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Journal articles on the topic 'Off-farm activities'
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Dabkienė, Vida. "Off-farm role in stabilizing disposable farm income: A Lithuanian case study." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 7 (2020): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/69/2020-agricecon.
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The paper aims to investigate family farm income volatility by decomposing disposable farm income (DFI) into the on-farm income, income from production support and off-farm income (OFI) over time. The research is focused on the OFI, assessing its role in achieving DFI above reference level based on the average net earnings. Three main indicators consistent with Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) were indicated. The research results revealed the significance of OFI. In 2017, 76% of the family farms were engaged in off-farm activities indicating, on one hand that such approaches as part-time farming or lifestyle farming are becoming more attractive to Lithuanian family farmers. On the other hand, research disclosed that farms mostly engaged in off-farm activities yield the lowest on-farm income levels. Moreover, the OFI tends to produce a stabilizing effect on quite a number of farmers as the majority of family farms cannot rely upon the on-farm income as their only income source. Thus, the agricultural and rural development policy makers, aimed at supporting viable farm income and strengthening farm resilience, have to answer the part-time farmers’ needs.
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Kimhi, Ayal, and Eliel Rapaport. "Time Allocation between Farm and Off‐Farm Activities in Israeli Farm Households." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86, no. 3 (2004): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0002-9092.2004.00613.x.
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Rakotoarisoa, Manitra A., and Simeon Kaitibie. "Effects of Regular Off-farm Activities on Household Agricultural Income: Evidence from Kenya’s Kerio Valley." SocioEconomic Challenges 3, no. 3 (2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.3(3).13-20.2019.
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This paper contributes to clarifying the scientific debate on whether off-farm activities hurt or help agricultural income in the Kerio Valley (Kenya). The main purpose of this research is to estimate the impacts of rural household’s participation in regular off-farm activities on agricultural income. The literature indicates that off-farm activities affect rural household’s income but studies on their effect on agricultural income have remained largely inconclusive. Determining how off farm activities affect agricultural income is highly relevant for the decisions of poor rural households and policy makers to allocate resources efficiently and increase investment to combat poverty. Investigation of the effects of regular off-farm activities is carried out in the following logical sequence: we performed surveys to gather information from rural households located in the Kerio Valley in Kenya; using the matching technique, we compared agricultural income per capita between households that took part in regular off-farm activities and those that did not. Methodological tools of the research were the results of a three-year project focusing on improving rural income. The object of research is the households in Kerio Valley in Kenya because they practiced the typical mix of farm and off-farm activities in rural Kenya. The empirical results of the analysis showed at first that household’s participation in regular off-farm activities had no significant effect on household agricultural income per capita. However, by splitting agricultural income into crop and livestock incomes, we found that participation in regular off-farm activities did not affect crop income per capita but it increased livestock income per capita. The results can be useful to policy makers because it shows the existence of a symbiotic association between regular off-farm activities and livestock production. The results also confirm that creating opportunities for rural households to engage in off-farm activities generates supplemental revenues, and more importantly, reliable assets. Keywords: matching technique, agricultural income, off-farm activities.
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Araujo, Claudio, Jean-Louis Combes, and José Gustavo Féres. "Determinants of Amazon deforestation: the role of off-farm income." Environment and Development Economics 24, no. 2 (2018): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x18000359.
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AbstractThis paper aims at assessing the determinants of Amazon deforestation, emphasizing the role played by off-farm income. Initially an economic model is provided which relates off-farm income to deforestation patterns. Subsequently, empirical implications are tested using data from the 2006 Brazilian Agricultural Census. Estimation results suggest that higher off-farm incomes are associated with reduced deforestation rates. In fact, higher off-farm incomes might increase the opportunity cost associated with agricultural activities. The latter option becomes less attractive and farmers dedicate less time to farm activities, thereby reducing deforestation pressure. Results also show that smallholders respond less to the increase in the returns from off-farm activities when compared to largeholders, which matches our hypothesis of labor market imperfections regarding off-farm activities.
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Suratiyah, Ken. "PEKERJAAN LUAR USAHATANI (KASUS RUMAH TANGGA PETANI GUREM DI JAWA)." Agro Ekonomi 8, no. 2 (2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16814.
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Small farmer's household never deppend on on-farm income, they must to get other income sources by allocating their family labour as must as possible.Although they are small farmers, they still regard their job is being farmer and the other off-farm activities just as part time jobs. Family labour allocation on off-farm activities is about four times then on-farm, the off-farm's share to household income are 60,31%.By off-farm activities household farmer welfare level increase from poverty level to become wealthy level or not be poor level. The fact is show that off-farm activities to become more important for small farmer's household.
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Kyle, Steven C. "The Relation Between Farm Production Risk and Off-Farm Income." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 22, no. 2 (1993): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500004779.
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This paper presents a model of the farm labor allocation decision based on risk and return characteristics of different activities. It is shown that off-farm employment can play an important role in the diversification of farm family income, implying that portfolio models of risk and return to farm activities should take into account the possibility of off-farm employment. A model of the labor allocation decision based on the risk and return characteristics of each activity is developed and tested using a state level cross section of the United States over the post-war period, and performs well in explaining variation in reliance on off-farm income.
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Lips, M., D. Schmid, and P. Jan. "Labour-use pattern on Swiss dairy farms." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 4 (2013): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/121/2012-agricecon.
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Abstract: Analysing the labour-use pattern on Swiss dairy farms, we apply a typology scheme with two criteria: on-farm wage labour and off-farm family labour. The resultant four farm types are analysed based on the data from the Swiss Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) as well as the spatial data on available jobs. Only 17% of dairy farms have neither on-farm wage labour nor off-farm family labour. 60 % have family members involved in off-farm activities. On average, 0.3 annual work units (AWU) are employed in off-farm activities, earning double the on-farm income per AWU. In line with the literature, we found that the likelihood of on-farm wage labour increases with the farm size and the degree of diversification. Involvement in off-farm activities is more likely if the farm manager is young and has a spouse with a non-agricultural education. Furthermore, private consumption per consumer unit has a positive marginal effect on the likelihood of off-farm work. Finally, no evidence was found of available jobs within a range of 10 kilometres acting as a proxy for the local labour demand for off-farm activities, leading us to the conclusion that involvement in off-farm work is an option for most of the analysed dairy farms.  
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McNamara, Kevin T., and Christoph Weiss. "Farm Household Income and On- and Off-Farm Diversification." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 1 (2005): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800007082.
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The paper analyzes the relationship between off-farm labor allocation and on-farm enterprise diversification as farm household income stabilization strategies with census data from the federal state of Upper Austria, Austria. The results suggest that both on-farm diversification and off-farm labor allocation are related to farm and household characteristics. Larger farms tend to be more diversified. Younger farmers are more likely to work off-farm. Larger farm households tend to allocate more labor to off-farm income activities.
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Radoslaw, Pastusiak, Jasiniak Magdalena, Soliwoda Michał, and Stawska Joanna. "What may determine off-farm income? A review." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 8 (2017): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/123/2016-agricecon.
