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1
Lim, Setiadi Alim, and Lilik Indrawati. "Perlakuan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai Transaksi E-Commerce Di Indonesia." BIP's JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v8i1.35.
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Developments in science and technology is very rapid at the end of the 20th century, especially information and communication technologies have caused changes in many areas of life, including the business life. One of the benefits of information and communication technologies in the business world is the support of the implementation of bisnis transactions are done online or so-called ecommerce (electronic commerce) through the use of the internet network. Ecommerce transactions are growing very rapidly from year to year. Given the potential tax revenue from this sector, governments around the world must give great attention to the taxation of e-commerce transactions, including the imposition of Value Added Tax. In Indonesia, the taxation of e-commerce transactions are regulated in Circular of the Director General of Tax No. SE-62/PJ/2013 dated December 27, 2013. But what is regulated in Circular of the Director General of Tax No. SE-62/PJ/2013 dated December 27, 2013 is deemed still not enough to regulate all matters relating to the imposition of Value Added Tax on e-commerce transactions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a set of rules comprehensive for the imposition of Value Added Tax on e-commerce transactions.
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Iturralde González, Raúl. "The Archetypal Merchant in the 1889 Mexican Commercial Code." Mexican Law Review 13, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2020.1.14812.
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When creating laws, legislators bear in mind the subjects whose activities are to be regulated. This mental picture will affect the regulation of both, the subjects and their activities. Different perceived characteristics can be regulated in various ways. While the laws that regulated commerce in Mexico before 1889 were based on the concept of an honest merchant, the Commercial Code enacted by then President Díaz had a different archetypal merchant. Since 1889, commercial laws in Mexico have been enacted based on the idea of an untrustworthy merchant, someone who needs to be regulated and controlled, which has created a regulatory system riddled with unnecessary costs. Through the study of cases decided shortly after the enactment of the 1889 Code, the change in the perception of merchants and commerce becomes apparent. These cases show the strict application of rules in lieu of commercial customs and practices, and the idea of protecting those who are not merchants in their dealings from those who are. However, these ideas should be eliminated from commercial laws. The laws that regulated commerce in Mexico before the 1889 Code offer an excellent starting point for the reform of commercial laws. Laws that assume that merchants are honest and capable of regulating their own affairs will advance commerce in Mexico, which would in turn allow the country to become an innovator (as opposed to a follower) in commercial matters.
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Adamyk, Viktoriia, and Anastasiia Poritska. "International and domestic initiatives for e-commerce regulation." Herald of Economics, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2021.02.066.
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Introduction. The development of online commerce, which is gradually displacing the traditional one, is a clear trend of global economic transformations. Key aspects of e-commerce, such as online transactions, privacy and consumer protection, and customs clearance, need to be regulated at the international and national levels.The purpose of the article is to study the development of e-commerce in retail goods in the XXI century. in the context of assessing the completeness and effectiveness of international and domesticResearch methods. General scientific and special methods were used to study the legal aspects of e-commerce regulation, namely: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, description, characterization, generalization, comparison. The methodological basis for the study was international regulations (UN Laws, European Union Directives, Acts of International Organizations) and a list of laws of Ukraine on the regulation of the electronic sphere.Results. The analysis of indicators of e-commerce development on the world market is carried out, its rapid dynamics is pointed out. International initiatives to regulate e-commerce are considered. A comparison of aspects of legal regulation of e-commerce in Ukraine and the European Union is carried out. Conclusions are made on the completeness and degree of maturity of the institutional base. Emphasis was placed on the need to strengthen regulatory mechanisms in the field of e-commerce in order to create a modern institutional system adapted to the global and European.Perspectives. It is important to focus future research on the development of guidelines for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of initiatives to regulate e-commerce at the domestic and global levels.
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Granik, Sue. "Invisible Business: The Unregulated World of Political Party Commerce." Politics 25, no. 2 (May 2005): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2005.00233.x.
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This article explores an area of British political party funding that is overlooked, under-researched and under-regulated: party commerce. A comparison of the trading activities of five large and five small political party headquarters units is presented using audited political party accounts made public by the Electoral Commission in 2003, the first year in which such data became available. The anomalies in party funding transparency arising from the lack of regulation of political party commerce are discussed. The dangers of allowing party commerce to continue unregulated, or of inappropriate regulation, are debated.
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Hidayah, Ardiana. "JUAL BELI E-COMMERCE DALAM PERSFEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM." Solusi 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36546/solusi.v17i1.155.
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Buying and selling is one type of mu'amalah regulated in Islamic Law. Based on its form, e-commerce is a model of buying and selling transactions. The concept of e-commerce buying and selling leads to engagement between the parties to provide an achievement. Based on Sunnah Fiqh, buying and selling is the exchange of property (whatever its form) is done voluntarily or the process of transferring property rights to other people with compensation or certain rewards. According to Islamic Law, e-commerce buying and selling is permissible, if it is in accordance with the rules of fiqh in the basic principles of muamalah transaction and its requirements as long as it is not prohibited by sharia or contrary to the argument
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Kute, Meena Prakash, and SadhanaPote Palsamkar. "A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNET USAGE AND SELF-REGULATED LEARNING OF UNDERGRADUATES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 4(SE) (April 30, 2017): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i4(se).2017.1947.
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The present paper is based on the descriptive correlational research study which aimed to study the relationship between internet usage and self-regulated learning of undergraduates. The survey method was employed to collect the data from commerce, science and arts undergraduates of Mumbai University. The findings of present study showed that, there is significant relationship between internet usage and self-regulated learning of undergraduates. The relationship was found to be positive and negligible.
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Hidayah, Ardiana. "KONSEP PEMBANGUNAN HUKUM E-COMMERCE." Solusi 17, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36546/solusi.v17i2.168.
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The development of transportation, communication and information technology further increases the pace of globalization. The use of technology has driven business growth including transaction activities by utilizing technology and telecommunications through e-commerce activities. Problem formulation related to the application of business law in e-commerce activities and the role of law and the concept of legal development in e-commerce business. Legislation in e-commerce activities has been regulated in Law Number 11 of 2008 which has been amended into Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, Law Number 7 of 2014 concerning Trade and Government Regulation Number 82 In 2012 concerning the Implementation of Electronic Transactions and Systems. In its application there are still some weaknesses, namely the existence of objects in electronic transactions cannot be perfectly perceived electronically. There are still obstacles to accountability and the level of reliability in proof of an electronic contract. Law is a tool for maintaining order in society. Law will always adjust to the conditions that occur in the middle of the community and act as a means of renewal in people's lives. Rapid development has resulted in increasingly complex problems faced by the community from traditional patterns to modernization. The development of business law in Indonesia in e-commerce activities is carried out to support the realization of sustainable economic growth, as well as creating certainty, enforcement and legal protection.
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Ayu, Isdiyana Kusuma. "PERAN PENGADILAN NEGERI INDONESIA DALAM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK INTERNASIONAL." Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY 26, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v26i1.6613.
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Electronic transactions or E-commerce are buying and selling transactions carried out through the internet. As a result of over the internet, the nature of e-commerce can be done without knowing the borders. When a default or fraud occurs in e-commerce conducted by one of the parties who are abroad, it must pay attention to the principle of International Private Law related to the Court forum, Arbitration, or other dispute resolution institutions. That means that it is necessary to pay attention to the basic arrangements for dispute resolution of international business transactions that have been regulated in Indonesia and the authority of the Indonesian District Court in resolving international electronic transaction disputes. In the juridical perspective as the basis for solving electronic transaction cases to be legal strengthening takes a sense of justice so that it can be seen that the basis of international e-commerce arrangements in accordance with Article 18 Paragraph (4) of the ITE Law. District Courts has a role to be the main and complementary institution in dispute resolution international electronic transactions.
