Relevant bibliographies by topics / Off-farm activities

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Off-farm activities'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Off-farm activities.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Off-farm activities"

1

Dabkienė, Vida. "Off-farm role in stabilizing disposable farm income: A Lithuanian case study." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 7 (2020): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/69/2020-agricecon.

Full text
Abstract:
The paper aims to investigate family farm income volatility by decomposing disposable farm income (DFI) into the on-farm income, income from production support and off-farm income (OFI) over time. The research is focused on the OFI, assessing its role in achieving DFI above reference level based on the average net earnings. Three main indicators consistent with Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) were indicated. The research results revealed the significance of OFI. In 2017, 76% of the family farms were engaged in off-farm activities indicating, on one hand that such approaches as part-time farming or lifestyle farming are becoming more attractive to Lithuanian family farmers. On the other hand, research disclosed that farms mostly engaged in off-farm activities yield the lowest on-farm income levels. Moreover, the OFI tends to produce a stabilizing effect on quite a number of farmers as the majority of family farms cannot rely upon the on-farm income as their only income source. Thus, the agricultural and rural development policy makers, aimed at supporting viable farm income and strengthening farm resilience, have to answer the part-time farmers’ needs.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Kimhi, Ayal, and Eliel Rapaport. "Time Allocation between Farm and Off‐Farm Activities in Israeli Farm Households." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86, no. 3 (2004): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0002-9092.2004.00613.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Rakotoarisoa, Manitra A., and Simeon Kaitibie. "Effects of Regular Off-farm Activities on Household Agricultural Income: Evidence from Kenya’s Kerio Valley." SocioEconomic Challenges 3, no. 3 (2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.3(3).13-20.2019.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper contributes to clarifying the scientific debate on whether off-farm activities hurt or help agricultural income in the Kerio Valley (Kenya). The main purpose of this research is to estimate the impacts of rural household’s participation in regular off-farm activities on agricultural income. The literature indicates that off-farm activities affect rural household’s income but studies on their effect on agricultural income have remained largely inconclusive. Determining how off farm activities affect agricultural income is highly relevant for the decisions of poor rural households and policy makers to allocate resources efficiently and increase investment to combat poverty. Investigation of the effects of regular off-farm activities is carried out in the following logical sequence: we performed surveys to gather information from rural households located in the Kerio Valley in Kenya; using the matching technique, we compared agricultural income per capita between households that took part in regular off-farm activities and those that did not. Methodological tools of the research were the results of a three-year project focusing on improving rural income. The object of research is the households in Kerio Valley in Kenya because they practiced the typical mix of farm and off-farm activities in rural Kenya. The empirical results of the analysis showed at first that household’s participation in regular off-farm activities had no significant effect on household agricultural income per capita. However, by splitting agricultural income into crop and livestock incomes, we found that participation in regular off-farm activities did not affect crop income per capita but it increased livestock income per capita. The results can be useful to policy makers because it shows the existence of a symbiotic association between regular off-farm activities and livestock production. The results also confirm that creating opportunities for rural households to engage in off-farm activities generates supplemental revenues, and more importantly, reliable assets. Keywords: matching technique, agricultural income, off-farm activities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Araujo, Claudio, Jean-Louis Combes, and José Gustavo Féres. "Determinants of Amazon deforestation: the role of off-farm income." Environment and Development Economics 24, no. 2 (2018): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x18000359.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThis paper aims at assessing the determinants of Amazon deforestation, emphasizing the role played by off-farm income. Initially an economic model is provided which relates off-farm income to deforestation patterns. Subsequently, empirical implications are tested using data from the 2006 Brazilian Agricultural Census. Estimation results suggest that higher off-farm incomes are associated with reduced deforestation rates. In fact, higher off-farm incomes might increase the opportunity cost associated with agricultural activities. The latter option becomes less attractive and farmers dedicate less time to farm activities, thereby reducing deforestation pressure. Results also show that smallholders respond less to the increase in the returns from off-farm activities when compared to largeholders, which matches our hypothesis of labor market imperfections regarding off-farm activities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Suratiyah, Ken. "PEKERJAAN LUAR USAHATANI (KASUS RUMAH TANGGA PETANI GUREM DI JAWA)." Agro Ekonomi 8, no. 2 (2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16814.

