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Lisani, Ncedo. "Developing a performance measurement tool to monitor the performance of a public sector agency : a balanced scorecard approach." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017515.
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The world has seen unparalleled pressure put on the public sector to improve the speed and quality of service delivery, whilst simultaneously employing measures to cut the costs. South Africa and the Eastern Cape have not been immune to this as there have been complaints and demonstrations from various national and provincial stakeholders demanding more and improved services. The Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEDEAT) in particular has employed the services of public entities in its quest to realise government’s socio-economic developmental objectives and ease some of the service delivery pressures. These agencies are unfortunately struggling to deliver and the Department is unable to play the oversight role it is legislatively mandated to carry out. The main reason for this seem to be the lack of the capacity to objectively track and measure the performance of these agencies. As they say “you cannot manage what you cannot measure”. This is despite the fact that there is a shareholders’ compact and many other measures in place to enable performance monitoring. Also, the public sector is known to have inherent and unique performance management challenges like broad and vague objectives which lead to too many measurements, a propensity to focus on the “easy to measure” but often irrelevant indicators at the expense of critical outcomes and a short-term orientation that is usually fuelled by political expediency. Against this background, this study sought to make use of a comprehensive and dynamic performance monitoring framework, namely the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), to explore its potential use in assisting government to monitor the performance of public agencies, in particular the Development Finance Institutions (DFI) in South Africa. The proposed framework helps government to focus on the performance drivers of future value, and what decisions and actions are necessary to achieve critical outcomes. The aim of the study therefore is to develop an adjusted BSC framework to monitor the activities of a public sector agency and thus demonstrate how a BSC framework could be used to monitor a public agency by the government department. The study is evaluative in nature and is divided into three sections. Section one is presented as an Evaluation Report. It sets the scene, discusses briefly the key theoretical concepts, outlines the research methods used and presents the findings followed by a discussion and recommendations. Section two delves into the literature in more detail, providing a more extensive review of the literature that informed the investigation, whilst section three provides a more extensive description of the research methodology employed in the study. To achieve the aims of the study, the research drew from the work of various authors in the field including that of Bigliardi, Dormio and Galati, 2011; Bititci, Garengo, Dörfler, and Nudurupati, 2012; Julyan, 2011; Kaplan and Norton, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004 and 2006; Niven, 2003 and 2008 and Northcott and Taulapapa, 2012. Also, five BSC perspectives - including the programme specific “equity” perspective - were used to develop an interview schedule. These were used to formulate the key performance objectives and indicators, based on the stakeholder’s responses. These respondents have experience within the programme as administrators, beneficiaries and funders. The research employed purposive sampling with semi-structured in-depth interviews and document analysis as primary and secondary instruments for data collection. In essence, five officials from the agency, one from DEDEAT and two co-operatives participated in the research. The results indicate a general appreciation of and gravitation towards outcome based measures, even though the government culture of focusing on outputs is still prevalent. The results of the study indicated that, generally, a government - public agency BSC based performance monitoring framework would have the following features: Customer objectives and programme mission as the main goal and this will provides clarity at all levels on who the customers are and what are their primary requirements. Clear, visible and stringent financial controls as the agency is administering public resources. Few carefully selected processes and systems that have a direct and positive impact on the customer objectives. Deliberate and consistent efforts to promote the participation of designated groups in the economy of the country. Comprehensive indicators on capacity building as “mission based-organisations rely heavily on skills, dedication and alignment of staff”. Overall, the study concludes that the make-up of the BSC is beneficial to the public sector and in monitoring the public sector agencies for the following reasons: It helps the agency to focus on customers and their needs. It forces the agency to engage and communicate strategic intention with both internal and external stakeholders and thus synchronize competing stakeholder needs. It forces the agency to limit the number of indicators and therefore select the few value adding measures that are aligned to customer outcomes. Through its cause and effect relationship, the agency is compelled to align all the resources, activities and processes to the main goal of the entity. All these help to minimize the principal agent problem, as the use of the BSC can bring clarity on strategy and expectations, provided it is supported with regular communication.
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Lee, Marisa Rene. "BICYCLE TOURISM PLAN FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A TEMPLATE FOR RURAL AGRICULTURAL TOWNS AND A CASE STUDY FOR THE CITY OF WINTERS, CALIFORNIA." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1383.
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Bicycling is a method of tourism transportation that is healthy, non-invasive, environmentally responsible, and economically sustainable. It allows freedom, mobility, and sightseeing potential that is not made possible by other modes of transit. Thousands of bicycle tourists travel from all over the globe annually to explore California on touring bikes via established cycling routes and robust determination. Thousands of additional domestic and international visitors take weekend trips, plan family vacations, travel for business, or tour California from abroad, many of whom are excellent candidates for local and regional bicycle touring at a more gentle intensity level.
The increasing popularity and prominence of bicycle tourism, among both domestic and international travelers, carries great potential for economic benefit to local communities. Rural and agricultural communities can particularly benefit from bicycle tourism, as these communities do not normally experience the benefits of tourism as significantly as their urban, coastal or mountainous neighbors. Tourism that is developed in accordance with the size, scale, constraints and character of a particular community can have a beneficial effect on the economics and industry of the area. Infrastructure projects to this effect, such as development of a town or regional trail system, wayfinding features, or other resources come with benefits for visitors and locals in the form of recreation, public health, mobility, and access to food, drink, amenities, scenic areas, jobs and commerce. Trails may further improve the economy of the local housing market, as proximity to trails has a positive effect on housing values. Incorporation of agricultural destinations into local tourism planning creates a draw for visitors and can become a mutually beneficial relationship – contributing to the economic stability of the agriculture industry, preserving local farm lands, increasing tourism revenue and educating the public on the importance of local farming. Through careful planning of the touristic components of the destination, rural communities can achieve multifaceted economic benefits of diverse and versatile tourism amenities.
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Bekenstein, Jenny. "Campaigning on an Environmental Justice Platform: Irmalinda Osuna for Upland City Council, District 3." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/97.
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After successfully organizing around preserving Cabrillo Park in Upland and feeling a lack of local political representation, Irmalinda Osuna ran for Upland City Council in the 2018 midterm elections. As one of the many female candidates in the 2018 elections, Irmalinda led a grassroots, community-led political campaign in which she advocated for environmental justice and the preservation of parks, a more inclusive community, increased civic participation, a more efficient use of technology in politics, and support for small businesses.