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ISMAILOVA, Bakytgul, Aigul KURMANOVA, Tatyana ALIMPIYEVA, Kairat BALABIYEV, Alua ALTYNBEKKYZY, and Aidar ALTYNBEKULY. "The Viewpoint on Legislation and Guidelines on e-Business and e-Commerce: Kazakhstan’s Approac." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).19.
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According to Global Information Technology Report, Kazakhstan ranks 39th among countries actively introducing information technologies into electronic business and electronic commerce. The legislative development for e-business and e-commerce in Kazakhstan has begun since 1999, a number of legislative regulations and guidelines have been developed by national parliament of Kazakhstan. The purpose of this article is to present and analyze viewpoint on current national legislation and guidelines on e-business and e-commerce in post-soviet Kazakhstan. This article uses comparative method of legal rules governing e-business and e-commerce issues between Kazakhstan and international countries. Furthermore, it applies a system method, where e-business and e-commerce was considered as a co-economic-legal phenomenon in the mutually agreed existence of its main components such as e-document circulation and e-economy. The article concludes that there is no clearly nationally formulated concept of legal regulation of e-business and e-commerce, there is no clear terminology base and uniform usage of terms, a clear idea of how and what should be regulated. The article highlights that Kazakhstan needs to apply integrated approach with further revision of national legislation and guidelines considering experiences of developed countries and standards of the United Nations convention on the use of electronic communications in international contracts. This review article explores a problematic area of national legislation and guidelines on e-business and e-commerce in transitional Kazakhstan which display interests to e-business and e-commerce and at the same time, country experiences the difficult economic situation, caused by decreasing oil prices, higher inflation and significant devaluation of the national currency.
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Abdul Gani Abdullah, Amad Sudiro, Steven Leonardi,. "“COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ONLINE INTERMEDIARY SERVICE PROVIDER IN INDONESIA AND EUROPEAN UNION”." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 5253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.2081.
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By giving exemption of liability of online intermediary services for Indonesia, it is also expected to create one comprehensive and codified regulation applied only for the general internet regime, or possibly only for online intermediary services. The current overlapping creates multiple impositions of rules. Online intermediary services providers are meant to only provide a platform or media for users to use the platform. This research aims to compare the online intermediary service provide between Indonesia and European Union. This a normative legal research using secondary data. The analysis was conducted using a qualitative approach. Results and discussion found that the E.U. E-Commerce Directive 2000/31 could be a reference for the Indonesian government to improve its regulations regarding e-commerce, especially in the online intermediary services provider. However, to adopt the E-Commerce Directive 2000/31 especially articles 12 to 14, where the exemption of liability is regulated, it needs some adjustment to be suitable for the Indonesian legal system and culture.
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Febriansyah, Ferry Irawan. "Perlindungan Hukum Pada Konsumen Dalam Transaksi Jual Beli Onlinee-Commerce Ferry Irawan Febriansyah." Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 2 (December 13, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ls.v1i2.771.
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Globalization era forms society character being advanced. People often do buying and selling activities in an easy way, which is in the form of buying and selling goods in the internet or online. It is called as online commerce or e-commerce. Using online-commerce, people do not need to go out to spend their time buying for their living goods. Online-commerce facilitates people easily in trading. Saving time is becoming a reason for them to do online commerce. The method used in online-commerce is almost the same as offline commerce. Online commerce offers a lot of convenience for both sellers and buyers in transaction. This certainly has a lot of convenience, but it also has weaknesses in online transactions. For consumers, they get less-notice for protection so that online-commerce has a lot of weaknesses in this case. The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is a legal state that protects the whole of Indonesia's blood spill. The State becomes a protector of its citizens in the context of consumer protection. The law has arranged that consumers also have protection in order not to cause any harm in transaction. Both offline and online transactions are regulated by consumer protection laws because these laws are intended to protect consumers in buying and selling transactions. In the law number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection is mentioned in article 1, paragraph 2, that the Customer is any user of goods and/ or services available in the community, whether for self-interest, family, other people or other living beings and not to be traded, whereas in Article 1 paragraph 1 mentioned, Consumer protection is any effort that ensures the legal certainty to give to the consumer. There are several consumer rights protected by law, such as, in article 4 of the consumer protection law including, the right to convenience, security and safety in consuming goods and / or services, the right to choose goods and/ or services and right to obtain goods and/ or services in accordance with exchange rates and the promised conditions and warranties, the right to true, clear and honest information about the conditions and warranties of goods and / or services, the right to be heard and to complain of goods and / or services used, the right to advocacy, protection and appropriate dispute resolution of consumer protection, the right to counsel and education of consumers, the right to be treated or served properly and honestly and non-discriminatively, the right to compensation and / or reimbursement , if the goods and / or services received are not in accordance with the agreement or not as appropriate, and the last is the rights set in the provisions of other legislation.The consumers’ rights that have been regulated in the law are providing legal protection to the consumer either online transaction or offline transactions. Based on the law of protection to the consumer in the context of online-commerce, the consumers can apply this law to sue their rights that have been mandated in the law as a form of legal protection to consumers.
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Guoqun, Fu, and John Saunders. "China's regulated marketing mix: The role of the state administration Bureau for industry and commerce." Journal of Marketing Management 10, no. 7 (October 1994): 655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257x.1994.9964312.
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Littler, Kevin, and Robert Hudson. "The impact of depolarisation on e-commerce development in the distribution of regulated financial products." International Journal of Information Management 24, no. 4 (August 2004): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2004.04.002.
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Zhumadilova, M. A., Ye Sh Dussipov, and B. Zh Aıtımov. "THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE." REPORTS 2, no. 330 (April 15, 2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.41.
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The social relations taking place in electronic commerce and the category “electronic commerce” are studied, the qualifying features of this activity are identified, the correlation of the concepts “trade” and “electronic commerce” is made and the author’s definition of the concept and subject of legal regulation of public relations in the field of electronic commerce is developed. Thus, electronic commerce is often considered as a special form of transactions, in which their conclusion and execution is carried out using electronic means of communication. At the same time, the legal characteristics of transactions remain unchanged, and they must be regulated by the rules of law that regulate relations of the appropriate type (purchase-sale, transportation, contract, rent, etc.). According to this position, electronic data exchange does not change the essence of the relationship between the parties and affects only the form in which these relations are built. Within this approach, several points of view have been formed. A number of specialists consider electronic commerce as the production, advertising, sale and distribution of goods using telecommunication networks. Others interpret it as electronic business. In the world practice, the term “trade” has also been widely interpreted so that it covers issues arising from all relations of a commercial nature, both contractual and non-contractual. Trading relationship includes the transactions as follows: any trade transactions for the supply of goods or services or the exchange of goods or services; distribution agreements; commercial representation and agent relations, factoring; leasing; construction of industrial facilities; consulting services; engineering; purchase and sale of licenses; investment; financing; banking services; insurance; operating or concession agreements; joint ventures and other forms of industrial or business cooperation; transportation of goods and passengers by air, sea, train or car. One should recognize that such a broad understanding of trade does not contribute to a detailed study of this concept and it is not suitable in practice. Therefore, the economic meaning of the term "trade" is widely spread in modern science. In a broad sense, trade is considered as a branch of the national economy that ensures the circulation of goods, their movement from the sphere of production to the sphere of circulation. In a narrower sense, trade is defined as economic intermediation between producers and consumers which is carried out by the purchase of goods from producers in order to sell them to consumers and their further sale to other consumers. Electronic commerce is proposed to understand the implementation of actions provided for by law, other operations in the execution of transactions for the sale of goods, work and services based on electronic procedures by the parties of the transaction. At the same time, it is proposed to understand electronic procedures as a special procedure (rules, regulations) for electronic operations in a transaction, and electronic operation on a transaction as performing certain actions by the parties to the transaction to execute the transaction through remote interaction of the parties of the transaction, other entities and their information systems in electronic commerce.