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Farming is treated as one of the riskiest businesses. Political decisions, especially these related to the agricultural sector, may be treated as of a great importance. As a consequence, farm owners seek to diversify their sources of income and run other strategies aiming to stabilize their earnings i.e. by off-farm activities. The paper selected key groups of the determinants of the off-farm income with the aim to evaluate the current state and to propose further steps of the detailed analysis. The authors identified the mechanisms how the particular instruments influence farmers’ decisions on generating the off-farm income. It may be concluded that the significance of direct payments is still very high. Subsidies generally discourage farmers from the non-agriculture employment. The influence of socio-demographic characteristics is significant, however, the strength of this impact is determined by the additional factors like the situation in the labour market. In case of environmental determinants, it should be noted that there is a limited group of factors that may be out of control by the farm operators. The value added of the article is an attempt to identify the mechanisms how the particular instruments may influence farmers’ decisions on generating the off-farm income. The article finishes with the authors’ recommendations for further empirical studies.
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Adiyia, Bright, Dominique Vanneste, and Anton Van Rompaey. "The poverty alleviation potential of tourism employment as an off-farm activity on the local livelihoods surrounding Kibale National Park, western Uganda." Tourism and Hospitality Research 17, no. 1 (2016): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358416634156.
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Over the past decade, several scholars have argued that livelihood diversification in terms of off-farm activities is key for rural households to escape from poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although the continuous growth of tourism in many SSA countries has created an additional off-farm income activity, empirical evidence is lacking to substantiate the poverty alleviating impact of tourism employment as being consistent and universal at the household level. Using the case of Kibale National Park in western Uganda, the aims of this paper are (1) to analyze the actual income composition of different types of rural livelihood strategies by means of cluster analysis, and (2) to compare the financial impact of tourism employment with alternative off-farm income activities. Results show a large differentiation in income compositions of households around Kibale National Park. In general, households engaged in off-farm income activities have higher levels of overall household welfare. Tourism employment generates low incomes compared to alternative off-farm activities, but still enables households to strengthen livelihood strategies by investments in on-farm or alternative off-farm activities.
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Tavernier, Edmund M., Tugrul T. Temel, and Farong Li. "The Role of Farm Ownership in Off-Farm Work Participation." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 26, no. 1 (1997): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000848.
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A labor supply model is used to examine the relationship between farm ownership and operators’ participation in the off-farm labor market for the Northeast region. The results indicate that ownership significantly influences operators’ off-farm employment participation. In particular, part-owners significantly allocate labor services to off-farm activities. The results also show that the participation rate among part-owner operators is high partly because the availability of other income sources accelerates the process of acquiring assets to become full-owner operators.
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Danso-Abbeam, Gideon, Brightina A. A. Abban, and Samuel A. Donkoh. "Off-farm participation and technical efficiency among smallholder farmers in the Northern Region, Ghana." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 1-2 (2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/1-2/5.
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The study aimed at investigating the effects of off-farm participation on technical efficiency of maize production in the Tolon district of the Northern Region, Ghana. The Logit regression model was used to analyze the determinants of off-farm participation while the stochastic frontier production function was used to model the determinants of maize output and technical efficiency. The empirical results from the logistic regression model indicate that age of farmer, educational attainment, farming experience, farm size, and previous farm income are significant drivers of farmers’ participation in off-farm activities. Farmers’ average technical efficiency level was 90.7% suggesting a 9.3% potential loss to inefficiency. Moreover, participation in off-farm activities had a negative influence on farmers’ technical efficiency level. The study, therefore, recommends that farm-level policy should be directed towards making the agricultural sector attractive by promoting investment and agricultural employment opportunities in the rural areas so as to ensure full commitment to farming activities.
 JEL code: Q22
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Su, Weiliang, Tor Eriksson, and Linxiu Zhang. "Off-farm employment, land renting and concentration of farmland in the process of urbanization." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 2 (2018): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2016-0169.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of off-farm employment on the concentration of farmland via households’ land rental activities in rural China. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses Probit and Tobit models to estimate the effect of off-farm employment on land rental activities. Furthermore, the paper compares the degree of land concentration between pre-renting and post-renting in terms of Gini coefficients of farmland ownership at village level. Findings The authors find that off-farm employment has a positive effect on the renting out farmland, and insignificant effect on renting in farmland. Moreover, off-farm employment intensifies the concentration of farmland from small farms toward big farms by renting activities. Originality/value The authors believe that the results will contribute positively to the assessment of the effect of off-farm employment on land concentration in the context of the urbanization process in China.
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Dhungana, Ananta Raj, and Purna Bahadur Khand. "Determinants of Households’ Adaptation Practices against Climate Change Impact on Off Farm Activities in Nepal." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8 (December 31, 2019): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v8i0.27294.
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Study on adaptation practices against climate change impact in agriculture sector have been explored extensively globally but adaptation practices against climate change impact on off farm activities are not studied in detail. This study aims to analyze the determinants of households’ adaptation practices against climate change impact on off farm activities in Nepal. It utilizes the data generated from nationally representative samples of National Climate Change Impact Survey, 2016 conducted by Central Bureau of Statistics. Total sample size of this survey was 5060 households. But for this paper, total of 4114 samples were considered. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to analyze households’ adaptation practices against climate change impact on off-farm activities in Nepal. Most of the respondents are male of age 40-54 years, from non-Brahmin/Chhetri caste/ethnicity, illiterate, with lowest income Quintile, from tropical climate zone and without getting any services from agricultural service center. Females ageless likely to have adaptation practices towards off farm activities (started more off-farm activities; shifted to non-agricultural employment; and temporary out-migration) in compared with male. Non-Brahmin/Chhetri caste/ethnicity with reference to Brahmin/Chhetri is the determining factor for the adaptation practices (shifted to non-agricultural employment; and temporary out-migration). Status of receiving any services from agricultural service center, years of experience in agricultural sector and sub-tropical climate zone with reference to tropical zone are the common determining factors for households’ adaptation practices towards off farm activities against climate change impact in Nepal.
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Adeoye, Ifeoluwa Damilola, Wayo Seini, Daniel Bruce Sarpong, and Ditchfield Amegashie. "Off-farm income diversification among rural farm households in Nigeria." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 52, no. 3-4 (2019): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2019-0017.
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AbstractThis paper aims to analyze the extent of off-farm income diversification of farm households in rural areas of Nigeria by age, gender, educational qualification, farm size, household size and across the different regions in the country. The determinants of such diversification were also identified. Data for this study were obtained from 836 rural farm households using the Nigeria General Household Survey, 2013. The Herfindahl Index was employed to analyze the share of income from different income generating activities, extent of off-farm income diversification. Tobit Regression Model was used to identify the determinants of such diversification.An estimate of 0.28 was observed for the Nigerian rural farm households with a higher extent of diversification in the Northern regions. Males, older farmers, and farmers without formal education had a higher extent of diversification. The results show that having higher landholdings, post-primary education, access to electricity and location are major factors. Identifying the extent of diversification into the different off-farm sectors is relevant to inform policy and provide opportunities for promoting the different off-farm sectors with an ultimate goal of improving rural farm households’ livelihoods. This has its resultant effect on development of the entire rural space.
