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Books on the topic 'Offre de formation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 22 June 2024

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1

Centre européen pour le développement de la formation professionnelle. L' offre de formation à distance en Italie (rapport de synthèse). Centre européen pour le développement de la formation professionnelle, 1986.

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2

Ontario. Ministère de la formation professionnelle. L' industrie de l'accueil en Ontario: Ses besoins en matière de ressources humaines et de formation : sommaire. Ministère de la formation professionnelle, 1990.

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3

R, Baldwin John. La formation comme stratégie en matière de ressources humaines: La réaction aux pénuries de personnel et au changement technologique. Direction des études analytiques, Statistique Canada, 2001.

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4

Centre d'animation et de ressources de l'information sur la formation (Réunion), ed. Formation professionnelle continue à la Réunion: Partenaires institutionnels et socio-professionnels, outils de financement publics, offre de formation. CARIF, 1992.

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5

1950-, McKenzie Phillip, Santiago Paulo, Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques., and Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques. Division des politiques d'éducation et de formation., eds. Le rôle crucial des enseignants: Attirer, former et retenir des enseignants de qualité. Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, 2005.

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6

d'évaluation, France Comité national. Nouveaux espaces pour l'université, 2000-2004: Rapport au président de la République : Europe, territoires, offre de formation, recherche, évaluation, qualité. Documentation française, 2005.

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7

The teaching nation: Prospect for teachers in the European community. Pergamon Press, 1992.

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8

Senegal) Symposium international "Reconstruire l'anthropologie en Afrique postcoloniale" (2017 Dakar. Reconstruire l'anthropologie en Afrique postcoloniale: Enjeux, orientations et méthodes d'une nouvelle offre de formation doctorale = Reconstructing postcolonial anthropology : challenges, directions, and methods for a new doctoral program. Presses Universitaires de Dakar, 2018.

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9

Gigli, Daria, and Enrico Magnelli, eds. Studi di poesia greca tardoantica. Firenze University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-488-2.

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Il volume contiene gli atti della giornata di studi svoltasi a Firenze il 4 ottobre 2012 e presenta i contributi di nove giovani studiosi di provata competenza, formatisi in varie Università italiane. La multiforme produzione poetica greca di età post-ellenistica è indagata attraverso i suoi generi letterari e le specifiche problematiche che essa pone: si tratta di epica mitologico-narrativa e didattica, di oracoli teologici, di innografia pagana e cristiana, di epigramma, di sopravvivenza del codice espressivo poetico nella prosa della prima età bizantina. I saggi sono diversi per prospettiva

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10

Nefedov, Igor', Andrey Panteleev, and Anna Shi. We speak Russian. Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02101-9.

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The textbook is intended for teachers of Russian as a foreign language working in a Chinese classroom. The purpose of the textbook is to offer the teachers of the RCT a unique set of phonetic, grammatical and lexical exercises and games to replenish vocabulary, improve the skills of correct pronunciation of sounds and assimilation of Russian grammar, taking into account the specifics of the Chinese language. The manual is composed of phonetic, grammatical and lexical games and exercises of varying complexity, aimed at the formation of communicative and linguistic competencies, as well as

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11

Ismailov, Nariman, Samira Nadzhafova, and Aygyun Gasymova. Bioecosystem complexes for the solution of environmental, industrial and social problems (on the example of Azerbaijan). INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043239.

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A key objective of the modern development of society is the observance of ecological and socio-economic unity in human life  and comprehensive improvement of environment and quality of life should be considered in close connection with the quality of the natural landscape. The formation of scientific understanding of the unity of society and nature is driven by the need for practical implementation of such unity. This defines the focus of this monograph. Given the overall assessment of the current state of the environment in Azerbaijan, considers the scenarios for the future development

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12

CAWS, Catherine, Marie-Josée HAMEL, Catherine JEANNEAU, and Christian OLLIVIER. Formation en langues et littératie numérique en contextes ouverts. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.9782813003911.

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Le développement de la littératie et de la citoyenneté numériques est au cœur de plusieurs projets sociétaux. Diverses publications académiques, nombre de propositions de cadres et d’approches mises en œuvre dans de nombreux pays tout comme des recommandations (nationales et transnationales) de politique éducative en témoignent. Cet ouvrage s’inscrit dans ce mouvement. Rédigé par des didacticien-ne-s des langues, il s’ancre résolument dans le domaine de l’enseignement-apprentissage des langues où il entend ouvrir des pistes pour permettre à la didactique des langues de contribuer à cette éduca

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13

Contract Formation: Law and Practice. Oxford University Press, USA, 2009.