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Natalia, Heldia. "Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Konsumen dalam Transaksi E-Commerce." Melayunesia Law 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.30652/mnl.v1i1.4497.
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Abstract Law protection of the consumer stipulated in Law No. 8 of 1999. In connection with this, in this thesis raised two issues, namely first, whether the Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection has provided protection to the consumer in e-commerce transactions. Second, how the law protection for consumers in e-commerce transactions that should be regulated in the Consumer Protection Act. The methodology is used in this study using a normative approach because it is a law research aimed at writing regulations that are closely related research at the library that need data that is secondary. The conclusion of the research is Law No. 8 of 1999 has not been able to protect the consumer because of the provisions contained in this Law not accommodate consumer rights in this transaction. The Government should make a revision of Law No. 8 of 1999 so that it can protect not only conventional transactions but also e-commerce transactions.Abstrak Perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, dalam tesis ini diangkat dua permasalahan yaitu Pertama, apakah UU Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen telah memberikan perlindungan terhadap konsumen dalam melakukan transaksi e-commerce. Kedua, Bagaimana perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen dalam transaksi e-commerce yang seharusnya diatur dalam UU Perlindungan Konsumen. Metodologi yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif karena merupakan penelitian hukum yang ditujukan pada peraturan-peraturan tertulis sehingga penelitian ini sangat erat hubungannya pada perpustakaan yang membutuhkan data-data yang bersifat sekunder. Kesimpulan dari penelitian yang dilakukan adalah UU No 8 Tahun 1999 belum dapat melindungi konsumen karena ketentuan-ketentuan yang tercantum dalam hukum ini belum mengakomodirhak-hak konsumen dalam transaksi ini. Pemerintah seharusnya merevisi Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 supaya dapat melindungi bukan hanya transaksi konvensional tetapi juga transaksi e-commerce.
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Saifudin, Bandaharo. "Perlindungan Hukum Kepada Konsumen dalam Perdagangan Transaksi Elektronik Berbasis Online." DOKTRINA: JOURNAL OF LAW 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/doktrina.v2i2.2616.
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<p><em>This paper discusses the legal protection to consumers in electronic commerce studies according to statutory provisions. The purpose of this research is to protect the law of consumers who carry out trade transactions through online electronics and the implementation of electronic commerce on the sale and purchase site of Kaskus and how to sell to avoid fraud. This research method is a normative juridical that leads to empirical research that is research conducted using material sourced from secondary data, including language from applicable legislation, books, court decisions, relevant legal theories, and opinions of bachelor. The results and discussion regarding legal protection to consumers in online-based electronic commerce (e-commerce) for conducting transactions as regulated in Article 4 letters c and h of the UUPK are absent. The right of consumers to obtain true and honest information about the conditions and guarantees of goods are not fulfilled. Fulfillment of consumer rights to obtain compensation and compensation if the goods received are not in accordance with what was promised, to get compensation by asking consumers to send the goods back to the seller and then the obligations of the business actor in this provision the seller as legally stated the seller must be responsible for returning the purchase price and reimbursing costs or losses to consumers.</em></p>
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Janeček, Václav, and Gianclaudio Malgieri. "Commerce in Data and the Dynamically Limited Alienability Rule." German Law Journal 21, no. 5 (July 2020): 924–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.47.
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AbstractCommerce in some data is, and should be, limited by the law because some data embody values and interests—in particular, human dignity—that may be detrimentally affected by trade. In this Article, drawing on the Roman law principles regarding res extra commercium, we investigate the example of personal data as regulated under the EU Charter and the GDPR. We observe that transactions in personal data are not forbidden but subject to what we call a dynamically limited alienability rule. This rule is based on two dynamic variables: The nature of data and the legal basis for commercially trading such data at a primary or secondary level. Accordingly, in order to deal with such dynamism and the uncertainty it poses, we propose a general two-stage reasonableness test that should help legal practitioners, judges, and lawmakers to consider when trade in data is illicit and who, if anyone, shall be held responsible for this mischief. Finally, we show how the two-stage test and the limited alienability rule can advance European contract law and help enforce legal principles associated with such data extra commercium in automated and autonomous data trading systems.
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Kennedy, Jay P., and Jeremy M. Wilson. "Clicking Into Harm’s Way: The Decision to Purchase Regulated Goods Online." American Behavioral Scientist 61, no. 11 (September 29, 2017): 1358–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764217734264.
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The growth of the Internet has expanded e-commerce, opening a vast array of purchasing options for consumers while also increasing illicit sales. Such sales place consumers at risk. This study examines consumers’ decisions to purchase cigarettes and prescription pharmaceuticals, two highly regulated goods, from online vendors. Drawing on a statewide survey of nearly 1,000 residents in Michigan, we assess the prevalence of Internet purchases of these goods, the differences between those who make these purchases online and those who do not, and the factors associated with Internet purchase decisions. In general, it was discovered that the prevalence of Internet purchases of these goods is relatively low, but the frequency with which the sales are illicit is relatively high. Additionally, the factors that explain the decision by consumers to purchase these items online and their reasons for doing so vary by product type. The study offers a discussion of these findings and their implications for crime prevention and further research.
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Setiani, Herlin, and Muhammad Taufiq. "PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN ATAS BARANG YANG TIDAK SESUAI DENGAN PERJANJIAN DALAM PERDAGANGAN ELEKTRONIK DIKAITKAN DENGAN UNDANG-UNDANG INFORMASI DAN TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK." JURNAL ILMIAH LIVING LAW 10, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jill.v10i2.1497.
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The purpose of this study are: 1) To know and analyze the legal protection of consumers on goods that are not in accordance with the agreement in electronic commerce and 2) the responsibility of business actors in providing compensation for goods that are not in accordance with the agreement in electronic commerce . The research method used is normative juridical research that performs a qualitative approach that sees and analyzes the legal norms in the existing legislation. The results are: 1) Consumer protection of goods is not in accordance with the agreement in electronic commerce, which can be carried out by filing a default, for legal reasons not fulfilled the obligations of business actors in the electronic agreement. The non-fulfillment of this obligation means that there has been a violation of the rights of the other party (the buyer) and the legal consequence is causing the loss, 2) The responsibility of business actors in giving compensation for goods not in accordance with the agreement in electronic trading has not been regulated specifically in UUPK and UU ITE, but principally business actors may be held liable in electronic transactions through contractual liability relating to the loss suffered by consumers.
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Calvosa, Paolo. "The Influence of E-Commerce in Changing Competition in Regulated Industries: An Analysis in the Italian Sports Betting Market." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n12p306.
