Journal articles: 'Off-road vehicles Active automotive suspension'

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Basargan, Hakan, András Mihály, Ádám Kisari, Péter Gáspár, and Olivier Sename. "Vehicle Semi-active Suspension Control with Cloud-based Road Information." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 49, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.18593.

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Adaptive suspension control considering passenger comfort and stability of the vehicle has been researched intensively, thus several automotive companies already apply these technologies in their high-end models. Most of these systems react to the instantaneous effects of road irregularities, however, some expensive camera-based systems adapting the suspension in coherence with upcoming road conditions have already been introduced. Thereby, using oncoming road information the performance of adaptive suspension systems can be enhanced significantly. The emerging technology of cloud computing enables several promising features for road vehicles, one of which may be the implementation of an adaptive semi-active suspension system using historic road information gathered in the cloud database. The main novelty of the paper is the developed semi-active suspension control method in which Vehicle-to-Cloud-to-Vehicle technology serves as the basis for the road adaptation capabilities of the suspension system. The semi-active suspension control is founded on the Linear Parameter-Varying framework. The operation of the presented system is validated by a real data simulation in TruckSim simulation environment.

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Zador, István, Ádám Török, István Vajda, and László Palkovics. "OSCILLATION CONTROL OVER LIGHT DUTY CARS USING MAGNETIC SEMI-ACTIVE SHOCK ABSORBERS." TRANSPORT 26, no. 3 (October 5, 2011): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.622357.

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The present vehicles on the road are equipped with an extended range of actuators, sensors and software controlling dynamics. It is still a difficult problem to solve for a suspension system simultaneously holding the body of the car in comfort and executing requirements imposed for other safety systems like ABS, ESP, steer-by-wire etc. Passive suspension systems are unlikely to provide a solution, and therefore the introduction of semi-active suspensions in practical use is necessary. A possible solution could be a permanent magnetic (PM) synchronous tube generator that can operate as a controllable shock absorber parallel with energy recuperative operation. Design software is realized to calculate geometrical and electrical parameters for arbitrary vehicle suspension systems.

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Shiao, Yao Jung, Quang Anh Nguyen, and Chun Chi Lai. "Application of Magneto Rheological Damper on Semi-Active Suspension System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1754.

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Automotive industry is growing widely and rapidly by the involving of multi-fields not only mechanical engineering but also electrical and electronic engineering, material and more. As a key system in vehicles, suspension system and its control have been studied for a long time. A well-controlled suspension system provides high vehicle handling, good drivability and high comfort for passengers, and good isolation from road noise and vibration. To enhance comfort and handling of light-weight vehicles, semi-active suspension system is considered and proposed by numbers of papers. A semi-active suspension features small system space, low complexity and easy maintenance. Therefore, it is suitable for small compact car body known as light vehicles. This paper focuses on the analysis and control of a semi-active suspension for light-weight vehicles. Models of a quarter-car suspension with air spring and magneto rheological damper were built. Because components in the system involve nonlinear dynamic characteristics, a self-tuning Fuzzy logic controller was designed. Simulation results showed that the designed suspension system with its controller had good performance in vibration suppression.

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Shahein, Ahmed H., Atef A. Ata, Eman H. Haraz, and Bassuny M. El-Souhily. "Vibration suppression of terrains irregularities using active aerodynamic surface for half-car model sport vehicles." Journal of Vibration and Control 26, no. 23-24 (March 19, 2020): 2148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546320915316.

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Riding quality is considered a key element in automotive industry which imposes a challenge on car manufacturers to develop new alternative control strategies for the classical suspension system. To this extent, many efforts have been carried out on developing several active or semi-active suspension systems. In the past few years, the decreasing cost of electromechanical actuators has, however, opened new trends to face this challenge. Active aerodynamic surfaces (spoilers) represent an alternative and effective solution to the issue. Two contradicting criteria of good vehicle suspension performance are typically their ability to provide good road handling and increase passengers comfort. The main disturbance affecting these two criteria is terrain irregularities. Active suspension control systems reduce these undesirable effects by isolating car body motion from vibrations at the wheels. In this article, we are trying to investigate the use of active aerodynamic surfaces to enhance ride comfort in sport vehicles for half car model. The article describes also the model and controller used in the study and discusses the vehicle response results obtained from a typical road sinusoidal signal input. The effect of active aerodynamic surfaces could enhance the ride comfort by (15%) without affecting road holding.

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Langlois, R. G., D. M. Hanna, and R. J. Anderson. "IMPLEMENTING PREVIEW CONTROL ON AN OFF-ROAD VEHICLE WITH ACTIVE SUSPENSION." Vehicle System Dynamics 20, sup1 (January 1992): 340–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423119208969408.

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Morales, Angel L., Antonio J. Nieto, José M. Chicharro, and Publio Pintado. "A semi-active vehicle suspension based on pneumatic springs and magnetorheological dampers." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 4 (June 7, 2016): 808–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316653004.

