Academic literature on the topic 'Off-gas temperature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Off-gas temperature"
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Dose, Eric V. "Off-line optimization of gas chromatographic temperature programs." Analytical Chemistry 59, no. 19 (1987): 2420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00146a021.
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Mazzoni, Stefano, Srithar Rajoo, and Alessandro Romagnoli. "A boil-off gas utilization for improved performance of heavy duty gas turbines in combined cycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 233, no. 1 (2018): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650918772658.
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The storage of the natural gas under liquid phase is widely adopted and one of the intrinsic phenomena occurring in liquefied natural gas is the so-called boil-off gas; this consists of the regasification of the natural gas due to the ambient temperature and loss of adiabacity in the storage tank. As the boil-off occurs, the so-called cold energy is released to the surrounding environment; such a cold energy could potentially be recovered for several end-uses such as cooling power generation, air separation, air conditioning, dry-ice manufacturing and conditioning of inlet air at the compressor of gas turbine engines. This paper deals with the benefit corresponding to the cooling down of the inlet air temperature to the compressor, by means of internal heat transfer recovery from the liquefied natural gas boil-off gas cold energy availability. The lower the compressor inlet temperature, the higher the gas turbine performance (power and efficiency); the exploitation of the liquefied natural gas boil-off gas cold energy also corresponds to a higher amount of air flow rate entering the cycle which plays in favour of the bottoming heat recovery steam generator and the related steam cycle. Benefit of this solution, in terms of yearly work and gain increase have been established by means of ad hoc developed component models representing heat transfer device (air/boil-off gas) and heavy duty 300 MW gas turbine. For a given ambient temperature variability over a year, the results of the analysis have proven that the increase of electricity production and efficiency due to the boil-off gas cold energy recovery has finally yield a revenue increase of 600,000€/year.
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MOHAMMAD, Abbas Khalaf, and Nawras Shareef SABEEH. "KINETICS OF HYDROGEN SEPARATION FROM REFINERY OFF-GAS." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 11, no. 3 (2019): 396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v11i3.568.
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Adsorption and desorption kinetic curves for equimolar hydrogen – methane mixture on molecular sieve type 5A were experimentally obtained for pressure range 0.122 – 3.546 MPa.The linear driving force rate expression model was used to simulate the dynamic of adsorption and desorption in adiabatic fixed bed adsorber. The model takes into account the interference effects for non-linear isotherms and non-isothermal system. The equations were solved by backward finite difference method with a fixed gridding technique. The individual mass transfer parameters were obtained by matching the theoretical with the experimental data and found to be equal to 8.510 s-1 and 0.783 s-1 for hydrogen and methane, respectively.The predicted effluent histories were shown to be in close agreement with the experimental data for the system. The lowest relative capacity of the bed for methane was almost approximately 95% of that predicted equilibrium capacity. The predicted temperature profiles tracked the experimental temperature data points, but with higher values. Furthermore, the maximum temperature increasing was observed for the adsorption of methane onto 5A molecular sieve at 35 atmospheres and was recorded as 44 K.
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Wang, Fei, Liang Zhao, Peng He, and Xue Zeng Zhao. "Effect of Temperature on Oil-Gas Separation in Membrane Separation Based Transformer On-Line Monitoring." Advanced Materials Research 211-212 (February 2011): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.211-212.389.
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In the same conditions, the transformer on-line monitoring and off-line chromatographic analysis should be consistent, but the actual on-line monitoring is effected by the ambient temperature to make it is different from the off-line chromatographic measurement. this paper analyzes the theory of oil-gas separation, and develops a gas-oil separation test platform first, conducts an experiment about the changes of temperature based on the device, and then compares with the data of off-line measurement, gets the law of temperature affection on the oil-gas separation process, Finally gives the reason of influence of ambient temperature on oil-gas separation in on-line monitoring.
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Widodo, Slamet, and Goib Wiranto. "LIFT OFF PROCESS ON FABRICATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) GAS SENSOR DEVICES." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 10, no. 2 (2016): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.10.2.540.173-185.
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<p>This paper discuss the design and fabrication of microdevice to be used as platform for CO (Carbon monoxide) gas sensor based on tin dioxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>). The device has been designed on silicon substrate with an active area of 3x3 mm<sup>2</sup>, and it is consist of bonding pad, heater, electrode, and temperature sensor components. The minimum feature size used is 50 microns, as allowed by the capability of photolithographic process. The formation of microdevice structure was carried out by lift-off technique on platinum (Pt) layer, which was deposited by DC sputtering with aluminum (Al) as sacrificial layer. The overall chip dimension is 5x5 mm<sup>2</sup>. The measurement that was conducted to study the characteristic of resistance asfunction of temperature has shown that the heater and temperature sensor elements could work as expected, in which their resistances change linearly as the temperature of the substrate increase by 20 – 200 °C. The resistance values of the heater increase 500 – 1000 ohm. Meanwhile, the resistance increasing for temperatur sensor is between 100 – 300 ohm. </p>
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Widodo, Slamet, and Goib Wiranto. "LIFT OFF PROCESS ON FABRICATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) GAS SENSOR DEVICES." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 10, no. 2 (2016): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.v10i2.540.