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Qiao, Fangbin, Scott Rozelle, Jikun Huang, Linxiu Zhang, and Renfu Luo. "Road Expansion and Off-Farm Work in Rural China." China Quarterly 218 (May 16, 2014): 428–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014000629.
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AbstractThis study estimates the impact of road expansion on off-farm activities in rural China. To achieve this goal, econometric models that capture the impact of road expansion on migration and local off-farm works are developed and estimated using individual data. Estimation results show that road expansion encourages farmers to participate in local off-farm work rather than migrate. In addition, road expansion also has a significant impact on the working time and income of local off-farm work.
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Siaw, Anthony, Yuansheng Jiang, Martinson Ankrah Twumasi, and Wonder Agbenyo. "The Impact of Internet Use on Income: The Case of Rural Ghana." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (2020): 3255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083255.
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This study analyzed the effects of internet use on farm income and household income using survey data from 478 rural farmers from two regions in Ghana. An endogenous switching regression (ESR) model and probit models were employed to achieve the aims of the study. The results revealed that internet use was influenced by off-farm employment, education, access to credit, non-fixed asset (NFA), age, and perception variables. We found that internet use increased farm income and household income by 20.1% and 15.47%, respectively. Regarding heterogeneous impacts, the estimates showed that internet use reduced farm income by 18.12% for farm households that participated in off-farm activities but increased farm income by 14.66% for households that had access to NFA. The estimates also indicated that internet use increased household income by 31.77% for farm households that engaged in off-farm employment and by 15.33% for those that had access to NFA. Furthermore, internet use increased the household income for households that did not engage in off-farm activities by 24.85%. The findings of this study will contribute significantly to the existing literature on information communication technology (ICT) in developing countries by providing a new reference for improving rural development and solving the problem of poverty.
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Tingum, Ernest Ngeh, and Ademola Kuponiyi. "The Determinants of Rural Household Food Consumption Expenditure in Lesotho: Impact of Off-farm Income." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 11, no. 1(S) (2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v11i1(s).3074.
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Most smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan African need to diversify into nonfarm/off-farm income generating activities in order to ensure household food security through optimum consumption expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of off-farm income on rural household food consumption expenditure in Lesotho, using secondary data from a comprehensive and representative Household Budget Survey of 2017. The survey design for data collection adopted a two stage stratified sampling procedure. The analysis used two econometric models. The OLS regressions were employed to identify important determinants of household food consumption expenditure and Instrumental Variable (IV) approach was employed to account for endogeneity issues. The results revealed a consistent positive and significant effect of off-farm income on household food consumption expenditure across all models. Household size, transfers and remittances were found to increase household food consumption expenditure significantly and positively. Government is advised to encourage and improve conditions under which rural smallholder farmers could participate in off-farm income generating activities.
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Alabi, Olugbenga, Alimi Lawal, and Ayoola Oladele. "Assessment of an electronic wallet system and determinants of cassava farmers’ participation in off-farm activities in Abuja, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 61, no. 4 (2016): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1604399a.
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This study assessed an electronic wallet (e-wallet) system and determinants of cassava farmers? participation in off-farm activities in Abuja, Nigeria. A sample of 67 cassava farmers was selected through a multi-stage sampling technique from six selected agricultural extension blocks. Primary data were used. Data were collected using a well-structured and well-designed questionnaire. The analytical tools used were descriptive statistics and maximum likelihood estimates using the logistic regression model. The results indicated that an electronic-wallet is an innovative, motivational mobile phone technology, the first in sub-Saharan Africa to distribute mobile phones to farmers which bring fertilizers, improved seeds, financial services, and agricultural information tips to farmers, and this increases yields and output. The electronic wallet system targeted 20 million farmers with an intention to distribute 10 million mobile phones to farmers in 4 years. In 2014, 1,000 agro-dealers and fourteen million five hundred farmers were registered on the electronic wallet system respectively. Also, one million two hundred farmers have also received inputs via the electronic-wallet system. The electronic-wallet system added an estimated 30-40 billion dollars to Nigeria?s Gross Domestic Product in 2014. Furthermore, the result shows that the age of most sampled cassava farmers fell between 36 and 50 years. About 94% of sampled cassava farmers were male. Off-farm income has the potential to improve the income of farmers. These types of activities undertaken by cassava farmers off the farms include: teaching, tailoring, hunting, pottery, blacksmithing, petty trading, etc. Farmers? age, farming experience and number of off-farm activities were significant variables influencing farmers? participation in off-farm activities at P ? 0.01; P ? 0.10; and P ? 0.01 respectively. The coefficient of Nagelkerke (R2) value was 0.751.This shows that the explanatory variables explain the level of participation of cassava farmers in off-farm activities at 75% level of confidence. The coefficient of Cox and Snell determinant (R2) value was 0.547. Off-farm employment is an alternative strategy and has potentials to improve the income and well-being of farmers. The study recommends that government and nongovernment organizations should introduce innovations, motivations, interventions, policies that improve crop production and support the off-farm sector in order to create job opportunities so that poor households can participate and benefit directly.
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Evans, N. J., and B. W. Llbery. "The Pluriactivity, Part-Time Farming, and Farm Diversification Debate." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 7 (1993): 945–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250945.
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The current restructuring of agriculture has resulted in many farm families adjusting their business activities as part of a survival or accumulation strategy. Considerable attention has been paid to the nonconventional methods farm businesses employ to raise income, being conceptualised variously as ‘farm diversification’, ‘part-time farming’ and ‘pluriactivity’ . These terms incorporate a complex multitude of possible options, the nature of which has led to significant differences in the interpretations of such concepts. In the first part of this paper the conceptual debate which is emerging in the literature is reviewed, with some advantages and disadvantages associated with each term highlighted. It is suggested that an analytical distinction between farm-centred diversification and off-farm employment, within the broader pluriactivity of farm households, can help to provide a focus for empirical work. To provide an illustrative example, some insights from the developing political economy of agriculture are drawn upon to investigate the extent to which farm family businesses with one major form of farm-centred diversification (farm-based accommodation) have further diversified the business. The final stage is to examine whether legal operators also hold any off-farm employment, with a consideration of both the nature of that employment and the relationship with business structure and accommodation type. The limitations of this approach are recognised, particularly the gender-bias implications, but it aids an initial exploration of relations between alternative farm-centred and off-farm activities of pluriactive farm businesses. Findings show that farm-based accommodation does little to prevent operators going off the farm to find employment, with small-sized farm businesses particularly pressurised. Further research into specific options can contribute to an understanding of the dynamics of households engaged in pluriactive strategies.
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Qiao, Fangbin, Scott Rozelle, Linxiu Zhang, Yi Yao, and Jian Zhang. "Impact of Childcare and Eldercare on Off-farm Activities in Rural China." China & World Economy 23, no. 2 (2015): 100–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12109.
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Ahmad, Muhammad Irshad, Les Oxley, and Hengyun Ma. "What Makes Farmers Exit Farming: A Case Study of Sindh Province, Pakistan." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (2020): 3160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083160.