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Semi-active and active suspensions can improve both ride comfort and handling compared to passive suspensions. The authors have proposed a suspension comprising a pneumatic system capable of changing the stiffness of the suspension and a semi-active magnetorheological damper capable of controlling the suspension damping. Eight configurations of this magnetorheological/pneumatic suspension result from combining two possible stiffnesses (compliant and stiff) and four possible means of producing damping (constant low, constant high, on-off skyhook control and on-off balance control). The minimization of a cost function, which considers both ride comfort and handling, leads to decision maps which indicate the most appropriate configuration depending on vehicle velocity and two pieces of information about the road: the international roughness index and the curve radius. All this information can be gathered from a GPS system and toggling between set-ups is fast, efficient, and easily done by simply opening or closing pipes in the pneumatic system and modifying the current supply in the magnetorheological dampers. The proposed magnetorheological/pneumatic suspension achieves the same roll angle levels as in a comparable passive vehicle while improving ride comfort by reducing acceleration by up to 30%.

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Ben, L. Zohir, Faried Hasbullah, and F. Waleed Faris. "A comparative ride performance of passive, semi-active and active suspension systems for off-road vehicles using half car model." International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems 21, no. 1 (2014): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2014.057827.

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Kasprzyk, Jerzy, Piotr Krauze, Sebastian Budzan, and Jaroslaw Rzepecki. "Vibration control in semi-active suspension of the experimental off-road vehicle using information about suspension deflection." Archives of Control Sciences 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acsc-2017-0016.

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Abstract The efficiency of vibration control in an automotive semi-active suspension system depends on the quality of information from sensors installed in the vehicle, including information about deflection of the suspension system. The control algorithm for vibration attenuation of the body takes into account its velocity as well as the relative velocity of the suspension. In this paper it is proposed to use the Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) unit to measure the suspension deflection and then to estimate its relative velocity. This approach is compared with a typical solution implemented in such applications, where the relative velocity is calculated by processing signals acquired from accelerometers placed on the body and on the chassis. The experiments performed for an experimental All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) confirm that using LVDT units allows for improving ride comfort by better vibration attenuation of the body.

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Basargan, Hakan, András Mihály, Péter Gáspár, and Olivier Sename. "Road Quality Information Based Adaptive Semi-active Suspension Control." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 49, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.18577.

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This paper introduces an adaptive semi-active suspension control by considering global positioning system-based and historical road information. The main idea of this study is to find a corresponding trade-off between comfort and stability at different road irregularities. The introduced semi-active controller is designed based on the Linear Parameter-Varying framework. The behavior of the designed controller can be modified by the use of a scheduling variable. This scheduling variable is selected by considering the various road category. TruckSim simulation environment is used in order to validate the introduced adaptive semi-active suspension control system by comparing it with the non-adaptive scenario. The results show that both driving comfort and vehicle stability have been improved with the proposed adaptive semi-active suspension control.

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LANGLOIS, R. G., and R. J. ANDERSON. "Preview Control Algorithms for the Active Suspension of an Off-Road Vehicle." Vehicle System Dynamics 24, no. 1 (January 1995): 65–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423119508969082.

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Bei, Shaoyi, Chen Huang, Bo Li, and Zhiyu Zhang. "Hybrid sensor network control of vehicle ride comfort, handling, and safety with semi-active charging suspension." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 2 (February 2020): 155014772090458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720904586.

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Semi-active charging suspension has been the highlight in the research of ride comfort, handling, and safety of road vehicles in real time. Adjustable damping shock absorber is the key part of semi-active suspension. Many studies are focused on the control and impacts of automotive ride comfort. However, few of them are about the relationship among the damping of adjustable damping shock absorber, handling stability, and safety. In this article, a full car model based on multi-body dynamics was built, including the steering system, front and rear suspensions, tire, driving controller, and road. And the model was verified by tests. Based on the co-simulation, a controller was built based on hybrid sensor network control. The hybrid network control principle was switched among comfort controller, stability controller, and safety controller, in accordance with working conditions. The design effectively improved ride comfort, handling stability, and driving safety. Finally, a rapid control prototype was built based on dSPACE to conduct a real vehicle test. By comparison of the time response diagram, the results on pulse input and S-shaped road indicate that handling stability and driving safety enter into the stable domain and negative effects are successfully suppressed.

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Horton, D. N. L., and D. A. Crolla. "Theoretical Analysis of a Semi Active Suspension Fitted to an Off-Road Vehicle." Vehicle System Dynamics 15, no. 6 (January 1986): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423118608968860.

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Faris, Waleed F., Zohir BenLahcene, and Sany Izan Ihsan. "Analysis of semi-active suspension systems for four-axles off-road vehicle using half model." International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration 5, no. 1/2 (2009): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvnv.2009.029193.

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Sathishkumar, Palanisamy, Jeyaraj Jancirani, John Dennie, and B. Arun. "Controller Design for Convoluted Air Spring System Controlled Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1025.

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This paper focuses on the analysis and controlling automotive vibration using semi-active air spring suspension system by implementing fuzzy and Proportional-Integral derivative (PID) controllers for light vehicles. Due to low transmissibility coefficients and their ability to varying the force generated depends on load capacities the air spring is modelled as an actuator. The dynamic behavior of semi active actuator controlled is contrasted with passive suspension under single bump, double bump and random road profile. The performance of air spring controlled suspension has been investigated. Results show that the fuzzy controller gives optimized results.