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<p>This paper discuss the design and fabrication of microdevice to be used as platform for CO (Carbon monoxide) gas sensor based on tin dioxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>). The device has been designed on silicon substrate with an active area of 3x3 mm<sup>2</sup>, and it is consist of bonding pad, heater, electrode, and temperature sensor components. The minimum feature size used is 50 microns, as allowed by the capability of photolithographic process. The formation of microdevice structure was carried out by lift-off technique on platinum (Pt) layer, which was deposited by DC sputtering with aluminum (Al) as sacrificial layer. The overall chip dimension is 5x5 mm<sup>2</sup>. The measurement that was conducted to study the characteristic of resistance asfunction of temperature has shown that the heater and temperature sensor elements could work as expected, in which their resistances change linearly as the temperature of the substrate increase by 20 – 200 °C. The resistance values of the heater increase 500 – 1000 ohm. Meanwhile, the resistance increasing for temperatur sensor is between 100 – 300 ohm. </p>
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Lanzerstorfer, Christof. "OFF-GAS DESULFURIZATION WITH SODIUM BICARBONATE FOR IRON ORE SINTER PLANTS: INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE OFF-GAS TEMPERATURE." MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (2017): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.32.1625.
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Lelievre, C., C. A. Pickles, and S. Hultgren. "Plasma-Augmented Fluidized Bed Gasification of Sub-bituminous Coal in CO2–O2 Atmospheres." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 1 (2016): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0162.
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AbstractThe gasification of a sub-bituminous coal using CO2–O2 gas mixtures was studied in a plasma-augmented fluidized bed gasifier. Firstly, the coal was chemically characterized and the gasification process was examined using Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) in CO2, O2 and at a CO2 to O2 ratio of 3 to 1. Secondly, the equilibrium gas compositions were obtained using the Gibbs free energy minimization method (HSC Chemistry®7). Thirdly, gasification tests were performed in a plasma-augmented fluidized bed and the off-gas temperatures and compositions were determined. Finally, for comparison purposes, control tests were conducted using a conventional fluidized bed coal gasifier and these results were compared to those achieved in the plasma-augmented fluidized bed gasifier. The effects of bed temperature and CO2 to O2 ratio were studied. For both gasifiers, at a given bed temperature, the off-gas compositions were in general agreement with the equilibrium values. Also, for both gasifiers, an experimental CO2 to O2 ratio of about 3 to 1 resulted in the highest syngas grade (%CO + %H2). Both higher off-gas temperatures and syngas grades could be achieved in the plasma-augmented gasifier, in comparison to the conventional gasifier. These differences were attributed to the higher bed temperatures in the plasma-augmented fluidized bed gasifier.
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Xin, Jun, Wen Tong Yang, Bo Yang Zhao, and Guo Ping An. "Design of Interior Off-Line Temperature Detector for the Ultrahigh Pressure Vessel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1206.
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The gas temperature in vessel will be significantly increased according to the aeration speed and pressure during the aeration or deflation for the ultrahigh pressure vessel. Due to the restriction of air tightness and structure for the ultrahigh pressure vessel, it is difficult to measure the gas temperature by adopting the traditional measurement method without change of the vessel structure. In this paper, a new type interior off-line temperature detector is designed to measure the gas temperature in vessel. The power, temperature sensors, processor, memory and human-computer communication module is linear arranged in the circuit board, which ensure that the temperature detector can be putted inside the ultrahigh pressure vessel through the vessel inlet of diameter Ø25mm. The experiment results show that the gas temperature in vessel can be effectively measured by adopting the interior off-line temperature detector without change of the vessel structure.
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Sanaye, Sepehr, and Salahadin Hosseini. "Off-design performance improvement of twin-shaft gas turbine by variable geometry turbine and compressor besides fuel control." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 234, no. 7 (2019): 957–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919887888.
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A novel procedure for finding the optimum values of design parameters of industrial twin-shaft gas turbines at various ambient temperatures is presented here. This paper focuses on being off design due to various ambient temperatures. The gas turbine modeling is performed by applying compressor and turbine characteristic maps and using thermodynamic matching method. The gas turbine power output is selected as an objective function in optimization procedure with genetic algorithm. Design parameters are compressor inlet guide vane angle, turbine exit temperature, and power turbine inlet nozzle guide vane angle. The novel constrains in optimization are compressor surge margin and turbine blade life cycle. A trained neural network is used for life cycle estimation of high pressure (gas generator) turbine blades. Results for optimum values for nozzle guide vane/inlet guide vane (23°/27°–27°/6°) in ambient temperature range of 25–45 ℃ provided higher net power output (3–4.3%) and more secured compressor surge margin in comparison with that for gas turbines control by turbine exit temperature. Gas turbines thermal efficiency also increased from 0.09 to 0.34% (while the gas generator turbine first rotor blade creep life cycle was kept almost constant about 40,000 h). Meanwhile, the averaged values for turbine exit temperature/turbine inlet temperature changed from 831.2/1475 to 823/1471°K, respectively, which shows about 1% decrease in turbine exit temperature and 0.3% decrease in turbine inlet temperature.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Off-gas temperature"
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Saito, Hiroshi Harlan. "Effects of temperature and heating rate on off-gas composition and pyrene removal from an artifically-contaminated soil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11060.
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Nyawo, Talent. "Design of a rotary valve for pressurised steam." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192859.