Full text
Abstract:
Small farmer's household never deppend on on-farm income, they must to get other income sources by allocating their family labour as must as possible.Although they are small farmers, they still regard their job is being farmer and the other off-farm activities just as part time jobs. Family labour allocation on off-farm activities is about four times then on-farm, the off-farm's share to household income are 60,31%.By off-farm activities household farmer welfare level increase from poverty level to become wealthy level or not be poor level. The fact is show that off-farm activities to become more important for small farmer's household.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Kyle, Steven C. "The Relation Between Farm Production Risk and Off-Farm Income." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 22, no. 2 (1993): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500004779.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper presents a model of the farm labor allocation decision based on risk and return characteristics of different activities. It is shown that off-farm employment can play an important role in the diversification of farm family income, implying that portfolio models of risk and return to farm activities should take into account the possibility of off-farm employment. A model of the labor allocation decision based on the risk and return characteristics of each activity is developed and tested using a state level cross section of the United States over the post-war period, and performs well in explaining variation in reliance on off-farm income.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Lips, M., D. Schmid, and P. Jan. "Labour-use pattern on Swiss dairy farms." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 4 (2013): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/121/2012-agricecon.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract: Analysing the labour-use pattern on Swiss dairy farms, we apply a typology scheme with two criteria: on-farm wage labour and off-farm family labour. The resultant four farm types are analysed based on the data from the Swiss Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) as well as the spatial data on available jobs. Only 17% of dairy farms have neither on-farm wage labour nor off-farm family labour. 60 % have family members involved in off-farm activities. On average, 0.3 annual work units (AWU) are employed in off-farm activities, earning double the on-farm income per AWU. In line with the literature, we found that the likelihood of on-farm wage labour increases with the farm size and the degree of diversification. Involvement in off-farm activities is more likely if the farm manager is young and has a spouse with a non-agricultural education. Furthermore, private consumption per consumer unit has a positive marginal effect on the likelihood of off-farm work. Finally, no evidence was found of available jobs within a range of 10 kilometres acting as a proxy for the local labour demand for off-farm activities, leading us to the conclusion that involvement in off-farm work is an option for most of the analysed dairy farms.  
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

McNamara, Kevin T., and Christoph Weiss. "Farm Household Income and On- and Off-Farm Diversification." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 1 (2005): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800007082.

Full text
Abstract:
The paper analyzes the relationship between off-farm labor allocation and on-farm enterprise diversification as farm household income stabilization strategies with census data from the federal state of Upper Austria, Austria. The results suggest that both on-farm diversification and off-farm labor allocation are related to farm and household characteristics. Larger farms tend to be more diversified. Younger farmers are more likely to work off-farm. Larger farm households tend to allocate more labor to off-farm income activities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Radoslaw, Pastusiak, Jasiniak Magdalena, Soliwoda Michał, and Stawska Joanna. "What may determine off-farm income? A review." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 8 (2017): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/123/2016-agricecon.

Full text
Abstract:
Farming is treated as one of the riskiest businesses. Political decisions, especially these related to the agricultural sector, may be treated as of a great importance. As a consequence, farm owners seek to diversify their sources of income and run other strategies aiming to stabilize their earnings i.e. by off-farm activities. The paper selected key groups of the determinants of the off-farm income with the aim to evaluate the current state and to propose further steps of the detailed analysis. The authors identified the mechanisms how the particular instruments influence farmers’ decisions on generating the off-farm income. It may be concluded that the significance of direct payments is still very high. Subsidies generally discourage farmers from the non-agriculture employment. The influence of socio-demographic characteristics is significant, however, the strength of this impact is determined by the additional factors like the situation in the labour market. In case of environmental determinants, it should be noted that there is a limited group of factors that may be out of control by the farm operators. The value added of the article is an attempt to identify the mechanisms how the particular instruments may influence farmers’ decisions on generating the off-farm income. The article finishes with the authors’ recommendations for further empirical studies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Adiyia, Bright, Dominique Vanneste, and Anton Van Rompaey. "The poverty alleviation potential of tourism employment as an off-farm activity on the local livelihoods surrounding Kibale National Park, western Uganda." Tourism and Hospitality Research 17, no. 1 (2016): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358416634156.