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Ivers, Douglas, and Douglas LeRoy. "Improving vehicle performance and operator ergonomics: Commercial application of smart materials and systems." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, no. 8 (May 6, 2012): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12445630.

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This article will discuss how controllable material technology, such as the use of active magnetorheological dampers, improves primary and secondary suspensions of vehicle. Although relatively new to the marketplace, semiactive suspensions in commercial automobiles and off-highway vehicles have been proven through the use of active magnetorheological dampers since 1998. In fact, magnetorheological suspension dampers are found today on the commercial vehicles of an increasing number of automotive original equipment manufacturers and leading off-highway original equipment manufacturers. Magnetorheological fluid dampers are simple in design and have the advantage of no moving parts. The resistive force from a magnetorheological damper is generated as iron particles, suspended in the magnetorheological fluid, pass through a magnetic field controlled by the electrical current passing through an electric coil contained within a moving piston surrounded by the fluid. By adjusting the current to the damper coil in response to feedback from vehicle sensors and a controller, the damping response of the suspension can be optimized and controlled in real time to provide optimal operator comfort. The magnetorheological damper system has a full-scale step response of less than 10 ms. Sophisticated control algorithms adapt to large changes in payload, enabling the vehicle to meet ride metrics without pneumatic load leveling. Other benefits of the magnetorheological damping system include higher speed in North Atlantic Treaty Organization double-lane change tests, reduced risk of rollover, improved accuracy of mounted weapons, and improved vehicle durability and readiness.

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Qin, Yechen, Changle Xiang, Zhenfeng Wang, and Mingming Dong. "Road excitation classification for semi-active suspension system based on system response." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 13 (February 21, 2017): 2732–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546317693432.

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Vehicle performance is largely affected by the properties of the suspension system, where semi-active suspension has been widely used in mass production of vehicles owing to its characteristics such as internal stability and low energy consumption. To solve the contradiction between ride comfort and road handling, road estimation based semi-active suspension has received considerable attention in recent years. In order to provide accurate estimation for advanced control strategies applications, this paper aims to develop a new method that can provide precise road class estimation based on measurable suspension system response (i.e. sprung mass acceleration, unsprung mass acceleration and rattle space). The response signal is first decomposed using wavelet packet analysis, and features in both time and frequency domains are subsequently extracted. Then, minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) is utilized to select superior features. Finally, a probabilistic neural network (PNN) classifier is applied to determine road classification output. The most representative semi-active control strategy, i.e. skyhook control, is used to validate this method, and simulation results with varying conditions including different control parameters and sprung mass are compared. The results show that unsprung mass acceleration is most suitable for road classification, and more robust to varying conditions in comparison to other responses.

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Faris, Waleed F., Zohir BenLahcene, and Sany Izan Ihsan. "Assessment of different semi-active control strategies on the performance of off-road vehicle suspension systems." International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing 5, no. 2/3 (2010): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvsmt.2010.037129.

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Verros, G., S. Natsiavas, and C. Papadimitriou. "Design Optimization of Quarter-car Models with Passive and Semi-active Suspensions under Random Road Excitation." Journal of Vibration and Control 11, no. 5 (May 2005): 581–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546305052315.

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A methodology is presented for optimizing the suspension damping and stiffness parameters of nonlinear quarter-car models subjected to random road excitation. The investigation starts with car models involving passive damping with constant or dual-rate characteristics. Then, we also examine car models where the damping coefficient of the suspension is selected so that the resulting system approximates the performance of an active suspension system with sky-hook damping. For the models with semi-active or passive dual-rate dampers, the value of the equivalent suspension damping coefficient is a function of the relative velocity of the sprung mass with respect to the wheel subsystem. As a consequence, the resulting equations of motion are strongly nonlinear. For these models, appropriate methodologies are first employed for obtaining the second moment characteristics of motions resulting from roads with a random profile. This information is next utilized in the definition of a vehicle performance index, which is optimized to yield representative numerical results for the most important suspension parameters. Special attention is paid to investigating the effect of road quality as well as on examining effects related to wheel hop. Finally, a critical comparison is performed between the results obtained for vehicles with passive linear or bilinear suspension dampers and those obtained for cars with semi-active shock absorbers.

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Nohtomi, Shinya, Kazuyuki Okada, Hiroyuki Urabe, and Shinichiro Horiuchi. "Simultaneous robust optimization of suspension and active control system of road vehicles for handling improvement." Vehicle System Dynamics 44, sup1 (January 2006): 904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110600907550.

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Ab Talib, Mat Hussin, and Intan Zaurah Mat Darus. "Intelligent fuzzy logic with firefly algorithm and particle swarm optimization for semi-active suspension system using magneto-rheological damper." Journal of Vibration and Control 23, no. 3 (August 9, 2016): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546315580693.