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Denna rapport är gjord på ett examensarbete som var utfört på uppdrag av det svenska företaget Ranotor AB. Syftet var att utveckla en konceptuell lösning för en rotationsventil som skall fungera i en miljö med hög temperatur och högt tryck. Ventilen skall arbeta under höga rotationshastigheter, vilket kräver korta öppettider.Tekniska hjälpmedel såsom SolidWorks, ANSYS och MATLAB användes för att modellera och analysera de konceptuella lösningarna. Slutlösningen valdes från ett flertal olika koncept, varpå detta vidareutvecklades och optimerades. Betydande material och gastätningslösningar identifierades och utvärderades för att hitta den bästa lösningen. Optimering av individuella komponenter och hela anordningen gjordes med avseende på spänning, termisk- och dynamisk analys. De givna specifikationerna uppfylldes och resultaten var tillfredsställande. Resultaten ger en teoretisk bas för vidareutveckling och applicering av en rotationsventil in en miljö med hög temperatur och högt tryck.<br>This Master thesis is a project commissioned by the Swedish company Ranotor AB. The objective of this thesis is to develop a conceptual solution for a rotary valve mechanism that has to work efficiently in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment. The valve is to operate at high rotational speeds which calls for very short opening time.Modern engineering tools namely Solidworks, Ansys and Matlab, were employed for modelling and analysis of the conceptual solution.The best design solution was selected from three developed concepts, and the selected concept was further developed and optimized. Major material candidates and gas-tight sealing solution were identified and evaluated and the optimal material and seal design was chosen. Optimization of the individual components as well as the whole assembly was performed based on stress, thermal and dynamic analysis. The given design specifications and functions were fulfilled and the results were satisfactory. The obtained results provide a theoretical foundation for the development and application of a rotary valve in high-temperature and high-pressure environment.
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Leray, Alexis. "Identification des mécanismes physico-chimiques impliqués dans le post-traitement plasma des gaz d'échappement et études comparatives des différentes technologies plasma." Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2049.
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Le nouveau mode de combustion HCCI est adapté pour réduire les émissions d’oxydes d’azote et de particules fines issues de moteurs Diesel afin de respecter les futures normes d’émission Euro de plus en plus drastiques. Ce type de combustion se traduit par l’augmentation des émissions de monoxyde de carbone et des hydrocarbures et par une faible température des gaz d’échappement retardant ainsi leur conversion par le catalyseur d’oxydation Diesel (DOC). C’est dans ce contexte environnemental et économique que le couplage plasma-catalyseur apparait comme une solution intéressante afin d’améliorer l’efficacité du traitement des gaz d’échappement Diesel. Cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude du couplage d’un plasma non-thermique de type décharge à barrière diélectrique (DBD) et d’un catalyseur d’oxydation Diesel (Pt-Pd/Al2O3) pour le traitement de mélanges gazeux représentatifs d’un échappement de moteur Diesel HCCI (O2-NO-H2O-CO-CO2-CH4-C3H6- C7H8-C10H22-N2). Les expériences avec un réacteur plasma pilote ont été menées sur deux bancs expérimentaux : le premier à l’échelle laboratoire en vue de comprendre la physico-chimie impliquant le plasma et le catalyseur avec une attention particulière pour les sous-produits de réaction, et le second à l’échelle industriel afin de déterminer l’efficacité et la faisabilité d’un tel couplage dans les conditions de débit et de température les plus proches possibles de celles rencontrées en sortie moteur véhicule. L’étude menée en fonction de la puissance injectée dans le milieu, la VVH, la température des gaz, ainsi que la nature du cycle de roulage a permis de montrer l’efficacité du plasma pour abaisser de façon significative la température d’activation du DOC pour l’oxydation de CO et des hydrocarbures. Aussi, la présence du plasma en amont du DOC a permis, sur un cycle NEDC simulé, une réduction de 68% et 42% des masses de CO et des hydrocarbures émis en accord avec la norme Euro6 (2014). L’efficacité du plasma pour l’oxydation des hydrocarbures et de NO à basse température dans ces conditions de débits élevés (jusqu’à 900 Lmin−1 sur le cycle NEDC) a été confirmée et les principaux produits de réaction identifiés et quantifiés<br>The new HCCI combustion mode is well adapted to improve nitrogen oxide and particulate matter reduction from Diesel engine in order to meet future emission regulations adopted in the Euro zone. However, HCCI engines emit relatively high amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide due to lower engine exhaust temperature increasing the catalyst light-off time and decreasing the average efficiency of the Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). In this environmental and economic context, the combination of plasma with DOC has been considered especially for intermittent use during the cold start. The thesis presents the combination of nonthermal plasma upstream Diesel oxidation catalyst (Pt-Pd/Al2O3) applied to the treatment of simulating Diesel HCCI exhaust gas (O2-NO-H2O-CO-CO2-CH4-C3H6-C7H8-C10H22-N2). The studies were conducted at atmospheric pressure with a pilot-scale dielectric barrier discharge reactor (DBD) on two experimental devices. The first is a laboratory scale set-up (low flow rate : 20 Lmin−1) used to understand the physico-chemical involving the plasma and the catalyst by focusing on the by-products reactions. The second is an industrial scale (gas flow rate up to 260 Lmin−1) used to study the feasibility and the efficiency of the plasma-DOC system under conditions similar to those encountered in Diesel exhaust engine. The effects of the plasma, the DOC and the plasma-DOC systems on the exhaust gas have been investigated under various conditions. The main contribution of the plasma was to give a « thermal » and a chemical « push » to the DOC resulting in the decrease of light-off temperature for CO and HC oxidation. These improvements were shown to depend on the treatment conditions (injected energy i.e. energy density, space velocity, gas temperature and nature of the driving cycle). It is shown that for a simulated European Driving Cycle (NEDC), the combination of plasma upstream DOC reduces the cumulative mass of CO and hydrocarbons by about 68% and 42%, respectively, in accordance with the Euro 6 standard (2014). The efficiency of plasma for hydrocarbons and NO oxidation at low temperature in high flow conditions (up to 900 Lmin−1 on the NEDC) has been confirmed and the main reaction products identified and quantified
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López, Vargas Luis Alberto. "Diseño de un sistema de control de temperatura on/off para aplicaciones en invernadero utilizando energía solar y gas natural." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2008. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/996.