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The effect of the Internet and e-commerce on industry competition has been widely discussed in economic-managerial literature. Most of the studies focused on the analysis of the impact of Internet technologies on specific industry structural factors – in particular on sectoral price levels –, but no sufficient empirical evidence based on overall industry change is yet available. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of e-commerce on the transformation of the industrial structure and competition in a regulated market, that of Italian sports betting. This market, because the effect of a process of legalization of on-line sports betting that started in 2006, has been interested by a continuous shift of purchases of sport bets, ranging from the traditional sales channels to digital ones. This has contributed in creating an on-line gambling sector among the most developed and consolidated in the world. From a methodological point of view, firstly the data from a series of secondary sources was processed in order to examine the main changes in the Italian sports betting market induced by the legalization of on-line gambling. Secondly, the data and information collected through specific empirical investigations was used to examine the impact of Internet betting on gambling operators’ business models and on players’ gambling behavior in the Italian market. The results of the analysis has shown that the development of Internet technologies and of e-commerce has had, on the one hand, a positive influence on the growth of the sales in the Italian sports betting market; and on the other hand, has impacted on a series of structural factors in the sector – entry barriers, number of competitors, geographical opening of the market, levels of pricing, average profit margins – in such a way as to determine an increase in industry competition. In particular, use by foreign companies of the electronic distribution channel as a ‘mode of entry’ into different geographical markets is causing the development of competition that goes beyond national borders, reducing the strongly domestic oligopolistic structure that has always characterized the Italian sports betting industry.
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Priyono, Ery Agus, Budiharto Budiharto, and Asri Hayyunniarizka Wulandari. "REGULATIONS FOR E-COMMERCE AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO ICT ACT AND TITLE III OF INDONESIAN CIVIL CODE." Diponegoro Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.4.1.2019.359-371.
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As a fruit of technological telecommunication prowess that is the internet, e-commerce has unveil the barrier that obstructs economic growth due to the unnecessarily complicated conventional procedures of bureaucracy. Technological deveopment in telecommunication has a great contribution to the economic growth for which we should be thankful. Yet at the same time, it needs to be regulated in order to construct a condusive and viable climates for economic growth. This article intends to disclose the availability of regulations that can ensure the safety and stability of the economy and keep the investors, consumers and entrepreneurs in accordance with the Title III of Indonesian Civil Code. The research method of this paper is normative approach that is based on secondary data. The outcome of the research is we found out that e-commerce practices shall be subjected under paragraphs 1320, 1321, 1337, 1338 and 1339 of Indonesian Civil Code.
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Priyono, Ery Agus, Budiharto Budiharto, and Asri Hayyunniarizka Wulandari. "REGULATIONS FOR E-COMMERCE AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO ICT ACT AND TITLE III OF INDONESIAN CIVIL CODE." Diponegoro Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.4.1.2019.76-88.
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As a fruit of technological telecommunication prowess that is the internet, e-commerce has unveil the barrier that obstructs economic growth due to the unnecessarily complicated conventional procedures of bureaucracy. Technological deveopment in telecommunication has a great contribution to the economic growth for which we should be thankful. Yet at the same time, it needs to be regulated in order to construct a condusive and viable climates for economic growth. This article intends to disclose the availability of regulations that can ensure the safety and stability of the economy and keep the investors, consumers and entrepreneurs in accordance with the Title III of Indonesian Civil Code. The research method of this paper is normative approach that is based on secondary data. The outcome of the research is we found out that e-commerce practices shall be subjected under paragraphs 1320, 1321, 1337, 1338 and 1339 of Indonesian Civil Code.
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Berlingher, Daniel. "The Effects of the International Contract for Sale of Goods." Journal of Legal Studies 19, no. 33 (June 1, 2017): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jles-2017-0007.
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Abstract The contracts are the indispensable legal instruments for any economic transaction. The international sale contract is the main legal instrument by which international commerce is carried out and through which the movement of goods from producer to consumer is ensured within cross-border relations. The sale contract in international commerce is the legal act by which the parties, the seller and the buyer, belonging to different states, commit each other to transfer the property of a good in return for payment of a price. Regarding the general rules applicable to the contract of international sale of goods, they are regulated by the “United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods from Vienna”. The Convention has adopted uniform rules to govern the international sale of goods contract, if the parties have not chosen expressly for the application of other rules. In this study I present the effects of international sale of goods in the light of the rules of the Vienna Convention of 1980.
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Dinanti, Dinda, and Muthia Sakti. "Aspek Yuridis Jual Beli Surat Keterangan Sakit melalui E-Commerce." Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 7, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jiph.v7i1.3719.
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In Indonesia, the development of services to produce fake documents that are in demand are sought after by the general public. One of them is buying and selling fake sick letters. At the research stage, the objective is to find out the responsibility of the perpetrators of the crime and efforts to counter the falsification of the sick letters which are traded through e-commerce. The juridical normative approach method emphasizes norms or rules so that the problem will be reviewed and analyzed with applicable legal guidelines and relating to the sale and purchase of fake sick letters through e-commerce in Indonesia. The crime of falsifying a sick letter being traded has entered the realm of criminal fraud. Which, has been regulated in Article 378 of the Criminal Code with a maximum imprisonment of 4 years and ITE Law Article 28 paragraph 1 threat of a maximum imprisonment of 6 years and / or a maximum fine of Rp 1,000,000,000. Efforts to overcome it through support from all elements. Even the public awareness of the harm caused when using these fake letters. Law enforcers cracked down on those who carried out the sale and purchase of the letter so that no one would dare to try to buy and sell the fake sick letter again.
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Baranchenko, Ye, H. Aksom, O. Zhylinska, S. Firsova, and D. Datskova. "Inbound Marketing: Practical Aspects of Promoting Goods and Services in E-commerce." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 4 (2019): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2019.4-24.
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This paper summarizes the features of the functioning of e-commerce in Ukraine. It has been proven that the activity of e-shops as important subjects of the e-commerce market is under-regulated. This leads to consumer dissatisfaction with service quality in the online environment. The necessity of criteria creation was shown, which give them opportunities to e-shops management improve their service and enhance the level of satisfaction of target consumers, primarily based on the effective use of the newest method of promoting goods and services in e-commerce - inbound marketing on the example of infant nutrition. Rating evaluation of functional characteristics of infant nutrition e-shops was done using methods of multicriteria analysis, namely the COPRAS method. It is determined that the functionality and convenience of the e-shop are the main criteria that shape their competitive advantage. The focus of the paper is concentrated on the building rationale for promotion e-shops with the latest inbound marketing techniques. Peculiarities of using different inbound marketing tools on each stage were defined, which implicate a change of Internet-user status from visitor to promoter. An example of evaluating existing alternatives for promoting e-shop (inbound marketing, outbound marketing, or no promotion, in general, was provided). In particular, the decision-making process for choosing promotional tools for infant nutrition e-shop was schematized with the basis of alternatives evaluation by using one of the most common decision-making tools – decision tree. The economic effectiveness of using inbound marketing tools in comparison with outbound marketing tools was proven. The proposed methodological approach can be used by e-shop management for substantiation of management decisions on optimization of goods and services promotion and will increase the loyalty of target audience and popularize brands in e-commerce. Keywords: COPRAS method, decision-tree, e-commerce, e-shop, inbound marketing, infant nutrition, lead, outbound marketing, promotion.
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Matompo, Osgar Sahim. "LEGAL PROTECTION OF ONLINE BUSINESS TRANSACTION (E-COMMERCE) DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA." Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ls.v4i1.2660.