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In agriculture based economies like Pakistan, farmers often shift from farming to off-farm activities as part of an apparent livelihood transition strategy, despite the fact that most of the workforce depends upon farming. In this paper, we try to uncover insights into how livelihood assets, such as human capital, natural capital, economic capital, and locational characteristics, affect a household’s exit decision from on-farm to off-farm activities as a livelihood transition strategy in rural Pakistan. We analyzed data from 335 farming households from the second largest agricultural producing province in the country, Sindh. Our findings show that more than 19% of households have completely shifted from farming to off-farm activities. Furthermore, we identified that the ‘crop input credit’ is one of the major constraints to farmers converting their previous input-driven small loans into larger loans, where large markups may be imposed if they fail to pay when the harvest is made. The empirical findings from Binary Logistic Regression provide strong evidence for family labor characteristics, particularly for working-age males, working-age females, and working-age children. Surprisingly, the cultivated land size significantly and positively influences farm exit rather than a continuation of farming. Off-farm employment, exogenous shocks, and urbanization also significantly and positively influenced the decision to transition into off-farm work. In contrast, the age of the household head, livestock ownership, and distance to a commercial zone significantly inhibited the decision to exit farming. However, government assistance, including subsidies, strongly encouraged farmers to continue farming. These findings provide new insights into the factors affecting the drivers of both exit and continuation in the farming sector as part of a long-term livelihood transition strategy.
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Guang, Lei, and Lu Zheng. "Migration as the Second-best Option: Local Power and Off-farm Employment." China Quarterly 181 (March 2005): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005000020.
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In the 1980s and 1990s, China experienced rapid labour transfer from agricultural to non-agricultural activities. Large numbers of Chinese villagers sought to escape low-status and unprofitable work in grain cultivation through migration or local off-farm employment. Although migrants generally earned higher wage income, they suffered from inferior work and living conditions compared to local off-farm workers. All things considered, we argue that migration was a second best option for the villagers which they chose only after they had failed to secure comparable local employment. Under such circumstances, political power in the rural area was expected to have a significant influence on the outcome of local off-farm employment. When the off-farm population (migrants and local off-farm workers) is further divided into wage labourers and entrepreneurs, it can be seen that local power worked differently in each case. Being from a cadre family had little impact on whether a wage worker stayed local or migrated, but entrepreneurs with political connections were more likely to stay in the local area. This conclusion contradicts the “market transition” theory that asserts marketization (measured by the presence of private entrepreneurial activities) nullifies the advantage of traditional power. It also qualifies the “power persistence” theory in that positional power seemed less relevant for the wage labourers than for the private entrepreneurs.
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Bhusal, Narayan P. "Demography, Land Utilization and Livelihoods in Sarangkot Village Development Committee of Kaski District, Nepal." Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education 13 (November 13, 2014): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v13i0.11543.
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Poverty alleviation has always remained as a major challenge for overall development in Nepal and Sarangkot Village Development Committee (VDC) in Kaski district also is under such circumstances where tourism and other off farm economic activities would be the successful vehicles for overall development. Availability of better demographic conditions, sustainable agricultural production system and proper utilization of existing resources for the development of off-farm economic activities are the important livelihood assets. It is in this light this paper is trying to present the demographic conditions, land use pattern, agricultural production from the cultivated land, livestock raising and food sufficiency from the production of land in Sarangkot VDC. As the survey result indicated that the food sufficiency from the production of land is not sufficient in order to maintain the livelihood conditions of the local people. Therefore, this paper also deals about the available off-farm economic activities that are supporting for the economic welfare of the people.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v13i0.11543The Third Pole Vol. 13, 2013page : 22-32
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Janvry, Alain de, and Elisabeth Sadoulet. "Income Strategies Among Rural Households in Mexico: The Role of Off-farm Activities." World Development 29, no. 3 (2001): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00113-3.
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Cheng, Fang, Haisen Zhang, and Nobeji S. Boniphace. "Determinants of Off-farm Employment Participation of Women in Rural Uganda." International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, no. 54 (April 20, 2019): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.54.28.41.
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Off-farm employment in rural areas can be a major contributor to rural poverty reduction and decent rural employment. While women are highly active in the agricultural sector, they are less active than men in off-farm employment. This study analyzes the determinants of participation in off-farm employment of women in rural Uganda. The study is based on a field survey conducted in nine districts with the sample size of 1200 individual females. A two-stage Hechman’s sample selection model was applied to capture women’s decision to participate and the level of participation in non-farm economic activities. Summary statistics of the survey data from rural Uganda shows that: i) poverty and non-farm employment has a strong correlation, implying the importance of non-farm employment as a means for poverty reduction; and ii) there is a large gender gap to access non-farm employment, but the gender gap has been significantly reduced from group of older age to younger generation. The econometric results finds that the following factors have a significant influence on women’s participation in off-farm employment: education level of both the individual and household head (positive in both stages); women’s age (negative in both stages); female-headed household (negative in first stage); household head of polygamous marriage (negative in both stages); distance from major town (negative in the first stage); household size (positive in the second stage); dependency ratio (negative in the second stage); access to and use of government extension services (positive in the first stage); access to and use of an agricultural loan (negative in the second stage); and various district dummies variables. The implications of these findings suggest that those policies aimed at enhancing the identified determinants of women off-farm employment can promote income-generating opportunities for women groups in comparable contexts. In order to capitalize on these positive linkages, policies should be designed to improve skills and knowledge by providing education opportunities and increasing access to employment training, assistance services and loans for non-farm activities and by targeting women in female-headed, large and distant households. The government should increase investments in public infrastructure and services, such as roads, telecommunications and emergency support.
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Jamal, Haroon. "Explanation of Off-farm Work Participation in Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 2 (1995): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i2pp.139-148.
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The role of off-farrn employment in augmenting household fann income in the developing countries is of special significance, given the land and water resource constraints and the alanning. rate of population growth. This study focuses on the rural household in Pakistan in an effort to understand the economic and social factors that affect off-farm work participation of male household members in the rural areas. The data are derived from the cross-section survey carried out by the International Food Policy Research Institute for the year 1986-87 as a panel study of rural households. The parameters of the model are estimated using the standard maximum likelihood Tobit approach. Most of the results are consistent with the findings in other developing countries. The results confirm that the level of human capital plays an important role in making decisions providing for labour in off-fann work activities. The study also highlights the fact that fann-to-market roads and village electrification are some of the development strategies vital to encourage participation in off-farm work.
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Wauters, Erwin, Yann de Mey, Frankwin van Winsen, Steven Van Passel, Mark Vancauteren, and Ludwig Lauwers. "Farm household risk balancing: implications for policy from an EU perspective." Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 4 (2015): 450–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-04-2015-0017.