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14

Luke, Nottage. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation I: Arts 2.1.1–2.1.5—Offer, Art.2.1.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0017.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.1, which stipulates that a contract may be concluded either by acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement. This provision reflects the neoclassical approach of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) to contract law, maximizing the parties' freedom to negotiate until they agree to contract on certain terms, by expressly mentioning that one means of concluding a contract is by conduct of the parties that is ‘sufficient’ (that is, definite enough) to ‘show agreement’. Art 2.1.1 broke

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15

Luke, Nottage. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation I: Arts 2.1.1–2.1.5—Offer, Art.2.1.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0018.

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Identifying an ‘offer’ is usually the first step in the traditional scheme for establishing that a contract has been concluded. This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), which requires a proposal that is ‘sufficiently definite’ and ‘indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound upon acceptance’. These two requirements parallel those set out in Art 2.1.1 with respect to conduct of the parties ‘sufficient to show agreement’ in situations outside the usual offer-and-acceptance framework of negotiations. Arguably, however

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16

Luke, Nottage. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation I: Arts 2.1.1–2.1.5—Offer, Art.2.1.3. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0019.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the withdrawal of an offer. An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offer before or at the same time as the offeree. Like the principle in Art 2.1.3(1) PICC, most national legal systems also recognize the principle in Art 2.1.3(2) that an offer does not remain effective if received before or at the same rime as the offer is withdrawn. The latter principle protects the offer

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17

Luke, Nottage. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation I: Arts 2.1.1–2.1.5—Offer, Art.2.1.4. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0020.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the revocation of an offer. Art 2.1.4 stipulates that until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance. However, an offer cannot be revoked if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer. Art 2.1.4 explains

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18

Luke, Nottage. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation I: Arts 2.1.1–2.1.5—Offer, Art.2.1.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0021.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the rejection of an offer. Art 2.1.5 stipulates that an offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror. Even if the offer has become effective (without being withdrawn, under Art 2.1.3) and remains so (without being revoked, under Art 2.1.4), it can he terminated upon the rejection of the offeree reaching the sphere of control of the offeror (Art 1.10). This principle is consistent with a (neo)classical approach to contract law that seeks to preserve the freedom

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19

Delval, Anne-Sophie. L’internationalisation des écoles hôtelières suisses. Attirer les étudiant·e·s fortuné·e·s du monde entier. Éditions Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/alphil.03179.

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Au début du xxe siècle déjà, certaines écoles en gestion hôtelière suisses attiraient des étudiant·e·s venu·e·s de l’étranger, bénéficiant en leur sein d’une offre éducative alors unique au monde. Ce phénomène a amené la Suisse à devenir un acteur majeur dans la formation des cadres de l’industrie hôtelière mondiale. Aujourd’hui, le pays compte une vingtaine d’établissements privés, parmi lesquels domine la prestigieuse École hôtelière de Lausanne. Un univers assez peu connu où paradoxalement, ces formations professionnalisantes – a priori peu valorisées par rapport aux filières universitaires

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20

Ingeborg, Schwenzer, Hachem Pascal, and Kee Christopher. Part III Formation of The Contract, 10 Offer and Acceptance. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199572984.003.0010.

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21

Ying-Chieh, WU. Contract Formation in Taiwan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0015.

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This chapter examines the rules of offer and acceptance in the formation of contract in Taiwan law. An offer is binding unless: the offer states otherwise, the revocation reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer, or if the offeree does not respond within a reasonable time. An acceptance only becomes effective when it reaches the offeror. The postal rule does not apply, but if the postal acceptance is delayed for reasons not attributable to the offeree, the offeror who knows of the delay must inform the offeree of it, otherwise the offeror will be bound at the time that the a

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22

Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.11. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0027.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.11 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning modified acceptance of an offer. Art 2.1.11 stipulates that a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer. However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to t

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23

Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.10. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0026.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.10 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), which stipulates that acceptance of an offer may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective. Rejection of an offer causes an offer to lapse (at least as regards the offeree who has rejected). Withdrawal of an acceptance, in contrast, has no effect, in principle, on the offer. The effect of the withdrawal on the original offer must, in any case, be a matter of construction of the offer, the withdrawal,