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In Indonesia, the electronic business (e-commerce) transaction has shown a rapid development after the application of the social distancing in the efforts to handle the spread of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19). Initially, the increase of the people’s interests to shop online was to buy masks and hand sanitizers for protection against the disease. Then, there was an increase of interest to buy stationery (as there is the trend of working and studying from home) and also medical equipment. Yet, in its application, there are many cases of where the customers experienced loss due to the use of this type of business transaction. There are legal protections on electronic transaction which have been violated during the time of the Covid-19 pandemic. These transactions are regulated on the Constitution No. 11 of 2007 regarding Information and Electronic Transaction and also Article 1365 of Burgerlijke Wetboek (BW). The stipulations of the BW Article 1365 may be applied in cases which violate the law in online business transactions (e-commerce). To fill in the legal void, there needs to be an extensive legal interpretation.
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Utomo, Wahyudi, and Anwar Anwar. "TINGKAT PENGUASAN SELFREGULATED LEARNING SKILLS PADA MAHASISWA JURUSAN ADMINISTRASI NIAGA." Epigram 18, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/epi.v18i1.3585.
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Self regulated learning is a way for individuals to control and direct their actions in planning, monitoring, directing and evaluating themselves which will directly affect behavior change so that the mastery of knowledge and skills can be achieved. Students have different ways in their learning process in order to achieve better goals and results. This study aims to look at the differences in self regulated learning skills in students who take part in organizations and students who do not take part in organizations in the Department of Commerce Administration. The population in this study were students who took part in the Formal Organization at the Jakarta State Polytechnic. The sampling technique used in this study was nonprobability sampling, namely Purposive Sampling. The number of samples taken were 60 students, 30 students who took part in the Organization and 30 students who did not participate in the Orgnaisasi either male or female students. While the data collection technique uses a self regulated learning scale with a rating system using a Likert scale. Methods of data analysis were performed using the Independent Sample t-Test technique.
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Safitri, Wahyuni, and Wafda Vivid Izziyana. "Legal Protection for Online Transaction Users: A Review of The Constitution No. 8 of 1999 Regarding Consumer Protection." Aloha International Journal of Multidisciplinary Advancement (AIJMU) 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/aijmu20103.
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Legal protection for consumers in an electronic commerce transaction in Indonesia is crucial for the development of the society’s economy. The aim of this research is to know how is the legal protection for online transaction users is in Indonesia. The method of study is the juridicial-normative method. The data collection is done through literature study. The research results show that the legal protection in the Electronic Transaction Agreement in Indonesia is regulated in Articles 47 and 48 of the Governmental Decree, No. 82 of 2012 regarding the Establishment of the Electronic System and Transaction. Legal protection for the society is written in Article 46 of the Constitution No. 11 of 2008 regarding Electronic Information and Transaction and Article 62 of the Constitution No. 8 of 1999 regarding Consumer Protection. Legal protection towards consumers in electronic transaction in Indonesia is regulated strictly both in the aspects of criminal and civil laws.
Keywords: law; online transaction; consumer protection.
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Fauzi, Anggit Rahmat, and Ansari Ansari. "ANALISIS YURIDIS PERJANJIAN JUAL BELI MELALUI MEDIA ELEKTRONIK BERDASARKAN KUH PERDATA DAN UNDANG - UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG INFORMASI DAN TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK." Ar-Risalah: Media Keislaman, Pendidikan dan Hukum Islam 18, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/arrisalah.v18i1.339.
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The utilization of e-commerce media in the trading world brings impact to the international community in general and the people of Indonesia in particular. For Indonesian people, This is related to a very important legal problem. The importance of law in the field of e-commerce is mainly in protecting the parties who transact through the Internet. The purpose of this study is to know the legal review of the buying and selling agreements through electronic media as well as to know the legal protections for sellers and buyers if one of the parties commits a default. The research uses a normative juridical method of approach and the discussion is done in a descriptive analysis. The source and type of data used are primary data and secondary data. While the data collection techniques using literature studies, and the data obtained will be analyzed qualitatively. The agreement to buy and sell through electronic media is a new phenomenon that has been implemented in various countries and regulated in the Civil state nor law ITE. Legal protection for the parties in the sale and purchase agreements through electronic media is governed by the consumer protection ACT. Any breach must respond to any loss arising from his or her actions.
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Childs, William R. "State Regulators and Pragmatic Federalism in the United States, 1889–1945." Business History Review 75, no. 4 (2001): 701–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116509.
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State regulators played a large part in constructing the American regulatory system from the late nineteenth century to the midtwentieth. They faced an adversary relationship not only with businesses but also, beginning with passage of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887, with national regulators. Shaping a process of “pragmatic federalism,” the state regulators forged a cooperative regulatory regime in which they and national regulators controlled the nations's railroads. In the 1930s and 1940s, state regulators extended the cooperative approach to numerous other regulated industries. These findings challenge the argument that the Shreveport case ended meaningful state regulation and suggest that the rise of big government included a continued commitment to the federalist framework of the U.S. Constitution, at least to the mid-twentieth century.
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Soni, Navdha N., and Dilip G. Maheshwari. "CURRENT REGULATION OF MEDICAL GASES IN INDIA AND FUTURE ASPECTS." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 6, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v6i1.226.
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Generally medical gases are administered or supplied directly to the patients. They should be manufactured and transferred with the highest quality possible as per standards and limits decided by the different regulatory authorities. In India medical gases are regulated by Ministry of Commerce and Industry and central drug standard control organization. Along with these various act are available for better regulation that are Explosives act 1884, Gas cylinder rules 2004, Drugs and Cosmetics Act and specifications of medical gases are given in Indian pharmacopoeias. Various facilities and requirements for the manufacturing and regulation of medical gases are covered. In spite of all the regulations, there are reports of problems associates with medical gas manufacturing and uses. What are steps should be taken for the solution of these problems.
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Van Eck, Stefan. "Temporary Employment Services (Labour Brokers) in South Africa and Namibia." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2010/v13i2a2642.
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South Africa currently allows labour broking although this area of commerce is problematic. The trade union movement, government and organised business are presently debating the future regulation of this industry. Namibia has experimented with, and failed, to place a legislative ban on labour broking. The Supreme Court of Appeal of Namibia considered International Labour Organisation conventions and provisions of their Constitution before concluding that labour broking should be regulated but not prohibited. In this article it is argued that South African policy makers can gain valuable insights from the Namibian experience. It is submitted that it would be appropriate for Parliament to take cognisance of international and foreign principles and to accept amendments that would provide for stricter regulation for labour broking, rather than placing an outright ban on this economic activity.
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Lake, Leslie K., Warren E. Shafer, Sheryl K. Reilly, and Russell S. Jones. "Regulation of Biochemical Plant Growth Regulators at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency." HortTechnology 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.1.55.
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Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are often used in crop production for specific niche market needs. PGRs are frequently viewed as secondary business opportunities by the private sector, especially when compared to herbicide, insecticide, and/or fungicide markets. Nonetheless, PGRs are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the additional cost of regulatory compliance as part of commercial development is significant. Of the two broad classes of pesticides regulated by the USEPA, conventional chemicals and biological pesticides (or biopesticides), many PGRs belong to the biopesticide class, specifically the biochemical category. Because of USEPA's responsibility to assure that any pesticide used in commerce will not result in unreasonable adverse effects to humans or the environment, specific data requirements have been established for product registration. Registrants must address each requirement, either by submitting relevant data or a request to waive the requirement, prior to receiving a federal registration. For biochemical PGRs, the acceptability of data or waiver requests, as well as any proposed label uses, are reviewed by the Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division (BPPD). The BPPD was formed in 1994 to facilitate the development of biopesticide products. Given the time and expense associated with PGR product development and commercialization, registrants should work closely with the USEPA and other stakeholders to help ensure successful product development.
