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Journal articles on the topic 'Official reserves'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Orăștean, Ramona. "The Official Use of International Currencies – Assessments and Implications." Studies in Business and Economics 10, no. 3 (2015): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbe-2015-0037.

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Abstract The paper analyses the official use of international currencies as reserve currency (store of value) and anchor currency (unit of account). Examining the role as a reserve currency we note that the US dollar is the main reserve currency even if it recorded a decline given the decrease of the value of the US dollar reserve holdings and the gradual diversification of the currencies used. Since 2010, the euro's share decreased continuously may be due to the Eurozone crisis and the euro's depreciation against the US dollar. Then we show that the US dollar dominates as an anchor currency,

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2

Bertaut, Carol C., Bastian von Beschwitz, and Stephanie E. Curcuru. "The International Role of the U.S. Dollar – 2025 Edition." FEDS Notes, no. 2025-07-18 (July 2025): None. https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3856.

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A key function of a currency is as a store of value which can be saved and retrieved in the future without a significant loss of purchasing power. One measure of confidence in a currency as a store of value is its usage in official foreign exchange reserves. As shown in Figure 2, the U.S. dollar comprised 58 percent of disclosed global official foreign reserves in 2024 and far surpassed all other currencies including the euro (20 percent), Japanese yen (6 percent), British pound (5 percent), and the Chinese renminbi (2 percent). The dollar share has declined from its peak of 72 percent of rese

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Fetisov, G. "Official Reserves of Russia: Volume, Structure, Management." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2005): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-1-49-62.

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Criteria of sufficiency of gold and foreign exchange reserves of Russia are considered in the article. Their minimum size by different criteria is equal to 25 bln. USD. So the Central Bank of Russia can trade part of these reserves for Russian Federation's debts to foreign countries. It is also possible to use gold and foreign exchange reserves to refinance commercial banks credits to exporters and implement modernization projects in the economy. This will decrease foreign borrowings of the private sector, improve structure and efficiency of using gold and foreign exchange reserves without dam

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Wang, Huiwen. "Co-movement Analysis of Foreign Exchange Reserve Volatility in BRICS Countries." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 11, no. 3 (2023): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v11i3.13195.

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Foreign exchange reserves are an important component of a country's official reserve assets and an important indicator of a country's international liquidity. As representatives of emerging market countries and developing countries, the volatility of the foreign exchange reserves of the BRICS countries is crucial to the world. Studying whether there is volatility of foreign exchange reserves among the five countries is conducive to adjusting the direction of foreign exchange reserve management within the country, better exploring ways to promote the development of the foreign exchange reserve

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Pszczółka, Ireneusz. "Adequacy of foreign reserves of National Bank of Poland." Central European Review of Economics & Finance 46, no. 1 (2024): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2024.002.

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The paper discusses the policy of managing foreign exchange reserves in Poland. The aim is to assess changes in the size and adequacy of official reserve assets in Poland from 2004 to 2023. The main stress is put on the assessment of adequacy of official reserve assets with the most common indicators. The paper is based on the international literature and statistical data. Main sources of necessary data were taken from publications delivered by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Statistic Poland and the National Bank of Poland.

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PARSHINA, Lyubov' N., and Nina V. BORISOVSKAYA. "Gold in the international reserves of countries." Finance and Credit 27, no. 4 (2021): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.4.763.

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Subject. The article addresses the enhanced position of gold as the main international reserve asset of countries. Objectives. The purpose is to prove the increasing role of gold as the main financial asset in the international reserves of countries throughout periods of economic volatility. Methods. The study rests on economic analysis, statistical, economic, and systems approach. Results. Annual changes in the structure of international reserves of the Russian Federation show a decrease in reserve assets denominated in foreign currency. The reserve position in the IMF makes up about 1% of th

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7

Tolkachenko, E. V. "DEFINITION OF THE «BIOSPHERE NATURE RESERVE» AND «BIOSPHERE RESERVE» CONCEPT ACCORDING TO THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE." Constitutional State, no. 45 (April 20, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2022.45.254365.

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The article is currently important due to the fact that nowadays there is no concept of the biosphere reserve in the legislation of Ukraine. There is no differentiation of the concepts «biosphere nature reserve» and «biosphere reserve». Although due to the official data of the Ministry of the environmental and natural resources protection, there are 9 biosphere reserves on the territory of Ukraine. Five of them are biosphere nature reserve, among them Chernobyl biosphere nature reserve, which does not have a status of biosphere reserve. It is also interesting, that 4 biosphere reserves do not

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8

Bayram, Kamola, Adam Abdullah, and Ahamed Kameel Meera. "Identifying the optimal level of gold as a reserve asset using Black–Litterman model." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 11, no. 3 (2018): 334–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-06-2017-0142.

