Binding of odorants was measured by displacement of a hydrophobic fluorescent probe. Results obtained for hOBP-2B and -2AB were compared to those already published for -2A with the same odorant panel. As for hOBP-2A, measured affinities were in the micromolar range and OBPs showed a strong affinity for aldehydes and long chain fatty acids, exhibiting some differences from one OBP to another. Their 3D structures were modelled by homology with the human tear lipocalin in order to interpret the binding data. HOBP-2B revealed a structural difference, in correlation with the functional data. This work revealed that the slighlty different ligand binding spectrum of the 3 human OBP does not represent the large odorant diversity, suggesting that OBP do not have a major function in odorant discrimination in the human species. Nevertheless, OBP complexed with odorant might have a function in odorant receptor activation
Bouvet, Jean-François. "Les interactions périphériques entre systèmes trigéminal et olfactif chez les amphibiens : approches immunohistochimique, électrophysiologique et pharmacologique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10006.
Full textBodin, Aurélie Lazzari Claudio. "Modulation du comportement de recherche de l'hôte chez les insectes hématophages Importance des facteurs endogènes. /." S. l. : S. n, 2008. http://theses.abes.fr/2008TOUR4019.
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