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This paper presents a new approach for intelligent fuzzy logic (IFL) controller tuning via firefly algorithm (FA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) for a semi-active (SA) suspension system using a magneto-rheological (MR) damper. The SA suspension system’s mathematical model is established based on quarter vehicles. The MR damper is used to change a conventional damper system to an intelligent damper. It contains a magnetic polarizable particle suspended in a liquid form. The Bouc–Wen model of a MR damper is used to determine the required damping force based on force–displacement and force–velocity characteristics. The performance of the IFL controller optimized by FA and PSO is investigated for control of a MR damper system. The gain scaling of the IFL controller is optimized using FA and PSO techniques in order to achieve the lowest mean square error (MSE) of the system response. The performance of the proposed controllers is then compared with an uncontrolled system in terms of body displacement, body acceleration, suspension deflection, and tire deflection. Two bump disturbance signals and sinusoidal signals are implemented into the system. The simulation results demonstrate that the PSO-tuned IFL exhibits an improvement in ride comfort and has the smallest MSE for acceleration analysis. In addition, the FA-tuned IFL has been proven better than IFL–PSO and uncontrolled systems for both road profile conditions in terms of displacement analysis.

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THOMPSON, A. G. "Comments on the paper Preview Control Algorithms for the Active Suspension of an Off-Road Vehicle by R.G. Langlois and R.J. Anderson (VSD 24 (1995), 65-97)." Vehicle System Dynamics 24, no. 10 (December 1995): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423119508969118.

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LANGLOIS, R. G., and R. J. ANDERSON. "Response to comments by A. G. Thompson on the paper Preview Control Algorithms for the Active Suspension of an Off-Road Vehicle by R. G. Langlois and R. J. Anderson, (VSD 24 (1995) 65-97)." Vehicle System Dynamics 24, no. 10 (December 1995): 785–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423119508969119.

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East, William, Jérôme Turcotte, Jean-Sébastien Plante, and Guifré Julio. "Experimental assessment of a linear actuator driven by magnetorheological clutches for automotive active suspensions." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 32, no. 9 (February 11, 2021): 955–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x21991237.

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The main functions of automotive suspensions are to improve passenger comfort as well as vehicle dynamic performance. Simultaneously satisfying these functions is not possible because they require opposing suspension adjustments. This fundamental design trade-off can be solved with an active suspension system providing real-time modifications of the suspension behavior and vehicle attitude corrections. However, current active suspension actuator technologies have yet to reach a wide-spread commercial adoption due to excessive costs and performance limitations. This paper presents a design study assessing the potential of magnetorheological clutch actuators for automotive active suspension applications. An experimentally validated dynamic model is used to derive meaningful design requirements. An actuator design is proposed and built using a motor to feed counter-rotating MR clutches to provide upward and downward forces. Experimental characterization shows that all intended design requirements are met, and that the actuator can output a peak force of ±5300 N, a peak linear speed of ±1.9 m/s and a blocked-output force bandwidth of 92 Hz. When compared to other relevant technologies, the MR approach simultaneously shows both better force density and speeds (bandwidth) while adding minimal costs and weight. Results from this experimental assessment suggest that MR slippage actuation is promising for automotive active suspensions.

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Kashani, Reza, and Joseph E. Strelow. "Fuzzy Logic Active and Semi-Active Control of Off-Road Vehicle Suspensions." Vehicle System Dynamics 32, no. 4-5 (November 1, 1999): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/vesd.32.4.409.2075.

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Chen, Si Zhong, Zhan Zong Feng, Lin Yang, and Yun Tang Zhao. "Magnetorheological Semi-Active Suspension Demonstration for Off-Road Vehicles." Advanced Science Letters 12, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2012.2800.

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Žuraulis, Vidas, Vytenis Surblys, and Eldar Šabanovič. "TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES OF FOREFRONT ROAD IDENTIFICATION FOR VEHICLE COMFORT AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENT." Transport 34, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.10372.

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This paper presents the technological measures currently being developed at institutes and vehicle research centres dealing with forefront road identification. In this case, road identification corresponds with the surface irregularities and road surface type, which are evaluated by laser scanning and image analysis. Real-time adaptation, adaptation in advance and system external informing are stated as sequential generations of vehicle suspension and active braking systems where road identification is significantly important. Active and semi-active suspensions with their adaptation technologies for comfort and road holding characteristics are analysed. Also, an active braking system such as Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) have been considered as very sensitive to the road friction state. Artificial intelligence methods of deep learning have been presented as a promising image analysis method for classification of 12 different road surface types. Concluding the achieved benefit of road identification for traffic safety improvement is presented with reference to analysed research reports and assumptions made after the initial evaluation.

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Rath, J. J., K. C. Veluvolu, and M. Defoort. "Adaptive Super-Twisting Observer for Estimation of Random Road Excitation Profile in Automotive Suspension Systems." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/203416.

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The estimation of road excitation profile is important for evaluation of vehicle stability and vehicle suspension performance for autonomous vehicle control systems. In this work, the nonlinear dynamics of the active automotive system that is excited by the unknown road excitation profile are considered for modeling. To address the issue of estimation of road profile, we develop an adaptive supertwisting observer for state and unknown road profile estimation. Under Lipschitz conditions for the nonlinear functions, the convergence of the estimation error is proven. Simulation results with Ford Fiesta MK2 demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed observer for state and unknown input estimation for nonlinear active suspension system.

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Walavalkar, Sarvesh, Viraj Tandel, Rahul Sunil Thakur, V. V. Pramod Kumar, and Supriya Bhuran. "Performance Comparison of Various controllers on Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension System." ITM Web of Conferences 40 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20214001001.