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Purpose After the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system in 1971, countries moved towards floating exchange rates, and the expectation was that the requirement for foreign reserves would decrease. However, central banks currently hold more foreign exchange reserves to enhance the credibility of exchange rate policies. The demand for gold, which was the main reserve asset prior the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, has increased as a reserve asset once again following the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008, given gold’s characteristics as a safe haven asset and a store

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9

Nayak, Shibananda, and Mirza Allim Baig. "International reserves and domestic money market disequilibrium." International Journal of Emerging Markets 14, no. 5 (2019): 1081–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-10-2018-0536.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the likely determinants of the demand for official international reserves (hereafter reserves) for India and China in the long run in a basic buffer stock model. The paper also examines the role of domestic money market disequilibrium in the short-run demand for official reserves for both the countries in a dynamic synthesis model. Design/methodology/approach The study used quarterly data for the time period 1993:Q1–2015:Q4. The long-run model is being estimated by following the Frenkel–Jovanovic (1981) buffer stock model and includes the determi

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Jamalzade, Gunduz, Arif Saldanli, and Elgiz Jamalzade. "FACTORS AFFECTING THE TOTAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE ADEQUACY OF THE CENTRAL BANK: TURKEY AND AZERBAIJAN." AGORA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICAL SCIENCES 18, no. 1 (2024): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijes.v18i1.6713.

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International foreign exchange reserves are widely acknowledged as a global medium of exchange that possesses a readily available characteristic. Official public assets, which are foreign assets kept and organized by the monetary authorities of countries, serve as a complement to foreign exchange reserves. Adequate levels of foreign exchange reserves are necessary for nations to meet their payment commitments and sustain the stability of their currency. The primary rationale for the Central Bank's decision to maintain liquid foreign exchange reserves is to establish a safeguard against any spe

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11

Detragiache, Enrica. "Fiscal Adjustment and Official Reserves in Sovereign Debt Negotiations." Economica 63, no. 249 (1996): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554635.

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12

Cruz, Moritz. "The need for official reserves in Latin America: assessing the precautionary motive, 1995-2011." Cuadernos de Economía 34, no. 65 (2015): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v34n65.42611.

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In this paper we estimate the demand for official reserves in Latin America during the period 1995-2011. We assume that the main concern of the monetary authorities to demand reserves is the fear of suffering external drains, and its associated output costs. In other words, we attempt to show that the so-called precautionary motive drives the demand for international reserves in the region. Our econometric results confirm that Latin American countries demand ever increasing amounts of foreign exchange to protect themselves against the likelihood of external drains.

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Hammoud Azzoun, Jamal Lakhdar, Ali Ahmed Salem Farhat, and Mourad Ben Kaddour Ben Ahmed Boudaya. "Hunting Without Official Permissions - Environmental Health Sustainability: Nature Reserves As A Case Study - Islamic Regulations And Rulings." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 4 (2025): 95–102. https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.2524.

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Many nature reserves are exposed to hunting and shooting by amateurs, professionals, and animal abusers against species whose protection is intended for their offspring’s survival. Hence, it is very important to address such a topic and explain the jurisprudential rulings related to the process of hunting with or without a permission, in protected reserves. Nature reserves of KSA are world-famous that seek to preserve the offspring of rare animal species and achieve a high standard of health for them so that they do not become extinct. In addition, such reserves represent a source of economic

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Krupka, Yaroslav. "Open and hidden reserves in accounting system and reporting of enterprises." Herald of Economics, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2021.02.117.

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Introduction. The development strategy of the firm or company must take into account various systemic and non-systemic risks and to minimize or avoid them, create the necessary financial sources in the form of reserves, collateral, insurance reserves and more. The reserve system of the enterprise provides for the official regulatory provision of funds to cover unforeseen expenses and losses, the creation of provisions for future expenses, the formation of reserves to cover doubtful and bad debts. In addition, companies can create and use hidden reserves, which are not provided by the accountin

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Бунич, Г. А., and Е. Р. Шарма. "Modern aspects of the theory and practice of international reserves." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 12(125) (February 16, 2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.125.12.004.

