Journal articles: 'Offa'

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Harris, Samuel, Michele Sterling, Scott F. Farrell, Ashley Pedler, and Ashley D. Smith. "The influence of isometric exercise on endogenous pain modulation: comparing exercise-induced hypoalgesia and offset analgesia in young, active adults." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 18, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2017-0177.

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Abstract Background and aims Impairment of endogenous analgesia has been associated with the development, maintenance and persistence of pain. Endogenous analgesia can be evaluated using exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) and offset analgesia (OffA) paradigms, which measure temporal filtering of sensory information. It is not clear if these paradigms are underpinned by common mechanisms, as EIH and OffA have not previously been directly compared. A further understanding of the processes responsible for these clinically relevant phenomena may have future diagnostic and therapeutic utility in management of individuals with persistent pain conditions. The primary aim of this study was to investigate if there is a correlation between the magnitudes of EIH and OffA. The secondary aim of the study was to examine whether exercise influences OffA. Methods Thirty-six healthy, pain-free participants were recruited. EIH was evaluated using pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and pain ratings to suprathreshold pressure stimuli over tibialis anterior and the cervical spine. OffA evaluation utilised a three-step protocol, whereby individualised heat pain thermal stimuli [Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)=50/100] were applied (T1), before increasing 1 °C (T2), followed by 1 °C reduction (T3). The magnitude of OffA was calculated as the percentage reduction in the NRS from T2 to T3. PPT/suprathreshold pain ratings and OffA measures were recorded, before and after 5 min of isometric quadriceps exercise performed at 20–25% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC); and following a 15 min rest period. Data were analysed using repeated measures (RM) ANCOVA and correlational analyses. Results There was no correlation between EIH measures (PPTs or pain ratings to suprathreshold pressure stimuli over tibialis anterior or the cervical spine) and OffA (p>0.11 for all). OffA was induced and not modulated by exercise (p=0.28). Conclusions Five minutes of 20–25% MVC lower limb isometric exercise provided non-pharmacological pain modulation in young, active adults. Magnitude of EIH was not correlated with that of OffA, and exercise did not influence magnitude of OffA. Implications These results suggest that in young, pain-free individuals, separate testing of these two paradigms is required to comprehensively evaluate efficacy of endogenous analgesia. If these results are replicated in patient populations, alternative or complementary methods to exercise interventions may be required to modulate impaired OffA.

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ADERIBIGBE, Ezekiel Jesusanu, Felix OLADELA, Clement OGUNKUNLE, and Olamide FOLARIN. "Eco-distribution of Vitellaria paradoxa (G.F. Gaertn) in Kwara State, Nigeria." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 9, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb9410072.

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The conservation status of Vitellaria paradoxa in Kwara state was studied. The frequency ranged from 20% at Offa and Ilofa to100% at Jebba and Kaiama, as the shea tree occurred twice in the ten sampling points at Offa and Ilofa, but occurred in all sampled sites at Jebba and Kaiama. The highest tree mean density of 34 trees/ha was noted at Kaiama and the lowest at Offa 4 trees/ha. The overall mean densities of the species was 13.33 trees/ha. These show that Vitellaria paradoxa trees were more conserved towards the Northern part of the state than the Southern part. The majority of the trees were between (21-30 cm) diameter class, which indicated that they were saplings and very few were around (<10 cm) diameter class. The results showed low population of seedlings in the state, especially at the Northern part of the state. This might be due to trees’ removal for farming activities, uncontrolled incessant bush burning and trampling by grazing live stocks in the areas.

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Palfreyman *, David. "Does OFFA have teeth?" Education and the Law 16, no. 4 (December 2004): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0953996042000339288.

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Terwilliger, T. C. "MAD phasing: Bayesian estimates ofFA." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 50, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444993008224.

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Adewumi, S. O. and Mahmud, H. U. "ESTIMATION OF COSTS AND RETURN OF SWEET POTATO PRODUCTION IN OFFA LGA, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (April 3, 2023): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v6i1.389.

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Offa is the second largest town in Kwara State, located in central Nigeria with geographic coordinates 8'9N 4'43E. With a population of about 120,100 inhabitants. Located in a savanna vegetation region, Offa is well known for cultivation of sweet potatoes and maize. Offa LGA was purposively selected as it is the major sweet potato producing areas in the State. A two-stage sampling procedure was used in random selection of 120 sweet potato farmers for the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgetary technique. The results showed that the estimated costs and return for one hectare of sweet potatoes enterprises were ₦64,100.00 and ₦121,700.00, respectively, with the labour cost having the highest share of 39.78% of total cost followed by seed cost (11.7%) and fertilizer cost (10.06%). The profit margin percentage of 47.3% and return per capital outlay of 0.9 was noted, impliedly that for every ₦1 invested in sweet potato production enterprise there is a return of ₦0.90k to the enterprise. An operating cash expenses ratio of 39.5% was obtained along with benefit cost ratio (BCR) of ₦1.89k implying that the enterprise is profitable even with little capital invested into it. A positive gross margin (₦73,600) and net farm income (₦57,600) was also obtained indicating a profitable sweet potato production enterprise. The study concluded that with the values of all the performance indicator used, sweet potato enterprise could be said to be profitable, and profitability can still be increased under improved management practices.

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Peacock, D. P. S. "Charlemagne's black stones: the re-use of Roman columns in early medieval Europe." Antiquity 71, no. 273 (September 1997): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00085434.

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What were the ‘black stones’ about which Charlemagne wrote to King Offa of Mercia just before AD 800? How do these special blocks fit into the broader pattern in re-using Roman columns in early medieval buildings?