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Barrera, Núñez José Oscar. "Imaginaries and desires : transcultural "love affairs" in Guatemala /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6555.
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Al-Kassar, Talal A. Hamza. "Performance evaluation of tourism sector in Iraq." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1991. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21268.
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In this thesis the performance evaluation of tourism sector in Iraq is described and analysed. The research focuses on the measurement of financial, non-financial and economic performance related to tourism sector and to the enterprises which are operating in the tourist field in Iraq. As the purpose of the study is to examine and evaluate the performance of the state-owned enterprises in the tourism sector, other objectives are considered as well: - to assess the impact of tourism as an economic activity, relating to the balance of payments, employment, etc., in comparison with other productive sectors, - to define the performance criteria, financial and nonfinancial, which are necessary to the study, - to measure the performance of tourism enterprises empirically by building a model to explain the variation in financial performance of different enterprises and rank them, and - to construct a theoretical programme concerning the evaluation of tourism services from the customer's po int of view. The study covers the financial, non-financial and economic performance in detail. Financial performance is based on the traditional statements (balance sheet and profit and loss accounts) and afterward different ratios have been selected. A comprehensive model relating to factor analysis has been built. The model was used to measure the financial performance of different enterprises under investigation in the tourism field in Iraq. Non-financial performance is based on a suggestion programme which concern the quality audit of the services from the customer's point of view. Economic performance is based on the role of tourism in development and its impact on the economy in, for example, the balance of payments, employment, tourist multiplier effect. A systematic review of methodologies on financial evaluation led to identifying the most appropriate indicators of performance measurement: profitability, managerial performance, and liquidity. These cover all the financial aspects of tourism enterprises. By following factor analysis technique, we could classify and rank the enterprises under investigation into three groups: - Above-average performance enterprises. - Average performance enterprises. - Below-average performance enterprises. A review of financing methods in tourism sector including the theories of capital structure, and a case study to Hatra tourist project in Iraq.
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Leslie, David. "Tourism and Northern Ireland : a troubled time." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282935.
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Hamzah, Amran. "The sustainability of small-scale tourism in Malaysia." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389253.
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Small-scale tourism areas began in the 1970's as drifter enclaves that formed a network of budget tourist establishments separate, but parallel to mass tourism. During its infancy, small-scale tourism was suppressed by the government, fearing the moral decadence allegedly associated with the influx of this type of development. Over the past few years, however, such development has been promoted aggressively by the government, believing it to be a catalyst for rural development. The phenomenal growth of small-scale tourism development in Malaysia was induced both by the growing popularity of alternative tourism in the West and the boom in domestic tourism. As the destination areas evolved, the drifters were being gradually replaced by middle class foreign tourists mainly from Western Europe, Singaporeans and, lately, domestic tourists. While foreign tourists were attracted to the kampung ambiance, domestic tourists chose these places due to the lack of other affordable alternatives to the luxury hotels. These conflicting demands are reflected in the current supply of small-scale tourism development. While some establishments have managed to maintain their distinct kampung image, many local operators have sacrificed these in the construction of 'tourist factories' to accommodate as many tourists as possible. More importantly, many of the local people have sold or leased their land to outside entrepreneurs due to the lack of capital. Using two case studies (Cherating and Pulau Langkawi), this research analysed the evolution of small-scale tourism in Malaysia in relation to the changing types of tourists and their motivation, the entrepreneurial process and the political/planning influences. It concludes that small-scale tourism development in Malaysia is a form of circumstantial alternative tourism that is equivalent to the incipient stage of conventional mass tourism. Furthermore, it is not sustainable in terms of protecting the environment, ensuring active local involvement and maintaining tourist satisfaction. Finally, it suggests that government intervention is essential to manage the growth of such developments o as to prevent the displacement/marginalisation of the local community; maintain its uniqueness and hence attractiveness of the tourism product; and prevent the destruction of the very resources in which developments depend.
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Seaton, Anthony V. "Advances in market targeting in tourism marketing analysis." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324114.
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Knight, John Paul. "Depopulation, tourism and v̉illage revival' in Wakayama, Japan." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306869.
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Herbert, Angela R. "Tourism in the economy of Barbados : some policy issues." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245997.
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Runwen, Zhu. "Environmental Virtue Ethics : Wildlife Tourism in Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76288.
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With the permission of Swedish Allemansrätten, the Right of Public Access, allows people to interact with the natural environment... . Environmental ethics, discuss about the relationship between man and nature, and is hence clearly connected to the questions of wildlife tourism. Great part of the previous literature has focused on the environmental ethics in tourism from the perspective of utilitarianism or deontology, with special concern in animal rights, animal ethics and animal welfare. However, questions like ‘what kind of people will do good to the environment?’, ‘What are the characteristics of these people?’ are among those that still need to be discussed in the field of wildlife tourism research. According to the theory of environmental virtue ethics, man's attitude towards nature originates from the internal quality and character of human beings. Whether it is the western scholars Thomas Hill and Geoffrey Frasz, or the ancient Chinese School of Confucianism and Taoism, they all put forward their own opinions on the characters required by the virtue ethics of the environment. In this thesis, documentary writing and network media records of wildlife tourists in Sweden are used as empirical materials to demonstrate the behavioral and psychological manifestations of the three characters of environmental virtues ethics. These three characters reflect the harmonious interaction between man and nature, and contribute in the theoretical discussions of of ethics in Tourism Studies.
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Guillen-Arguelles, Elisa. "Environmental Auditing : Assessing Environmental Performance in Tourism The case of Small and Medium-Sized Tourism Business in the Mexican Caribbean." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511666.
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Ling, Hu. "Environmental values as a motivation of cycle tourism." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Universitetsförvaltningen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76316.