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Purpose – Building on the risk balancing theory and on recent discussions the appropriateness of using farm income maximization as behavioural assumption, this paper extends the risk balancing framework by accounting for business-household interactions. The purpose of this paper is to theoretically introduce the concept of farm household risk balancing, a theoretical framework in which the farm household sets a constraint on the total household-level risk and balances farm-level and off-farm-level risk. Design/methodology/approach – The paper argues that the risk behaviour of farmers is better understood by considering risk at the household level. Using an analytical framework, equations are derived linking the farm activities, off-farm activities, consumption and business and private liquidity. Findings – The framework shows that a farm household that wants to minimize the risk that total household cash flow falls below consumption needs, may exhibit a wide variety of behavioural responses to changes in the policy and economic environment. Social implications – The framework suggests multiple ways for policy makers and individual farmers to support risk management. Originality/value – Risk management is at the core of the agricultural policy and it is of paramount importance to be able to understand behavioural responses to market and policy instruments. This paper contributes to that by suggesting that the focus of current risk analysis and management studies may be too narrowly focused at the farm level.
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Kassaw, Hawlet Mohammed, Zewdu Berhanie, and Getachew Alemayehu. "Determinants of farm level market supply of tomatoes in Fogera district, South Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology 14, no. 2 (2021): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v14i2.5.
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This research attempted to analyze the determinants of market supply of tomato in Fogera district, South Gondar zone, Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Tomatoes generate income for the poor farmers of Ethiopia. Primary and secondary data were collected. The primary data was generated though a household survey (N=235), a pre-tested structured questionnaire and a key informant interview using a checklist. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression model. The model results showed livestock ownership, size of land allocated for tomato, access to credit, income from non-farm/off-farm activities and use of improved seed significantly affected quantity of tomato supplied to the market. The findings indicated the need to encourage off/non-farm income activities, strengthen access to improved varieties of tomato, use technologies that can improve the production and productivity of tomato, and expand the access to credit.
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Biland, Mazhar, Alam Zeb, Ayat Ullah, and Harald Kaechele. "Why Do Households Depend on the Forest for Income? Analysis of Factors Influencing Households’ Decision-Making Behaviors." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 9419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169419.
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Using survey information of 150 randomly selected households across 21 villages of the forest-rich district of Swat, Pakistan, this study assessed households’ decision-making behaviors in depending on income from nearby forested land using socio-economic attributes. The evidence from the study may aid in making the existing policies be better targeted toward families that depend on the forest for income. Descriptive statistics and econometric techniques such as logit and tobit were used to analyze the data. Respondent households obtained the highest share of their income from off-farm activities (37%) and least from forest activities (16%). Fuelwood constitutes the biggest share (66%) of forest income, followed by medical plants (20%) and fodder (13%). We found that households with more physical assets, more family members working in off-farm jobs, and households earning more income from off-farm jobs were significantly and negatively associated with households’ decision to depend on forest income and total income obtained. We also found that households with less distance to the market and membership to joint forest management committees (JFMCs) were significantly and negatively associated with households’ total income obtained. However, household size was significantly and positively related to households’ decision of forest dependency. The study recommends the creation of off-farm opportunities and inclusion of local people in the management of forests through establishment of JFMCs, particularly for large and poor families.
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Han, Wenjing, Zhengfeng Zhang, Xiaoling Zhang, and Li He. "Farmland Rental Participation, Agricultural Productivity, and Household Income: Evidence from Rural China." Land 10, no. 9 (2021): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090899.
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The rural land rental market is playing an increasingly important role in the agricultural transformation period for developing countries, including China, where rural farmland rental is highly context-specific with the implementation of the collective-owned rural land system; thus, in turn, the access to farmland rental markets for rural households has profoundly influenced their livelihood strategies and income earnings. This paper investigates the income impact differences caused by rural households’ farmland rental participation activities and explores such impact mechanisms by further evaluating the income impacts caused by rental area and household agricultural productivity. Data from the Chinese national household survey were used for estimating the empirical models. Our results show that farmland renting has positively affected households’ on-farm and total income, but there is no significant effect upon off-farm income. According to income differences across quantiles, we find households with high on-farm income are more sensitive about enlarging their farm size by renting farmland, and households with middle and upper-middle off-income may benefit more from renting out their farmland. Furthermore, the joint effects of renting area and household agricultural productivity on lessee households’ farm income is significantly positive. For lessor households, our results indicate that renting out farmland did not improve their off-farm and total income as it may have a limited effect on farm household labor distribution. Our findings suggest that engaging in farmland rental activity can enhance farming productivity efficiency and poverty alleviation among rural households. Under the collective-owned rural land system, it is urgent and necessary to initiate and design incentive policies to encourage highly efficient large farms to expand the farm size and provide smallholders with equal opportunities to engage in farmland rental activities.
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Bojnec, Štefan, and Kristina Knific. "Farm Household Income Diversification as a Survival Strategy." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (2021): 6341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116341.
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The analyses focus on the structural change in agriculture and farm households for the selected hilly and mountainous areas in Slovenia before and after the accession to the European Union, with an emphasis on empirical analysis of a sample of income diversification of rural households in the census years, and the importance of self-employment for farm households’ well-being and food security. A t-test was applied to investigate the differences of arithmetic means between the two municipalities and between the two census years, and an F-test with analysis of variance was used for the differences of arithmetic means between four socioeconomic types of agricultural households (AHs). The number of farm households has declined with heterogeneous patterns according to their socioeconomic type and their location areas according to the level of economic development and natural farming conditions. Farm exits do not necessarily mean discontinuation of other nonfarming activities at a household. While the number of farm households leaving farming has increased, there has also been an increase in farm households engaged in other gainful activity such as supplementary farm activities and in off-farm employment and off-farm incomes. Income from farming for most households is not sufficient for survival, and therefore, diversification of income for households is imminent. Diversification of income from self-employment is important for more than one-third of households that maintain agri-food production for the market. Income from self-employment is an important source of income for household well-being and for investment in agricultural production to improve incomes from farming activities. Expansion of self-employment impacts the lack of time, business risks, and lack of interest of households to expand the business by renting external sources.
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Zhao, J. "Rural income diversification patterns and their determinants in China." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 5 (2014): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/97/2013-agricecon.
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The article investigates the major rural income diversification patterns and their determinants in the context of China. Based on the data from a rural household survey, we first categorize the rural income diversification patterns according to the industry and the location in which the income is generated. Then we apply a Bayesian multinomial probit model to examine the determinants of various types of the rural income diversification. The major results demonstrate that a larger family size stimulates households to undertake various income diversification patterns, but its effects are discounted by an unproductive population structure within the household. Another interesting discovery is that a rural household chooses its income diversification pattern by referring to the surrounding neighbourhood; when most farm families depend on off-farm activities to boost their income, the individual household is more likely to follow the surrounding households by participating in the off-farm or mixed income activities or to migrate out to earn its income.  