Full text
Abstract:
Over the past decade, several scholars have argued that livelihood diversification in terms of off-farm activities is key for rural households to escape from poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although the continuous growth of tourism in many SSA countries has created an additional off-farm income activity, empirical evidence is lacking to substantiate the poverty alleviating impact of tourism employment as being consistent and universal at the household level. Using the case of Kibale National Park in western Uganda, the aims of this paper are (1) to analyze the actual income composition of different types of rural livelihood strategies by means of cluster analysis, and (2) to compare the financial impact of tourism employment with alternative off-farm income activities. Results show a large differentiation in income compositions of households around Kibale National Park. In general, households engaged in off-farm income activities have higher levels of overall household welfare. Tourism employment generates low incomes compared to alternative off-farm activities, but still enables households to strengthen livelihood strategies by investments in on-farm or alternative off-farm activities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Off-farm activities"

1

Supri, Salinder Singh. "Off-farm activities in India : a case study of rural households in Rurka Kalan Development Block, Punjab, c.1961-1993." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245059.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Vergez, Antonin. "Travail, Terres et Productivités : Le rôle de la surface par actif dans les trajectoires de développement agricole, dans le Monde et au Mexique (1980 – 2007)." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0027/document.

Full text
Abstract:
En 2008, la Banque mondiale a consacré son « rapport annuel sur le développement » à l'agriculture. Cela n’avait plus été le cas depuis 25 ans. Elle y montre que la croissance agricole est plus efficace que celle d’autres secteurs pour réduire la pauvreté. La productivité du travail agricole des actifs agricoles y est paradoxalement à peine citée : ses facteurs explicatifs de court terme comme ses variables structurantes sur le long terme ne sont pas analysés. Cette thèse entend contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des relations dynamiques qu’entretiennent la démographie et le développement non agricole avec le développement agricole (élévation de la productivité du travail agricole). Sous quelles conditions démo-économiques la transformation structurelle d'une économie (baisse du poids relatif du secteur agricole dans l’économie (actifs et valeur ajoutée)) peut-elle s'accompagner d'un développement agricole ? Alors qu’un secteur industriel ou tertiaire qui se développe est généralement attracteur d’actifs, une loi inverse existe-t-elle pour le secteur agricole ? Celui-ci doit-il nécessairement se vider de ses actifs pour se développer ? Y’a-t-il jamais eu, et peut-il y avoir développement agricole dans un contexte de croissance continue du nombre des actifs agricoles ?Notre (hypo)thèse principale est que la combinaison dynamique des facteurs «terre » et «actif agricole », dont la résultante est la « surface travaillée par actif agricole », est la véritable clé du développement agricole, davantage que la productivité de la terre. Nous analysons les déterminants des niveaux et taux de croissance de la productivité du travail agricole au cours de la période 1980 - 2007, à différentes échelles géographiques. Une attention particulière est mise sur la variable « nombre d’actifs agricoles », à l'aide de différents jeux de données (internationales, nationales, données d’enquêtes de terrain), à différentes échelles (monde, Mexique, 31 états fédérés et 2400 Municipes mexicains) et avec diverses méthodes (décomposition factorielle, cartes, classifications ascendantes hiérarchiques, inférence statistique, enquêtes de terrain auprès de ménages agricoles, non agricoles, d’institutions). Au niveau mondial, nous mettons en évidence une « course de vitesse » entre actifs agricoles et terre dans certaines régions du monde et proposons le concept de «transition agricole démographique » ainsi que sa typologie associée. Le Mexique est ensuite choisi pour ses agricultures présentant des niveaux de développement très contrastés, en synchronie comme en diachronie. Nous cherchons à expliquer les différences de trajectoires de développement agricole observées au Mexique. Nous analysons l’influence de variables caractérisant l’économie non agricole, la substitution du capital machine au travail, la libéralisation foncière, la géographie (physique et humaine). Dans les comparaisons internationales comme au