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Официальные международные резервы являются институциональной категорией финансовой политики стран. В настоящее время в условиях трансформации международного валютного рынка в условиях валютных и торговых «войн», изменяется структура международных резервов, особенно в части структуры валютных резервов. Дедоллоризация, развитие региональных валютных систем способствуют кардинальному изменению международных валютных резервов. Official international reserves are an institutional category of countries ' financial policies. Currently, in the conditions of transformation of the international monetary

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Zolotova, Olga, Elizaveta Ivanishcheva, Oksana Bazhenova, Alena Osolodkina, and Ekaterina Sokolova. "Conservation of forest ecosystems in regional complex nature reserves." E3S Web of Conferences 411 (2023): 02057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341102057.

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Based on the analysis of expedition, stock, published and official cadastral materials on the specially protected natural areas, the article characterizes complex (landscape) nature reserves of the Vologda region in the context of the landscape concept of formation of the network of specially protected natural areas in the region, and gives assessment of the compliance of the nature reserves with biodiversity conservation tasks under the taiga zone conditions. The history of establishment of nature reserves, the species and age composition of forests, the typological diversity of forests, avai

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Davenport, Tim R. B., Katarzyna Nowak, and Andrew Perkin. "Priority Primate Areas in Tanzania." Oryx 48, no. 1 (2013): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001676.

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AbstractPriority Primate Areas are identified in Tanzania, mainland Africa's most important country for conservation of primates, on the basis of occupancy by globally rare, Red-Listed and range-restricted primate species and subspecies. We provide a comprehensive list and regional assessment of Tanzania's primate taxa, using IUCN Red List criteria, as well as the first national inventory of primates for 62 sites. The Priority Primate Areas, encompassing 102,513 km2, include nine national parks, one conservation area, seven game reserves, six nature reserves, 34 forest reserves and five areas

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Balezin, Alexander. "Local Authorities and Traditional Rulers in the Reserves of South West Africa in Middle 20th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 3 (113) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840020573-9.

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The article is devoted to the participation of the traditional authorities of South-West Africa (Namibia) in the system of local self-government in the middle twentieth century. It is based on materials taken by the author from the Namibian archives and not widely introduced into scientific circulation before. As a result of legislative acts of the Government of South Africa from 1919, 1920 and 1923, new reserves were added to the 6 reserves previously created by the German authorities in South Africa, and as a result, by 1962 there were 24 of them and they made up more than 25 % of its territ

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Kutter, Karin. "Ölreserven und Ölinteressen. Wie glaubwürdig sind die Angaben zu den weltweiten Örlreserven?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 34, no. 137 (2004): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v34i137.617.

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Many studies, like the influential BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004, notice a worlwide growth of oil-reserves. But there are many reasons to mistrust the official data: They use their own questionable definitions of "oil reserves", mixing conventional and unconventional reserves. Moreover the growth of oil-reserves, which is shown in the statistics, is based more or less on a reassesment of the existing but not on a discovery of new oil-fields. Due to these deceptive practices, the "Assosiation for the Study of Peak Oil" has published a new study with the result that it can find only

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DOWSETT-LEMAIRE, FRANCOISE, JOHN G. M. WILSON, ROBERT D. MEDLAND, and LIZANNE ROXBURGH. "Excessive bird collecting in Malawi: a new threat." Bird Conservation International 25, no. 3 (2015): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000446.

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SummaryMalawi is under heavy pressure for land by an increasing human population, and there is little natural habitat left outside gazetted wildlife and forest reserves. Widespread collecting of birds in Malawi’s small protected rain forests by the National Museum of Malawi in conjunction with Western academic institutions has been taking place almost yearly since 2001 and has continued until at least 2011. The collection of specimens, although often a contentious issue, does have scientific value but should be undertaken in a limited way with careful evaluation of the populations from which b

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Purba, Andreas Sendy, Harin Tiawon, and Diana Beatris. "Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Cadangan Devisa Indonesia Dengan Pendekatan Error Correction Model (ECM)." JEPP : Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Dan Pariwisata 3, no. 2 (2023): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52300/jepp.v3i2.11537.

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This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of American interest rates, Indonesian interest rates, foreign debt, the rupiah exchange rate, net exports and foreign investment on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves in 1991-2022. The data used in this study is time series data, using secondary data obtained from the publication of the official websites of Bank Indonesia, the World Bank and the Central Bureau of Statistics, totaling 32 years. The analysis technique used in this study is the error correction model with the Eviews 10 tool. The results of this study indicate that in the lon

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Carpenter, Chris. "Case Study Details Reserves and Resource Management During a Merger." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 12 (2021): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1221-0037-jpt.