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24

Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0022.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the mode of acceptance of an offer. Art 2.1.6 stipulates that a statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance. Acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror. However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate ass

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25

Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.8. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0024.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning acceptance of an offer within a fixed period of time and how such time is to be calculated. Art 2.1.8 stipulates that a period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. In general, deadlines for acceptance may be either absolute or relative. Art 2.1.8 is concerned only with relative deadlines, for only relative

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26

Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.7. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0023.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the time of acceptance of an offer. Art 2.1.7 stipulates that an offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. Offers are thus transitory indications of assent. Art 2.1.7 discusses the default time of acceptan

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27

Chunyan, Ding. Contract Formation under Chinese Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the law on contract formation in Chinese law which largely follows the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. An objective approach is adopted in determining the parties’ intentions but exceptions are allowed where parties have not accurately expressed their true agreement, the contract is a sham, or one party’s intentional false expression is known to the other. For a contract to be binding, its ‘essential elements’ must be agreed (names of the parties, subject matter, and quantit

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28

Han, Tan Cheng. Contract Formation in Singapore. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0008.

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The Singapore law on contract formation largely replicates the English law which it inherited and is covered by the Application of English Law Act 1993 ‘so far as it is applicable to the circumstances of Singapore and its inhabitants and subject to such modifications as those circumstances may require’. The offer and acceptance approach to contract formation is mediated through the objective test of intention taking account of the circumstances in which the words or conduct are to be interpreted; but if one party’s mistaken expression is known to the other, there is no valid contract. Where su

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29

Tjakie, Naudé. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation V: Arts 2.1.19–2.1.22—Standard terms, Art.2.1.22. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0039.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.22 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning battle of forms. The ‘battle of forms’ arises where the parties reach agreement on the essential terms, usually through a reply to an offer which identifies itself as an acceptance, but both parties indicate, more or less automatically, that their respective standard terms should govern the contract. Since the standard terms often conflict with each other, the question arises whether a contract has actually been concluded at all and, if so, which of the inconsistent stan

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30

Yamashita, Yoshikazu. Formation of Contract in Japan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0012.

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This chapter provides insights into the law on contract formation in Japan. The Japanese approach is traditional, requiring an agreement which, in turn, normally requires an offer and matching acceptance, according to the mirror image rule. Once offers become effective, the 1898 Japanese Civil Code severely restricts their revocability. This is in tune with the mostly German origins of Japanese contract law. However, the drafters of the Code deliberately followed the common law in one respect: the offeree’s acceptance becomes effective as soon as it is dispatched. This is highly controversial

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31

Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, s.1: Formation, Introduction to Arts 2.1.1–2.1.14. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0232.

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Chapter 2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) contains the core provisions on contract formation. It has two sections: the first deals with offers, acceptances, negotiations, standard terms, and standard firms; the second deals with agency. The fundamental rules on formation of contract which focus on the law of offer and acceptance are provided in Arts 2.1.1–2.1.14. The ‘classical’ model of contract law centres on the parties' agreement to assume obligations with private law consequences, whereas the ‘neoclassical’ model adopts a less strict approach but wi

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32

HO, Lusina. Contract Formation in Hong Kong. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the law on contract formation in Hong Kong which is closely modelled on the English common law but adapts the English solutions to the local context if and when required. The test for ascertaining the parties’ meeting of the minds is objective, the agreement (an offer with a matching acceptance) must be certain, complete, and made with the intention to create legal relations—the latter being presumed to be present in a commercial context and absent in a familial or social context. Offers are freely revocable although the reliance of the offeree is protected in exceptional

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33

Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.9. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0025.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.9 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning late acceptance and delayed transmission of an acceptance. Art 2.1.9 stipulates that a late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect. If a communication containing such a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance

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34

Chen-Wishart, Mindy, Alexander Loke, and Stefan Vogenauer, eds. Formation and Third Party Beneficiaries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.001.0001.

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Studies in the Contract Laws of Asia provides an authoritative account of the contract law regimes of selected Asian jurisdictions, including the major centres of commerce where limited critical commentaries have been published in the English language. Each volume in the series aims to offer an insider’s perspective into specific areas of contract law—remedies, formation, parties, contents, vitiating factors, change of circumstances, illegality, and public policy—and explores how these diverse jurisdictions address common problems encountered in contractual disputes. A concluding chapter draws

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35

Vanzo, Alberto. Kant and Abstractionism about Concept Formation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.003.0014.