Mexique, nous montrons que le taux de croissance de la surface par actif agricole a une influence marginale plus forte sur le taux de croissance de la productivité du travail agricole, que le taux de croissance de la productivité de la terre. Enfin, nous analysons les stratégies économiques de ménages et actifs agricoles, du Municipe de Teopisca dans la région de Los Altos de Chiapas, « piégés » dans un contexte de « transition agricole démographique bloquée » (décroissance tendancielle de la surface travaillée par actif) : diversification des sources de revenus (vers le non agricole) et tentatives d’élévation de la productivité de la terre sont les deux principales stratégies déployées sous contraintes de défaillances des marchés (travail, crédit) et d’accès à l’eau d’irrigation<br>In 2008, the World Bank has dedicated its "Annual Report on Development" to agriculture. This had not been the case for 25 years. It shows that agricultural growth is more effective than other sectors to reduce poverty. The agricultural labor productivity of the agricultural workforce is paradoxically barely mentioned: its explanatory factors for the short term as its structural variables in the long term are not analyzed. This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamic relationship between demography and non-agricultural development with agricultural development (increased productivity of agricultural labor). Under what demo-economic conditions can the structural transformation of an economy (i.e. the decline in the relative weight of the agricultural sector in the economy (workers and value added)) be accompanied by agricultural development? While an industrial or service sector that develops generally attracts workers, is there an opposite relationship in the agricultural sector? Does the agricultural sector have to lose its workers to develop? Has an agricultural sector ever developed in a context of continuous growth in the number of agricultural workers? Our main (hypo)thesis is that the dynamic combination of factors « land » and « agricultural worker », whose resultant is the « agricultural area worked per agricultural worker », is the real key to agricultural development, more than the productivity of the land.We analyze the determinants of the level and of the growth rate of the agricultural labor productivity over the 1980-2007 period, at different geographical levels. Special focus is put on the evolution of the « number of agricultural workers », using different sets of data (international, national, field surveys data), at different scales (world, Mexico, and 31 federal states 2400 Mexican municipalities) and with various methods (factor decomposition, maps, hierarchical ascending classifications, statistical inference, field surveys of farming households).Globally, we highlight a « race » between land and the number of agricultural workers in certain regions of the world and propose the concept of « demographic transition agriculture » and its associated typology.Mexico is then chosen for its agriculture showing very contrasting levels of development, for both synchronic and diachronic observation. We seek to understand the differences in agricultural development paths observed in Mexico by analyzing the influence of variables characterizing the non-farm economy, the substitution of machinery capital for labor, land liberalization, geography (physical and human).In international comparisons as within Mexico, we show that the growth rate of the area by agricultural worker has a marginally stronger influence on the growth rate of agricultural labor productivity, than the growth rate of land productivity.Finally, in the Municipality of Teopisca in the Los Altos region of Chiapas, we analyze the economic strategies of farm households « trapped » in a context of « blocked demographic agricultural transition » (downward trend of the agricultural area per worker): income diversification (toward the non-agricultural sector) and attempts to rise the land productivity are the two main strategies deployed under local severe constraints of market failures (labor, credit) and difficult access to irrigation water
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Saldias, Rodrigo. "Effects of formal credit market and decisions to participate in off-farm activities on agricultural production of Small Farmers in Chile." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B051-1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Saldias, Q. Rodrigo G. [Verfasser]. "Effects of formal credit market and decisions to participate in off-farm activities on agricultural production of small farmers in Chile / presented by Rodrigo Saldias." 2007. http://d-nb.info/1003879160/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