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Khanal, Aditya R., and Ashok K. Mishra. "Financial performance of small farm business households: the role of internet." China Agricultural Economic Review 8, no. 4 (2016): 553–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-12-2014-0147.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of internet usage on financial performance of small farm business households in the USA. In particular, the authors want to assess the impact of internet usage on small farm businesses, where the owner’s main occupation is farming. Using a nationwide farm-level data in the USA and a non-parametric matching estimator, the study finds a significant positive impact of internet usage on gross cash income, total household income, off-farm income. The study further suggests that small farm businesses receive benefits from internet usage as it facilitates reduction in income risk through off-farm income sources, as well as a reduction in marketing and storage costs; households’ non-farm transportation and vehicle leasing expenses. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors use the “nearest neighbors” matching method in treatment evaluation, developed by Abadie and Imbens (2002). In this method, a weighting index is applied to all observations and “nearest neighbors” are identified (Abadie et al., 2004). Although matching estimation through the nearest neighbor method does not require probit or logit model estimation per se, the authors have estimated a probit model because it allows the authors to check the balancing property and to analyze the association of included variables with the likelihood of internet use. Findings The study suggests that small farm business households using the internet are better off in terms of total household income and off-farm income. As compared to the control group (which is counterfactual, representation of small farm businesses not using the internet), small farm businesses using the internet earn about $24,000-$26,000 more in total household income and about $27,000-$28,000 more in off-farm income. Also, small farm businesses using the internet earn about $4,100-$4,900 more in gross cash farm income compared to their counterpart. The estimate of ATT for NFI is not different from zero. However, gross cash farm revenue increased significantly. Practical implications To this end internet can provide an important role in information gathering. Internet is one of the convenient means to access and exchange information. Information and communication facilitation through internet have opened up new areas of commerce, social networking, information gathering, and recreational activities beyond a geographical bound. Producers and consumers can take advantages of internet in both collaborative and competitive aspects in economic activities as it can reduce the information asymmetries among economic agents. Social implications Farmers will seek assistance in interpreting data and applying information to their farming operations, via the internet. Therefore, it is essential that land grant universities continue to improve the delivery of electronic extension and provide information in a clear and concise manner. Originality/value Studies in farm households have mainly investigated factors influencing internet adoption, purchasing patterns through internet, internet use, and applications. In most cases, impact analyses of communication and information technologies such as internet in agricultural businesses are discussed with references to large scale farm businesses. Thus, the authors know very little about access to the internet when it comes to small farm businesses and small farm households and about how it impacts well-being of small farm households.
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Amey, Janet, and Grant Christey. "Farm injury resulting in hospital admission: a review of farm work and non-farm work-related injury." Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 4 (2019): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19049.
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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONOccupational health on farms is important because farms are not only workplaces where agriculture workers are vulnerable to high injury and fatality rates, they are also homes where families and visitors undertake a variety of activities that can result in injury. AIMTo profile and describe injuries requiring hospital admission that occurred on farms, both for injuries related to farming activities and injuries unrelated to farm work in the Midland region of New Zealand. METHODSA review of anonymised prospectively collected Midland trauma registry data from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2018 was undertaken. Cases include unintentional injuries occurring on a farm. Non-major injuries are included to better quantify the trauma burden. RESULTSIn total, 2303 hospital admissions met the study criteria. Non-major injury accounted for 93.1% of events and 45.0% of injuries occurred during farming activities. Five people died in hospital; all injured while undertaking farm work. Males made up 84.8% of farm work and 70.9% of non-farm work injuries. Horse riding had the highest number of injuries, with off-road motorcycles, livestock, falls and quad bike injuries comprising the most common injury activities and mechanisms. Farming-related major injuries commonly involved quad bikes, non-traffic vehicles and motorcycles. Farmers in the Districts of Waitomo, Rotorua, Waipa and Taupō had the highest standardised hospitalisation rates. DISCUSSIONThe nature of farms and farming exposes people to different risks from the risks people in urban areas are exposed to. Injury prevention efforts should remain on work-related farming injuries, but also encompass the high number of injuries that are not related to farm work but happening on farms.
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Lolig, Victor, Samuel A. Donkoh, Francis Kwabena Obeng, et al. "Households’ Coping Strategies in Drought- and Flood-Prone Communities in Northern Ghana." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 4 (2014): 542–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0542.
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This study seeks to explore stakeholders’ perceptions, causes, and effects of extreme climatic events, such as droughts and floods, in the Wa West District of Ghana’s Upper West Region. A multi-stage sampling procedure is used to select 184 respondents. Data collection methods include individual questionnaire administration, focus group discussions, and a stakeholders’ forum in the Wa West District Assembly. While frequencies are used to show respondents’ perceptions of the severity of climate change effects, a treatmenteffect model is used to determine the factors influencing farmers’ choices of on-farm coping strategies over off-farm activities in both periods of drought and flood. Findings are the following: farmers perceive that climate change is real and has severe consequences. Consequently, they resort to both on-farm and off-farm strategies to cope with the effects of climate change. While men mostly adopt the former, women adopt the latter. Both strategies are, however, not viable for taking them out of poverty, though offfarm activities are more effective. Education and extension services are other important factors influencing the choice of coping strategies as well as farmers’ welfare. Farmers must be supported with more viable income-earning activities, ones that can take them out of poverty. Women should be given priority. Access to education and extension services must also be stepped up to facilitate the adoption of the coping strategies and to increase welfare.
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Issa, Fadlullah Olayiwola. "Off-Farm Economic Activities of Rural Women for Household Food Security in Kaduna State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 23, no. 3 (2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v23i3.3.
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Anteneh Astatike, Ayana, and Ermias Ganamo Gazuma. "The Impact of Off-farm Activities on Rural Household Income in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia." Journal of World Economic Research 8, no. 1 (2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jwer.20190801.12.
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BONGERS, GHISLAINE, LUUK FLESKENS, GERRIE VAN DE VEN, DAVID MUKASA, KEN GILLER, and PIET VAN ASTEN. "DIVERSITY IN SMALLHOLDER FARMS GROWING COFFEE AND THEIR USE OF RECOMMENDED COFFEE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN UGANDA." Experimental Agriculture 51, no. 4 (2015): 594–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479714000490.
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SUMMARYMany smallholder farm systems in Uganda produce coffee as an important cash crop. Yet coffee yields are poor. To increase farmers’ production, a range of agronomic practices have been recommended by national and international agencies. Yet the adoption potential of recommendations differs between farm systems. To understand the differences in adoption potential of recommended coffee management practices in Uganda, we provide a typology of farm systems with coffee, assess the diversity between the farm types, and evaluate the current use of existing management recommendations for each farm type. Through factor analysis and cluster analysis of farms producing coffee, we identified five farm types: large coffee farms, farms with off-farm activities, coffee-dependent farms, diversified farms, and banana–coffee farms. The farm types were based on differences in size, and on the relative contributions of coffee, banana and off-farm labour to total household income. They also differ in the availability of the resources labour, land and cash, in coffee production and revenue, and in current use of most recommended practices. Qualitative analysis indicates that farm types have different constraints and opportunities to adopt recommendations. Our results highlight that an analysis of different farm systems with coffee production, a degree of definition beyond the ‘smallholder coffee farmer’ as a homogenous entity, is important in order to understand the scope for success or failure of recommended practices.