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KORNICKER, LOUIS S. "Authorship and publication date of the Palaeozoic genera Cypridinella, Cypridellina, Sulcuna, Rhombina, and Offa (Ostracoda: Myodocopa)." Zootaxa 1125, no. 1 (February 10, 2006): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1125.1.2.

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Authorship and publication date of the Palaeozoic genera Cypridinella, Cypridellina, Rhombina, Sulcuna, and Offa have been attributed in the literature to either Jones 1873a, Jones & Kirkby, 1874, or Jones, Kirkby, and Brady, 1874, or 1884 (see Kornicker, 2001). Kornicker (2001) concluded that the correct authorship and publication date of the five genera are Jones, 1873a. Becker (2004) disputed this and argued that the correct authorship and publication date of the first four genera are Jones and Kirkby, 1874 (Offa not mentioned), centering his argument on the genus Sulcuna. On June 10, 2005, I forwarded a request to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) requesting a ruling on the identity of the author of the Palaeozoic genus Sulcuna. An answering letter received in August 2005 from the ICZN Secretariat (Fig. 1) stated that Jones (1873a) should be credited as the author of the genus Sulcuna.

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Ojulari, Lekan Sheriff, Kabir Taiye Abubakar, and Bamidele Victor Owoyele. "Haemtological Parameters of Residents of Offa, KWARA State." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 12, no. 2 (May 13, 2013): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i2.14947.

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Objectives: This study aims to study some hematologic parameters, here, the packed cell volume (PCV), the red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (HC) and white blood cell (WBC) count in residents of Offa in Kwara state, Nigeria. Methods: Blood samples of healthy male and female Offa indigenes were analyzed for RBC count, PCV, HC and WBC count. Results: The mean HC was 14.6 and 13.71 g/dl of blood, for both males and females respectively, while the mean PCV was 43.1% and 40.4% for both males and females, respectively. The mean RBC count for males was 5.45 x 166 cells per mm3 while that of females was 4.55 x 106 / mm3. Conclusion: All values investigated were lower than that for Caucasians. The probable causes of the differences between the above values as compared to those of the western world were also discussed. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 02 April13 Page 180-185 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i2.14947

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TAIWO, A. A., E. A. ADEBOWALE, A. O. AKINSOYINU, and J. F. D. GREENHALGH. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF FOUR PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) SHEEP." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 22, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v22i1.2033.

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Feedblocks, poultry manure diet, gliricidia: leucaena mixture (1:1 W/W) and maize offal diet were compared as sources of protein supplements for WAD sheep fed a basal diet of elephant grass hay (Pennisetum purpureum), through a 12-week performance and digestibility study. Dry matter and organic matter intakes (DMI, OMI) of the sheep were higher (P0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on the other diets. DMI on poultry manure and maize offal diets were not significant (P0.05). Organic matter intake (OMI) of the animals followed the same trend as DMI. Sheep fed legume supplements excelled in intakes of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (P>0.05). Intakes of CP and ADF by sheep on the other supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05). Sheep fed on feedblock supplement consumed the least amount. (P0.05) of NDF. Variations were observed in DM,OM, and NDF digestibilities by sheep on maize offal, poultry manure and legumes supplements. Crude protein digestibility in the legumes and feedblocks supplements was higher (P0.05) than with the other two supplements. All the sheep used gained weights but those on maize offa' diet recorded higher (P0.05). weight gain (86.57g) than those on browse leaves (59.40g), feedblocks (47.80g) and poultry manure (40.44g). Rumen pH was lower (P<0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on other diets. Total VFA recorded for sheep on maize offal diet and legumes supplements was higher (P<0.05) than for the other two supplements. Blood urea nitrogen of the supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05)

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Jesus, Luis M. T., Joana Martinez, Andreia Hall, and Aníbal Ferreira. "Acoustic Correlates of Compensatory Adjustments to the Glottic and Supraglottic Structures in Patients with Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/704121.

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The goal of this study was to analyse perceptually and acoustically the voices of patients with Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis (UVFP) and compare them to the voices of normal subjects. These voices were analysed perceptually with the GRBAS scale and acoustically using the following parameters: mean fundamental frequency (F0), standard-deviation ofF0, jitter (ppq5), shimmer (apq11), mean harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), mean first (F1) and second (F2) formants frequency, and standard-deviation ofF1 andF2 frequencies. Statistically significant differences were found in all of the perceptual parameters. Also the jitter, shimmer, HNR, standard-deviation ofF0, and standard-deviation of the frequency ofF2 were statistically different between groups, for both genders. In the male data differences were also found inF1 andF2 frequencies values and in the standard-deviation of the frequency ofF1. This study allowed the documentation of the alterations resulting from UVFP and addressed the exploration of parameters with limited information for this pathology.

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Bamidele, Seun, and Olusegun Oladele Idowu. "Land Boundary Disputes Resolution: A Qualitative Study of Peace and Conflict Resolution between Erinle-Offa Communities in Kwara State, Nigeria." ABUAD Journal of Social and Management Sciences 4, no. 2 (December 19, 2023): 228–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/ajsms.2023.0402.04-j.

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The study focused on land boundary disputes and the resolution challenges in the Erinle-Offa communities of Kwara State, Nigeria. The history of the two communities is laced with hostility and aggression, which has resulted in violent disputes at various times. Quite a number of works have emerged on the causes and consequences of the violent clash. However, the aftermaths of the dispute, especially the tense relationship and peacebuilding process in the area, are yet to be sufficiently interrogated. This study investigated the state of relations between Erinle and Offa as well as land dispute resolution processes in the locality involving complex actors after the last violent clash. It also examined the factors responsible for land boundary disputes between the two communities. The findings showed that negative peace currently exists in the two communities and the land conflict is a perennial one that could arise at any time. The study used both primary and secondary data. The main method of data collection was the unstructured interview, which was conducted with 120 people, made up of traditional rulers, and local, political, religious and youth leaders. Secondary data was sourced from texts, newspapers, magazines, official gazettes, archival materials and the Internet.