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El presente documento consta de cuatro capítulos los cuales se exponen a
continuación:
1. En el primer capítulo se presenta la problemática del proceso de control de
variables ambientales bajo invernadero, los factores del cultivo en ausencia de
un sistema de control de variables ambientales y el análisis de la problemática.
2. En el segundo capítulo se presenta el estado de arte de la investigación, la
metodología empleada en el control climático bajo invernadero y los conceptos
generales del sistema de control. Finalmente, en este capítulo se presenta el
modelo teórico de la investigación y las definiciones operativas del sistema de
control.
3. En el tercer capítulo se plantea la hipótesis y se definen los objetivos. También
se expone la metodología de la investigación y las consideraciones de base
para el diseño. Finalmente se muestran los diagramas de bloques, diagramas
de esquemáticos de los circuitos del sistema de control, así como también el
diagrama de flujo y el esquema del sistema de control.
4. En el cuarto capítulo se muestran los resultados de las pruebas realizadas con
los diferentes circuitos diseñados y simulaciones del programa de control.
También se exponen los resultados obtenidos de las simulaciones realizadas y
el costo de diseño del sistema de control.
Finalmente se presentan las conclusiones obtenidas a lo largo del desarrollo de la
investigación del sistema de control ON/OFF de temperatura. También se provee de
las recomendaciones para un mejor desempeño del sistema de control.<br>Tesis
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Lin, Hong-Yieng, and 林宏英. "Simulation of the effect of gas temperature on the operation of sealed off CO2 laser." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97335182724311027837.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電子物理學系<br>85<br>Simulation is the topic of this thesis. By making a model of
the sealed offCO2 laser ,we want to understand how the
temperature of gas in different gascomposition and discharge
condition would affect the laser output power. Procedure to
follow is by getting the flux of E/p value in different
pressureof various composition in different radius of tube.
Putting the result into the " six Ts " physical model of the
sealed off CO2 laser, we could get the relationship between
laser output power and discharge current and then ,put them into
comparison. By this program ,we found the result simulation is
much more similar tothe result of experiment in the bigger
radius tube.It may be caused by the E/pvalue measured from
outside of the discharge tube change mush more unusualin the
smaller radius tube. As far as temperature is concerned, we can
get the temperature of different type gas composition in
discharge. When N2 is added more ,the temperature arise more
moderate at some region of discharge currnet.This may be the
reason why N2 is added more performe well too at high wall
temperature.
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Jayakumar, Swathika 1986. "Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide- Polyethylenimine- Dextran Sulfate Polymer Gel System as a Water Shut-Off Agent in Unconventional Gas Reservoirs." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149218.
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Technologies such as horizontal wells and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing have made ultra-low permeability shale and tight gas reservoirs productive but the industry is still on the learning curve when it comes to addressing various production issues. Some of the problems encountered while hydraulically fracturing these reservoirs are the absence of frac barriers, thinner shales and the increased presence of geological hazards. Induced vertical fractures sometimes extend to an underlying aquifer and become a conduit to the well. We have developed a low-concentration, low-viscosity and delayed-crosslink polymeric gel system as a water shutoff agent for hydraulically-fractured tight gas and shale reservoirs, where some fractures might connect to water rich zones. The system also is a significant improvement over traditional flowing gels for fracture water shutoff in conventional reservoirs because of these features. The gel uses high molecular weight hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) at low polymer concentrations with a delayed organic crosslinker. This crosslinker is more environmentally benign and provides much longer gelation time and stronger final gels than comparable polymer loadings with chromium carboxylate crosslinkers at higher temperatures. The low viscosity system allows low-pressure extrusion of gelant into the narrow-aperture fractures present in unconventional gas reservoirs. The gelant can be pumped at low pressures due to lower polymer concentrations and delayed gelation point. This allows the potential to seal problem zones that are producing excess water even when the fractures conducting water have very narrow apertures. By impeding water production, the gel system developed here can effectively delay water loading thereby avoiding abandonment or installation of expensive equipment with increased operational costs, thus extending life and reserves of unconventional gas wells.
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Rego, Barcena Salvador. "A Passive Mid-infrared Sensor to Measure Real-time Particle Emissivity and Gas Temperature in Coal-fired Boilers and Steelmaking Furnaces." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/11251.