LING, FAN JUI, and 范睿翎. "Research of Satisfaction and “Selected Again Willingness” about Applying the Experience in Natural Ecology of Creative Life Industry in Elementary Off-campus Teaching Activities ─Case in Green World Ecological Farm." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p4hc3m.

Full text
Abstract:
碩士<br>亞太創意技術學院<br>文化創意設計研究所<br>102<br>Taiwan which is among the global information technology trend in the Twenty-first Century, to upgrade the country and restructure the industries can get enough energy to build international competitiveness of Taiwan's industries. Therefore, in order to enhance the soft power of national cultural and recreate a new vitality of traditional industries, the Government is actively promoting the "Challenge 2008 National Development Plan," in which the creative life industry is the focal point. As we know that the best source of nutrients for creative thinking is to accumulate life experiences. And the creative life industry which is based on innovation and ingenuity to integrate industry knowledge, covering with food, clothing, shelter, exercise, education, music and other different fields provides a depth of experience and high quality beauty industry. Since the implementation of the two-day weekend holidays in Taiwan, the vigorous development of leisure farms has been promoted. Some businessmen have been inspired to think how to expand the new market by the rise of cultural and creative industries. Therefore, people choose the new leisure farms which combine the natural ecosystems, agricultural production and farm life in one as a tourist destination has been a trend. Besides, the Ministry of Education gives priority target subsidies to schools which have combined extracurricular activities with ecological experience teaching. The off-campus teaching tourism activities usually have been held during weekdays, which can balance and increase farm’s income. It’s no doubt that this is a positive affirmation for business profitability. Thus, it is an inevitable trend to turn the market to school teaching activities to lay the foundation for sustainable management industries. This study is based on experience of Green World Ecological Farm and takes Miaoli County elementary school teachers as questionnaire objects. The questionnaires are designed and collected by experts’ opinions and some references. They are also by purposive sampling method. A total of 300 valid questionnaires are recovered and analyzed. The purpose of this survey is not only to explore the difference between the respondents’ expectations and the feelings about service quality of school teaching, but also to discuss the correlation between “satisfaction” and “select again willingness” for teachers. In addition, the researcher uses the Importance - Performance Analysis (IPA) to explore the satisfaction of the Miaoli County elementary school teachers to the Green World Ecological Farm as school teaching destination. She expects that the industries can take this result of survey for management and improvement as reference. According to the result, we know that there are parts of significant differences upon "degree of importance” and “satisfaction” toward teachers in different job positions and school sizes to the Green World Ecological Farms. There are also significant expectation gaps on teachers’ satisfaction aspects in four dimensions. They are "curriculum", " environmental facilities ", "security assistance", and "related services" in regular turn. Moreover, from the “degree of importance” and the “satisfaction” of IPA, the researcher finds that the teachers have high expectations on the performance of “be convenience of using toilet” in the “Environmental Facilities Perspective dimensions”, and the “worksheet design that be able to meet the level of cognitive development of children in curriculum dimensions” to the Green World Ecological Farm. However, the teachers actually have low satisfactions to what it has performed. These two parts we have mentioned need to be improved urgently. Besides, we can find out that there is a significant correlation, in which the "curriculum" and “select again willingness” are the biggest. Finally, the researcher not only expects that this survey can be a reference for schools to choose the destination of off-campus teaching activities, but also expects that the Green World Ecological Farm can face the problems and improve the poor satisfaction parts. That must be able to rise the recognition degree of the Green World Farm by teachers and to obtain greater business performance as well.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Off-farm activities"

1

Baer, Dagmar. Women's participation in off-farm income activities: Current opportunities and possible options in Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 1990.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Cahyono, Sunit Agus Tri. Melepas jerat kemiskinan, menggapai kesejahteraan sosial: Kajian off-farm activities petani miskin di pedesaan. Widya Sari Press, 2009.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Simmons, Colin. Off-farm activities and employment generation in rural India: A case study of household enterprises in Jalandhar District, Punjab. University of Salford Department of Economics, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Simmons, C. Off-farm activities and employment generation in rural India: A case study of household enterprises in Jalandhar district, Punjab. University of Salford, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Simmons, Colin. Off-farm activities and employment generation in rural India: A case study of household enterprises in Jalandhar district, Punjab. Department of Economics, University of Salford, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Simmons, Colin. Off-farm activities and employment generation in rural India: A case study of household enterprises in Jalandhar district, Punjab. Department of Economics, University of Salford, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Dimova, Ralitza, Sandra Kristine Halvorsen, Milla Nyyssölä, and Kunal Sen. Long-run rural livelihood diversification in Kagera, Tanzania. 9th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/943-3.

Full text
Abstract:
What drives livelihood diversification among predominantly rural households in developing countries and how can welfare-enhancing patterns be established and sustained in the long run? A large literature has focused on whether income diversification is a means of survival or a means of accumulation, but it remains inconclusive. We first examine the pattern of income diversification for a panel of households in Tanzania from the 1990s—the Kagera Health and Development Survey—with a focus on whether it is primarily driven by survivalist or accumulation motives. We then verify whether this pattern is sustained in the long run using the 2004 wave of the survey while also studying the role that infrastructural improvements and entry into new income generation activities play in the process. Our results support the accumulation hypothesis: richer households engage in more income diversification than poorer households. We also find that the greater diversification of better-off households that was observed in the 1990s persists in 2004. At the same time, households that were originally poorer are found to experience higher incomes by diversifying into off-farm self-employment activities. Factors that explain these improvements include access to a daily market and public transport.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Islands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0006.

Full text
Abstract:
A database of all the 233 islands in Scotland populated at any time since 1841 shows over half becoming depopulated between 1861 and 2011, with a marked inverse relationship between population size and population decline. Only three of the 129 islands where populations never exceeded 49 in this period were not depopulated at least once. Most even of medium-size islands were unable to maintain the infrastructure available on the largest islands, though even there there was much variation in timings and extent of population change. Other reasons for variation in trends and outcomes include: when electricity arrived; transport costs, journey times and accessibility; how much local produce could be marketed off-island; scale of non-farm/fishing activities, especially tourism;, in some cases, a strong desire by sometimes a very small number of people, for a variety of reasons, to stay on an island or to move there.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "Off-farm activities"

1

Dsouza, Alwin, Ashok K. Mishra, and Tadashi Sonoda. "Impact of Casual and Permanent Off-Farm Activities on Food Security: The Case of India." In The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42148-9_10.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Yuvaraj, Muthuraman, Peyandi Paraman Mahendran, and Eman Tawfik Hussien. "Role of Organic Farming in Agriculture." In Organic Agriculture. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93431.