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Baldacchini, G., F. De Matteis, E. Giovenale, A. Scacco, F. Somma, and U. M. Grassano. "Off-axis configuration ofFA(Li) centers in RbCl." Physical Review B 37, no. 12 (April 15, 1988): 7014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.37.7014.

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Tafesse, Alula, Guta Regasa Megerssa, and Bogale Gebeyehu. "Determinants of agricultural commercialization in Offa District, Ethiopia." Cogent Food & Agriculture 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1816253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1816253.

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Leneghan, F. "The Poetic Purpose of the Offa-Digression in Beowulf." Review of English Studies 60, no. 246 (April 3, 2009): 538–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgp002.

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ADEBAYO, Odunola Adefunke, Folasade Busayo OGUNTOYE, Tunde Idris YUSUF, and Jimoh Omotayo JIMOH. "Library orientation as a predictor of library use among freshers in two selected academic libraries in Kwara State, Nigeria." Integrity Journal of Education and Training 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/ijet2023.172.

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The paper is a study on library orientation as a predictor of library use among freshers in two selected academic libraries in Kwara State, Nigeria. The survey design was used for this study with a total population of two thousand and ten (2,010) registered students from Summit University, Offa (94) and Federal Polytechnic Offa (1916) for the 2021/2022 academic session. Two stage sampling technique was used in the study. The first stage selected departments similar to each of the institutions, these departments are Accounting, Business Administration, Banking and Finance, Computer Science and Mass Communication. The second stage involved the use of sampling fraction of 20% to select the sample size from each of the selected departments. This, therefore, gave a total sampling size of 201. Out of 201 questionnaires distributed to respondents, 200 questionnaires (representing 99.5%) were returned and found valid for analysis. The data collected were analysed using frequency table and mean. The hypothesis was tested using linear regression. Findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between library orientation and utilisation of library resources among newly admitted students in selected institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. The findings showed the challenges confronting library orientation in academic libraries in Kwara State including but not limited to over population, and lack of instructional materials, among others. It was recommended that library orientation programmes in academic libraries of this nature should be imposed on newly admitted students. Library staff should adopt regular interaction with students and be willing to help and have a user-friendly disposition with them in their quest for services.

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Udeze, A. O., and M. Odebisi-Omokanye. "Comparative gender analysis of the seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus among HIV-infected individuals receiving care at Offa, north-central Nigeria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 24, no. 2 (April 18, 2023): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v24i2.7.

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Background: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections are common and contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients. This study was conducted to determine the level of exposure, compare the gender distribution pattern and correlate with CD4 count, history of chicken pox and demographics among HIV patients. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 273 randomly selected HIV-positive patients (93 males and 180 females) receiving care and management at the General Hospital Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria, between September 2019 and March 2020, after obtaining informed consent. Sera were separated from the blood samples and tested for the presence of VZV-specific IgG antibodies using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: The seroprevalence rate of VZV in the selected HIV patients was 76.9% (210/273), which was similar in both male (83.9%, 78/93) and female (73.3%, 132/180) patients (χ2=3.265, p=0.071). The seroprevalence rates of VZV in both male and female patients were significantly associated with marital status, occupational status, and CD4+ cell count (p<0.05), however, age group was not significantly associated with VZV seroprevalence in both male (χ2=8.014, p=0.155) and female (χ2=4.689, p=0.455) patients. The seroprevalence of VZV in males (32%) who reported history of chicken pox was about twice that of females (17.4%) (OR=2.235, 95% CI=1.162-4.302, p=0.023). Conclusion: The level of exposure of HIV-infected individuals to VZV in Offa, Nigeria is high and is similarly distributed in both male and female genders. However, more males with VZV exposure reported history of chicken pox (acute infection) than their female counterparts.

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Kadiri, Engr. "Household Energy Consumption Pattern in Offa City, Kwara State Nigeria." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 3, no. 11 (January 10, 2014): 1499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2014/8077.

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Haslam, Jeremy. "Market and fortress in England in the reign of Offa." World Archaeology 19, no. 1 (June 1987): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1987.9980025.

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BROCKMANN, STEFAN O., ISOLDE PIECHOTOWSKI, and PETER KIMMIG. "Salmonella in Sesame Seed Products." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.1.178.

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In the context of an international outbreak of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 that was correlated to the consumption of halvah (“helva,” an Asian candy made from sesame seed), we examined several sesame seed products for the occurrence of Salmonella. Of 117 ready-to-eat food items containing sesame, we isolated salmonellae from 11 (9.4%) samples. In addition to finding Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 in the halvah involved in the outbreak, we also isolated different Salmonella Typhimurium strains out of halvah from other manufacturers and countries of origin, as well as Salmonella Offa, Salmonella Tennessee, and Salmonella Poona from sesame paste (tahini) and sesame seed, which is sold for raw consumption in cereals.

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Håkansson, Eckart, and Kamil Zágoršek. "A radical, novel design for a free-living bryozoan colony: Biselenaria placentula (Reuss, 1867)." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 1059–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.34.