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Zhang, Linxiu, Yongqing Dong, Chengfang Liu, and Yunli Bai. "Off-farm employment over the past four decades in rural China." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 2 (2018): 190–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-11-2017-0212.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the trend of off-farm employment in rural China over the past four decades since the reform and opening-up. Design/methodology/approach Using two sets of panel survey data, the China National Rural Survey conducted in 2000 and 2008, and the China Rural Development Survey conducted in 2005, 2008, 2012 and 2016, this study offers a re-visit of China’s off-farm employment to give us the latest information about its evolution and whether rural labor markets have developed in a way that will allow them to facilitate the transformation of China’s economy more effectively. The evolution of off-farm employment is further examined through decomposition of types, destinations, industries, and population sub-groups as well as the change in the wage rate. Findings The data show the rapid increase in rural labor activities over the whole study period. Most notably, the authors findnd that a rapid rise in off-farm employment has continued even until after 2008 and into the mid-2010s, which is a time when some feared that macroeconomic conditions might keep rural residents on the farm or drive them back to the farm. In the disaggregation of labor market trends, the authors show that labor markets are acting consistently with an economy that is in transition from being dominated by agriculture to being dominated by other forms of production and with a population that is consistently becoming more urban. Originality/value The authors believe that the results will contribute positively to the exploration of answers to the question whether or not rural labor markets have developed in a way that will allow them to facilitate the transformation of China’s economy more effectively over the last four decades.
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Mazid, Ahmed, Kamil Shideed, and Ahmed Amri. "Assessment of on-farm conservation of dryland agrobiodiversity and its impact on rural livelihoods in the Fertile Crescent." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 29, no. 4 (2013): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000240.
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AbstractThe Fertile Crescent encompasses a mega-center of diversity of crops and livestock of global importance. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) coordinated a 5-year regional project funded by the Global Environment Facility to promotein situconservation of dryland agrobiodiversity in Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority and Syria. The project focused on conserving landraces and wild relatives ofAllium, Vicia, Trifolium, MedicagoandLathyrusspp. and barley, wheat, lentil and dryland fruit trees (olive, prune, pear, pistachio, almond, cherry and apricot). ICARDA and national programs assessed the status and importance of local agrobiodiversity by surveying 570 farm households in the project target areas including the characterization of their livelihood strategies, agrobiodiversity use and household income sources. A wealth index was created considering human, natural, financial, physical and social assets and was used to classify households into four wealth quartiles. The results indicated that agriculture and agrobiodiversity continue to be important for supporting the livelihoods of poor communities in dry and mountainous regions. The poorest households obtained their income from diverse sources including crop production, off-farm labor and government employment. However, households in the highest wealth grouping are mainly dependent on income from selling livestock products and live animals. They also practiced crop production, worked off-farm and took advantage of government employment. Off-farm income was important for livelihoods in all areas, representing 43–68% of household incomes. For all groups, fruit trees were generally more important than field crops for income generation, mainly in mountainous areas. The finding of this study showed that all farmers’ groups contribute greatly to on-farm conservation of landraces, with a bigger role for poor farmers in conserving the landraces of fruit trees. Diversification of income and farming systems to include livestock, field crops and fruit trees along with off-farm activities are contributing to the conservation of agrobiodiversity in these marginal environments. Several opportunities for income increase and diversification through add-value activities and alternative sources of income are demonstrated to the custodians of dryland agrobiodiversity. Their benefits can contribute to the sustainability of agrobiodiversity conservation, provided that marketing of local products can be enhanced.
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Adawiyah, Wildanur, and Anggraini Sukmawati. "Analisis Beban Kerja Sumber Daya Manusia dalam Aktivitas Produksi Komoditi Sayuran Selada (Studi Kasus: CV Spirit Wira Utama)." Jurnal Manajemen dan Organisasi 4, no. 2 (2016): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmo.v4i2.12619.
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<p><em>CV Spirit Wira Utama is a company that develops business model of agricultural (agribusiness) with hydroponic system without using greenhouse (open roof). The aims of this research are: (1) to identify the Human Resources Development working description in producing lettuce, and (2) to analyze the ideal number of employees based on employee workloads by counting Full Time Equivalent (FTE). Human Resources Development that supports in production process of lettuce commodity are divided into the involved in off-farm and on-farm activities. The off farm activities includes technique, production, finance and marketing. Otherwise, on farm activity includes garden employees. The result of the research shows working time of Human Resource Development has not been optimal. Furthermore, to reach the effectiveness and efficiency an alternative that can be carried out by a company is by combining the technique and production positions, job enlarging of finance and marketing positions, and improving the production phase of lettuce.</em></p><p class="Paragraf"><em>Keywords</em><em>: employee needs,</em><em> FTE, hydroponic,</em><em> lettuce</em><em>, workload analysis</em><em></em></p>
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Abdieva, Raziiakhan, Burulcha Sulaimanova, and Kamalbek Karymshakov. "Gender differences, risk attitude and entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan." Economics and Business Letters 8, no. 1 (2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.8.1.2019.17-30.
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This study analyses the role of risk attitude for entrepreneurship by gender differences in Kyrgyzstan. Logit analysis is applied to the cross-sectional data set drawn from the nationally representative survey for 2011. Entrepreneurship is measured by the self-employment activities and analysed by the agricultural and non-agricultural sample. Results of the study show that more risk-taking preferences are associated with higher entrepreneurship probability. However, this effect is not persistent for women in further estimations for non-agricultural entrepreneurship sample, while for men higher positive effect of risk loving behavior remains in off-farm self-employment too. These findings underline the existing difference in risk tolerance by gender in non-agricultural employment. Movement of women from farm to off-farm entrepreneurship may not necessarily require risk loving characteristics. However, further analysis of this difference should take into account potential difference of necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs by gender.
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Irawan, Evi. "Adoption Model of Falcataria-Based Farm Forestry: A Duration Analysis Approach." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 17, no. 1 (2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v17i1.1633.
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Integrating perennial plant, such as Falcataria moluccana, in farming system can provide economic and environmental benefits, especially in marginal areas. Indonesian governments at all levels have been employing a number of efforts to speed-up adoption of tree planting on farm. However, the establishment of farm forestry on private land in Indonesia, especially in Java, is widely varied. While the farm forestry in some locations has been well adopted, the farmers or land users in other location are reluctant to adopt them, although the traits of farmers and farm land in both locations are similar. Most adoption studies have employed cross-sectional data in a static discrete choice modeling framework to analyze why some farmers adopt at a certain point in time. The static approach does not consider the dynamic environment in which the adoption decision is made and thus does not incorporate speed of adoption. The information of adoption speed of an innovation is important in designing extension policies as well as reengineering innovations in order to align with socio-economic conditions of the farmers. Based on data from a survey of a random sample of 117 smallholder households in Wonosobo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, this study investigated determinants of time to adoption of farm forestry using duration analysis. Results revealed that factors that accelerate the adoption varied include age of household head, level of education of household head, off-farm employment and output price. Older farmers tend to adopt faster than the younger farmers. The other interesting findings are that off-farm employment and membership to farmers group are two most influential factors in speeding-up adoption of Falcataria-based farm forestry. The policy implications of this research are that government should design policies that promote farmers’ participation in off-farm income activities and strengthening farmer groups in addition to extension services and timber markets.