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The value of a self-tuning adaptive semi-active control scheme for automotive suspension systems is discussed in this paper. The current vehicle suspension system uses fixed-coeffcient springs and dampers. The ability of vehicle suspension systems to provide good road handling and improve passenger comfort is usually valued. Passive suspension allows you to choose between these two options. Semi-Active suspension(SAS), on the other hand, can provide both road handling and comfort by manipulating the suspension force actuators directly. The semi-active suspension system for a quarter car model is compared to passive and various controllers such as Proportional-Integral, Proportional-Integral-Derivative, Internal model control (IMC)-PID, IMC-PID with filter, FUZZY, and Adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system(ANFIS) in this analysis. This research could be relevant in the future for designing better car suspension adjustments to eliminate vertical jerks and rolling motion experienced by the vehicle body on bumps and humps.

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Yagiz, N., and L. E. Sakman. "Robust Sliding Mode Control of a Full Vehicle Without Suspension Gap Loss." Journal of Vibration and Control 11, no. 11 (November 2005): 1357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546305058268.

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A seven-degrees-of-freedom full vehicle model is used to design a robust controller and to investigate the performance of active suspensions without losing the suspension working space. Zero reference for vehicle body displacement finishes suspension working distance. Thus, a new approach is suggested in this paper. Force actuators are placed parallel to the suspensions and non-chattering sliding mode control is applied. Since any change in vehicle parameters because of different load or road conditions adversely affects the performance of the ordinary control methods, a robust control method is preferred. To obtain the desired improvement in ride comfort, we aim to decrease the magnitudes of the body vibrations and their accelerations. We present body bounce, pitch and roll motions of the vehicle with the conventional approach and the proposed approach without suspension gap loss, both in the time domain in the case of traveling over a step road profile and in the frequency domain. The results of both approaches are compared. The solution to the suspension gap loss problem has also been presented on periodic road surfaces. At the end of the paper, we discuss the improvement in the performance of the new controller with its robust behavior and the advantage of the new approach.

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Shavalipour, Aghil, and Sallehuddin Mohamed Haris. "Mixed H2/H∞ with Pole-Placement Control Design Outline for Active Suspension Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.152.

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This paper consider the control of active automotive suspensions applying Mixed (H2/H∞) state-space optimization techniques. It is well known that the ride comfort is improved by reducing vehicle body acceleration generated by road disturbance. In order to study this phenomenon, Two Degrees of Freedom (DOF) in state space vehicle model was built in. However, the H∞ control method attenuates the agitation effect on the output while H2 is employed to improve the input of the controller. Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) technique is employed to calculate the dynamic controller parameters. The outcome of the simulation revealed that ride comfort for the vehicle upgraded adequately by applying mixed H2/H∞ Control method for active suspension system, and also the mixed H2/H∞ Control method was more effective than the H∞ Control method.

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Leighton, N. J., and J. Pullen. "A Novel Active Suspension System for Automotive Application." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 208, no. 4 (October 1994): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_191_02.

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This paper describes a novel type of active suspension based on a buckling spring element installed in an actively controlled variable leverage system. The development of the suspension system through stages of computer simulation, implementation and test is outlined, together with the test results. The suspension system does not fall into any of the established categories of active system but may be seen as fitting into a recently identified category of variably leverage systems. The system is shown to be capable of controlling a vehicle body's motion while providing excellent road input isolation and requiring input power levels of below 150 watts per wheel.

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Adam, S. Aisyah, N. A. A. Jalil, K. A. Md Razali, Y. G. Ng, and M. F. Aladdin. "Mathematical Model of Suspension Seat-Person Exposed to Vertical Vibration for Off-Road Vehicles." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 6773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.2.2019.22.0509.

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Off-road drivers are exposed to a high magnitude of vibration at low frequency (0.5-25Hz), that can cause harm and possibly attribute to musculoskeletal disorder, particularly low-back pain. The suspension seat is commonly used on an off-road condition to isolate the vibration transmitted to the human body. Nevertheless, the suspension seat modelling that incorporates the human body is still scarce. The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical modelling to represent the suspension seat-person for off-road vehicles. This paper presents a three degrees-of-freedom lumped parameter model. A curve-fitting method is used for parameter identification, which includes the constraint variable function (fmincon()) from the optimisation toolbox of MATLAB(R2017a). The model parameters are optimised using experimentally measured of suspension seat transmissibility. It was found that the model provides a reasonable fit to the measured suspension seat transmissibility at the first peak of resonance frequency, around 2-3 Hz. The results of the study suggested that the human body forms a coupled system with the suspension seat and thus affects the overall performance of the suspension system. As a conclusion, the influence of the human body should not be ignored in the modelling, and a three-degrees degree-of-freedom lumped parameter model provides a better prediction of suspension seat transmissibility. This proposed model is recommended to predict vibration transmissibility for off-road suspension seat.

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Yang, Guo Quan, and You Qun Zhao. "Fuzzy Control of Vehicle Suspension System." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 2012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.2012.

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In this paper, a semi-active suspension system has been proposed to improve the ride comfort, and a 2 DOF vehicle system is designed to simulate the actions of vehicle suspension system. The purpose of a suspension system is to support the vehicle body and increase ride comfort. The aim of the work described in the paper was to illustrate the application of fuzzy logic technique to the control of a continuously damping automotive suspension system. The ride comfort is improved by means of the reduction of the body acceleration caused by the car body when road disturbances from smooth road and real road roughness. Based on MATLAB fuzzy control toolbox, fuzzy controller is designed. Simulation analysis of suspension system is preceded by using MATLAB/Simulink7.0. The result shows that this control can improve the body acceleration, suspension distortion etc.