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AbstractA series of well-preserved specimens of the little-known Palaeogene species Biselenaria placentula (Reuss, 1867) warrant the designation of a new family of free-living cheilostome bryozoans, Biselenariidae n. fam. In contrast to the structural organization of all other free-living, lunulitiform cheilostomes, all zooids are enclosed almost completely by cuticular, exterior walls. Yet, like other lunulitiforms, the colony must be regarded as a highly integrated functional unit, as revealed through the unique, highly complex interior architecture. In creating the new monotypic family, the type species Biselenaria placentula is described in detail, while the ambiguous taxonomic status of the only other taxon, B. offa Gregory, 1893, is discussed.UUID: http://zoobank.org/6ad8a795-c45e-4619-b2bb-46916585fbd9

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Llywelyn Hall, Dan. "Border Culture and Picturing the Dyke." Offa's Dyke Journal 5 (June 27, 2023): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.23914/odj.v5i0.7736.

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Dan Llywleyn Hall is a painter who spent three years walking and making paintings inspired by Offa’s Dyke. Born in Cardiff 1980, Dan now lives near the border in Llanfyllin where his studio is based. He has recently taken on the role of guest Editor of Borderlands – a revised Newsletter–cum–Journal that is published twice a year in behalf of the Offa’s Dyke Association. With a new introduction, the key components of the 2021 Walking with Offa project are reproduced here: nineteenth paintings and English-language versions of five of the original twelve poems. These are joined by three perspectives on the project by an artist (Baur), archaeological illustrator (Swogger) and archaeologist (Williams).

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Peiponen, K. ‐E, P. Silfsten, and P. Raerinne. "Ruby laser‐induced linear dichroism ofFA(II) centers in KCl:Li crystals." Journal of Applied Physics 70, no. 5 (September 1991): 2883–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349356.

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Pearson, Alastair William. "‘Heaping Offa upon Pelion, and Olympus upon Offa’: An assessment of the role of model making in the development of relief portrayal from 1780 to 1900." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-292-2019.

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Abstract. By 1800, national surveys had become a priority for regimes around Europe, keen to centralise government and secure territories during a period of significant political upheaval. Military requirements were paramount but the representation of relief remained woefully inadequate. Commanders, not content with simple rough impressions of relief, demanded effective representations from which absolute altitudes and gradients could be derived. However, innovative methods of relief depiction were unlikely to be spearheaded by new national mapping institutions, already committed to long-term mapping programmes. Conversely, for those independent cartographers and model makers, unfettered by the constraints that characterised national institutions, the pursuit of the optimum depiction of relief became a preoccupation verging on obsession. Inspired by early map and model makers, Swiss, German and Austrian cartographers embarked on a phase of developing more artistic, naturalistic means to create an illusion of the third dimension on the two-dimensional face of the map. Chromolithography had made possible the replacement of hachures by shading tones and the production of multicolour printed maps. As a result, a wide variety of maps appeared during the second half of the 19th century with hypsometric tints generating images of naturalistic and symbolic landscapes. Alternative and often competing methods of assigning colour in sequence were developed most notably in central Europe. This culminated in the publication of Schatthenplastik and Farbenplastik in 1898 in Vienna by Karl Peucker (1859&ndash;1940) a work that injected new life and debate into the pursuit of an optimum colour sequence for layered relief maps that would last well into the next century.This paper aims to assess the role of model making in initiating and fuelling a period of experimentation and development of relief portrayal. The increasing fascination with the natural wonders of the world combined with the growth of Alpine tourism kick started a period of private enterprise in which the production of relief models became a highly valued activity. Starting with the remarkable model of the Relief of Central Switzerland by Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Wyher (1716&ndash;1802), through the exploits of Joachim Eugen Müller (1752&ndash;1833) (Figure 1) to the later models crafted by Xaver Imfeld (1853&ndash;1909), Simon Simon (1857&ndash;1925) and Fridolin Becker (1854&ndash;1922), this period witnessed a level of artistry and craftsmanship that has arguably never been surpassed.Opportunity is taken to assess the accuracy of one of the key models produced by Joachim Eugen Müller. This clearly demonstrates that early model making achieved standards of accuracy that were extraordinary for the time. Of course, such feats were not the preserve of European model makers. For example, readers of reports and newspaper articles from expeditions to the interior of the United States had thrilled at the photographs, drawings, sketches and maps of Niagara Falls, Yosemite Valley and the Grand Canyon. No sooner had John Wesley Powell completed his expedition to the Grand Canyon in 1874 and published a detailed report, than its true magnificence was brought to public attention through a model of the Grand Canyon constructed by Edwin Howell in 1875 (McCalmont, 2015).The nineteenth century was characterized by great endeavour and craftsmanship that fashioned some of the most remarkable and visually stunning maps ever published. This paper pulls together the various strands of this complex story into a coherent narrative and assesses the role of model makers in underpinning this ‘golden age’.

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Breeze, Andrew. "Andrew James Johnston, Beowulf Global: Konstruktionen historisch-kultureller Verflechtungen im altenglischen Epos. Zürich: Chronos Verlag. 2022, 70 pp." Mediaevistik 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2022.01.83.

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Abstract An instructor at Berlin’s Free University, who has analyzed “Robin auf der Leinwand” in his Robin Hood: Geschichte einer Legende (Munich 2013) and co-edited The Medieval Motion Picture: The Politics of Adaptation (New York 2014), now focuses on Beowulf. In three lectures (given at Zurich) he deals with its international setting, styled as “tatsächlich kosmopolitisch” (p. 16). The theme is promising, as he relates it to physical entities: a Roman mosaic “auf dem Orpheus abgebildet” (p. 20) at Bath; Sutton Hoo; a sword-hilt described in Beowulf as wyrmfah (“having snake-like ornaments”); and a gold coin (after an Arabic original) of King Offa. But there are problems. Despite a worthy subject and reference to postcolonialism or theories of Derrida and others, nothing ever seems proved.