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The increasing popularity of cycling activities and events, and the need to encourage cycling to reduce tourism greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, require a better understanding of the motivations of cycle tourists. Cycle tourism is one kind of green sustainable tourism. While numbers of aspects of cycle tourism have been identified in previous studies, environmental values might be one of the factors to determine cycle tourism choice. Most findings show that personal factors are the main reason of cycling activity while environmental values play merely little role in the cycle tourism. This thesis project is aimed to study the motivations of non-club recreational cycle tourists in Kalmar, Sweden and the role of environmental values as a motivation of cycle tourism behavior. Qualitative exploration method has been adopted and 13 local cycle tourists have been interviewed for the project. By applying the environmental values framework, this thesis links two main factors of environmental values to the cycle tourism behavior, that is closeness to nature and environmental concern. The findings show that environmental values are good predictor of cycle tourism behavior. The role of environmental values as a motivation of cycle tourism is improving though still not the main motivation. More explicit attention to environmental related knowledge education may inform the operationalization and promotion of local cycle tourism development. As modern people may attach importance to hedonic experience for their cycle tourism activities, further researches are needed to understand the relationship of hedonic consumption values and cycle tourism behaviors. Keywords: cycling tourism; motivation; qualitative; environmental values; closeness to nature; environmental concern
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Murphy, Michelle D. "Climate change and citizen standing : the evolution of procedural standing in environmental litigation." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1460.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Waterman, Troy A. "Measuring preferences for environmental changes in the tourism industry." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498161.
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Hanna, Paul. "Consuming sustainable tourism : ethics, identity, practice." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2011. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e7073b3d-9105-4872-93e3-f4e9faedf906.
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In recent years, contemporary western society has played witness to a growth in the production, promotion, and consumption of ostensibly ‘ethical’ products such as Fair Trade goods. Such commodities are characterised by an emphasis on rebalancing inequalities that ‘mass’ production/consumption are said to create. This thesis takes sustainable tourism as a novel example of such concerns. With recent inroads in psychology and the social sciences suggesting that the practice of consumption represents a prominent ‘mode’ for ‘identity work’ (including class identities), the consumption of ‘ethical’ products may arguably signify the manifestation of ‘ethical identity/identities’. However, ‘ethics’ and ‘identity’ are ambiguous words with significant concerns surrounding the ‘ethics’ of ‘ethical’ products, and the extent to which individuals exhibit ‘ethical identity/identities’ through the consumption of such goods. Building on Michael Foucault’s ‘technologies of self’ and ‘ethics’, this thesis seeks to contribute to our understanding of ‘ethics’, ‘identity’, and ‘practice’ in relation to sustainable tourism.
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Wolf-Watz, Daniel. "On Environmental Grounds : Outdoor Recreation, Place Relations and Environmental Sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-35900.
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This thesis examines the relationship between outdoor recreation and environmental concern as part of the wider issue of environmental sustainability in late-modern societies. It includes studies of environmentalists’ (that is environmentally committed individuals’) preferences and motivations with regard to outdoor recreation, and covers the inquiries of whether and how outdoor recreation can influence levels of environmental concern. The questions addressed are how environmentalists engage in outdoor recreation, with what motives, and whether participation in outdoor recreation can influence levels of environmental concern. Empirically, the thesis is based on a mixed methods approach, including analyses of data from a national survey on outdoor recreation and a qualitative case study of the organization Nature and Youth Sweden (Fältbiologerna). Theoretically, it is based on the concepts of place, habitus and field. Study results show that environmentally committed individuals favor participation in appreciative activities in areas perceived as pristine, preferably away from urban environments. Motivations refer to these preferences, but also to aspects of discursive context, social identity and social position. These aspects are also found to be crucial regarding the influence of outdoor recreation on environmental concern. Thus, study results also show a lack of support for environmental concern as an automatic outcome of outdoor recreation. It is rather a combination of interconnected conditions referred to as: favorable place relations, adequate outdoor experience and appropriate social context. The thesis contributes to new knowledge on the relationships and connections between outdoor recreation and environmental sustainability. While the results are of importance with regard to planning for outdoor recreation and development of nature-based tourism, they are of particular interest for environmental organizations, schools and other institutions working for a more sustainable society.This thesis examines the relationship between outdoor recreation and environmental concern as part of the wider quest for environmental sustainability in late-modern societies. Generally, outdoor recreation contributes to an increased use of resources and a growing impact on the environment. At the same time, outdoor recreation is also part of a wider narrative of fostering environmental concern, where forms of nature encounter are seen as potential pathways to pro-environmental attitudes and behavior. Thus, the thesis addresses themes of recreational participation and preferences among environmentalists - and the inquiry into the ways outdoor recreation may influence levels of environmental concern.
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Mhlongo, Sabelo Khayelihle. "Environmental management plan as a tool for tourism development within." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1126.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master's degree in
Recreation and Tourism, in the Department of Recreation and
Tourism at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2011.The study on the Environmental Management Plan as a tool for Tourism Development within uMkhanyakude District Municipality was conducted in consideration of tourism industry being the tourists' destination as well as the major source of income in the region. There are various factoid that contributed immensely toward the growth of tourism in the study area. This study has identified that Environmental Management Plan (BMP) as one of the factors that played a significant role in ensuring authenticity of natural environment which forms the basis for tourism development. The objectives of the study are an important component of this research because they paved the direction that this study followed. The objectives of the study were as follow: • Objective 1: To investigate the strategies used for protection and conservation of environment and natural resources for tourism development; • Objective 2: To find out if the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) serves as tool for tourism development; • Objective 3: To establish the status quo of tourism development within uMkhanyakude District Municipality; • Objective 4: To investigate the level of implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of uMkhanyakude District Municipality. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires which had both open and close ended questions. After the data were collected, it was analysed using SPSS. This programme was used to fomiulate frequency tables, graphs and related analysis. There were vanous findings that were deduced from the responses of the interviewees. The findings of the study depicted that strategies and methods for protection and conservation of environmental resources exist in the study area. The strategies linked the importance and value of environmental resources towards tourism development. It prevailed that the inhabitants of uMkhanyakude District Municipality value the nature and its role in providing tourism related opportunities as well as other benefits to the local people. There are organisations and departments that played a major role in ensuring that the environment remains the first priority in the operations of local communities. According to respondents' perceptions, organisations such as Reperial Reforestation, WWF, WESSA, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, DEAT, Water Affairs and Forestry have played a significant role in inculcating the essence of the environment in the local communities of the study area. The findings of the study led to several recommendations that would assist in enhancing the implementation of BMP. The proper implementation of BMP will positively influence tourism development and directly contribute to economic growth of the study area. Recommendations included the following: (a) that methods and strategies to protect and conserve the environment should be reinforced, (b) that stakeholders (including government, private sectors and community) should be involved in developing and implementing BMP in their local municipality, (c) that the EMP should be developed taking into cognizance both environmental and tourism issues, as these two aspects are assumed to be intertwined, (d) uMkhanyakude District Municipality should provide personnel that will monitor the implementation of the EMP in the local municipalities and finally (e) that tourism as a subject should be introduced and promoted in schools.