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Pratiwi, Heni. "JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF DISCLAIMER CLAIMS BY ENTREPRENEURS ON ONLINE TRADING (E-COMMERCE)." Indonesian Private Law Review 1, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v1i1.2047.
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Disclaimer or exemption clause is a clause or statement used by business actors to restrict or transfer the liability on the rights and obligations of an agreement and legal action. The inclusion of this disclaimer seems to be a freedom for business actors to freely transfer their liabilities which aims to provide protection for them selves, while consumers are being disadvantaged because they cannot file claims or hold accountability in case a default occurs. Therefore, the ease on transferring these liabilities as outlined in the form of a disclaimer is considered a violation of the principle of freedom of contract. This study is a normative research with approach carried out through library study with materials related to the problems of examination. The data sources consisted of primary and secondary data. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively.The results of the study showed that: a). The status of the disclaimer according to the law of agreement was declared null and void because it did not fulfill the objective conditions contained in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely legal reasons, containing provisions that contravened the law and violation of the principle of freedom of association. b). The validity of electronic transactions viewed from Article 1320 of the Civil Code was only valid if it fulfilled the four valid conditions of the agreement, both subjective and objective conditions. If these subjective conditions are not met, then as a legal consequence the e-commerce sale and purchase contract would be canceled, and if the objective conditions are not met, the contract would be made null and void, c). The form of legal protection for consumers against the first disclaimer/exemption clause, through preventive protection, UUPK (the Consumers Protection Act) has designed a preventive provision by regulating prohibitions for business actors to include disclaimer clause and it is required to adjust the contents of the disclaimer clause regulated in Chapter V Article 18 of UUPK. Second, through repressive protection which aims to resolve disputes in order to protect consumers. The consumers can resolve the dispute through lawsuit (litigation) and without the intervention of the court (non litigation).
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Solarte-Vasquez, Maria Claudia. "Regulatory Patterns of the Internet Development: Expanding the Role of Private Stakeholders through Mediatized “Self-regulation”." Baltic Journal of European Studies 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 84–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2013-0006.
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AbstractThis article studies the Internet from an evolutionary point of view, based on historic analysis, to confirm institutional change predictions suggested by Utterback’s innovation development theory. It explores the appearance of rules and the consolidation of public and private initiatives that could enhance the capacity of the private sector to coregulate in the digital sphere, which is especially relevant to the field of electronic commerce-related transactions. This institutional review distinguishes between two distinct layers of the Internet. Also, formal and informal regulatory patterns are identified in their evolutionary stages, revealing the prevailing models: unregulated, self-regulated, co-regulated, or regulated. These conceptual associations aim to provide a framework scheme to further study specific topics in the fields of Internet governance, digital economy, and the information society. This primer should also induce interdisciplinary research, for better understanding on how rules influence digital innovation and behaviour, in practice. Implicit in this account is that most of the credit for the efficient development of these technologies, in their two layers, during their first stages, might be attributed to the availability of collective, collaborating, or independent self-regulatory capacity. The most immediate observations show a growing tendency towards over-prescriptive regulatory systems, promoted to control its use and content; incompatible with the needs and interests of the majority of stakeholders. A concluding claim is that the Internet and telecommunication technologies in general, considered as enabling mediums, would benefit from dynamic and mixed regulatory solutions, according to and depending on whether their object is their infrastructure or the surface layer of its applications.
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Gnana Vadivel, J., K. Sree Revathy, S. T. Jaya Christa, and N. Senthil Kumar. "Analysis and Design of Single Phase AC-DC Modified SEPIC Converter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (June 2014): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.108.
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Power electronic devices with front-end rectifier are widely used in industry, commerce and transportation, which result in low power factor. Though there are several proposed solutions to this, Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) converter was the most successful one. But the conventional SEPIC converters suffer from high switching losses. Hence in this paper, a modified SEPIC converter is used to improve the power factor at the mains side. This paper presents the simulation and analysis of single phase single-switch, converter topologies of AC-DC SEPIC converter and modified SEPIC converter for Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) of operation with 48V, 100W output power. The results of SEPIC converter and modified SEPIC converter are compared for closed loop analysis in simulation which is done in PSIM. It is found that modified SEPIC converter has high regulated output voltage and high power factor.
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Hanna, Joe B., Robert A. Kunkel, and Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer. "A financial analysis of the interstate commerce commission (ICC) termination act of 1995 on the motor carrier industry." Journal of Transportation Management 11, no. 1 (April 1, 1999): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/922924980.
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Since the late 1970's the United States has progressively deregulated the motor carrier industry. Throughout the 1980's, deregulation was viewed as a positive trend by most industry practitioners. Past research has determined that, despite the fact that bankruptcies have increased since deregulation, the motor carrier industry has benefitted by less government intervention. The current study attempts to ascertain if motor carrier deregulation is still perceived positively in the mid-1990's. This research uses an event study methodology to examine the immediate financial impact of the ICC Termination Act of 1995 on 44 motor carrier industry participants. The results indicate deregulation is still perceived positively by shareholders as illustrated by the average publicly traded motor carrier benefittingby between $1.25 million and $6.1 million duringthe period surrounding termination of the Interstate Commerce Commission. In all likelihood, shareholders of companies in this industry benefitted due to the perception that industry deregulation leads to the ability to expand and pursue business opportunities previously restricted while operatingunder a more regulated regime.
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Jasanoff, Sheila. "Epistemic Subsidiarity – Coexistence, Cosmopolitanism, Constitutionalism." European Journal of Risk Regulation 4, no. 2 (June 2013): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003305.
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Harmonization is an essential instrument of international risk governance. It is the process through which disparities among national regulatory standards are ironed out, producing uniform outcomes that all participants in a regime can accept and that facilitate the free exchange of regulated goods in commerce. Contrary to conventional belief, however, harmonization requires not only technical but also political cooperation, since standards themselves are not direct mirrors of reality but are co-produced responses to technoscientific and political uncertainty. Attempts to harmonize standards across national borders therefore pit alternative political cultures and their systems of public reasoning against one another. Put differently, harmonization calls into question the underlying models of subsidiarity that provide the foundation for robust international regimes. This paper examines three models of epistemic subsidiarity – coexistence, cosmopolitanism, and constitutionalism – and discusses each scheme's capacity to protect a nation's fundamental political commitments while advancing the goals of international risk governance.
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Deb Roy, Suddhabrata. "The Political Economy of Working-Class Social Media Commerce: Digital Capitalism and the Engelsian Concept of Working-Class “Property”." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 19, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v19i1.1216.