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 206322, “Business-Oriented Reserves and Resource Management: Experiences From a Merger,” by Thies Dose, SPE, and Gunar Kachel, Wintershall Dea, prepared for the 2021 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dubai, 21–23 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In May 2019, the merger between Wintershall and DEA Deutsche Erdoel was closed, which was the birth of Wintershall Dea (WD). A system for internal reporting of petroleum resources described in the paper provides a fit-for-purpo

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Suardi, Sandy, and Yuanchen Chang. "Are changes in foreign exchange reserves a good proxy for official intervention?" Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 22, no. 4 (2012): 678–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2012.04.004.

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Fadeeva, Lyudmila I. "CHANGING THE ROLE OF GOLD IN THE ACCUMULATION OF WORLD OFFICIAL RESERVES." Labour and Social Relations Journal 31, no. 5 (2020): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20410/2073-7815-2020-31-5-143-157.

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Prasetyo, Agung, and Esti Pasaribu. "Analysis of Factors Affecting Foreign Debt in Indonesia (Case Study 1990-2023)." Asian Journal of Applied Business and Management 3, no. 3 (2024): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ajabm.v3i3.10563.

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This research aims to determine the factors that influence foreign debt by using data on foreign exchange reserves, exchange rates, and interest rates on Indonesia's foreign debt for the period 1990-2023. The data used in this research was obtained from the official websites of the Ministry of Finance of Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), and Bank Indonesia. This research uses multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this research show that foreign exchange reserves, exchange rates, and interest rates simultaneously influence Indonesia's foreign debt. Partially, fore

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Larionova, Marina Barievna. "Sources for the reconstruction of the "parade" and "non-parade" portraits of students of the state labor reserves (1904–1950s)." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 6 (June 2023): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2023.6.69119.

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The socio-cultural appearance of students in the system of state labor reserves has not been the subject of special study by specialists. At the same time, the creation in 1940 of the system of state labor reserves of the USSR was accompanied by the formation of a specific social group, the study of the socio-cultural characteristics of which will complement the already existing ideas about the working youth of the Soviet period. The subject of the study are documents as historical sources. The object is students of the system of state labor reserves as a separate social group. The purpose of

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Chaboud, Alain, Ricardo Correa, Patrick Douglass, Linda S. Goldberg, Juan M. Londono, and Fabiola Ravazzolo. "2nd Annual International Roles of the U.S. Dollar Conference." FEDS Notes, no. 2023-06-23-4 (June 2023): None. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3344.

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The U.S. dollar plays a central role in the global economy. In addition to being the most widely used currency in foreign exchange transactions, it represents the largest share in official reserves, international debt securities and loans, cross-border payments, and trade invoicing.

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Pinkovetskaia, I. S. "Assessment of the current structure and quantity of employees small enterprises in Russia and in regions." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 35, no. 4 (2018): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2018--4-151-157.

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In the article the branch structure of small enterprises in Russia is considered. The distribution by region of the number of employees working in these enterprises is estimated. Official statistical information was used as input. The presence of significant reserves of entrepreneurship development is shown.

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Pebriyanti, Intan, and Rifki Khoirudin. "Analysis of Determinants of Foreign Exchange Reserves in ASEAN-5 Countries." BALANCE: Economic, Business, Management and Accounting Journal 21, no. 1 (2024): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/blc.v21i1.22113.

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Foreign exchange reserves represent a nation's holdings of foreign currencies or currency equivalents, managed by its central monetary authority, and utilized in global transactions and engagements. This research aims to analyze the influence of inflation, Foreign direct investment, Exchange rate, economic growth and exports to the level of foreign exchange reserves in ASEAN-5 countries 2000-2022. This study relies on secondary data sourced from the World Bank's official website. The analytical methodology involves employing a panel data regression technique known as the Fixed Effect Model (FE

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Matsvai, Simion. "Exchange Rates and Inflation Dynamics in Multicurrency Regimes: The Case of Zimbabwe (2014 to 2024)." International Journal of Financial Studies 13, no. 2 (2025): 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13020093.