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Logan, Alexandra Joanna. "Sustainable tourism awareness and environmental practices in luxury safari lodges." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19962.
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Sustainable tourism requires accommodation businesses to balance economic, environmental and social issues, taking into account the needs of current and future generations. However, despite the ever E increasing attention on sustainable tourism and the acknowledgement of the impacts of tourism on the environment, this form of tourism only represents a minor share of all tourism. Ecotourism forms part of sustainable tourism and is one of the most common forms of commercially focused wildlife management on privately owned land. Luxury safari lodges are expected to provide a high level of hospitality , luxurious facilities and exquisite cui sine . Consequently, these lodges consume large quantities of resources and are reliant on the adequate supply of water and energy. Safari lodges are also reliant on the natural environment to attract guests. Therefore it is prudent of these businesses to conserve and protect water, energy and ecological resources to ensure the perpetuity of the lodge. Furthermore, both the environment and society benefit from the conservation of these resources. This study investigates the awareness of sustainable tourism and environmental practices in luxury safari lodges. Twenty-five luxury safari lodges in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa were approached and a total of six safari lodges participated in an email E based questionnaire and one took part in semi -structured interviews. The research reveals that luxury safari lodges are aware of sustainable tourism and its importance. In addition, they involved in a number of environmental activities in order to achieve sustainability. The environment is emphasized as central to sustainable tourism, stemming from the fact that these lodges rely on the natural environment to attract guests. Balancing financial commitments to sustainability was found to have an impact on certain aspects of the luxury safari lodges attitudes and actions. The research indicated two key directions to pursue to sustain environmental activities in the luxury safari lodge industry. Firstly, education and awareness of staff and guests is acknowledged as central to supporting and achieving sustainability in luxury safari lodges. Secondly, lodges affiliated with voluntary initiatives such as FTT and Greenleaf are audited regularly to ensure a specific standard has been achieved, thus maintaining sustainable best practices in the lodges. The research concluded that the motivation for achieving sustainable tourism within luxury safari lodges can be seen as driven by: the need to preserve the natural environment, the opportunity to reduce operating costs (increase profitability) and the growing demand for environmentally friendly safari lodges.
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Vernon, Jonathan Andrew. "Barriers to sustainability among tourism-related businesses : identification and reduction." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/395.
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The attainment of sustainable development has emerged as one of the main challenges facing society and the economy in the twenty-first century. In tourism, the English Tourism Council (2001 a, p. 11) recognise that sustainable tourism can no longer be regarded as an optional extra, but is fundamental to safeguarding the long-term competitiveness of the industry. To establish sustainable development as a primary strategic objective within the tourism industry represents a substantial challenge. Such a goal is problematic not least because the sector is so diverse and is based around a large number of small businesses which are not always accessible or responsive to change and innovation. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the response of tourism-related businesses to environmental sustainability issues in South East Cornwall. The research represents a three-year joint project funded by the University of Plymouth and Caradon District Council, with support from South West Tourism and the European Regional Development Fund through Caradon Area LEADER II (1999-2001). The aims of the project were to obtain a more detailed understanding of the issues and barriers that tourism businesses face in the implementation of sustainable business practices. The results had practical outcomes in the formulation of a district-wide strategy for sustainable tourism. Through a mixed-method research programme, almost half of tourism businesses in the district contributed to the study. The results revealed a diversity of behaviour, attitudes and motives that are currently not recognised within policy interventions or conceptual models of business behavior. Additionally, the research demonstrated that business responses are modified by a range of complex barriers, which operate at different geographical scales and require a broad policy focus. Within policy initiatives for sustainable tourism, small tourism businesses cannot be treated as scaled-down versions of large businesses. More sophisticated policy interventions will have to be developed if sustainable development is to become a reality within the sector.
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Devine, Jonathan Hugh. "Rural Community Attitudes Towards Tourism." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DevineJH2006.pdf.
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Aljohani, Mona. "A Study of the Impact of Tourism on the Environment and Jeddah Citizen’s Perceptions toward Tourism in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2018. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/140.
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This study examined the impact of tourism on the environment and Jeddah citizens’ perceptions toward tourism in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The sample consisted of citizens who reside in the city of Jeddah. The variables analyzed included the following: cleanliness of the city, crowding, access to facilities, availability of water, and the quality of air and sea. An explanatory research design was utilized to generate the study, and purposive sampling was employed to gather the analysis. A total of 115 participants participated in the study. The study results suggested that cleanliness of the city, crowding, access to facilities, availability of water, and the quality of air and sea affect the perception of Jeddah citizens toward tourism. Particularly, both crowding and quality of air and sea were significant predictors of perceptions toward tourism.
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Rainford, Sophie Elizabeth. "Environmental Management in Micro and Small Tourism Enterprises: An Owner-manager Perspective." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2283.
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This thesis seeks to gain insight into environmental management implemented by micro and small tourism enterprises and explore levels of awareness and interest among owner-managers of micro and small tourism enterprises toward schemes aiming for the environmental improvement of business. The research uncovers findings that elevate possibilities for reducing misinterpretation of terminology relative to sustainable tourism business. This research seeks to understand why the suggested lack of sustainable tourism implementation remains evident in tourism. Discussion from findings intends to draw attention to central themes relative to achieving research objectives and seeks to yield important information in the pursuit of sustainable tourism business. A qualitative, semi-structured interview approach was used to gain in-depth and detailed perspectives from owner-managers of micro and small tourism enterprises. Owner-managers interviewed were purposively chosen using non-probability sampling. Selection was based on providing a variety of tourism businesses and physical business locations across the case study region. Overall, findings suggest that owner-managers are implementing low levels of environmental management and have limited knowledge of what implementation of environmental management specifically involves, such as, how long it takes and how much it costs. The underlying values of owner-managers demonstrate potential opportunities for further implementation of sustainable business practice. In addition, owner-managers seemed to place importance in conducting business responsibly and having minimal impact on the environment so that quality of life remains for future generations. Essentially, research findings aid in the understanding of why the suggested lack of sustainable tourism implementation remains evident in tourism and pose future avenues for research in the pursuit of sustainable tourism business.