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Papaioannou, G., A. M. Dineff, and D. Koulocheris. "Comparative Study of Different Vehicle Models with Respect to Their Dynamic Behavior." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (October 4, 2019): 7061–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.17.0529.

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Various simulation models are used extensively for the design and the optimisation of vehicle suspension systems, as well as the application of various control algorithms in them. The selection of the most suitable model for these purposes is never explained and many times unnecessary complexity is added in them. In this respect, an assessment regarding the accuracy of the most common vehicle models is conducted. Thus, four vehicle models with various configurations are compared in terms of accuracy. More specifically, both passive and semi active suspensions are employed to the models, while the effect of adding anti-roll bars and tire dampers is also investigated. The transient behaviour of the suspension system and the overall vehicle performance are assessed in terms of ride comfort, vehicle handling and road holding using different road excitations. The results illustrate the ability of lower accuracy models to cope well and that they should be preferred most of the times. Also, anti-roll bars and tire dampers should be neglected when the ride comfort is investigated, whereas they have to be included when simulations regarding road holding are conducted.

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Bello, Musa Mohammed, Amir Akramin Shafie, and Raisuddin Khan. "Active Vehicle Suspension Control Using Full State-Feedback Controller." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.440.

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The main purpose of vehicle suspension system is to isolate the vehicle main body from any road geometrical irregularity in order to improve the passengers ride comfort and to maintain good handling stability. The present work aim at designing a control system for an active suspension system to be applied in today’s automotive industries. The design implementation involves construction of a state space model for quarter car with two degree of freedom and a development of full state-feedback controller. The performance of the active suspension system was assessed by comparing it response with that of the passive suspension system. Simulation using Matlab/Simulink environment shows that, even at resonant frequency the active suspension system produces a good dynamic response and a better ride comfort when compared to the passive suspension system.

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Sabaneh, Omar A. O., Waleed F. Faris, Mohamed Okasha, and Faried Hasbullah. "A mixed control system for active suspension for off-road vehicles." International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration 12, no. 2 (2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvnv.2016.079051.

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Yue, C., T. Butsuen, and J. K. Hedrick. "Alternative Control Laws for Automotive Active Suspensions." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 111, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153048.

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A two degree of freedom (1/4 car model) is used to evaluate alternative linear control laws. Control laws considered are full state feedback, sprung mass absolute velocity feedback and an LQG regulator using suspension deflection as the measurement. It is shown that all three can yield improvements to the sprung mass ride quality but that overall the LQG regulator using suspension deflection provides the best trade-off between ride quality, suspension packaging and road holding constraints.

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Changizi, Nemat, Asef Zare, Nooshin Sheiie, and Mahbubeh Moghadas. "Comparison of PID and Fuzzy Controller for Automobile Suspension System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.671.

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The main aim of suspension system is to isolate a vehicle body from road irregularities in order to maximize passenger ride comfort and retain continuous road wheel contact in order to provide road holding. The aim of the work described in the paper was to illustrate the application of fuzzy logic technique to the control of a continuously damping automotive suspension system. The ride comfort is improved by means of the reduction of the body acceleration caused by the car body when road disturbances from smooth road and real road roughness. The paper describes also the model and controller used in the study and discusses the vehicle response results obtained from a range of road input simulations. In the conclusion, a comparison of active suspension fuzzy control and Proportional Integration derivative (PID) control is shown using MATLAB simulations.

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Ahmed, M. R., A. R. Yusoff, and F. R. M. Romlay. "Adjustable Valve Semi-Active Suspension System for Passenger Car." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 2 (July 4, 2019): 6470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.2.2019.2.0489.

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The suspension of the car plays a very important role in the safety and the comfort of the vehicle and for absorbing the shock waves and give comfort for the driver and passenger. This paper improves the performance of an automobile suspension system by developing electronically adjustable semi-active shock absorber. This achieved by attaching stepper motor for each shock absorber which helps in adjusting the bleed orifice to a certain position that alternates the hydraulic oil flow in the shock absorber between piston’s chamber during the process of compression and rebound. To evaluate the effect of developed semi-active shock absorber on the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle, several tests were carried out on different types of road condition (bumpy, straight-line and roundabout). These tests were used to evaluate the acceleration and ride quality. There is a great range in response when the bleed orifice is opened reached up to 35% between the stiff and soft setting. The value of root means square acceleration (RMS) was calculated and compared with the standard of human exposure to whole-body vibration, which shows an error of 6% slightly. The result shows the effect of electronically controllable shock absorber on a vehicle’s dynamic behaviour — the advantage of electronics to improve the performance of ride comfort and reduced the harms due to undesired vibration.

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Buckner, Gregory D., Karl T. Schuetze, and Joe H. Beno. "Intelligent Feedback Linearization for Active Vehicle Suspension Control." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 4 (July 3, 2000): 727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1408945.