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A novel technique for measuring gas temperature and spectral particle emissivity in high-temperature gas-particle streams is presented. The main application of this optical sensor is to improve the process control of batch unit operations, such as steelmaking furnaces. The spectral emission profile of CO and CO2 and the continuous particle emission in the 3.5 to 5 μm wavelength region was recorded and analyzed in real time with a low-resolution passive sensor. The sensor consisted of light collecting optics, a dispersion element (grating spectrometer) and a 64-pixel pyroelectric array. Wavelength and radiance calibrations were performed. The temperature of the gas-particle medium (Tg+p) followed from the least-squares minimization of the difference between the measured radiance in the 4.56-4.7 μm region –which saturates due to the large CO2 concentrations and path lengths in industrial furnaces– and the corresponding blackbody radiance. Particle emissivity (εp) was calculated at 3.95 μm from an asymptotic approximation of the Radiative Transfer Equation that yields the emerging radiance from a semi-infinite particle cloud. The major source of error in the magnitude of Tg+p and εp could come from particle scattering. Through the method of embedded invariance an expression was developed to estimate the lowering effect of particle size and volume fraction on the saturation of the 4.56-4.7 μm CO2 emission region. An iterative procedure for correcting the values of the gas-particle temperature and particle emissivity was applied to the datasets from the two industrial tests. Results from the measurement campaigns with the infrared sensor prototype at two full-scale furnaces are presented. A proof-of-concept test at a coal-fired boiler for electricity production was followed by more extensive measurements at a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) for steelmaking. The second test provided temperature and particle emissivity profiles for eight heats, which highlighted the simplicity of the technique in obtaining in-situ measurements for modeling studies. Through the analysis of the particle emissivity profile in the BOF and the definition of a new variable –the minimum carbon time– a novel end-point strategy to stop the injection of high-purity oxygen during low-carbon heats in BOF converters was proposed.
Books on the topic "Off-gas temperature"
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Vanka, S. P. Numerical investigation of hot gas ingestion by STOVL aircraft. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.
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Center, Lewis Research, ed. Numerical investigation of hot gas ingestion by STOVL aircraft: Prepared under grant NAG3-1026. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Off-gas temperature"
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Gutakovskis, Viktors, and Vladimirs Gudakovskis. "Performance Assessment of the Thermodynamic Cycle in a Multi-Mode Gas Turbine Engine." In Gasification [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97458.
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This chapter discusses the direction of development of promising multimode aviation gas turbine engines (GTE). It is shown that the development of GTE is on the way to increase the parameters engine workflow: gas temperatures in front of the turbine (T*G) and the degree of pressure increase in the compressor (P*C). It is predicted that the next generation engines will operate with high parameters of the working process, T*G = 2000–2200 K, π*C = 60–80. At this temperature of gases in front of the turbine, the working mixture in the combustion chamber (CC) is stoichiometric, which sharply narrows the range of stable operation of the CC and its efficiency drops sharply in off-design gas turbine engine operation modes. To expand the range of effective and stable work, it is proposed to use an advanced aviation GTE: Adaptive Type Combustion Chamber (ATCC). A scheme of the ATCC and the principles of its regulation in the system of a multi-mode gas turbine engine are presented. The concept of an adaptive approach is given in this article. There are two main directions for improving the characteristics of a promising aviation gas turbine engine. One is a complication of the concepts of aircraft engines and the other one is an increase in the parameters of the working process, the temperature of the gases in front of the turbine (T*G) and the degree of increasing pressure behind the compressor (π*C). It is shown how the principles of adaptation are used in these areas. The application of the adaptation principle in resolving the contradiction of the possibility of obtaining optimal characteristics of a high-temperature combustion chamber (CC) of a gas turbine engine under design (optimal) operating conditions and the impossibility of their implementation when these conditions change in the range of acceptable (non-design) gas turbine operation modes is considered in detail. The use of an adaptive approach in the development of promising gas turbine engines will significantly improve their characteristics and take into account unknown challenges.
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Mallick, Chinmoy, Mainak Bandyopadhyay, and Rajesh Kumar. "Evolution of Microwave Electric Field on Power Coupling to Plasma during Ignition Phase." In Selected Topics in Plasma Physics. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92011.
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During the gas ignition process, the plasma and the microwave electric fields are evolved with time together in the plasma volume. The spatio-temporal evolution pattern of microwave-radiated plasma parameters is reported here, highlighting the role of these electric fields on power coupling processes. Evolutions of electric field and so power coupling processes are calculated using the finite element method (FEM). It is observed that the main power coupling mechanism is electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) method; however, with the evolution of plasma, the mode shifts from ECR to off-ECR-type heating with time. Off-ECR heating in the form of upper hybrid resonance (UHR) method, electrostatic (ES) ion acoustic wave heating method is important heating mechanisms during highly dense plasma condition, when density is above critical density for launched frequency, 2.45 GHz. The conclusions on the shifting of heating mechanisms are also drawn based on the 3D maps of spatio-temporal plasma density and hot electron temperature evolution.
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Zhang, Weigang, Changming Xie, Xi Wei, and Min Ge. "C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC Composite Derived from Polymeric Precursor Infiltration and Pyrolysis." In MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch014.