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Semler, Keith R. "Development of a Karst Tourism Management Index to Assess Tourism-Driven Degradation of Protected Karst Sites." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3143.
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The intent of this research was to create and evaluate a karst tourism management index (KTMI). This index is intended to be a new management tool designed to quantify environmental disturbances caused specifically by tourism activities in karst regions, particularly show caves and springs. In an effort to assess the effectiveness of the index as a management tool in karst terrains, after development, the index was applied to six case study sites. A review of the management policies at each study site was conducted with the use of standard policy critique methods and semistructured interviews with managers at the study sites. After interviews were completed, the newly created index was applied to the study areas with the aid of park land managers. Including land managers in the application process allowed for active land managers to provide more meaningful feedback on potential improvements to the KTMI to ensure the most universally applicable and thoroughly field-tested index tool was created. Upon application and continual refinement of the index to the six study sites, a new data-driven management tool to measure disturbances to karst terrains by tourism was developed. The KTMI consist of an Overall Score category that is broken down into the two main categories of Management and Tourism. The KTMI contains 168 indicators that all need to be scored individually to obtain results, with Management containing 100 of the indicators and Tourism containing the other 68 indicators.
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Huang, Ganlin. "Mining and Tourism: Comparing Spatial Patterns, Socioeconomic Contributions, and Environmental Impacts in China." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2008. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/113.
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ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of mining and tourism industries in China with a goal of understanding whether or not these two sectors are mutually compatible in achieving sustainable developme nt. Yunnan, a province in southwest China was selected as the study area because of its high potential for growth in both sectors. A macro-level Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis and a case study were employed to understand patterns of change and linkages. Paper 1 addresses the spatial patterns of mining and tourism activities by a GIS analysis. Spatial cluster analysis of major tourism attractions and mining sites concludes that 1) mining sites tend to be clustered, whereas locations of tourism attractions do not exhibit any significant evidence of aggregation. 2) Mining and tourism sites tend to cluster at the scale of 25 kilometers to 45 kilometers. However, 3) mining/tourism sites relatively far away from each other attain more economic income. Incorporating the social context and development history of the study area, the results imply that although mining activities may have some negative impact on tourism attractions making those nearby a mining site earn less income; some factors tie the two industries together such as investing capacity of and policy support from local government. Paper 2 considers the environmental health and socioeconomic status of the areas where mining or tourism activities cluster. Statistical analysis on prefecture level and county level detects no significant difference between areas of mining and tourism in terms of economic status (GDP and poverty rate) and social development (ratio of researchers, agricultural technicians, teachers and doctors, and access to pipe water, major roads and telephone). For environmental indicators, the air pollution and soil erosion index perform better in tourism areas than mining areas, while other variables including forestry coverage, water quality and an overall ecological health index detect little difference between mining and tourism areas. The paper concludes that sector difference in economic and environmental performances may be over-emphasized. How mining and tourism contribute to or impact the sustainability of regional development needs to be further studied within the local context. Paper 3 develops a case study of a Tibet village called Jisha in northwest Yunnan to explore management as a factor influencing tourism impacts on environment and local economic productivity. Jisha village experiences two types of tourism development. A community based small-scale tourism development project, initiated by a local nongovernment organization, aims to partner with Jisha residents to build a Tibetan style hostel which will bring tourism income to the villagers. An external company plans to construct a hotel, golf course and chair- lift by making a large investment in the community. Although some aspects of this project are likely to benefit the local community better than others, local residents are resisting all development efforts. Results of the ethnographic study show organization- led projects work better in benefiting local people and conserving environment than corporation businesses. However, such ventures may not have the multiplier effect on the local economy as external corporate businesses because of the moderate size of the investment.
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Singagerga, M. Merda H. "Kepariwisataan pantai di kawasan Parangtritis dan dampak lingkungannya." Yogyakarta : Universitas Gadjah Mada, 1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=R4SBAAAAMAAJ.
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Viljoen, Francois. "Sustainability indicators for monitoring tourism route development in Africa." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/729.
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Flumerfelt, Sheryl Lynn. "Dive tourism on Koh Tao, Thailand, community heterogeneity and environmental responsibility." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ43164.pdf.
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GarceraÌ, Javier Caletrĭo. "A ravaging Mediterranean passion : tourism and environmental change in Europe's playground." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420642.
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Forsyth, Timothy Julian. "Environmental degradation and tourism in a Yao village of northern Thailand." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285700.
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Kulcur, Sultan. "Complementarities or conflicts? Environmental impacts in a Turkish coastal tourism area." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388619.
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Carneiro, Tatiane Rodrigues. "Tourism and Socio-environmental transformations in the Coastal Iguape-Aquiraz-CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9159.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoThe subject of this work was the coastal district of Iguape located in the city of Aquiraz, east coast of CearÃ, 38 km from Fortaleza. In recent years, there has been a change in tourism demand in that region and increased investment by both the public and private capital and international levels. Tourism is an economic activity that transforms space and reorganizes the territories and at the same time, generates social and environmental impacts to the cities where it develops. Thus, this study sought to understand the social and environmental changes of tourism on the coast of Iguape, characterizing their social and environmental conditions, and propose measures to achieve sustainable tourism in the region. For a better understanding of the environmental changes of the Iguape coastline, it was divided into: PresÃdioÂs beach, IguapeÂs beach and Barro PretoÂs beach, because they are most relevant in terms of tourism. Throughout this study were used concepts such as tourism, tourist attraction, tourist offer, tourist services, sustainable tourism, sustainable development, environment, landscape and environmental perception. The research was accomplished through reference books, observations, field surveys, questionnaires and interviews with local people, entrepreneurs, tourists and visitors being held at two different times, first in libraries, public agencys and then on the spot . From the interviews and questionnaires it was possible to better understand the view of tourists, residents and entrepreneurs on tourism held in the region, these often contradictory opinions, and understand the social and environmental transformations generated there by offering up alternatives to the achievement of sustainable tourism, like a global and participatory planning of tourism at the coast.