Full text
Abstract:
Organic farming could be an all-encompassing generation administration framework that empowers and improves agroecosystem wellbeing, counting biodiversity, natural cycles, and soil biological activity. It stresses the role of management activities in preference to the use of off-farm data, considering that regional conditions require locally adapted systems. This can be achieved using agronomic, biological, and mechanical methods, in equal share to synthetic materials, to carry out any specific role inside the organization. Organic farming is still only a small industry, which represents only 2% of global food sales. However, it is growing in importance in the world. It is hard to get information due to lack of official statistics and the level of confidentiality of systems of organic produce. Soil practices such as crop rotations, organic fertilizers, symbiotic associations, cover crops, inter-cropping, and minimum tillage are central to organic practices. The static arrangements of soil are achieved by soil fauna and vegetation. Besides, cycling of nutrients and energy is enhanced by increasing the retentive abilities of the soil for nutrients and water.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Ranjan Jena, Pradyot, Rajesh Kalli, and Purna Chandra Tanti. "Impact of Covid−19 on Agricultural System and Food Prices: The Case of India." In Rural Health [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98905.

Full text
Abstract:
The present study focused on evaluating the impact of Covid-19 lockdown on the agriculture system in India. A telephonic interview was conducted with farmers among various states between April to May 2020. A total of 494 farmers participated in the survey identifying the challenges they faced during the lockdown. First, the study has outlined the knowledge and perception of respondents on the Covid-19 virus and second the impact of Covid 19 induced restrictions on the agricultural system and food prices in India has been analyzed. The study classified the impact of lockdown on the agriculture system into four broad classifications - Farm Inputs, Farm Produce and Supply Chain, Agriculture and Allied Activities, Pandemic and Food prices. The detailed analysis across these four dimensions is discussed. Due to the shutdown of many supply routes, the availability of agricultural inputs such as fertilizer and seeds was disrupted, which jeopardized farmers’ investment planning. Furthermore, the seasonal migrants who would work in urban areas enter off-season and return to their native villages for farming could not carry it on. Such a rapid chain of events created massive short-run income shortages for small and marginalized farmers across the country. The special economic package for agriculture empowerment announced by the Government of India in the tune of two lakh crore rupees, equivalent to ten per cent of India’s GDP, has been the government’s first response to deal with this agricultural crisis. Finally, the chapter puts forward policy suggestions to strengthen resource-poor farmers’ capabilities plagued with a low-income-low-yield vicious cycle.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Crouch, Dora P. "Profile of Individual Water User." In Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0036.

Full text
Abstract:
One way to show our understanding of ancient Greek management of water is to follow an ordinary person in her daily patterns, observing when and how she uses water. This schedule ignores differences that derive from local geology, climate, or customs, but rather tries to set out the common patterns. 1. At daylight. Wake up. Go to room or alcove set aside for excreting and do that. Rinse with previously used water. Then go to courtyard, pull up bucket of water from cistern, pour into louter, and wash face and hands. Save water for re-use (Fig. 13.3). 2. First meal. Fix breakfast, using water from cistern for any cooking. Water donkey, dog, house plants, with water from cistern or re-usable water from cooking or bathing. 3. Work. Morning and mid-afternoon to late day: A. Do family laundry—use giant pithos or scrub-board at edge of courtyard, filled from downspout from roof or with buckets of water from the cistern; hang clothes to dry on poles or rope strung between posts (columns) supporting roofs around courtyard. Alternate: laundry might be done communally at a large tank that received the overflow from a fountain near the agora, and the wet clothes carried home and spread out to dry, as above (Fig. 17.5). B. Or do craft activity such as making pottery, using courtyard and water from cistern. C. Or go out to farm. Excrement and garbage were probably carried daily to the farm for fertilizer. An important farming task was to monitor the irrigation of timber lots, fields, orchards, and vineyards with waste water from the town or with spring or river water or dispersed rainwater. D. Or do shopping and/or selling. Periodically carry craft items to Agora to sell them. If need be, rinse items such as vases in public fountains to show off their best colors. In Athens, women participated in the markets, selling lettuce and other farm or craft products, but in some Greek cities shopping and selling were solely masculine activities. 4. Recreation. A. Talk with cousin from the country who waters his donkey at the public trough in the Agora. B. On the way home stop at neighborhood fountain to chat with other people fetching water to drink (Fig. 21.1). C. On special occasions (marriage, birth) go to a sanctuary for a ritual bath. (Fig. 6.1).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