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Part II. Mechanical and ablation properties of the 2D C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites with a fiber volume fraction of 17.6%, fabricated by infiltration and co-pyrolysis of blended polymeric precursors, were studied in this Part II. Flexural strength and fracture toughness of the composites were found to be influenced strongly by the thickness of the deposited pyrolytic carbon interphase, a composite with the pyrolytic carbon volume fraction of 22.3% exhibits improved bending strength and fracture toughness of 127.9 MPa and 6.23 MPa·m1/2, respectively. The pseudo-plastic strain to failure of the composite is ascribed to sliding of the interphase and pulling out of carbon fibers from the brittle ceramics matrix. Ablation properties of the composite were investigated with a plasma torch and arc-heated wind tunnel tests at temperatures above 1800~2200°C. The composite exhibits very low ablation rates of 0.18×10-3 mm/s at 1800°C and 0.37×10-3 mm/s at 2000°C in the plasma torch after 1000s testing, as compared to a similar rate of 0.30×10-3 mm/s in the wind tunnel at 1900°C after 600s testing. Ablation rates increase with increasing of temperatures from 1800 to 2200°C. The maximum ablation rate is only 1.67×10-3 mm/s in a plasma torch at 2200°C for 1000s, decreased by 71.0% as compared with the C/C-SiC composite with the same fiber and interphase contents. The 2D C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composite simultaneously showed excellent thermal shock resistance, on account of no cracks on the surface and breakage of the material being detected after these abrupt temperature increasing and long time ablations. The heating-up rate at the center of the composite specimen was found as high as above 30K/s in the plasma torch tests. Excellent ablation and thermal shock resistances of the composite can be attributed to its architecture of carbon fiber and interphase, as well as its matrix microstructures characterized by nano sized dispersions of ZrB2-Zr-SiC phases inherent formed by co-pyrolysis of three polymeric precursors. These meso- and microstructures make the composites possess very small and steady coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) around 1.5~2.5×10-6/K and high thermal conductivities around 10~14 W/mK (which increases with increasing of temperature) from room temperature to 1300°C, respectively. Surface products and cross sectional morphologies of the composite after the ablation tests were also investigated using SEM and XRD, it was found that a homogeneous distributed and continuous glass layer composing of ZrO2-SiO2 with zirconia as a skeleton was in-situ formed. These special features of coating benefits from the merits of matrix microstructures, and inhibits the inward diffusion of oxygen and protects the composite from further oxidation and spalled off by strong gas fluid.
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Takiya, Toshio, and Naoaki Fukuda. "Nanoparticle Formation and Deposition by Pulsed Laser Ablation." In Laser Ablation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95299.
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Pulsed Laser Ablation (PLA) in background gas is a good technique to acquire specific nanoparticles under strong non-equilibrium states. Here, after a history of PLA is mentioned, the application of nanoparticles and its deposition films to the several fields will be described. On the target surface heated with PLA, a Knudsen layer is formed around the adjacent region of the surface, and high-pressure and high-temperature vapor atoms are generated. The plume formed by evaporated atoms blasts off with very high-speed and expands rapidly with a shock wave. A supercooling phenomenon occurs during this process, and number of nucleus of nanoparticle forms in vapor-phase. The nuclei grow by the condensation of vapor atoms and deposit on a substrate as nanoparticle film. If the radius of nanoparticle is uniformized, a self-ordering formation can be shown as a result of interactive process between each nanoparticle of the same size on the substrate. In this chapter, the related technology to realize a series of these processes will be expounded.
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Taber, Douglass. "Best Synthetic Methods: Oxidation and Reduction." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0003.
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Although methods both for reduction and for oxidation are well developed, there is always room for improvement. While ketones are usually reduced using metal hydrides, hydrogen gas is much less expensive on scale. Charles P. Casey of the University of Wisconsin has devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 5816) an Fe-based catalyst that effects the transformation of 1 to 2. Note that the usually very reactive monosubstituted alkene is not reduced and does not migrate. Takeshi Oriyama of Ibaraki University has developed a catalyst, also Fe-based (Chemistry Lett. 2007, 38) for reducing aldehydes to ethers. Using this approach, an alcohol such as 3 can be converted into a variety of substituted benzyl ethers, including 5. Simple aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols also work well. Oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones is one of the most common of organic transformations. Several new processes catalytic in metal have been put forward. Tharmalingam Punniyamurthy of the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati has found (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2007, 349, 846) that catalytic V(IV) oxide on silica gel, stirred with t-butyl hydroperoxide in t-butyl alcohol at room temperature smoothly oxidized 6 to 7. After the reaction, the catalyst was separated by filtration. Another carbonyl can also serve as the hydride acceptor, but then the transfer can be reversible. Jonathan M. J. Williams of the University of Bath has shown (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 3639) that with a Ru catalyst, methyl levulinate 9 could serve as the hydride acceptor, with the byproduct alcohol being drained off as the lactone 11. Hansjörg Grützmacher of the ETH Zürich developed an Ir catalyst (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 3567) with benzoquinone as the net oxidant. that showed marked preference for the oxidation of primary over secondary alcohols. Yasuhiro Uozumi of the Institute for Molecular Science, Aichi, has devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2007, 46, 704) a nanoencapsulated Pt catalyst that worked well with O2 or even with air. The catalyst was easily separated from the product, and maintained its activity over several cycles.
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Duncan, Anthony, and Michel Janssen. "Einstein, Equipartition, Fluctuations, and Quanta." In Constructing Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845478.003.0003.