O objeto de estudo desse presente trabalho foi o litoral do distrito de Iguape localizado no municÃpio de Aquiraz, litoral leste do Estado do CearÃ, a 38 km de Fortaleza. Nos Ãltimos anos, tem-se observado uma mudanÃa na demanda turÃstica daquela regiÃo e um aumento dos investimentos tanto por parte do poder pÃblico como do capital privado nacional e internacional. O turismo à uma atividade econÃmica que transforma espaÃos e reorganiza territÃrios e, ao mesmo tempo, gera impactos socioambientais para as localidades onde se desenvolve. Desta forma, o presente trabalho buscou compreender as transformaÃÃes socioambientais geradas pelo turismo no litoral do Iguape, caracterizando suas condiÃÃes socioambientais e propondo medidas para a realizaÃÃo de um turismo sustentÃvel naquela regiÃo. Para uma melhor compreensÃo destas transformaÃÃes socioambientais o litoral do Iguape foi dividido em: praia do PresÃdio, praia do Iguape e praia de Barro Preto, por serem as praias de maior relevÃncia do ponto de vista do turismo. Ao longo da pesquisa foram utilizados conceitos como: turismo, atrativo turÃstico, oferta turÃstica, serviÃos turÃsticos, turismo sustentÃvel, desenvolvimento sustentÃvel, meio ambiente, paisagem e percepÃÃo ambiental. A pesquisa foi efetivada atravÃs de consultas bibliogrÃficas, observaÃÃes diretas, levantamentos de campo, aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios e entrevistas com a populaÃÃo local, empreendedores, turistas e visitantes sendo realizada em dois momentos distintos, primeiramente em bibliotecas e ÃrgÃos pÃblicos e em seguida no prÃprio local. A partir das entrevistas e questionÃrios foi possÃvel conhecer melhor a opiniÃo dos turistas, moradores e empreendedores acerca do turismo realizado na regiÃo, opiniÃes estas muitas vezes contraditÃrias, e compreender as transformaÃÃes socioambientais ali geradas, propondo-se alternativas para a realizaÃÃo de um turismo sustentÃvel, como por exemplo, o planejamento integrado e participativo da atividade turÃstica naquele litoral.
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King, Karen Deborah. "An evaluation of a tourist role scale technique as a foundation for the development of theory and practice of tourism marketing strategies." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312154.
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Choi, Young-Min. "The role of tourism for regional economic planning : a case study of the Harz mountain areas in the process of German unification." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308549.
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García, Betorz Sara. "How might the collaborative economy influence sustainability of tourism in Barcelona?" Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147854.
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The aim of this project is to analyze how the Collaborative Economy (CE) might influence sustainability of tourism in Barcelona.
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Crick-Furman, Deborah Suzanne Estelle. "Environmental values amongst tourists to small urban places in Scotland." Thesis, Open University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286928.
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Loayza, Ismael Fernando. "Competitiveness, environmental performance and technical change : the case of the Bolivian mining industry." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262182.
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This thesis develops and tests a dynamic economic model of the mining firm where changes in pollution per unit of output are related to changes in competitiveness. The model assumes that mining companies compete through the generation of technical change and competition selects between successful and unsuccessful companies through variations in their stocks of production capacity and technological capability. The mining company model, therefore, comprises a system of equations which describes its investment behaviour and another which describes its pollution per unit of output. A multiple case-study, encompassing four Bolivian mining companies and seven mining operations, was used to test the model. Competitiveness was evaluated at the corporate level and estimated through the mining firm's market share of worldwide production. Pollution per unit of output was evaluated at the operation level using both quantitative and qualitative data concerning metal recovery rates, reagent consumption, water management and waste disposal systems. The main finding of this study is that a mining firm's dynamic efficiency significantly affects the internalisation of its environmental costs. A firm's dynamic efficiency is its ability to innovate and gain economies of scale. As a mining firm's ability to compete is significantly influenced by its dynamic efficiency, the improvement of (decline in) a mining firm's ability to compete tends to reduce (increase) its pollution per unit of output. This is because improvements in a firm's ability to compete encourage investment in technological capability and production capacity. The accumulation of technological capability results in technical change. Incremental technical change reduces waste and losses in harmful substances per unit of output and prompts enlargements in production capacity. The accumulation of production capacity associates improvements in waste disposal and/or reductions in the use and pollution of complementary environmental resources used in the mining production process (such as water). At the theoretical level, the thesis connects the theory of production, in particular, the theory of depletion with the theory of pollution. It shows that changes in expectations of the growth rate of user cost (which is the opportunity cost of exhaustible resources) influence a firm's dynamic efficiency through changes in technological capability and production capacity. Since under conditions of dynamic competition, a firm's externalisation of environmental costs is determined by its dynamic efficiency as well as by market failure in pricing environmental resources. Environmental policy must comprise policies to deal with not only externalities, which are inherent to the management of environmental resources in market economies, but also dynamic inefficiency.
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Rodger, Kate J. "Wildlife tourism and the natural sciences : bringing them together /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070605.113857.
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Moeng, Motsoka William. "The Impact of eco-tourism on land-use patterns the case of Dinokeng eco-tourism pilot project in Gauteng Province /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05252005-112350/.
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Fox, Jason. "A Tourism Impact Index for Water-Based Natural Attractions Field-Tested in Subarctic and Maritime Climates." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3140.
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Tourism in cold and cool-climate regions is largely characterized by recreational and sightseeing activities at water-based natural attractions such as beaches, coastal cliffs, and waterfalls. While the economic benefits of the tourism industry can contribute to a sustainable future for these regions, the environmental implications of a hastilydeveloped industry cannot be ignored given that cold-climate and cool-climate landscapes are at risk of rapid environmental change from a warming climate and other environmental concerns. This study consisted of the development of the Tourism Impact Index for Water-Based Natural Sites, the first of its kind, and its application and refinement in the field at various water-based natural tourism sites in Iceland and the Washington Olympic Peninsula. As no direct precedent for the index exists, the creation of the initial index draft was informed by other environmental indices available from the literature in related disciplines. The index contains 44 visually-assessed indicators, each scored on a scale of zero to three regarding potential severity of environmental impact. As the index was applied throughout the two study regions, improvements were incorporated into the design so as to create a well-validated product that may be shared with tourism managers and developers and with researchers to aid in the continued expansion of literature on tourism-environment interactions.