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Effective control of ride quality and handling performance are challenges for active vehicle suspension systems, particularly for off-road applications. Off-road vehicles experience large suspension displacements, where the nonlinear kinematics and damping characteristics of suspension elements are significant. These nonlinearities tend to degrade the performance of active suspension systems, introducing harshness to the ride quality and reducing off-road mobility. Typical control strategies rely on linear, time-invariant models of the suspension dynamics. While these models are convenient, nominally accurate, and tractable due to the abundance of linear control techniques, they neglect the nonlinearities and time-varying dynamics present in real suspension systems. One approach to improving the effectiveness of active vehicle suspension systems, while preserving the benefits of linear control techniques, is to identify and cancel these nonlinearities using Feedback Linearization. In this paper the authors demonstrate an intelligent parameter estimation approach using structured artificial neural networks that continually “learns” the nonlinear parameter variations of a quarter-car suspension model. This estimation algorithm becomes the foundation for an Intelligent Feedback Linearization (IFL) controller for active vehicle suspensions. Results are presented for computer simulations, real-time experimental tests, and field evaluations using an off-road vehicle (a military HMMWV). Experimental results for a quarter-car test rig demonstrate 60% improvements in ride quality relative to baseline (non-adapting) control algorithms. Field trial results reveal 95% reductions in absorbed power and 65% reductions in peak sprung mass acceleration using this IFL approach versus conventional passive suspensions.

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Marzbanrad, Javad, Goodarz Ahmadi, Yousef Hojjat, and Hassan Zohoor. "Optimal Active Control of Vehicle Suspension System Including Time Delay and Preview for Rough Roads." Journal of Vibration and Control 8, no. 7 (July 2002): 967–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107754602029586.

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An optimal preview control of a vehicle suspension system traveling on a rough road is studied. A three-dimensional seven degree-of-freedom car-riding model and several descriptions of the road surface roughness heights, including haversine (hole/bump) and stochastic filtered white noise models, are used in the analysis. It is assumed that contact-less sensors affixed to the vehicle front bumper measure the road surface height at some distances in the front of the car. The suspension systems are optimized with respect to ride comfort and road holding preferences including accelerations of the sprung mass, tire deflection, suspension rattle space and control force. The performance and power demand of active, active and delay, active and preview systems are evaluated and are compared with those for the passive system. The results show that the optimal preview control improves all aspects of the vehicle suspension performance while requiring less power. Effects of variation of preview time and variations in the road condition are also examined.

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Gomonwattanapanich, O., N. Pannucharoenwong, P. Rattanadecho, S. Echaroj, and S. Hemathulin. "Vibration Control of Vehicle by Active Suspension with LQG Algorithm." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 2 (July 11, 2020): 8011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.2.2020.19.0600.

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In this paper, the ride performance of a vehicle with active suspension and Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller has been studied and is compared to the performances of a traditional passive suspension system. The study includes variables that are related to a passenger’s comfort: vertical position, vertical velocity, pitch angle, pitch velocity, roll angle, and roll velocity. The performances of the two systems are evaluated by maximum values and root mean square (RMS) of the variables when riding on a sinusoidal road profile. The simulation results show that the vehicle with active suspension and LQG controller performs better than passive suspension system where the maximum values decrease by 85.77%, 92.73%, 50.31% 86.83%, 89.41%, 43.28%, and RMS values decrease by 88.59%, 92.36%, 42.99%, 87.61%, 90.85%, and 42.79% for vertical position, vertical velocity, pitch angle, pitch velocity, roll angle, and roll velocity, respectively.

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Tudón-Martínez, Juan C., Soheib Fergani, Sébastien Varrier, Olivier Sename, Luc Dugard, Ruben Morales-Menendez, and Ricardo Ramírez-Mendoza. "Road Adaptive Semi-Active Suspension in an Automotive Vehicle using an LPV Controller." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 21 (2013): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130904-4-jp-2042.00090.

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Ivanov, Valentin, Barys Shyrokau, and Vladzimir Siakhovich. "ROAD IDENTIFICATION FOR ITS‐INTEGRATED SYSTEMS OF AUTOMOTIVE ACTIVE SAFETY." TRANSPORT 20, no. 2 (April 20, 2005): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2005.9637996.

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The paper discusses several aspects of active safety control for automotive application. Particular emphasis is placed on the fuzzy logic determination of friction properties of a tyre‐road contact. An example of vehicle control systems equipped with off‐board sensors of road roughness, temperature, moisture and rain intensity demonstrates the implementation of this approach. The paper proposes conceptual solutions for preventive active safety control applied to vehicles which are integrated in an intelligent transportation system.

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Heidarian, Alireza, and Xu Wang. "Review on Seat Suspension System Technology Development." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142834.

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This review will focus on the necessity for developing seat vibration control systems as a part of manufacturers’ investigation into finding innovative methods to increase the comfort and safety of the vehicles’ drivers. Operators of either on-road or off-road vehicles are regularly subjected to an extended variety of various vibration levels, especially at low frequencies. Considering that exposure to such vibration in long term has some damaging effects on driver’s health, many comprehensive investigations have been carried out and researchers have proposed several measures for estimating discomfort and the suitability of various vehicles’ seats such as those of trucks, cars and agricultural vehicles in operating condition. Active, passive and semi-active suspension systems are employed in vehicle seats to alleviate the harmful and damaging effects due to the transmitted vibration to the human body. In order to improve riding comfort, the operator’s body displacement and acceleration must be reduced. According to the research, active suspension control systems are the best choice to reduce the transmitted vibration to the drivers’ body and provide the best ride comfort in comparison with passive and semi-active systems.