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Exchange rate volatility has emerged to be one of the most critical determinants of price stability for countries operating in multicurrency systems with their own currency in the basket of currencies. This study empirically examined the impact of exchange rates (official and parallel market rates) on inflation in Zimbabwe during the multicurrency system for the period 2014 to 2024, together with comparing the impacts of the official and parallel market exchange rates on inflation. Time series and monthly data were used to examine the short and long run impact of exchange rates on inflation in

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Gunnarapong, Nathaporn, Wachira Boonyanet, and Kittisak Jangphanish. "The moderating impact of loan loss reserves on the relationship between ESG performance and bank value: Empirical evidence of Thai listed banks." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, no. 7 (2024): 5272. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.5272.

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The study aims to investigate the relationship between ESG (Environment, Social, Governance) performance on bank value when moderated by loan loss reserves. Using all 11 Thai listed banks for the period 2017–2021, data were collected from Bloomberg database, the official website of the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SETSMART), and Bank of Thailand, totalling 55 observations. The selected CAMEL indicators served as the control variables. Multiple linear regression and conditional effect analyses were executed using Tobin’s Q as a bank value. This study carefully tested the validity of the dataset,

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Gorda, Aleksandr. "DEDOLLARIZATION OFTHEWORLD ECONOMY: CAUSES, MANIFESTATIONS, CONSEQUENCES." Scientific Bulletin: finance, banking, investment, no. 1 (October 23, 2024): 52–63. https://doi.org/10.29039/2312-5330-2024-1-52-63.

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The article is devoted to the study of the causes, factors, manifestations and consequences of dedollarization of the world economy. The main events that had the greatest impact on the US dollar receiving the status of a world reserve currency are identified and analyzed. The structure of official foreign exchange reserves is analyzed. It is noted that the leading world reserve currency is the US dollar, but over the past two decades the share of world reserves in US dollars has decreased. It has been determined that the global policy of dedollarization of the world economy in recent years has

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Denisov, A. V., E. A. Shakhverdiev, and T. T. Mazhrenova. "Determination of qualitative and quantitative economic criteria for stimulating the development of hard-to-recover oil reserves." Bulletin of Russian academy of natural sciences 25, no. 1 (2025): 60–73. https://doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2025-25-1-60-73.

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At the official and expert levels, the fact of a reduction in the total volume of oil production in Russia of traditional hydrocarbon reserves with low production costs and an increase in the share of hard-to-recover oil reserves (HOR) is indisputable. In 2023, the Ministry of Energy estimated the share of HOR in hydrocarbon reserves at 60% with a high probability of increasing to 70% by 2030. Along with the deterioration of their occurrence conditions, geological and physical characteristics and oil properties, an important characteristic of the production of HOR hydrocarbons is a significant

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Puyravaud, Jean Philippe, Priya Davidar, Rajeev K. Srivastava, and Belinda Wright. "Modelling harvest of Asian elephants Elephas maximus on the basis of faulty assumptions promotes inappropriate management solutions." Oryx 51, no. 3 (2016): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531600003x.

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AbstractA ratio-based logistic model developed to assess elephant harvest rates, based on a study at Nagarhole Tiger Reserve in India, was recommended as a management tool to control human–elephant conflict through culling. Considering this reserve among others violates an assumption of the logistic model: isolation. Nevertheless, assuming this violation was irrelevant, we re-evaluated the model, with minor modifications, for the neighbouring Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, where we used data from 13 elephant Elephas maximus population surveys to derive bootstrapped sets of population ratios, and mor

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Sari, Impi Puspita, and Retno Agustina Ekaputri. "ANALYSIS EFFECT OF EXPORTS, IMPORTS, INFLATION AND FOREIGN DEBT ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES IN INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA) 8, no. 3 (2024): 2708–22. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v8i3.4801.

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The purpose of this study was to test and analyze how Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves were affected by imports, exports, inflation, and foreign debt. Regarding the relationship between Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves and imports, exports, inflation, and foreign debt for the 2019–2023 timeframe, there is a gap between theory and empirical data, which makes this study noteworthy. In order to regulate it and preserve economic stability, it is crucial to constantly track the movement of foreign exchange reserves. Data for the study were taken from official publications of Bank Indonesi

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Ghosh, Atish R., Jonathan D. Ostry, and Charalambos G. Tsangarides. "Shifting Motives: Explaining the Buildup in Official Reserves in Emerging Markets Since the 1980s." IMF Economic Review 65, no. 2 (2016): 308–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41308-016-0003-3.