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Social Media platforms, from being simply a mode of communication, have, recently, evolved into digital “marketplaces”, which have been facilitating the exchange of commodities within the working-class. In addition to the digitalisation of the medium of exchange value creation, which gives the worker a certain amount of regulated autonomy, this has also reinvigorated the debate about owning property and its utilisation for credit and profit generation by the working-class. The term, ‘Property’ in the paper, is not restricted to only real estate property but encompasses everything which has the potential to generate an exchange value for its owner. The paper generalises Engels’s ideas about property owned by the workers from two of his major works, “The Housing Question” and “The Condition of the Working-Class in England” and uses the same to analyse the political economy and growing popularity of social media- based commerce among the working-class. Through data collected from the university town of Dunedin in Aotearoa New Zealand, a town with an extensive and established system of social media-based commerce, the paper puts forward the relevance of the Engelsian critique of the idea of uplifting the working-class simply by giving them control over the possession of property, in the age of digital capitalism. In doing so, the present paper talks about how digital capitalism utilises social media and its associated platforms for commercial exchange to keep the cycle of accumulation in the capitalist social system intact by further exploiting the working-class.
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Borchard, Jillian, Lily Mazzarella, and Kevin Spelman. "A review of medicinal plants that modulate nitric oxide activity." Alternative Medicine Studies 2, no. 1 (May 9, 2012): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ams.2012.e6.
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Modulation of nitric oxide (NO) may offer novel approaches in the treatment of a variety of diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. A strategy in the modulation of NO expression may be through the use of herbal medicines. We surveyed medicinal plant research that utilized multicomponent extracts similar to what is used in clinical phytotherapy or in commerce, for demonstrated effects on NO activity. SciFinder Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, and BIOSIS were searched to identify human, animal, <em>in vivo</em>, <em>ex vivo </em>or <em>in vitro</em> research on botanical medicines, in whole or standardized form, that act on nitric oxide activity. iNOS was the most frequently investigated enzyme system and this system was up-regulated by many plant extracts, including, <em>Chicorium intybus, Cocos nucifera, Echinacea purpurea, Euonymus alatus, Ixeris dentate, Oldenlandia diffusa, Rhinacanthus nasutus, and Sida cordifolia. Many plant extracts down-regulated iNOS, including Centella asiatica, Dichroa Febrifuga, Echinacea purpurea, Evolvulus alsinoides, Fagonia cretica, Ginkgo biloba, Mollugo verticillata, Lactuca indica, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Pueraria thunbergiana, and Taraxacum officinale</em>. The eNOS system was stimulated by <em>Eucommia ulmoides, Sida cordifolia</em>, and <em>Thymus pulegioides while Fagonia cretica, Rubia cordifolia</em> and <em>Tinospora cordifolia </em>down-regulated nNOS. Given the activity demonstrated by many of these herbal medicines, the increasing awareness of the effects of nitric oxide on a wide variety of disease processes and the growing incidence of these conditions in the population, further study of medicinal plants on nitric oxide signaling may lead to novel therapies and further insight into human physiology.
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D’Cruze, Neil, Jennah Green, Angie Elwin, and Jan Schmidt-Burbach. "Trading Tactics: Time to Rethink the Global Trade in Wildlife." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 2456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122456.
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The Covid-19 outbreak has brought about fresh and intensified scrutiny of the wildlife trade, which substantively involves commerce in exotic pets. In response, major policy decisions involving trade bans have ensued, with calls for similar such action to be applied across the trade chain. Yet, these measures have been criticised, largely based on concerns that they risk exacerbating poverty, undermining human rights, damaging conservation incentives, and otherwise harming sustainable development and conservation efforts. Instead, many critics propose improved regulation of the status quo, with the intention of nurturing a legal, sustainable, safe, humane, and equitable wildlife trade. Herein, we provide a countering view that outlines how the risks presented by the wildlife trade are becoming increasingly recognised as being both manifold and severe; and raise concerns that the goal of a well-regulated wildlife trade is becoming increasingly exposed as a mirage. We conclude that while pursuing the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (with their focus on poverty alleviation, food security, public health, and conservation) is enduringly vital, a flourishing wildlife trade is not. Given that the exploitation of wildlife, including for the pet trade, has been identified as one of the dominant drivers of biodiversity loss, emergence of zoonotic infectious disease, animal suffering, and financial instability, perpetuating the concept of utilising a regulated wildlife trade as the default approach to protect people and planet is in urgent need of re-evaluation.
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Ilmih, Andi Aina, Kami Hartono, and Ida Musofiana. "LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY THROUGH SHARIA ONLINE TRANSACTIONS IN TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN INCREASING COMMUNITY ECONOMY." International Journal of Law Reconstruction 3, no. 2 (September 22, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v3i2.7896.
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This research focuses on the use of digital technology through sharia online transactions in traditional markets in the City of Semarang. Then analyze the legal policies governing the use of digital technology through sharia online transactions in Indonesia and determine the impact of the use of digital technology through sharia online transactions in the Semarang traditional market. This research uses empirical legal research methods, with descriptive-analysis method. Based on research that has been done, the legal arrangements for the use of digital technology through sharia online transactions in Traditional Markets are regulated in Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) and the impact of using digital technology through sharia online transactions includes both positive and negative impacts. Positive impacts include: Industrial productivity has increased; encourage MSMEs to enter e-commerce; facilitate the promotion and marketing activities of a product; and more new services are making it easier for the economy and business. As well as the negative impacts, among others: the easier transactions are prohibited and the more cases of lawlessness occur in online trading.
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Akbar Nuur Purnama Darma Wahana and Muhammad Syaifulloh. "Implementation of the Islamic Economics in the Traditional Market of Brebes Regency." Journal of Sosial Science 1, no. 3 (July 26, 2020): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jsss.v1i3.36.
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The concept of Islamic Economics emphasizes that market Trading and pricing need to be regulated to uphold market balance and economic justice in view of interests of those involved in the market. This study aims to analyze the Islamic Economy’s observance in accordance with Islamic sharia in the traditional markets, the number of merchant populations used as samples was 138 people, the research method uses qualitative descriptive, data collection techniques by observation and structured interviews. The results showed that traders in the traditional market of Manis Kosambi Cikakak Village had practiced trade with Islamic Business Ethics. The Practice of Islamic Economy in the Traditional Market of Brebes Regency had been carried out by most traders almost 84.8%. The system of commerce with the islamic economy is rooted in and habutual practices with islamic business ethics, doing bussiness by selling clean products, honesty, openness, fair, and by backing out of riba, or loan shark has been accustomed by traditional merchants of Brebes Regency in Manis Kosambi market Cikakak Village of Brebes Regency
Keywords: Islamic Economic Traditional Market
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Melnyk, Maryana, and Ivan Zalutskyy. "Modern aspects of law-economic regulations of service classification and identification for unshadowing the economy of Ukraine." Regional Economy, no. 2(96) (2020): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2020-2-10.
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The article deals with the modern aspects of “shadowing” economy as socio-economic fact. The definition of “shadowing economy” is revealed not to be regulated by the legislative acts of Ukraine. Retrospective analysis of the legal regulation of the term “service” proves a diversity of modern interpretation of this category in the legal documents of Ukraine. Currently, the essence of the term “commerce service” is not regulated by any document. The results of the official integrated estimation of the size of the shadow economy do not show its real state and development tendencies by the types of economic activity differentiated according to the specific areas and types of services. The absence of a clear definition of the object of procurement, primarily the service sector, which leads to manipulation and inefficient use of funds is established to be one of the main factors determining the corruption risks in the system of public and sub-procurement. Nowadays, the State Classifier of Products and Services DK 016:2010 (SCPS) defined as the potential basis for industrial classification of products/services is a systematized summary of product names and services with their coding according to the hierarchical system of classification. The peculiarities and problems of implementing SCPS and the other classifications in the service sector are analyzed. The article proves that the State Statistics Service of Ukraine ignores methodologically SCPS as the ground for statistical classifications named “base for classifier conflicts” under stagnation of the national classification system, which preserves the risks of increased ‘shadowing’ in accounting and procurement and blocks the potentially transparent commercialization of services and their cumulative impact on socio-economic growth by different types of economic activity. The paper suggests the range of elements to be defined as integral elements of the legislative mechanism for the economy unshadowing in the service sector.