"levels which normally oscillated between 80,000 and 100,000 per year, and which in 1975 had soared up to 118,000 workers, were sharply reduced to 40,000 thereafter [First, 1982]. This mainly affected the southern part of Mozambique by creating massive rural unemployment. The towns had no capacity to absorb this surplus labour since employment was drastically re-duced in the towns as well. The latter process was due to the fall in employ-ment in domestic work (servants) and in the tourist sector (restaurants, hotels, bars, etc.). The exodus of Portuguese settlers and the virtual standstill of tourism (which catered for South Africans and Rhodesians) had amplified the problem of structural employment in the towns. The rural unemployed could not merely fall back on family agriculture since this was heavily dependent on cash income from wage work. Oxen and ploughs, farm implements, water reserves, etc. were normally paid for with wages from mine labour or other wage work. Furthermore, due to this cash inflow from wage income, a more interactive type of division of labour developed within the rural areas of southern Mozambique. Hence, peasants without oxen and plough would rent the services of peasants who did, and pay for it out of wage income. Brick-makers, carpenters, house-builders, tailors, mechanics were to be found among the middle peasantry who relied on these activities (usually acquired through mine labour) to supplement their income from farming. In a similar fashion, local transport and petty com-merce were sidelines of middle peasants stabilised by the influx of wage income. The reduction in mine labour employment deeply affected the viability of this internal division of labour within the rural economy. Finally, the impact of the reduction in mine labour was not evenly spread among the peasantry, since only those who held valid work certificates from the recruitment agency could continue to go to the mines. Other peasants were cut off altogether. This introduced a sharp element of differentiation within the rural econonmy. Those who could continued to go to the mines not only had cash income but also a guaranteed access to commodities (including means of production), while within Mozambique shortages were rapidly turning into a goods famine. However, rural unemployment was not merely a phenomena of the south. In central Mozambique, wage work to Rhodesia dropped sharply with the closure of the border between Mozambique and Rhodesia since 1976, and as a result of the war situation which developed thereafter. As stated in above, the concentration of resources on the state sector further weakened the basis of family agriculture at a time when a considerable part of its cash income through wage labour was cut off. While the colonial situ-ation was characterised by persistent labour shortages within the rural economy and continued state intervention to keep labour cheap (through the imposition of forced labour and forced cultivation of crops as well as by fragmentation of labour markets to avoid competition for labour to drive up the wage levels), the post-independence situation became characterised by rural unemployment and an intensified flow of people from the rural areas to the towns in search of wage work. The priority accorded to investments led to the slow expansion in the supply of consumer goods and in 1981 it actually fell by eight per cent: six per cent." In The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-28.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Off-farm activities"

1

Mastinu, G., M. Gobbi, G. Previati, and M. Ribaldone. "Advances in Farm Tractor Modelling and Simulation." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43944.

Full text
Abstract:
The paper deals with the modelling of the dynamics of farm tractors in order to simulate their motion on smooth or rough surface, on road or off road and in different loading situations. The aim is to develop reliable models to speed-up the design and development activities. The derived farm tractor models can simulate the working conditions of the farm tractor while hauling a plough or running at relatively high speed on a rough soil, or steering soil, or steering on a sloped, soft surface. Two models of farm tractors have been developed and experimentally validated. The first model is based on a proprietary software. able to quickly simulate the motion of a vehicle on smooth or rough soil. The second model has been developed with the software ADAMS/Car® which allows to model complicated transmission and suspension systems. In both of the models, the tires, the transmission system, the suspension system, the steering system, the engine and the body inertia are carefully described mathematically. Particular attention has been devoted to the measurements of the tire characteristic and of the inertia parameters of the farm tractor body. Both of the models are defined in a parametric way. Parameters sensitivity analysis a strong influence of the transmission system on the tractor dynamic response in all of the considered working conditions. Experimental tests have realized to validate the two models.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

EL BILALI, Hamid, Michael HAUSER, Sinisa BERJAN, Otilija MISECKAITE, and Lorenz PROBST. "RURAL LIVELIHOODS TRANSITIONS: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH AND THE MULTI-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.242.