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Odegov, Yu G., L. S. Babynina, and R. V. Odegov. "Human Resources of Labour Market in Russia." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 1 (January 28, 2025): 128–47. https://doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2025-1-128-147.

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Today scales, structure and forms of population employment are changing, models of labour activities are modifying. Human resources imply carriers of physical, intellectual, creative, psychological potential, competences, experience, skills, motives and goals. The notion of ‘resources’ as applied to this social and economic category means opportunities, which are available at present and may be accessible in the future for state and regions to supply economy with workers having necessary professional and personal qualities. The goal of the article is to identify reserves of human resources for

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Kuznetsov, A. V. "Russia and Financial World: on the Threshold of System Transformations." Post-Soviet Issues 7, no. 2 (2020): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2020-7-2-190-207.

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The modern global financial system is based on unlimited dollar issuance, which is backed by a key reserve asset – US debt obligations. The concept of official foreign exchange reserves promoted by the IMF puts in a privileged position the countries with reserve currencies, primarily the United State. This concept has exhausted the possibilities for productive investment of the savings of the rest of the world. As a result, the savings of the periphery of the global economy are directed to the consumption and speculative spheres. Global financial crises has proved – despite speculative activit

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Ларионова, М. Б., Т. А. Заглодина, and С. Л. Разинков. "Sociocultural markers asa basis for reconstructing the portrait of students in the state labour reserves." Vocational education and labour market, no. 2(53) (June 22, 2023): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52944/port.2023.53.2.004.

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Введение. Создание в 1940 г. Государственных трудовых резервов СССР сопровождалось формированием специфической социокультурной среды, которая до настоящего времени остается практически не изученной. При этом многие элементы субкультуры были далеки от образа учащегося, официально декларируемого и формируемого государством. Цель. Выделить социокультурные маркеры, то есть наиболее значимые характеристики субкультуры, позволяющие охарактеризовать типичные черты официального и неформального портрета учащихся образовательных учреждений, входящих в систему государственных трудовых резервов. Методы. М

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Razinkov, Sergey Lvovich. "Behavioral practices as a marker of the socio-cultural portrait of students of the USSR State Labor Reserves (1940s-50s)." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 11 (November 2023): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2023.11.68880.

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The creation of the USSR state labor reserves in 1940 was accompanied by the formation of a specific socio-cultural environment, which remains practically unexplored to this day.The purpose of the article is to determine the structure and composition of behavioral practices as an element of the official and informal portrait of students of the state labor reserves. The methodological basis of the research was the system of social actions by T. Parsons, the concepts of variability of everyday practices by A. Ludtke and the dichotomy "norm/anomaly" in Soviet everyday life by N.B. Lebina. The wor

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Capen, E. C. "Probabilistic Reserves! Here at Last?" SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, no. 05 (2001): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/73828-pa.

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Summary Recently, SPE and the World Petroleum Congresses (WPC) modified earlier definitions of reserves for the industry. Through much lobbying about improving the definitions, the committees generally clung to the past. In truth, reserves have always been about probability because there has always been uncertainty as to proved, probable, and possible reserves. This paper proposes to dust off some of the mystery about how to deal with reserves probabilistically and correct some common procedures that do not follow the laws of probability and thus produce the wrong answer. For example, despite

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Ghosh, Atish R., Jonathan David Ostry, and Charalambos G. Tsangarides. "Shifting Motives: Explaining the Buildup in official Reserves in Emerging Markets Since the 1980's." IMF Working Papers 12, no. 34 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781463933197.001.

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Rybalko, Natalia. "Organization of Providing State People of Siberia with Grain Reserves on the Way from Sol Kamskaya to Verkhoturye in 1598–1605." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (November 2023): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.5.2.

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Introduction. The article examines the problem of organizing the provision of service people in Siberia with grain reserves, which were collected as a special tax from the lands of the south-eastern part of the Pomorye during the reign of B.F. Godunov along the road from Sol Kamskaya to Verkhoturye. Methods and materials. The source base is the official material of the Verkhoturye and Solikamsk administrative huts, individual documents of the Siberian order. The method of diachronic analysis obtained a year-by-year picture of how transportation functioned from 1596/97 to 1605. The method of co

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Larionova, M. B., T. A. Zaglodina, and S. I. Razinkov. "«Ceremonial» portrait of a student of the state labor reserves system (1940s–1950s)." Professional education in the modern world 15, no. 1 (2025): 60–71. https://doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2025-1-8.