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Roney, Britton R., Li Renhui, Sandra Anne Banack, Susan Murch, Rosmarie Honegger, and Paul Alan Cox. "Consumption offa cai Nostocsoup: A Potential for BMAA exposure fromNostoccyanobacteria in China?" Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 10, sup2 (January 2009): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17482960903273031.

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Williams, Howard. "Living after Offa: Place-Names and Social Memory in the Welsh Marches." Offa's Dyke Journal 2 (September 18, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23914/odj.v2i0.274.

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How are linear monuments perceived in the contemporary landscape and how do they operate as memoryscapes for today’s borderland communities? When considering Offa’s Dyke and Wat’s Dyke in today’s world, we must take into account the generations who have long lived in these monuments’ shadows and interacted with them. Even if perhaps only being dimly aware of their presence and stories, these are communities living ‘after Offa’. These monuments have been either neglected or ignored within heritage sites and museums with only a few notable exceptions (Evans and Williams 2019; Williams 2020), and have long been subject to confused and challenging conflations with both the modern Welsh/English border and, since the 1970s, with the Offa’s Dyke Path. Moreover, to date, no study has attempted to compile and evaluate the toponomastic (place-name) evidence pertaining to the monuments’ presences, and remembered former presences, in today’s landscape. Focusing on naming practices as memory work in the contemporary landscape, the article explores the names of houses, streets, parks, schools and businesses. It argues for the place-making role of toponomastic evidence, mediated in particular by the materiality of signs themselves. Material and textual citations to the monuments render them integral to local communities’ social memories and borderland identities, even where the dykes have been erased, damaged or obscured by development. Moreover, they have considerable potential future significance for engaging borderland communities in both dykes as part of the longer-term story of their historic environment.

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Okunlola, J., O. Bello, and K. Owolabi. "Marriage Systems and the Roles of Women in Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 9, no. 4 (January 10, 2015): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2015/16554.

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Bassett, Steven. "Offa, King of the East Saxons, and His West Midland Land Grants." Midland History 40, no. 1 (April 24, 2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0047729x15z.00000000046.

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Masha, Mamush, Elias Bojago, Yitbarek Abrham, Dawit Leja, and Mesele Woldemichael Delango. "Determinants of food insecurity and coping mechanisms in Offa district, Southern Ethiopia." Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 14 (December 2023): 100782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100782.

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Orsango, Robel, D. Sundaraa Rajan, Marisennayya Senapathy, and Elias Bojago. "An analysis of rural farmers' livelihood sustainability in Offa district, Southern Ethiopia." Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 12 (June 2023): 100610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100610.

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Sule, B. F., and O. G. Okeola. "Measuring willingness to pay for improved urban water supply in Offa City, Kwara State, Nigeria." Water Supply 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.601.

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This paper is a study on financial sustainability of water supply service to the city of Offa, in Kwara State, Nigeria. The value consumers place on water supply and the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved service and the factors that influence their preferences were determined using an econometric model. The WTP was estimated using a double-bounded dichotomous model and the mean WTP was found to be 70% higher than the current tariff, while the expected monthly revenue from domestic customers alone was 21 million ($175,000)1. The study revealed that the consumers were not satisfied with the level of service but they were willing to pay for improved service and even support reforms that will bring about this change. The mean WTP in practical terms gives social benefit of a policy for the offered service for the affected population. The study outcome shows that the high WTP is a good incentive for private sector involvement in the management of urban water supply.

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Ibiremo, O. S, Ogunlade, M. O., Iloyanomon, C. I., and Ogbeide, C. E. "Soil Fertility Evaluation for Cashew Production at Iyapo Farm Estate, Offa, Kwara State." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 24, no. 5 (September 11, 2023): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2023/v24i5554.

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Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) is an important commodity crop with great potential as a foreign exchange earner. It is grown principally for it nuts and apple and is a hardy crop which is adapted to a wide range of agro-ecologies. The increase in the price of cashew nuts globally, has resulted in increased interest in the cultivation of cashew. The Management of Iyapo farms limited in its desire to key into this sector requested the technical assistance of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) to carry out soil fertility evaluation of the 50 hectares of land proposed for establishment of cashew. The farm was divided into three main sections (A, B and C) based on topography and four land use types (water logged, cassava plot, previously cultivated land and excavated land). Section A was parallel to River Oyun followed by section B in the middle of the farm, while the last section C ran parallel to the road from Ijagbo town. The land use types were scattered within the three blocks. The water logged area was however confined only to section A which was close to river Oyun. Soil samples were collected at soil depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil depth and at a distance of 20 m apart. The soil collected was put in nylon bags and properly labelled. Soil samples collected were air dried, passed through 2 mm sieve and analyzed for some of its physical and chemical properties. In section A, total soil nitrogen at 0-40 cm soil depth ranged between 0.07 g kg-1 to 0.18 g kg-1 with a mean value of 0.11 gkg-1 soil while mean soil available phosphorus at 0-40 cm soil depth was 3.16 mg kg-1 The exchangeable potassium content across 0-40 cm soil depth ranged between 0.09cmol kg-1 to 0.35 cmol kg-1 with a mean value of 0.25 cmolkg-1 and 0.19 cmol kg-1 for 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil depth respectively. In section B, nitrogen across the various soil depths ranged between 0.04 gkg-1 to 0.12 gkg-1 with nitrogen content of the soil decreasing with increasing soil depth. This falls below the soil critical level of 1 gkg-1 required for cashew and was grossly inadequate to meet nitrogen need for cashew. There is need for nutrient supplementation as nitrogen fertilizer is required to meet the nitrogen needs of the cashew. Similarly, phosphorus was also inadequate across the soil depths with a range of 2.47 mgkg-1 to 4.51 mgkg-1 across the various soil depth and a mean value of 3.24 mgkg-1 and 2.65 mgkg-1 for 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil depths respectively. This was below the soil critical value of 3.7 mgkg-1. There is therefore need to apply phosphorus fertilizer to boost cashew productivity. Soil exchangeable potassium was adequate across the various soil depths with a range of 0.13 to 0.20 cmol kg-1 and a mean value of 0.18 cmol kg-1 and 0.16 cmol kg-1 for 0-20cm and 20-40 cm soil depths respectively. There is no need for potassium fertilizer application. The results above indicated that sections A, B and C requires 180 kg ha-1 of urea and 31.5 kg of Single Super Phosphate (SSP). The cassava plot and previously cropped bare land requires 189 kg ha-1 urea and 9.9 kg ha-1 SSP, while the excavated land requires 194.2 kg urea 25.8 kg SSP and 32.28 kg MOP. Cashew should not be grown on the water-logged section.