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Nhantumbo, Emídio Samuel. "Tourism development and community response : the case of the Inhambane Coastal Zone, Mozambique." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2458.
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Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Tourism development is a complex process which many researchers have attempted to understand from various social science perspectives. This study adopts a geography approach to analyse tourism development in the Inhambane Coastal Zone (ICZ) by using the Miossec (1976) and the Butler (1980) models as basic frameworks for analyses. Although both models were found to be useful, they require more accurate data than what was generally available for the ICZ. Before the country’s independence in 1975, Mozambique was considered one of many premier tourism destinations in Southern Africa and the tourism sector had played an important role in the economy of the country. The 16 years period of internal conflict (1976- 1992) resulted in a rapid decline in the performance of the sector. Since the end of the armed conflict in 1992 and the democratic transition, a slow recovery of the tourism sector in Mozambique has set in. Tourism facilities for accommodation and leisure activities have increased considerably over the last ten years, despite the absence of any integrated tourism planning. In this study questionnaire surveys of tourist establishment representatives and local residents as well as focus group discussions and interviews were conducted to acquire primary data to analyse the evolution of the ICZ as a tourist destination during the period 1992 to 2008. In addition, secondary sources such as reports, tourism plans, tourism statistics and maps of the study area were used. It was found that tourism is developing slowly in the ICZ and the opening up (or rediscovering) of the zone as a destination remains limited due to the slow development of infrastructure in general. The tourism nodes are in different stages of their destination life cycle and the local residents living in the seven communities react differently toward tourism development. The ICZ has not progressed further than phase two in Miossec’s model. The Miossec model was found a suitable tool for analysing tourism development in the ICZ but it remains a challenge to identify both the evolutionary stage of the ICZ as a destination and the stage of each tourism node. The study also found that local residents in the ICZ expressed positive views about tourism development but they are still not satisfied with the current benefits they acquire from the current development status of tourism in the zone.
AFRIKAANS SUMMARY: Baie navorsers het reeds gepoog om die komplekse proses van toerisme-ontwikkeling vanuit verskeie sosiaal-wetenskaplike benaderings te verstaan. Hierdie studie volg ʼn geografiese benadering ten einde toerisme-ontwikkeling in die Inhambane Kussone (ICZ) met behulp van die Miossec (1976) en Butler (1980) modelle as basiese raamwerke te analiseer. Alhoewel beide modelle as bruikbaar bevind is, benodig hierdie modelle meer akkurate data as wat algemeen vir die ICZ beskikbaar is. Voor die land se onafhanklikheid in 1975, was Mosambiek gereken as een van vele vername toerisme bestemmings in Suidelike Afrika en die toerisme sektor het ʼn belangrike rol in die ekonomie van die land gespeel. Die 16 jare lange interne konflik (1976-1992) het tot ʼn snelle agteruitgang van die sektor se prestasie gelei. Sedert die einde van die gewapende konflik in 1992 en die oorgang na ʼn demokrasie, het die toerisme sektor in Mosambiek ʼn stadige herstel beleef. Toerisme fasiliteite vir akkommodasie en ontspanningsaktiwiteite het, ten spyte van die afwesigheid van geïntegreerde toerisme beplanning, aansienlik toegeneem. In hierdie studie is daar deur middel van ‘n vraelysopname aan verteenwoordigers van toerisme verwante besighede en plaaslike inwoners, asook fokus-groep besprekings primêre data in gesamel ten einde die evolusie van die ICZ as toeriste bestemming gedurende die tydperk vanaf 1992 tot 2008 te analiseer. Daarbenewens is sekondêre bronne soos verslae, toerisme planne, toerisme statistieke en kaarte van die studiegebied gebruik Daar is bevind dat toerisme in die ICZ stadig ontwikel en dat die herontdekking van die sone as bestemming beperk bly as gevolg van die stadige ontwikkeling van die infrastruktuur in die algemeen. Die toerisme nodusse is in verskillende stadia van hulle individuele bestemmingsiklusse, en die plaaslike inwoners in die sewe gemeenskappe reageer verskillend teenoor toerisme ontwikkeling. Die ICZ het nie verder as fase twee van die Miossec model gevorder het nie. Daar is ook vasgestel dat die Miosec model ʼn gepaste instrument is vir die analise van toerisme ontwikkeling in die ICZ, maar dit bly ʼn uitdaging om die evolusionêre stadium van die ICZ as ‘n bestemming in geheel asook die stadium van elke toerisme-nodus te kan identifiseer. Die studie het ook bevind dat plaaslike inwoners van die ICZ positiewe menings oor toerisme ontwikkeling het, maar nog steeds nie tevrede is met die huidige voordele wat hulle uit die huidige ontwikkelingstatus van toerisme in die sone ontvang nie.
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Waldron, David Glen Edward. "An environmental sustainability strategy for tourism communities, the case of Whistler, B.C." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0011/MQ61509.pdf.
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Yang, Shanshan. "The role of strategic environmental assessment in promoting sustainable tourism in China." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532043.
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Lehmensiek, May. "Evaluation of tourism in the Okavango Delta in Botswana using environmental accounting." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008842.
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Shen, Zhen Fen. "Environmental awareness in China : a reflection on Chinese urban (eco) tourism experiences." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/environmental-awareness-in-china(be382c3b-7076-46a6-802b-d7be05edc5fb).html.
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The central purpose of this thesis is to explore broader issues related to Chinese environmental awareness through examining a new form of tourism - urban (eco)tourism in China. More specifically, the thesis focuses on investigating two parallel themes: Chinese (eco)tourists’ attitudes towards nature/the environment and how political-economic conditions shape environmental practices as exemplified by two selected case studies. This is undertaken through examining two very different contemporary experiences of urban (eco)tourism: Shen Zhen Wetland Park and Hong Kong Wetland Park, and by applying three different conceptual approaches: Chinese cultural/religious influences on nature (’Chinese Philosophy’), Western approaches to modernity (Disneyisation and Ecological Modernisation). Disneyisation, Ecological Modernisation and ’Chinese’ models of nature are not usually associated with research on environmental awareness. Combining these approaches suggests that research can stimulate researchers and policy professionals to explore the value of combining and comparing different conceptual models of nature and the environment, to better understand underlying forces of environment-related behaviour and practices.