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Subaidi, Subaidi. "HUKUM EKONOMI DAN BISNIS DI INDONESIA." LISAN AL-HAL: Jurnal Pengembangan Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan 10, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/lisanalhal.v10i1.118.
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Economic has developed the forms of electronic transactions with the advancement of technology. That is the form of commitment or legal relationship that becomes a trending topic as an online contract. Certainly, it is done by electronically networking of information system technology. E-commerce is the transaction that has been switched implementation, from an authorized signature in the paper as document transactions, into electronic transactions document without a paper and signature, so it is proof of the validity of the transaction. It is happens in the event of a legal corporate transplantation in the law institutions. In this case, the body is in the form of law while his feet still rests on the top of the law, which in many cases this transplant is applicable. As a result, has developed a new legal bussiness institutions that were not regulated previously in the Indonesian legal system, which in the implementation often cause conflicts or disputes, which in this case is known as a commmercial disputes. Corporation or company is the important legal order, consider the fairly rapid business growth and also consider the case of disputes that require certainly and definitely of legal institution for the organization. Therefore, business law and corporate law is needed in practice.
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Miranda-Bermudez, Enio, Bhakti Petigara Harp, and Julie N. Barrows. "Qualitative Identification of Permitted and Non-permitted Color Additives in Cosmetics." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 1039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-025.
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Abstract Color additives are dyes, pigments, or other substances that can impart color when added or applied to foods, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, or the human body. These substances must be pre-approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and listed in the Code of Federal Regulations before they may be used in FDA-regulated products. Both domestic and imported cosmetic products sold in interstate commerce fall under FDA jurisdiction, and FDA's district laboratories use a combination of analytical methods for identifying or confirming the presence of potentially violative color additives. We have developed a qualitative method for identifying 29 water- and methanol-soluble color additives in various types of cosmetic products. The color additives are extracted with combinations of methylene chloride, methanol, acetic acid, and water and are identified by LC with photodiode array detection. Estimated LOD values ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 mg/L. A survey of lip products, nail polishes, eye products, blushes, body glitter, face paints, bath products, creams, and toothpastes identified permitted and non-permitted color additives. Our new LC method is intended to supplement the visible spectrophotometry and TLC methods currently used by FDA's district laboratories and will help optimize the use of time, labor, and solvents.
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Alanazi, Badar Mohammed Almeajel. "Company incorporation regimes in the UK, the US and Australia – In search of the golden mean." Journal of Governance and Regulation 9, no. 2 (2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv9i2art6.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the law on incorporation has been heavily contested by academics. On one side of the debate are scholars who argue that company law should have an “enabling” role, in that it should empower business owners to arrange their affairs in a manner that best suits their purposes at the same time as minimising any interference from the state. On the other side of the debate are those who argue that company law should impose on the world of commerce strong regulatory measures to prevent such abuses. This conflict between the “enabling” and the “regulatory” role of company incorporation law is visible in many jurisdictions, with each of them achieving a different balance between the two approaches. Many scholarly studies have elaborated on how companies are incorporated and regulated. Some of them have been used in the current paper such as studies carried out by Bayern et al. (2017) and Reyes (2018). However, this paper examines the extent to which the incorporation regimes in the UK, the US, and Australia can be said to be “enabling” or “regulatory” in nature, through a detailed analysis of the law on company incorporation, ownership structure and the protection provided to the relevant stakeholders through the principles of separate legal personality.
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GILLIN, EDWARD J. "Tremoring transits: railways, the Royal Observatory and the capitalist challenge to Victorian astronomical science." British Journal for the History of Science 53, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087419000529.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBritain's nineteenth-century railway companies traditionally play a central role in histories of the spread of standard Greenwich time. This relationship at once seems to embody a productive relationship between science and capitalism, with regulated time essential to the formation of a disciplined industrial economy. In this narrative, it is not the state, but capitalistic private commerce which fashioned a national time system. However, as this article demonstrates, the collaboration between railway companies and the Royal Greenwich Observatory was far from harmonious. While railways did employ the accurate time the observatory provided, they were also more than happy to compromise the astronomical institution's ability to take the accurate celestial observations that such time depended on. Observing astronomical transits required the use of troughs of mercury to reflect images of stars, but the construction of a railway too near to the observatory threatened to cause vibrations which would make such readings impossible. Through debates over proposed railway lines near the observatory, it becomes clear how important government protection from private interests was to preserving astronomical standards. This article revises our understanding of the role of railway companies in the dissemination of standard time and argues that state intervention was essential to preserving Victorian British astronomical science.
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Trost, Jennifer. "The Impostor Rule and Identity Theft in America." Law and History Review 35, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000074.
Full textAbstract:
Impersonation and then identity theft in America emerged in the legal space between a civil system with a high tolerance for market risk and losses incurred by impostors, and a later-developing criminal system preoccupied with fraud or forgery against the government. Negotiable instruments, generally paper checks, borrowed from seventeenth-century England, enabled a geographically far-flung commercial system of paper-based but impersonal exchanges at a time before widespread availability of centrally-issued currency or regulated banks. By assigning loss rather than catching criminals, the “impostor rule” made and continues to make transactions with negotiable instruments valid even if fraudulent. This large body of commercial law has stood essentially unchanged for three hundred years and has facilitated a system rife with impersonation which criminal and federal laws did not address until the late 20thcentury. English common law, American legal treatises, court cases, law review articles, and internal debates behind the Uniform Commercial Code tell the story of a legal system at the service of commerce through the unimpeded transfer of paper payments. Combining the fields of legal history and criminal justice with the approaches of emerging research in both identification and paperwork studies, this article explains the ongoing policy problems of identity theft.
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Supriadin, Rian, Syamsul Alam, and La Ode Muhammad Elwan. "IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN WALIKOTA KENDARI NOMOR 13 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG PENATAAN PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA DI KOTA KENDARI." Journal Publicuho 3, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35817/jpu.v3i1.11506.
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The purpose of this research is to find out the Implementation of Kendari Mayor Regulation No. 13 of 2008 concerning the Arrangement of Street Vendors in Kendari City (Study of Mandonga District), as well as the factors that influence the Implementation of Street Vendor Merchant management policies in Mandonga District and the Constraints faced by the City Government Kendari in the Arrangement of Street Vendors in Mandonga District. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method. All data in this study were obtained from interviews, observations and documentation. Based on what has been described in the results of the study, it can be concluded that in the implementation of the policy of the Mayor of Kendari Number 13 of 2008 concerning the arrangement of Street Vendors in Mandonga District conducted by related agencies namely the Department of Commerce, Cooperatives and SMEs of the City of Kendari, Civil Service Police Unit Praja Kendari City and Each Camat in Kendari City can be said to have not been maximized due to the lack of precise goals, aims and objectives of the policy regulated in Kendari Mayor Regulation No. 13 of 2008 concerning the arrangement of Street Vendors, which resulted in street vendors doing their activities, not in their place or a place that is legalized by the Kendari City Government.