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Muhinat, Bello Bolanle. "Causes and Consequences of Cohabitation among Students of Federal Polytechnics Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria." Equilibrium: Jurnal Pendidikan 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/equilibrium.v10i1.6200.

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The culture of chastity and purity is no longer promoted and encouraged among the youths, especially those who are out for school in tertiary institutions. This study, therefore, investigated the Causes and Consequences of Cohabitation among Students of Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey was adopted for the study where 200 students from 0ND2 and HND2 were purposively chosen and then selected at random. A researcher designed a questionnaire in a Likert scale of Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly Disagree containing 16 items but divided into two halves into causes and consequences of cohabitation was the instrument used for the collection of data. The data was validated via experts and the test-retest method was used to arrive at a reliability index of 0.69. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Mean ratings of simple percentages were used to answer the research questions. Causes of cohabitation were seen to include among others insufficient on-campus accommodation, financial distress, fear of losing loved ones, moral and religious decadence while death, STDs, drop out of school poor academic performance and health or social issues were seen as some of the consequences of cohabitation. It was recommended among others that the school authority should try to provide sufficient on-campus accommodation for the students.

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Mustapha, Moshood K. "Observed and projected impacts of slow cultural eutrophication on the fish assemblages of a shallow tropical African reservoir." Limnological Review 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10194-011-0042-0.

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Abstract High concentrations of nitrate and phosphate which was above the normal natural background levels which ranged between 1.4 mg l-1 ±0.1 - 6.4 mg l-1 ±0.3 and 0.7 mg l-1 ±0.0 - 2.2 mg l-1 ±0.2 were recorded in Oyun reservoir, Offa, Nigeria, a shallow tropical African reservoir. The relatively high nitrate and phosphate load was observed to have come from a non-point source of run-off of nitro-phosphate fertilizers from nearby farmlands into the reservoir. This resulted in slow cultural eutrophication. This was observed to have impacted on the catch and fish assemblages of the reservoir with high abundance and dominance of pelagic phytoplanktivorous fishes such as cichlids, while benthic and non-phytoplanktivorous species were found in low abundance. Other possible impacts of the eutrophication when it becomes accelerated were discussed. Measures to reduce the eutrophication in order to enhance adequate fish assemblages and management techniques for sustainable exploitation of the fisheries in the reservoir were suggested.

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35

Nwosu, M. C., K. N. Igwe, and N. A. Emezie. "Women Artisans' Information Needs, Sources and Seeking Behaviour and the Implication for Empowerment in a Semi-Urban Area in Nigeria." International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change 1, no. 4 (October 2014): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcesc.2014100103.

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This study examined the information needs, sources, information-seeking behavior of women artisans and the implications for empowerment in Offa, a semi-urban area in Kwara State of Nigeria. Survey research method was adopted with questionnaire as tool for data collection, involving 210 women artisans. Findings revealed that women artisans have information needs related to their work, but with information accessibility challenges due to unavailability of accessible information sources like libraries, as well as absence of empowerment programmes from government. It further revealed that the major sources of information for most women artisans were verbal or face-to-face mode of communications. The paper concludes that women constitute a vital asset of Nigeria and are a resourceful group with a good number practicing artisanship. Therefore, there is need to develop the information consciousness of the women artisans by the provision of efficient, effective and reliable formal information delivery mechanisms to them, such as community information centres.

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Sulyman, Abdulakeem Sodeeq, Florence Olabisi Ajani, Muritadho Abiodun Taiwo, and Benjamin Temitayo Adeshina. "The influence of basic needs on reading culture of library and information science students in Kwara State, Nigeria." Library and Information Perspectives and Research 5, no. 3 (2023): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47524/lipr.v5i3.137.

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This study explored the influence of basic needs on reading culture of library and information science students in Kwara State. It adopted a descriptive survey design. The population consisted of 3,249 students of three library and information science schools in Kwara State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique – stratified sampling and simple random – were used to select 296 respondents from the LIS schools in Kwara State University, Malete, Al-Hikmah University and Federal Polytechnic, Offa. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Findings showed that security, access to atmosphere, portable water and adequate safety strengthen students‘ sense of self-security, boost their emotional stability and their confidence to read. However, inadequate housing, inadequate/insufficient income and depression are the challenges that lack of basic needs posed to the reading culture of students. This study concluded that basic needs play crucial roles on reading culture of students because it strengthens their sense of self-security, boosts their emotional stability and boosts their confidence to read.

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37

Raimi Olayinka Risiquat, Raimi Olayinka Risiquat. "Microbiological Assessment Of Date Fruits Purchased From Owode Market, In Offa, Kwara State Nigeria." IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 4, no. 3 (2013): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-0432326.

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38

Ahmed, Yakub Olayinka, Tunde Idris Yusuf, Sulyman Olaitan Mahammuod, and Jimoh Omotayo Jimoh. "An assessment of entrepreneurial skills of LIS students in Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara-State, Nigeria." Journal of Library Services and Technologies 6, no. 1 (2024): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47524/jlst.v6i1.41.

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The study assessed the entrepreneurial skills of LIS students in Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria. The descriptive research survey design was used for this study. The population for the study consisted of 250 HND I and HND II students of Department Of Library and Information Science for 2021/2022 academic session. Purposive sampling technique was used since it is believed that they have completed their mandatory Industrial Training Programme and offered entrepreneurship education course for at least 5 semesters. 250 questionnaires were distributed and 236 questionnaires (representing 94.4%) were returned and found usable. Data from the study were analyzed using mean. Mean was used to answer all the research questions and decision rule for positive (agreed) response was set at mean score of 2.50 and above, while a mean score of below 2.50 set as negative and rejected. The major findings of the study included low level of entrepreneurial skills acquisition by the LIS students; out of the sixteen skills examined, they only agreed to have 4; the major challenges identified were lack of financial support to start a business, high student population among others. It was recommended that the curriculum should be reviewed and practical skills required to function effectively as an entrepreneur after graduation should be included.

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Obiora-Okeke, O. A., O. M. Ojo, S. A. Alabi, and T. O. Olabanji. "Analysis of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Surface and Groundwater Samples in Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i1.13.

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The water quality assessment in First Baptist Church, Offa, Kwara State Nigeria was carried out by examining nine samples in and around the church premises. One surface water sample, five borehole water samples and three well water samples were examined. The result obtained from the physicochemical analysis showed a turbidity range of (2-6NTU), electrical conductivity EC (693-893 μs/cm), total dissolved solids TDS (346-542mg/L), pH (6.83-7.62), magnesium Mg (17-53mg/L), manganese Mn (0.02-0.1), aluminium Al (0.02-0.13mg/L), iron Fe (0.10-0.44mg/L), zinc Zn (0.8-3.60mg/L), chromium Cr (0.02-0.13mg/L), lead Pb (0.01-0.04), Sulphate SO4 (3- 20mg/L), Nitrate NO3 (3-18mg/L), phosphate PO4 (1.5-14mg/L), chlorine Cl (14-42mg/L), copper Cu (0.04- 0.7mg/L), chemical oxygen demand COD (62-120mg/L), total hardness TH (80-160mg/L) and total alkalinity TA (80-136mg/L). These results, together with that of the microbial analysis were compared with the standard provided by the World Health Organization WHO. Hence, it is crucial that the water supplies are regularly assessed and properly treated to provide the consumers with safe and healthy water.

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Oyeyemi, SD, and J. Kayode. "Palynological characterization of honey samples from Kwara State, Nigeria." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, no. 1 (April 8, 2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i1.32026.

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Palynological analysis of honey samples from different localities in Kwara State, Nigeria was carried out to isolate and identified pollen types in the honey samples. Out of forty two pollen types belonging to twenty two botanical families recovered, twenty five were identified to species level, eight to genus level and eight to family level. A total of 849,978 pollen grains were counted with 46,355 in Shao, 101,356 in Ganmo, 22,000 in Idofian, 28,337 in Omupo, 200,090 in Iludun Oro, 298,079 in Ijagbo, 22,100 in Offa I and 131,142 in Afon. The major pollen occurrences in the honey samples include those of Sarcocephaluslatifolius, Parkiabiglobosa, Phyllantusdiscoideus, Tridaxprocubens, Combretaceae/Melastomataceae, Spondiasmombins and Hymenocardiaacida. Other important honey plants identified are Elaeisguineensis, Lanneasp, Parinarisp, Celtissp and Entadaabssynica. All these are characteristic plant taxa of the Forest-Savanna ecotype of the studied area. The presence of relatively high quantity of pollen shows their richness in pollen composition and also a clear evidence that the honey are from botanical sourceand also multifloral.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(1), 7-14, 2017

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41

Adewole, P. "Retrospective analysis of rifampicin-resistant pattern of Mycobacteria tuberculosis in secondary referral hospital Offa, Nigeria." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.160.

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Otter, Monika. "La Vie des deux Offa, l' Enfance de saint Edmond et la logique des «antécédents»." Médiévales 19, no. 38 (2000): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/medi.2000.1477.

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43

Silfsten, Pertti, and Pertti Ketolainen. "Determination of the refractive index difference caused by the birefringence ofFA(II) centers in KCl:Li." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 119-121, no. 1 (November 1991): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159108224900.

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Tassinari, D., I. Panzini, E. Pasquini, F. Desiderio, G. Drudi, P. P. Fattori, L. Gianni, G. Oliveno, A. Tononi, and A. Ravaioli. "Oxaliplatin, 5-FU and folinic acid (OFFA) as II-line chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer." European Journal of Cancer 35 (September 1999): S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(99)80690-x.

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O Ibrahim, Ibrahim, Ibrahim D Bilqees-Habeeb, Basirat O Olatinwo, Salaudeen Malik, and Oladipo J Adebayo. "Environmental impact assessment: Geologic tool to investigate the proposed Enji dam construction, Offa, Kwara state." Climate Change 10, no. 27 (May 24, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v10i27.e2cc1022.

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46

Bello, Shakirat I., Winifred A. Ojieabu, Fullaila O. Aliyu, and Ibrahim Lafegana. "Comparative prescription patterns of antipsychotics among schizophrenic patients attending two public health facilities in North-Eastern and North-Central Nigeria: a crosssectional study." Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources 19, no. 2 (June 7, 2022): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v19i2.5.

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In the care of patients, assessment of the use of drugs is very imperative as it shows the quality of care delivered to patients by the caregivers. The study aimed to compare the prescription patterns of antipsychotics in two public healthcare facilities in Nigeria using a standardized World Health Organization instrument. The studies were conducted at the General Hospital, Offa (GHO), Kwara State, and the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri (FNPHMM), Borno State. Ethical approvals were obtained from the studied facilities. A total of 625 prescriptions in each of the facilities were selected by random sampling. Frequency distributions and student t-test were used. The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 3.9 in the GHO, while 1.2 was recorded in the FNPHMM. Injections were prescribed in 14.4% and 18.7% of encounters in the GHO and the FNPHMM, respectively. One hundred percent (100.0%) of the drugs were prescribed by generic name in the GHO and 98.2% in the FNPHMM. The percentage of drugs from the National Essential Drug List was 72% in the FNPHMM and 100% in the GHO. The prescribing indicators assessed were found to be below standard in the FNPHMM while the GHO showed polytherapy.

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47

Ibitomi, Oluyemi Olasumbo, Oloyede Solomon Oyelekan, and Adekunle Solomon Olorundare. "The Effect of Computer Simulation on Student Performance in High School Chemistry Learning on Chemical Equations." Indonesian Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 5, no. 3 (November 29, 2022): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ijsme.v5i3.12071.

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Chemical equations have been identified as a complicated topic in the Nigerian School Certificate. This study investigates the effect of computer simulations on student performance in high school chemistry courses on the topic of chemical equations in Offa, Nigeria. This study adopted a quasi-experimental research design with a pre-test, post-test, and non-randomized control group. The population is all high school students totaling 756 students. The sample was selected purposively, namely 136 students. Chemical Equation Performance Test (CEPT), Online Computer Simulation of Chemical Equations (OCSCE), and Cognitive Force Checklist (CSC) with reliability coefficients of 0.76, 0.81, and 0.78, respectively, were used as instruments for the study. The results of this study are that there are differences in the performance of students who are taught using computer simulations, between the performance of male and female students, and differences in performance between students who score low, medium, and high. It was concluded that computer simulation affected the performance of high school students. It was supposed that computer simulation affected the performance of high school students. It is recommended that future researchers apply computer simulations to other learning.

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Ogunbode, Olayinka Oladunjoye, Mobolaji P. Oyeyiola, and Ayodele O. Arowojo. "Clinical Audit of Stillbirths at a Faith-Based Secondary Health Centre in Ibadan, Nigeria: A Six-Year Review." Medical Journal of Zambia 49, no. 2 (November 21, 2022): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.49.2.9.

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Objective: The determine the prevalence of stillbirth and identify associated factors among pregnant women. Method: This was a retrospective audit of two hundred and twenty-five stillbirth deliveries at Our lady of Apostle, Catholic Hospital, Oluyoro, Oke-Offa, Ibadan, Nigeria, between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2018. Data was extracted from hospital records for socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric factors, complications, and outcomes of pregnancy. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 and the level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The stillbirth rate was 27.75 per 1000 births. More than half (129; 57.4%) were macerated. The ratio of stillbirth rate among the booked and unbooked parturients was 1:21. The common causes of stillbirths were hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (24.9%) and anaemia in pregnancy (20.4%) while the least were congenital anomalies (1.0%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (1.0%). Conclusion: This study confirmed that most of the stillbirths were due to unsupervised or poorly supervised pregnancies. There is need to ensure quality antenatal care services for the early detection and management of risk factors in order to reduce the burden of stillbirths.

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Ogunbode, Olayinka Oladunjoye, Mobolaji Philip Oyeyiola, and Ayodele Olatunji Arowojolu. "Clinical Audit of Stillbirths at a Faith-Based Secondary Health Centre in Ibadan, Nigeria: A Six-Year Review." Medical Journal of Zambia 49, no. 2 (November 21, 2022): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.49.2.1067.

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Objective: The determine the prevalence of stillbirth and identify associated factors among pregnant women. Method: This was a retrospective audit of two hundred and twenty-five stillbirth deliveries at Our lady of Apostle, Catholic Hospital, Oluyoro, Oke-Offa, Ibadan, Nigeria, between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2018. Data was extracted from hospital records for socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric factors, complications, and outcomes of pregnancy. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 and the level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The stillbirth rate was 27.75 per 1000 births. More than half (129; 57.4%) were macerated. The ratio of stillbirth rate among the booked and unbooked parturients was 1:21. The common causes of stillbirths were hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (24.9%) and anaemia in pregnancy (20.4%) while the least were congenital anomalies (1.0%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (1.0%). Conclusion: This study confirmed that most of the stillbirths were due to unsupervised or poorly supervised pregnancies. There is need to ensure quality antenatal care services for the early detection and management of risk factors in order to reduce the burden of stillbirths.

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Taye, Tagay, and Yemiru Tesfaye. "Role of Moringa stenopetala Based Agroforestry Practice on Rural Household Economy in Offa Woreda, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment 6, no. 2 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20210602.12.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Offa'

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