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Floy, John Anthony. "Sustainable heritage tourism, climate change and the National Trust." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5833/.
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Climate change is a global phenomenon that has led to policy-making in many spheres. Since the early 2000s, when the projected impacts of climate change had increasingly come to the fore, there has been added momentum in tourism studies to researching sustainable tourism and travel behaviour. Using the National Trust as a lens, this study explores the potential contribution climate change policy makes in achieving sustainable heritage tourism. The research shows how such a policy evolved at the National Trust alongside key events and developments the charity has undergone since 1995, its centenary year. Senior policy-makers, managers, volunteer staff and visitors to properties in the West Midlands region were interviewed to understand their views on climate change, wider environmental matters, transport issues, and the charity’s response to tackling climate change. The study found that through mitigation and adaptation strategies, climate change policy does support and inform a sustainable approach to heritage tourism but that dependency on car-borne transport to rural heritage sites remains the ‘Achilles heel’ of sustainable heritage tourism as well as illuminating some of the imbalances between conservation and access.
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Ricardo, Gilberto. "Sustainable tourism development: A case study of Bazaruto Island in Inhambane, Mozambique." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Sustainable tourism development strategies are regarded as suitable for developed countries, while pro-poor tourism strategies are seen as suitable approaches for underdeveloped countries. Both approaches stress the importance of local community-based or collaborative tourism management. The goal of these strategies is for local communities to achieve a more equitable share of benefits accruing from tourism development. This study dealt with the problem of which policy changes need to be brought about to ensure sustainable tourism development on Bazaruto Island. From an economic perspective, one would wish to examine the economic returns to tourism, ensuring that as many of the benefits as possible stay within Mozambique while some accrue to local community members. In addition, from an ecological perspective, it would be necessary to ensure that much of the pristine environment is retained. The local community would wish to ensure significant participation in preserving and promoting its culture as part of the development of tourism.
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Fredman, Peter. "Environmental valuation and policy : applications in the management of endangered species, recreation, and tourism /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5870-6.pdf.
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Rodkin, Hayley Amanda. "Community participation in diversification options of the diamond mine, Alexkor Ltd : tourism and mariculture." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9052.
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Bibliography: leaves 150-154.As a diamond mining company, Alexkor Ltd has had a great impact on the Namaqualand region. Its non-mining section, ABT, has begun implementing a development strategy that is focused on internal transformation of the company and post-mining economic alternatives. This dissertation focuses on how marginalised communities have been incorporated into the planning, decision-making and implementation of the two Alexkor Ltd diversification projects, tourism and mariculture, in the Northern Namaqualand region. Their participation in these projects is crucial to ensuring that alternative economic options become a vehicle for socio-economic development in a post-mining economy. This is particularly important since the Namaqualand economy is heavily dependent on diamond mining, which has been scientifically predicted to decommission over the next few years. The social disruption caused by the inevitable downscaling of mining is a concern for mining companies and government. It is of greater concern for communities who will suffer the effects of retrenchments and therefore, loss of income, directly. The ABT facilitators of the diversification projects recognise the necessity of applying the development strategy at a regional level. This is to ensure that mine-linked communities, especially those who have been historically marginalised, will be socio-economically empowered by diversification, and that their capacity will have been built in order to participate in post-mining economic options. in addition, the nature of tourism and mariculture requires an IBM approach, which incorporates regional bio-geographical and socio-economic factors. Thus, the implementation of the diversification options has had to incorporate: * the socio-political history of South Africa and the Namaqualand region * relevant legislative and institutional policies and processes that espouse the need for transformation, reconstruction and nation-building at national, provincial and local levels. This study focuses on how the participation of communities has occurred over a period of about eight months. It concludes with recommendations and guidelines which development activists and facilitators could use for similar projects.
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Matthee, Jossette. "The new fishing quota system for the small scale, traditional fishers at Hawston: problems and prospects." University of the Western Cape, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7797.
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Masters in Public Administration - MPAHawston, a small fishing town situated in Greater Hermanus is famous for its lucrative abalone resource. Since the drastic reduction of the abalone quota, which was implemented from 1994-2001, black commercial abalone divers have been on the receiving end of the new fishing legislation. The decimation of abalone by illegal harvesters, and the annual allocation of one and a half ton of abalone to all black commercial divers at present, are serious factors that influence the future of the commercial abalone divers and their counterparts. An abalone quota plays a pivotal role regarding the existence of various groups of people namely the Southern boat assistants, Overberg commercial abalone divers, Hawston fishing community etc. This study attempts to examine the effects of the drastic reduction of the abalone quota on the commercial divers (from 22-ton to one and a half ton), the boat assistants and the Hawston fishing community. The mentioned groups are also engaged in harvesting their allocated crayfish quotas, the research project mainly focuses on the effect of the new quota system on the allocation of abalone and crayfish quotas in Hawston. In essence, this research project seeks to examine the validity or invalidity of the White Paper regarding policies of the new Living Resources Act on commercial abalone divers, the boat assistants and the Hawston fishing community. The researcher has noted the various shortcomings in the White Paper on Marine Resources and the associated indiscrepancies being practiced by the Department of Environmental Affairs. In the study, a qualitative method is used to assess the impact of the implementation of new fishing quotas on various social groups in Hawston (existing and new groups). This was done by means of in-depth interviews. Some of the policy makers at the Department of Environmental Affairs were also interviewed. An evaluation of data gathered through the use of interviews and review of primary and secondary literature, revealed that equitable fishing quota allocation systems are not addressing the needs of the small-scale fishers in Hawston. By means of reports, it was concluded that various factors are infringing on the rights of those excluded from receiving allocation systems and also has the effect of fuelling uncertainty for the future of commercial abalone divers and small scale fishers in Hawston. The primary objective of this study is to investigate if the White Paper Policy on Marine Resources is benefiting the disadvantaged small-scale fishers in Hawston. Most important for the commercial abalone diver in Hawston, is the effect of the decimation of abalone and how legislation in the new quota system will influence their lives.