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E.I, Ogueri, Unaeze H.C, Odok G.N., et al. "Effects of Livelihood Sustenance Activities on Off-Farm Income of Poultry Farmers in IMO State, Nigeria." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 3, no. 4 (2018): 1461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.4.43.
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Mulia, Rachmat, Elisabeth Simelton, Tan Quang Nguyen, and Magnus Jirström. "Non-Farm Activities and Impacts beyond the Economy of Rural Households in Vietnam: A Review and Link to Policies." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810182.
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Rural households in Asian developing countries such as Vietnam have been participating in non-farm activities for decades, yet impacts beyond the economy of these households are little understood. Using evidence from available literature and two case studies from rural Vietnam, this paper exposes a range of socio-cultural impacts of non-farm activities. An increased social tension driven by a widening economic gap between poor and better-off households or ethnic majority and minority groups was the most frequently reported impact in the literature. The case studies reveal additional impacts, notably those associated with public security, preservation of local culture, and safety of farm households with migrants during and following climate-related disasters. An increasing number of young migrants who exited family farms to access non-farm jobs partially led to the latter two impacts. The rural development and poverty reduction policies of Vietnam enacted in the past two decades (2000–2020) that promoted livelihood diversification had limited measures addressing socio-cultural impacts of non-farm activities. An amendment of these two categories of policies for the implementation beyond 2020 or a strengthened synergy in implementation with other categories of policy such as social policies is necessary to ensure sustainable rural development in Vietnam.
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SHIVAKOTI, GANESH P., and SURENDRA B. THAPA. "Farmers' perceptions of participation and institutional effectiveness in the management of mid-hill watersheds in Nepal." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 5 (2005): 665–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0500238x.
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In the mid-hills of Nepal, as in many developing countries, gradually developing urban centers and increasing demand for agricultural produce, due to population growth and early development activities, have persuaded farm households to reorient their subsistence farming to become farm systems growing surplus food to be sold in the markets. To cope with these changes, institutions play an important role and, for these institutions to be effective, farmers must perceive their participation as not being coerced. Their participation is influenced by individual household characteristics and proximity to support services and markets. Our main findings from the analysis of household surveys based on the level of market participation included: (1) the education level and amount of training attended by family members are influencing social variables, while farm size and gross farm income are dominant economic variables influencing household participation and perceived institutional effectiveness; (2) these variations revealed significant differences in the levels of market economy for household participation and institutional effectiveness within the watershed; and (3) the factor analysis further categorized several socioeconomic variables into three major factors explaining household participation and institutional effectiveness; these included labor quality and resources, supplementary income coming from migration and off-farm activities, and awareness and modern skills acquired by farm household members living within the watershed.
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Andriani, Evi. "INCOME SOURCES ANALYSIS OF OIL PALM FARMERS." Jurnal AGRISEP 16, no. 2 (2017): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.16.2.145-154.
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This study aims to analyse and estimate farmers income derived from inside and outside the oil palm estate to the land conversion activities of palm oil. This research was conducted in Taba Gemantung village, sub-district of Merigi Sakti, Bengkulu Tengah. Sample of 37 farmers selected randomly. The analyse method used is descriptive kuantitatif. Farm income estimated by substacting total revenue with total cost. The result show that (1). Two sources f oil palm income from agriculture sectors namely, paddy field and farm labors if they do not have palm estate, (2). non agriculture income sources are builder, employees, self employed and business stalls, (3). average farm income Rp 49.641.081 per year, and (4). average off-farm income average was equal to Rp 59.954.000 yearsKeywords: palm oil, the income of farmers
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Khaemba, Protas Fwamba, Philomena Muiruri, and Thomas Kibutu. "An Investigation of Coping Strategies Adopted by Small-Scale Sugarcane Growers in Bungoma County, Kenya." East African Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 1 (2021): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.3.1.307.
Full textAbstract:
This paper reports on one of the findings of a study undertaken to investigate the coping strategies used by small-scale sugarcane growers in Bungoma County, Kenya. A descriptive survey design was used. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in the selection of the divisions, villages, key respondents, and sugarcane farmers to be interviewed. Primary data were collected using questionnaires from 100 small-scale sugarcane growers’ household heads from Bumula Sub-County. Data were collected during the month of December 2016. Qualitative data collected were analysed thematically. Quantitative data was analysed using regression in SPSS version 23 and Microsoft Excel. Results from small-scale sugarcane farmers in Bumula Sub-County revealed a declining farmers’ participation in sugarcane farming activities in the area. Coping strategies identified included off-farm income-generating activities, sale of sugarcane by-products and non-contracted cane farming. Significance test qualification was based on a percentage of adjusted R2 and within 0.3 to 0.7 ranges for Beta weight value. The correlation coefficient (R-value) for the model was 0.362, indicating a moderately positive relationship between variables. The coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 0.284 (28.4%). Adopted coping strategies accounted for 28.4% variability in the declining farmers’ participation in sugarcane farming. This result suggests the existence of other factors that explain the remaining 71.6% of the variation in the declining farmers’ participation. Farmers should enhance both on-farm and off-farm income-generating activities, sugarcane by-products value addition, and non-contracted cane farming in order to reverse the outcome and result in an enhanced farmers’ participation in sugarcane farming activities by 36.2%
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Khaemba, Protas Fwamba, Philomena Muiruri, and Thomas Kibutu. "An Investigation of Coping Strategies Adopted by Small-Scale Sugarcane Growers in Bungoma County, Kenya." East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (2021): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajis.3.1.310.
Full textAbstract:
This paper reports on one of the findings of a study undertaken to investigate the coping strategies used by small-scale sugarcane growers in Bungoma County, Kenya. A descriptive survey design was used. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in the selection of the divisions, villages, key respondents, and sugarcane farmers to be interviewed. Primary data were collected using questionnaires from 100 small-scale sugarcane growers’ household heads from Bumula Sub-County. Data were collected during the month of December 2016. Qualitative data collected were analysed thematically. Quantitative data was analysed using regression in SPSS version 23 and Microsoft Excel. Results from small-scale sugarcane farmers in Bumula Sub-County revealed a declining farmers’ participation in sugarcane farming activities in the area. Coping strategies identified included off-farm income-generating activities, sale of sugarcane by-products and non-contracted cane farming. Significance test qualification was based on a percentage of adjusted R2 and within 0.3 to 0.7 ranges for Beta weight value. The correlation coefficient (R-value) for the model was 0.362, indicating a moderately positive relationship between variables. The coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 0.284 (28.4%). Adopted coping strategies accounted for 28.4% variability in the declining farmers’ participation in sugarcane farming. This result suggests the existence of other factors that explain the remaining 71.6% of the variation in the declining farmers’ participation. Farmers should enhance both on-farm and off-farm income-generating activities, sugarcane by-products value addition, and non-contracted cane farming in order to reverse the outcome and result in an enhanced farmers’ participation in sugarcane farming activities by 36.2%