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After three papers on statistical mechanics, mostly duplicating work by Boltzmann and Gibbs, Einstein relied heavily on arguments from statistical mechanics in the most revolutionary of his famous 1905 papers, the one introducing the light‐quantum hypothesis. He showed that the equipartition theorem inescapably leads to the classical Rayleigh‐Jeans law for black‐body radiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe (as Ehrenfest later called it). Einstein and Ehrenfest were the first to point this out but the physics community only accepted it after the venerable H.A. Lorentz, came to the same conclusion in 1908. The central argument for light quanta in Einstein’s 1905 paper involves a comparison between fluctuations in black‐body radiation in the Wien regime and fluctuations in an ideal gas. From this comparison Einstein inferred that black‐body radiation in the Wien regime behaves as a collection of discrete, independent, and localized particles. We show that the same argument works for non‐localized quantized wave modes. Although nobody noticed this flaw in Einstein’s reasoning at the time, his fluctuation argument, and several others like it, failed to convince anybody of the reality of light quanta. Even Millikan’s verification of Einstein formula for the photoelectric effect only led to the acceptance of the formula, not of the theory behind it. Einstein’s quantization of matter was better received, especially his simple model of a solid consisting of quantized oscillators. This model could explain why the specific heats of solids fall off sharply as the temperature is lowered instead of remaining constant as it should according to the well‐known Dulong‐Petit law, which is a direct consequence of the equipartition theorem. The confirmation of Einstein’s theory of specific heats by Nernst and his associates was an important milestone in the development of quantum theory and a central topic at the first Solvay conference of 1911, which brought the fledgling theory to the attention of a larger segment of the physics community. Returning to the quantum theory after spending a few years on the development of general relativity, Einstein combined his light‐quantum hypothesis with elements of Bohr’s model of the atom in a new quantum radiation theory.
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Atkins, Peter. "Irritating Atmospheres: Atmospheric Photochemistry." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0030.
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The problem of photochemically generated smog begins inside internal combustion engines, where at the high temperatures within the combustion cylinders and the hot exhaust manifold nitrogen molecules and oxygen molecule combine to form nitric oxide, NO. Almost as soon as it is formed, and when the exhaust gases mingle with the atmosphere, some NO is oxidized to the pungent and chemically pugnacious brown gas nitrogen dioxide, NO2, 1. We need to watch what happens when one of these NO2 molecules is exposed to the energetic ultraviolet photons in sunlight. We see a photon strike the molecule and cause a convulsive tremor of its electron cloud. In the brief instant that the electron cloud has swarmed away from one of the bonding regions, an O atom makes its escape, leaving behind an NO molecule. We now continue to watch the liberated O atom. We see it collide with an oxygen molecule, O2, and stick to it to form ozone, O3, 2. This ozone is formed near ground level and is an irritant; ozone at stratospheric levels is a benign ultraviolet shield. Now keep your eye on the ozone molecule. In one instance we see it collide with an NO molecule, which plucks off one of ozone’s O atoms, forming NO2 and letting O3 revert to O2. Another fate awaiting NO2 is for it to react with oxygen and any unburned hydrocarbon fuel and its fragments that have escaped into the atmosphere. We can watch that happening too where the air includes surviving fragments of hydrocarbon fuel molecules. A lot of little steps are involved, and they occur at a wide range of rates. Let’s suppose that some unburned fuel escapes as ethane molecules, CH3CH3, 3. Although ethane is not present in gasoline, a CH3CH2· radical (Reaction 12) would have been formed in its combustion and then combined with an H atom in the tumult of reactions going on there. You already know that vicious little O atoms are lurking in the sunlit NO2-ridden air. We catch sight of one of their venomous acts: in a collision with an H2O molecule they extract an H atom, so forming two ·OH radicals.
Conference papers on the topic "Off-gas temperature"
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Gadiot, G. M. H. J. L., and Y. Goldman. "OSCILLATING GAS -TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS USING SUCTION AND COMPENSATING FOR OFF-RADIATION LOSSES." In International Heat Transfer Conference 9. Begellhouse, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc9.3990.
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Brigham, B., T. Gerczak, K. Montoya, and E. Wood. "Analysis of Graphite Matrix Kinetics and Burn-off Products under Off-Normal High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors Conditions." In Transactions - 2020 Virtual Conference. AMNS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/t122-32580.
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Brigham, B., T. Gerczak, K. Montoya, and E. Wood. "Analysis of Graphite Matrix Kinetics and Burn-off Products under Off-Normal High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors Conditions." In Transactions - 2020 Virtual Conference. AMNS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/t32580.
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Chen, Min, WenDong Xu, Jiao Duan, and ZongBin Liu. "A new recovery process of BOG (boil-off-gas) using low-temperature nitrogen." In 2013 International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2013.6893792.
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Oosthuizen, D. J., I. K. Craig, and P. C. Pistorius. "Model predictive control of an electric arc furnace off-gas procedure combined with temperature control." In 1999 IEEE Africon. 5th Africon Conference in Africa. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.1999.820888.
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Eriksson, Pontus, Magnus Genrup, Klas Jonshagen, and Jens Klingmann. "Off-Design Performance Investigation of a Low Calorific Gas Fired Two-Shaft Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59067.
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Gas turbine systems are predominantly designed to be fuelled with gaseous fuels within a limited Wobbe index range (typically HHV = 45–55 MJ/Nm3 or 1200–1480 Btu/scf). When low calorific fuel gases are fired, the engine will be forced to operate outside its design envelope. The added mass flow will typically raise the cycle pressure ratio and in two-shaft designs also raise the gas generator shaft speed. Typical constraints to be considered due to the altered fuel composition are pressure loads, shaft torques, shaft overspeeds, centrifugal overloading of disks and blades, combustor flameout, surge and flutter limits for the turbomachinery. This poses limitations to usable fuel choices. In this study, the response of a natural gas fired simple cycle two-shaft gas turbine is investigated. A lean premixed combustor is also included in the model. Emphasis has been put on predicting the turbomachinery and combustor behavior as different amounts of N2 or CO2 are added to the fuel path. These two inerts are typically found in large quantities in medium and low calorific fuels. The fuels lower heating value is thus gradually changed from 50 MJ/kg (21.5 kBtu/lb) to 5MJ/kg (2.15 kBtu/lb). A model, based on the Volvo Aero Corp. VT4400 gas turbine (originally Dresser Rand DR990) characterized by one compressor and two expander maps is considered. The free turbine is operated at fixed physical speed. The operating point is plotted in the compressor map and the turbine maps at three distinct firing temperatures representing turndown from full load to bleed opening point. Gas generator speed and shaft power are shown. Surge margin and power turbine power is plotted. Overall efficiency is computed. The behavior of the Volvo lean premixed combustor is also discussed. Air split, primary zone equivalence ratio and temperature is plotted. Combustor loading, combustion intensity and pressure drop is graphed. Results are, as far as possible, given as non-dimensional parameter groups for easy comparison with other machines.