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Introduction. The creation of the USSR state labor reserves in 1940 was accompanied by the formation of a specific socio-cultural environment, which has remained practically unstudied up to the present time. Purpose setting. The aim of the study is to identify the stable, integral images of students, which form the basis of their «ceremonial portrait», set by the official state ideology and the practice of functioning of the system of state labor reserves, as a set of characteristic features of behavior and actions, as well as mental attitudes of this social group. Methodology and methods of t

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Lewis, Andrew. "The Path to Sustainable Development through the Splitting of the Foreign Exchange Reserves." Journal of Management and Sustainability 6, no. 2 (2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v6n2p97.

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<p>This paper presents a theoretical equation that when used shows the impact that the foreign exchange reserves have on the overall health of an economy such as the case with Jamaica. The equation also has variables that demonstrate this case assuming no “official and unofficial” or “formal and informal” sectors. If there is a definitive split between both sectors so that the unofficial economy can make an impact on the formal economy, the splitting of the reserves can provide support for the “informal economy” as this sector can catalyze the formal economy potentially providing higher

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Adeyekun, O. J., V. A. J. Adekunle, and O. V. Oyerinde. "Assessment of Timber Harvest in Ondo State, Nigeria between 2013 and 2019." Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry 9, no. 3 (2023): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2023/v9i3202.

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The high rate of timber harvest from the forest without any replacement is hostile to the achievement of the objectives of sustainable forest management in Nigeria. The study was carried out to investigate the rate of timber harvest in Ondo state, Nigeria. Secondary data on logging activities from both forest reserves and free areas between 2013 and 2019 in the three forestry administrative zones - Akure, Ore, and Okitipupa were collected from the Ondo state department of forestry official records, files and annual reports. Analyses were carried out using Statistical Package for Social Science

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Onour, Ibrahim A., and Bruno S. Sergi. "The impact of a political shock on foreign exchange markets in a small and open economy: A dynamic modelling approach." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 10, no. 3 (2021): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2021-0028.

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Abstract This paper aims to analyse the dynamics of foreign exchange markets in a country facing political uncertainty that prompt capital outflow from the country1. The economic environment under investigation is characterized by dual foreign exchange markets: a formal or official market for foreign exchange with insufficient and volatile foreign exchange flows, and a strong and thriving informal market, with a higher exchange rate2. The findings in the paper indicate a necessary condition for stabilization of the exchange rate system and that is that the return on investment should exceed th

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Bulatova, Olena, Tetyana Marena, Yurii Chentukov, and Tetiana Shabelnyk. "The impact of global financial transformations on the economic security of Central and Eastern European countries." Public and Municipal Finance 9, no. 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.09(1).2020.01.

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Global financial transformations provoke shifts in financial systems that can threaten countries’ economic security. Further integration of the CEE states to the global economy will be accompanied by the increasing dependence of their financial markets and economic security on global financial challenges. The study aims to identify the relationship between global and regional financial trends that shape CEE countries’ economic security and reveal the shifts in the CEE region’s economic security under the influence of global financial transformation. The global financial transformations are the

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Salimovna, Salomova. "The Importance of the World Oil and Gas Industry in The Economy of Countries." American Journal of Economics and Business Management 7, no. 12 (2024): 1414–18. https://doi.org/10.31150/ajebm.v7i12.3125.

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The oil and gas industry is a cornerstone of the global economy, driving energy production, industrial development, and international trade. This study explores the industry’s critical role in economic growth, its production trends, resource reserves, and challenges. The research methodology includes a review of foreign literature and an analysis of official statistical data through comparative and logical reasoning techniques. Results highlight the significant contributions of oil and gas to energy generation, the chemical industry, and economic stability, with over 50% of global energy needs

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Suripto, Suripto, Rai Rake Setiawan, Istanti Istanti, and Hamim Mustofa. "An Analysis of Factors Affecting Indonesia's Foreign Exchange Reserve." Optimum: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 12, no. 2 (2023): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/optimum.v12i2.6588.

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Foreign exchange reserves is an economic variable that is very important to pay attention to. International trade is something that makes foreign exchange reserves important. Foreign exchange is calculated by a country as property or wealth in foreign currency. In this study, research related to factors that can affect the position of Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves will be carried out. The data used is obtained from the official website of Bank Indonesia on the publication page. The data obtained is then carried out in an empirical time series from 2010 to 2020 in the form of quarters o

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