Full text
Abstract:
In rural areas, especially in low and middle-income countries, livelihoods have to diversify to include new on- and off-farm activities. However, sustainable livelihood concepts have so far not sufficiently accommodated transition dynamics. Mostly, rural livelihoods and sustainability transitions are addressed separately in the scientific literature. The aim of this review paper is to explore opportunities to integrate the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) and the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) on transitions. We provide an overview of the SLA and MLP. We then focus on the conceptual linkages between SLA and MLP, in particular regarding livelihood diversification strategies. Our review shows that the conceptual overlaps of the SLA and the MLP allow for a meaningful combination of both approaches to harness their respective strengths. Vulnerabilities from the SLA perspective (e.g. shocks, trends, changes) are considered at the landscape level in MLP. Policies, institutions, processes in SLA are part of ‘regime’ in the MLP heuristic. The livelihood diversification in SLA, e.g. the development of new on- and off-farm activities, can be described as niches in MLP. Some empirical work on agricultural transitions from the MLP perspective has adopted a territorial approach to take into consideration the pluri-activity of farms and the interactions between different subsystems (food, energy and tourism). This resonates well with the idea of livelihood diversification as a strategy in SLA. We conclude that integrating SLA and MLP will help to better understand livelihood diversification processes and we provide a preliminary proposal for a livelihood transition framework.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Tsvyatkova, Daniela. "HEREDITARY FARMING: A SYNERGY PANEL IN THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.280.

Full text
Abstract:
The use of the potential of the land and the natural resources of the new generations in the separate regions are the main prerequisite and basis for the development of a certain type of multifunctional agriculture. The process of continuity should be seen as a process and not as a one-off action or event. The aim of the study is to analyze the process of inheritance in agriculture, as a socio-economic method for ensuring the viability of rural areas. The analysis is based on empirical evidence - cases from family farms and young heirs in rural areas of Bulgaria. The transfer of farm management to the next generation must be organized. Otherwise, the alternative is clear: resettlement from rural areas, a rapidly aging population and insufficient young people to enter the sector. Recognizing the importance of continuity, the Common Agricultural Policy provides training and funding to encourage young people to engage in agricultural activities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

de Almeida, Ma´rcio Manha˜es G., Andre P. Kotchetkoff Neto, Adilson S. Mendonc¸a, Ricardo R. Alvarez, and Marcello P. Castro. "Field Testing of OSBRA 964 km Pipeline Leak Detection System." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10164.

Full text
Abstract:
OSBRA is the 964 Km pipeline which supplies over 6.000.000 m3/year of gasoline, diesel oil and LPG to Brazil Mid-West region. Products on OSBRA pipeline are pumped on 24 hours a day and 365 days a year scheduled basis from Planalto Paulista Refinary – REPLAN to 5 midsize cities through 6 remote operated pumping stations located along the pipeline. OSBRA pipeline operation including pumping, valve operation and tank farm monitoring are done remotely from PETROBRAS Transporte S/A – TRANSPETRO Pipeline Control Center - CCO. A real time leak detection system (LDS) was supplied and installed at this Pipeline Control Center. The LDS is based on measurements of flow, pressure and density as well as pump and valve status along the pipeline. A SCADA was implemented and field instrumentation measurements were observed in order to provide good quality data for the pipeline operation and its LDS. Assembling of some field instruments were improved in order to correct measurement fails. On-desk simulations were done in order to verify theoretical system performance and operation team was trained to use the leak detection tool. A field controlled leak simulation test was done in order to validate and verify the System performance. This apparently simple task demanded around 1 year for planning and implementation before test was done. The approach of this report is mainly operational and shows how the OSBRA LDS test was planned, programmed, commissioned and performed. Coordination and integration of Operation, Maintenance, Pipeline, Engineering, Safety, Telecommunication and Logistic teams are demonstrated in order to get good results. Field activities like designing and assembling of spools and instrumentations necessary to execute a controlled pipeline liquid hydrocarbon take off are showed. Safety and environmental precautions to avoid equipment damage, uncontrolled operation or product leak to environment are demonstrated.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Off-farm activities' for particular source types:
Journal articles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography