Relevant bibliographies by topics / Official English

Academic literature on the topic 'Official English'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Official English":

1

Stalker, James C. "Official English or English Only." English Journal 77, no. 3 (March 1988): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/818405.

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Kachru, Braj B. "Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA.:Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 3, no. 2 (December 1993): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1993.3.2.250.

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3

Draper, Jamie B., Karen L. Adams, and Daniel T. Brink. "Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA." Modern Language Journal 76, no. 1 (1992): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/329939.

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Ricento, Thomas, Karen L. Adams, and Daniel T. Brink. "Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the U.S.A." TESOL Quarterly 26, no. 1 (1992): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587373.

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MADRID, ARTURO. "Official English: A False Policy Issue." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 508, no. 1 (March 1990): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716290508001006.

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Making English the official language of the United States is a false policy issue. The evidence does not support arguments that the use of English is declining or that the use of other languages debilitates the social fabric of the United States. On the contrary, attempts to impose English on the U.S. population have served historically to divide the nation. The facts do not support linguistic or social fragmentation. English is the language of state and the common language of the U.S. population. Immigrants continue to enter the United States because of the protections and opportunities it offers, and they give highest priority to learning English. The real language-policy issues have to do with literacy and high-level multilingual skills. A sane national language policy would give primacy to literacy and would promote multilingualism. The nation's energies must be directed at language policies that empower all citizens rather than punish some.
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Amaya, Maria Alvarez. "Official English Amendment: A Nurse's Commentary." Nursing Forum 26, no. 3 (July 1991): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.1991.tb00886.x.

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Schildkraut, Deborah J. "Official-English and the States: Influences on Declaring English the Official Language in the United States." Political Research Quarterly 54, no. 2 (June 2001): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/449166.

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Schildkraut, Deborah J. "Official-English and the States: Influences on Declaring English the Official Language in the United States." Political Research Quarterly 54, no. 2 (June 2001): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290105400211.

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Adamson, Bob, and Ora Kwo. "Constructing an official English for China, 1949–2000." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 12, no. 1 (July 18, 2002): 159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.12.1.10ada.

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This paper focuses on the construction of the linguistic contents of the current junior secondary school syllabus and national textbooks in the People’s Republic of China, from which the official English promoted by the state can be identified. Using quantitative and qualitative data, the paper analyses the nature of this official English in five distinct historical phases. It finds that the English curriculum in the different phases was linked to shifting national economic and political priorities, as evidenced by the attention to structured pedagogical approaches that focus on communication during times of economic modernisation and openness to the outside world, and by the stress on political and moral messages during times of hyper-politicisation and relative international isolation. English is constructed for its economic and political utility, based on an exogenous model, British English. It is not officially constructed to reflect an endogenous variety of Chinese English.
10

Demyanchuk, Yuliia I. "TRANSLATION OF THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TERMINOLOGY OF THE UN." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 14(82) (August 29, 2022): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2022-14(82)-54-61.

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This research article is devoted to substantiation of the current methods of translation of the official business terminology used by the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the UN) into Ukrainian and Russian, as well as identification and systematization of regularities of its lexical, semantic, stylistic and linguistic cultural manifestations in English-language official business texts. The variety of the special terminology and basic methods of translation are the main area of research by translators. Therefore, it is important to focus on those methods of translation of the official business terminology that interpret various aspects of special lexical tokens in official business documents (hereinafter referred to as the OBD) to the fullest extent possible. Expansion of discursive practices (such as international organization, politics, information, cooperation, education, language, economic and environmental safety, protection of human rights, military security, environmental protection) broadens the official and business terminology of the United Nations beyond the general structured characteristics, accentuates its linguistic nature and fosters the development of a discourse of the official business terminology of international organizations in general. This research article offers a comprehensive methodology for the analysis of an official business text, as well as the relevant types of translation methods focused on the study of the legal potential of official business terms having a regulatory impact on the OBD.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Official English":

1

Hansen, Kirsten Dorothee, and Eric Downs Kinsolving. "Tucson's Knowledge of the 1988 Arizonans for Official English Initiative." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292211.

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Grove, Carl D. "The official English debate in the United States Congress : a critical analysis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9481.

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Kuong, Mei Ian Sandy. "Translation project :translation of excerpts of the Official Gazette of the Macao Special Administrative Region." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954310.

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Merkestein, Aria. "Batswana English : an emerging variety as reflected in a corpus of official documents, 1958-1989." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294545.

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Le, Thi G. C. "Grammatical metaphor in English official documentation : a corpus approach to the Vietnamese translation of nominalisation." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2014. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/23133/.

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This thesis aims to investigate grammatical metaphor in Vietnamese translations of English official documentation. Building on Halliday’s notion of grammatical metaphor and linguistic theories of translation shift, the thesis situates its argument in the broader context of translation theory and explores the various representations of grammatical metaphor in relation to Catford’s translation shifts. It adopts a corpus approach with the compilation of a 200,000-word English-Vietnamese parallel corpus, and focuses specifically on the translation of nominalisations formed with the suffixes ATION and MENT. The thesis draws on the Vietnamese translations to provide insights into metaphorical modes of expression via nominalisations-as-grammatical metaphor in official texts. The findings reveal the various types of metaphorical meanings embedded in nominalised forms. The identification of this range of metaphorical realisations can be interpreted along a cline from being more verb-like and denoting the Act category, to being more noun-like and denoting the Result category, or stretching along the cline and denoting the Process or Activity indicated in the verbal stem. The thesis supports the argument that several strategies which previous researchers have posited as universals are adopted in translating for adequate equivalence in metaphorisation. Some of these strategies like explicitation and simplification are found to be more powerful and more frequently used than others, and there are more explicitating and simplifying shifts in lexical rather than in syntactic or stylistic terms. Literal translation, though not commonly recognised as a translation universal, is found to be the most prevalent approach in the Vietnamese translation of ATION and MENT nominals in official texts. The thesis claims that the adoption of particular translation strategies generates corresponding translation shifts, and it is found that explicitation and simplification often entail shifts in level and in rank, and shifts in class often occur with shifts in structure. The findings reveal that shifts do not occur singly, but are often intertwined, and overlapping shifts are common in the Vietnamese translation. The thesis also proposes a graded continuum to justify congruence-incongruence shifts, and finally develops taxonomies of possible translation shifts involved in translating English N-GMs into Vietnamese. The findings are hoped to reveal several implications for the teaching about translation and for the practice of translating.
6

Chow, Pok-man Susanna. "The study of Hong Kong English vocabulary, with particular reference to the study of official and political discourse in the HKSAR." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23473083.

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Andersson, Matilda. "English in Sweden : English as a Second Language in Sweden in a Theoretical Perspective." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-22378.

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English has integrated into Swedish society, and into the Swedish language. In this study, the goal is to examine why English has become so influential in Sweden and if this has occurred previously. This will be studied by examining the historical relation between Swedish and three languages, German, French and English. Moreover, the English language influences will be examined more extensively in its global spread and its social relation to Swedish. This essay will contain a limited study, which will ask a sample of twenty individuals if they think Sweden requires a second language, and what language they would select to fill this position. There is a pattern to observe in the historical language influences, which are: the global presence of the language, the integration and immigration into the Swedish society and the grammatical and lexical significance of loanwords. The majority of the sample selected English as the language that would fill a second language position in Sweden, and close to half of the sample thought Sweden requires a second language. With such a limited sample and with few questions, no claims could be made regarding the requirement of a second language in Sweden. This could be expanded further into a more extensive study with less focus on the historical influences upon Swedish.
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Moyer, Norman. "Accepting Bilingualism in English-speaking Canada, Testing the Limits of the Official Languages Policy in the Federal Public Service, 1962-1972." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31841.

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This work is concerned with the way that official bilingualism emerged as a part of English-Canadian values in the 1960s. Much of this work is about the effort in the 1960s to change the federal public service from a stronghold of English-speaking Canada to an organisation where English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians could work in their own language on an equal footing. The archival records of the Professional Institute of the Public Service provide detailed insight into this change and the resistance to it. It is the thesis of this work that the adaptation to official bilingualism in the Public Service of Canada played a key role in setting English-speaking attitudes to bilingualism. The struggle to define and impose official bilingualism in the federal public service was a testing ground for the evolution of bilingualism in English-speaking Canada as a whole. As much of English-speaking Canada accepted the value of bilingualism in principle, the public service worked out the practical ramifications of this culture change. The result was a slow and only partial progress toward effective bilingualism in the federal public service and in Canada as a whole.
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Olguín, Villegas Karin, and Labra Katiuska Vega. "Analysis and comparison of the official chilean curricula for 1st grade English and Mapudungun : vocabulary teaching and languaje ideology." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116176.

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Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa.
Until very recently in the history of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) studies kept vocabulary acquisition in a lower status compared to other aspects of language as a system of communication. Current research has demonstrated the importance of vocabulary acquisition within the SLA field. This study tries to bring together two fundamental components of language teaching - the vocabulary component and the way it is presented and taught, and the cultural models and ideologies that influence the creation of a language course through the analysis and comparison of the two official Chilean 1st grade curricula for teaching English and Mapudungun. Results suggest there are problems both in terms of SLA theoretical support and in terms of vocabulary acquisition theories. Each program upholds clear, but quite different cultural models that define the status of these two languages in our country.
10

Caron, Daniel. "Language Ideologies and Mobility: A Political Economy Approach to Quebec City's English-speaking Minority." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35822.

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Socio-economic processes have long underlined the value of language and ethno-linguistic categories in Canada. The Quiet Revolution, widely considered to be one such process, has resulted in the production of Quebec's English-speaking minority. Although recent studies pertaining to Quebec's English-speaking minority have largely focused on the construction of identity, little research has explored the perceived value of language. While Quebec City’s English-speaking minority is increasingly bilingual, figures suggest that its youth continues to migrate. Through a critical perspective, this thesis explores how Quebec City’s English-speaking minority is navigating the uneven distribution and rising value of bilingualism. Using a qualitative approach, I conducted 15 interviews with participants who attended an English-language high school in Quebec City. Results revealed that participants mobilized ethnic and economic language ideologies as a means to negotiate the value of their linguistic practices and that these language ideologies structured mobility and enabled participants to reposition themselves within a new linguistic market.
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Books on the topic "Official English":

1

Bee, Gallegos, ed. English--our official language? New York: H.W. Wilson, 1994.

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Barrett, Grant. The official dictionary of unofficial English. Chicago, Ill: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

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3

Hall, Hubert. Studies in English official historical documents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Marshall, Peter. Official English league football records 2011. London: Carlton, 2010.

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5

1945-, Adams Karen L., and Brink Daniel T. 1940-, eds. Perspectives on official English: The campaign for English as the official language of the USA. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990.

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Trasvina, John. Official English, English only: More than meets the eye. Washington, D.C. (1201 16th St. N.W., Washington 20036): NEA, Human and Civil Rights, 1988.

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Trasvina, John. Official English/English only: More than meets the eye. Washington, D.C: National Education Association, 1988.

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Neilsen, Roderick. The official. Oxford: Macmillan Heinemann ELT, 1999.

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9

Association, English Bowling. Official year book. Worthing,West Sussex: English Bowling Association, 1996.

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Association, English Bowling. Official year book. Worthing: English Bowling Associaton, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Official English":

1

Combs, Mary Carol. "Public Perceptions of Official English/English Only." In Studies in Bilingualism, 131. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.16.11com.

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Lowe, Robert J. "Official Policy and Acts of Cultural Resistance." In Uncovering Ideology in English Language Teaching, 155–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46231-4_7.

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Kerby, Martin C. "Official War Correspondent: 1915–1918." In Sir Philip Gibbs and English Journalism in War and Peace, 101–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57301-8_4.

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Judge, Anne. "The Rise of English as an Official Language." In Linguistic Policies and the Survival of Regional Languages in France and Britain, 34–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286177_4.

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Konurbaev, Marklen E. "The Style and Timbre of Official Documents." In The Style and Timbre of English Speech and Literature, 155–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137519481_9.

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Evans, Betsy E. "English as Official State Language in Ohio: Economy Trumps Ideology." In Language and the Market, 161–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-29692-3_14.

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Wiley, Terrence G. "What Happens After English is Declared the Official Language of the United States?" In Language Legislation and Linguistic Rights, 179. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/impact.2.12wil.

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Zhang, Nanyan, Xiaobin Liu, and Qingsheng Liu. "Enhancing EFL Learners’ English Vocabulary Acquisition in WeChat Official Account Tweet-Based Writing." In Emerging Technologies for Education, 71–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92836-0_7.

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Devonish, Hubert. "The decay of neo-colonial official language policies. The case of the English-lexicon Creoles of the Commonwealth Caribbean." In Varieties of English Around the World, 23. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g8.03dev.

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Elsweiler, Christine. "Pragmatic and formulaic uses of shall and will in Older Scots and Early Modern English official letter writing." In Norms and Conventions in the History of English, 167–90. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.347.09els.

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Conference papers on the topic "Official English":

1

"The Practical Application of Jiangzhong English WeChat Official Account." In 2020 International Conference on Social and Human Sciences. Scholar Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0000017.

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Belkindas, Misha, Josef Olenski, and Alexey Ponomarenko. "Statistical training for Russian-speaking countries: combination of international quality and availability." In Statistics education for Progress: Youth and Official Statistics. International Association for Statistical Education, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.131002.

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There is a strong demand for well-trained staff among national statistical offices of the former USSR countries. Before the USSR collapse, most of statisticians were educated in Moscow. Currently, there is a lack of own training facilities in most of countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), so the staff training is a very significant problem. Language is an additional problem, because most of international training courses are conducted in English, but English speakers are still rare among local statisticians. At the same time, average share of Russian speakers in NSOs of all countries of the CIS region is about 96%. A special training center (International Institute for Training in Statistics - MISO) was established in Moscow in the year of 2011. Currently it provides a random set of short courses on different statistical topics in Russian in cooperation with international partners. But this is only the first step. NSOs are interested in well prepared systematically educated managers in official statistics and high-level experts/methodologists. Thus, the next step should be the development of a Master in Official Statistics Program (MOS). Paper describes concept of this MOS program.
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Ogawa, Yasuhiro, Makoto Nakamura, Tomohiro Ohno, and Katsuhiko Toyama. "Extraction of legal bilingual phrases from the Japanese Official Gazette, English Edition." In 2016 Eighth International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering (KSE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/kse.2016.7758063.

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ANWAR, Desvalini. "Teaching English Literature in the 'Contact Zone': Speaking Back to 'Official Nationalism'." In Sixth International Conference on Languages and Arts (ICLA 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icla-17.2018.72.

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Silver, Daniel. "When Supplementing Makes Sense: English Language Arts Teachers' Decisions to Supplement Official Curriculum." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1577031.

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Nikulina, Natalya V. "RUSSIAN-TO-ENGLISH SIMULTANEOUS HUMAN TRANSLATION OF CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONS VS. GOOGLE TRANSLATE." In Люди речисты - 2021. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-49-5-2021-250-260.

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The paper emphasizes that the study of Google Translate capacities in simultaneous translation might be relevant due to the advances in machine translation based on artificial intelligence technologies. The research material includes transcripts of public speeches and their Russian-to-English translation collected from the Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia [http://kremlin.ru/] as well as Russian-to-English translation of the speeches via Google Translate. The paper analyses structural and semantic features of Russian linguistic means that convey cause-and-effect relations and reveals the ways of simultaneous human and machine interpreting them into English.
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Van Splunder, Frank, and Geisa Dávila Pérez. "Attitudes towards English in Cuban Higher Education. Recent Developments and Challenges." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.7911.

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English is used as a lingua franca in an increasing number of domains. In higher education, English has become prominent as the language of course materials, scientific publications, research, as well as teaching, a trend which is particularly noticeable in Europe. In Latin America, however, the surge of English is relatively recent, and within Latin America, Cuba is an interesting case. Whereas learning English was not encouraged in the 1980s, in today’s Cuba English has gained importance, and learning and teaching English has become a priority. The current research explores how Cuban students and lecturers of two different fields (English and Engineering) perceive the growing importance of English in today’s higher education in Cuba. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire conducted at Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba. The results reveal a positive attitude towards English, which most participants perceive as very important for their career prospects. On the other hand, it was found that most respondents overrate their ability to communicate in English. Moreover, they are not acquainted with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), even though the Cuban Ministry of Higher Education has accepted the CEFR as its official standard.
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Tascon, Maria T., Paula Castro, and Francisco J. Castaño. "Improving the acquisition of English language competencies with international workgroups of university finance students." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5344.

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This paper discusses a teaching innovation project that integrates technological communication advances with the small group methodology to improve the English competency of university students of finance. This is a fundamental competency for studies in finance considering the increasingly international framework of financial business and the increasingly required mobility of human resources in all types of financial careers. This methodology requires the cooperation of a foreign university to help students understand the practical implications of using English when applying the theoretical concepts and methodologies studied in class in an international professional setting. As a first approach, we implement and assess the implementation of this methodology and its impact on students’ learning process in an elective module offered in an official degree in finance in Spain.
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Biwen, Yin. "Research on the Application of WeChat Official Platform in the Second Classroom of College English Teaching." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emle-18.2018.174.

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Matthews, Philip W. "Māori and English in New Zealand toponyms." In Onomastikas pētījumi. LU Latviešu valodas institūts, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/onompet.1.01.

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This paper takes up one of the conference themes, «Reflection of language contacts in proper names». It deals with the situation in New Zealand where there are some 12,000 gazetted (or official) and an estimated 35,000 nongazetted (or recorded) place names. These names are almost all in Māori and English. The country was settled by the Māori people in the fourteenth century and today about 650,000 people, out of a total population of about 4.3 million, claim Māori descent. Māori named almost all of the country, the names being closely linked to iwi (tribal) histories. Foreigners, almost all English speaking, started visiting the country and giving their names to various places, and from the early nineteenth century two place name systems – Māori and nonMāori – have existed. This paper details the contact between the Māori language, the English language and New Zealand’s place names. It deals with seven matters: (1) Māori settlement and naming; (2) Early nonMāori settlement and naming; (3) the Treaty of Waitangi; (4) post Treaty of Waitangi names; (5) spelling of Māori place names; (6) prounciation of Māori names; and (7) dual and alternative Māori-English place names. Reasons are advanced to explain matters associated with the interlingual problems in the spelling and pronunciation of the place names and the emergence of dual place names.

Reports on the topic "Official English":

1

Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.

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The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.
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Passariello, Fausto, ed. Informed Consensus in Vascular Procedures. Fondazione Vasculab, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.24019/2006.icivp.

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It is an open project, which has the aim of writing protocols for the informed consensus in invasive and non invasive vascular procedures. Versions in several languages are scheduled. English and Italian initially. Later other languages will follow, as soon as the translation will be technically possible. The project is organised into Sections. There is an initial index of the Proposed Sections, but users can by themselves propose other ones. Anyway, the Section is officially constituted as soon as they are gathered the subscriptions of the Section Coordinator and of others in a number which is sufficient to carry on the project.
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Rahmé, Marianne, and Alex Walsh. Corruption Challenges and Responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Institute of Development Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.093.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) consistently scores in the lowest rungs of global indexes on corruption, integrity and wider governance standards. Indeed, corruption of different sorts pervades public and corporate life, with strong ramifications for human development. Although the DRC is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources, its people are among the globe’s poorest.Corruption in the extractive industries (minerals and oil) is particularly problematic in terms of scale and its centrality to a political economy that maintains elites and preserves the highly inequitable outcomes for the majority. The politico-economic elites of the DRC, such as former President Joseph Kabila, are reportedly significant perpetrators but multinationals seeking valuable minerals or offering financial services are also allegedly deeply involved. Corruption is therefore a problem with national and international roots.Despite national and international initiatives, levels of corruption have proven very stubborn for at least the last 20 years, for various reasons. It is a structural and not just a legal issue. It is deeply entrenched in the country’s political economy and is driven both by domestic clientelism and the fact that multinationals buy into corrupt deals. This rapid review therefore seeks to find out the Corruption challenges and responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Grand level corruption shades down into the meso-level, where for instance, mineral laden trucks are systematically under-weighted with the collusion of state officials. With severe shortfalls in public funding, certain public services, such as education, are supported by informal payments. Other instances of petty corruption facilitate daily access to goods and services. At this level, there are arguments against counting such practices as forms of corruption and instead as necessary survival practices.To address the challenge of corruption, the DRC is equipped with a legal system that is of mixed strengths and an institutional arsenal that has made limited progress. International programming in integrity and anti-corruption represents a significant proportion of support to the DRC but much less than humanitarian and governance sectors. The leading international partners in this regard are the EU, US, UNDP, UK, African Development Bank, Germany and Sweden. These partners conduct integrity programming in general governance issues, as well as in the mineral and forest sectors.The sources used in this rapid review are gender blind and converge on a very negative picture The literature ranges from the academic and practitioner to the journalistic and investigative, and taken as a whole, is of good quality, drawing on different types of evidence including perceptions and qualitative in-country research. The sources are mostly in English with two in French.

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