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Zhao, Leilei, Yuewei Yu, Changcheng Zhou, and Fuxing Yang. "Modelling and validation of a seat suspension with rubber spring for off-road vehicles." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 18 (July 10, 2017): 4110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546317719348.

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To improve seat performance of low-frequency vibration isolation, this paper investigates a new type of seat suspension with a hollow composite rubber spring. To better describe the real system, a nonlinear suspension model was built. Then, the model parameters were identified and validated, the results show that the model is workable and the identified parameters are acceptable. The acceleration transmissibility of the new suspension was also analyzed by test and simulation. The resonant frequencies measured are close to the simulated under different excitation amplitudes, and all the relative deviations of the resonant frequency are less than 2.0%. Finally, in order to make clear how much the new suspension is better than the traditional suspension with the coil spring, the comparison of ride comfort was conducted under different working conditions. The results show that the new suspension can more effectively attenuate the low frequency from the uneven ground, meanwhile, it can provide a more stable support so that the driver can control the vehicle effectively. The model proposed can be used to predict the performance of the new seat suspension. The new suspension and the model provide a valuable reference for broadening the type of the seat suspension and exploring the optimal performance.

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Gosselin-Brisson, S., M. Bouazara, and M. J. Richard. "Design of an Active Anti-Roll Bar for Off-Road Vehicles." Shock and Vibration 16, no. 2 (2009): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/343048.

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This paper presents a comparison of performance between a passive and an active anti-roll bar. Off-road vehicles are subject to large input road motion and appreciable lateral forces, making anti-roll bars desirable. A four DOF linear model is used to represent an independent suspension and to design the controller. For every case the performance is evaluated for severe road input perturbation and lateral acceleration. A method is presented to illustrate the compromise between stability and comfort inherent in passive anti-roll bar selection. This method was used to select a realistic anti-roll bar stiffness. The active anti-roll bar was designed using full state feedback optimal controller. A simplification of the active system is proposed to reduce the number of measurements and eliminate the need for an optimal observer. The results show a superior performance in ride and handling for the active controller in the frequency range of interest. The addition of filters is proposed to maximize controller efficiency and to reduce associated problems.

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Gong, Mingde, and Xin Yan. "Robust Control Strategy of Heavy Vehicle Active Suspension Based on Road Level Estimation." International Journal of Automotive Technology 22, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-021-0015-5.

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WEYENBERG, THOMAS R., JOSEPH W. PIALET, and NICHOLAS K. PETEK. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS FOR AN AUTOMOTIVE SEMI-ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 10, no. 23n24 (October 30, 1996): 3201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979296001641.

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The feasibility of electrorheological (ER) dampers for an automotive semi-active suspension was evaluated in a three phase program. In the first phase, ER fluid performance targets were derived. The desired ride and handling attributes of the suspension system were translated into damper specifications, which were then translated into the ER fluid performance targets. The damper specifications included dynamic range, bandwidth, power draw, and packaging. The ER fluid performance parameters then included zero-field viscosity, ER stress, response time, and power density. In the second phase, the dampers and the ER fluid were developed to meet the performance targets. Trade-offs were made between damper design and fluid formulation to achieve the desired damper dynamic range and power draw. A state-diagram approach using screen test data was used to select candidate ER fluids. In the third phase of the program, a prototype semi-active suspension system using fast, continuously variable ER dampers was installed on a demonstration vehicle. Heave, pitch, and roll motions of the vehicle were controlled by applying voltages independently to the four dampers as determined by a modified sky-hook algorithm. The system was designed to respond in less than 10 ms with an average power requirement less than 40 W for normal road surfaces and handling. Laboratory data from a pressure driven flow screen test and a damper test are presented that document the ER fluid performance specification and selection process. Vehicle performance data are presented that demonstrate the features of ER technology for the semi-active suspension application. Remaining issues for commercialization of ER fluids are discussed.

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Gupta, Ashish, Nilanjan Bharadwaj, and Vikas Rastogi. "Computational Framework of Various Semi-Active Control Strategies for Road Vehicles Thorough Bondgraphs." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 10, no. 4 (October 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.20211001.oa9.

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Vehicle suspension system plays a vital role in diminishing the vibration caused by the road roughness and prevent it from transmitting to the driver and the passenger. The semi-active suspensions contain spring and damping elements with variable properties, which can be changed by an external control. The work presented here is concerned with semi-active damper control for vibration isolation of base disturbances. Numerous control algorithms for semi active system had been suggested in the past, performed experimentally and validated with various computational models.In this work, the 2-DOF quarter car model with semi-active suspension, controlled by skyhook and balance logic with on-off and continuous control algorithms is being studied.The computational models are subjected to various road profiles like single half sine bump, random road disturbanceas typical Indian road scenario. So that the performance can be done as real time inputs. The simulation is being carried out on Matlab or Simulink.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Off-road vehicles Active automotive suspension'

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