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Elhassan, Mohamed, Osama Mohamed Keshtta, Ahmed Berrim, Elyes Draoui, Kristian Mogensen, and David Levitt. "Design of Foam Gas Shut-Off Pilot for a Giant High-Temperature, High-Salinity Carbonate Reservoir." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/197322-ms.
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Al-Muntasheri, Ghaithan A., Leopoldo Sierra, Francisco Orlando Garzon, Jack D. Lynn, and Guillermo Antonio Izquierdo. "Water Shut-off with Polymer Gels in A High Temperature Horizontal Gas Well: A Success Story." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/129848-ms.
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Cameretti, Maria Cristina, and Raffaele Tuccillo. "A CFD Based Off-Design Study of Micro-Gas Turbines Combustors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68924.
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The authors examine different off-design conditions induced in a lean-premixed combustor by some typical transient processes of a micro-gas turbine. The latter is subject to frequent changes in both thermal and mechanical load and the unsteady transition from one regime to a different one produces significant variation in the boundary conditions and in the fuel/air equivalence ratio as well. After a proper definition of the computational domains, a CFD based simulation allows examination of typical situations within full-to-part or part-to-full load transitions. Some results discussed in the paper suggest substantial modifications of the fuel supply laws for a more effective control of both temperature rise and pollutant production.
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Venkataraju, K., A. G. Satheeratnam, and R. Ramanathan. "On-Line Temperature Profile Display System." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-10.
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Combustor development depends on two important factors, namely combustor efficiency and exit temperature profile. A microprocessor based system has been designed to have on-line display of exit temperature profiles during the development testing of a gas turbine engine. The system acquires temperature data from thirty thermocouples around the circumference and at various radial positions of the engine. The signals from the thermocouples are fed to a microprocessor through an analog input subsystem. The microprocessor computes the temperatures, averages the values and plots the radial profile on a colour graphic terminal. On the colour graphic terminal, ideal temperature profiles for various engine speeds are drawn. On the ideal temperature profile, actual temperature profiles are superimposed for various speeds during the testing of a gas turbine engine. In addition, circumferential profile is also plotted in off-line.
Reports on the topic "Off-gas temperature"
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Quinn, Meghan. Geotechnical effects on fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing performance. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41325.
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Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a fiber optic sensing system that is used for vibration monitoring. At a minimum, DAS is composed of a fiber optic cable and an optic analyzer called an interrogator. The oil and gas industry has used DAS for over a decade to monitor infrastructure such as pipelines for leaks, and in recent years changes in DAS performance over time have been observed for DAS arrays that are buried in the ground. This dissertation investigates the effect that soil type, soil temperature, soil moisture, time in-situ, and vehicle loading have on DAS performance for fiber optic cables buried in soil. This was accomplished through a field testing program involving two newly installed DAS arrays. For the first installation, a new portion of DAS array was added to an existing DAS array installed a decade prior. The new portion of the DAS array was installed in four different soil types: native fill, sand, gravel, and an excavatable flowable fill. Soil moisture and temperature sensors were buried adjacent to the fiber optic cable to monitor seasonal environmental changes over time. Periodic impact testing was performed at set locations along the DAS array for over one year. A second, temporary DAS array was installed to test the effect of vehicle loading on DAS performance. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the DAS response was used for all the tests to evaluate the system performance. The results of the impact testing program indicated that the portions of the array in gravel performed more consistently over time. Changes in soil moisture or soil temperature did not appear to affect DAS performance. The results also indicated that time DAS performance does change somewhat over time. Performance variance increased in new portions of array in all material types through time. The SNR in portions of the DAS array in native silty sand material dropped slightly, while the SNR in portions of the array in sand fill and flowable fill material decreased significantly over time. This significant change in performance occurred while testing halted from March 2020 to August 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. These significant changes in performance were observed in the new portion of test bed, while the performance of the prior installation remained consistent. It may be that, after some time in-situ, SNR in a DAS array will reach a steady state. Though it is unfortunate that testing was on pause while changes in DAS performance developed, the observed changes emphasize the potential of DAS to be used for infrastructure change-detection monitoring. In the temporary test bed, increasing vehicle loads were observed to increase DAS performance, although there was considerable variability in the measured SNR. The significant variation in DAS response is likely due to various industrial activities on-site and some disturbance to the array while on-boarding and off-boarding vehicles. The results of this experiment indicated that the presence of load on less than 10% of an array channel length may improve DAS performance. Overall, this dissertation provides guidance that can help inform the civil engineering community with respect to installation design recommendations related to DAS used for infrastructure monitoring.