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This chapter outlines Kant’s account of empirical concept formation and discusses two objections that have been advanced against it. Kant holds that we form empirical concepts, such as color concepts, by comparing sensory representations of individuals, identifying shared features, and abstracting from the differences between them. According to the first objection, we cannot acquire color concepts in this way because there is no feature that all and only the instances of a given color share, and because the boundary between colors is conventional. According to the second objection, assuming th

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36

Ceri. Documents De L'Ocde Apprendre Au-Del? De L'?Cole: Nouvelles Offres D'Enseignement Et Nouvelles Demandes De Formation. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation & Dev, 1995.

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37

Michael, Furmston, Tolhurst G J, and Mik Eliza. 1 Formation and the Concept of Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198724032.003.0001.

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This chapter provides an overview of the objective theory of contract and the concept of agreement. The objective theory dictates that when determining whether or not a statement made by a person was intended to form the basis of a contract, it is construed by reference to a reasonable person in the position of the party to whom the statement is directed. Thus, when trying to determine whether a statement was intended to be an offer, it is construed by reference to a reasonable person in the position of the offeree. An agreement requires that the parties agree the terms of bargain, that those

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38

Carr, David M. The Formation of Genesis 1-11. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190062545.001.0001.

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There is general agreement that study of the formation of the Pentateuch is currently in disarray. This book turns to the Genesis Primeval History, Genesis 1–11, to offer models for the formation of Pentateuchal texts that might have traction within this fractious context. Building on two centuries of historical study of Genesis 1–11, this book provides new support for the older theory that the bulk of Genesis 1–11 was created out of a combination of two originally separate source strata: a Priestly source and an earlier non-Priestly source that was used to supplement the Priestly framework. T

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Youngjoon, Kwon. Contract Formation and Third Party Beneficiaries in Korea. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0014.

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This chapter 14 discusses the rules on contract formation and third party beneficiaries in Korea. These can be found in the Korean Civil Code of 1960 that is closely modelled on the Japanese Civil Code, therefore many of its solutions can be ultimately traced back to German law. For a binding contract to be made, Korean law only requires an agreement which is normally constituted by an offer and a matching acceptance; there is no requirement of consideration, and as a general rule there is freedom of form—only limited statutory exceptions impose formal requirements for specific types of contra

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40

Short, Simine. The Formative Years. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036316.003.0001.

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This chapter details the early years of Octave Chanute. In 1838, six-year-old Octave arrived in America with his father Joseph Chanut, who had accepted an offer to teach in one of the three major colleges in antebellum Louisiana. The eldest of three, Octave left the security of his life in Paris, where he lived with his mother, grandmother, and two younger brothers, to move to America with a father he barely knew. A new life, so different and not Parisian at all, began for Joseph and Octave. Joseph home-schooled his son, and his French-speaking colleagues supplied a teaching curriculum accordi

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41

Tayseng, Ly. Formation of Contract and Third Parties in Cambodia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0017.

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This chapter gives an overview of the law on contract formation and third party beneficiaries in Cambodia. Much of the discussion is tentative since the new Cambodian Civil Code only entered into force from 21 December 2011 and there is little case law and academic writing fleshing out its provisions. The Code owes much to the Japanese Civil Code of 1898 and, like the latter, does not have a requirement of consideration and seldom imposes formal requirements but there are a few statutory exceptions from the principle of freedom from form. For a binding contract, the agreement of the parties is

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42

Bell, Gary F. Formation of Contract and Stipulations for Third Parties in Indonesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0018.

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Indonesia is one of the most legally diverse and complex countries in the world. It practises legal pluralism with three types of contract law in force: adat (customary) contract laws, Islamic contract laws (mostly concerning banking), and the European civil law of contract, transplanted from the Netherlands in 1847, found mainly in the Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata). This chapter focuses on European civil law as it is the law used for the majority of commercial transactions. The civil law of contract is not well developed and there is a paucity of indigenous doctrine and juris

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Net, Le. Contract Formation and Contracts for the Benefit of a Third Party in Vietnam. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0021.

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This chapter examines the recent changes to the Vietnamese Civil Code and its impact on contract formation and third party beneficiaries. Since the enactment of the first modern civil code in 1995, major revisions have been made every ten years with the 2015 Code repealing more than 50 per cent of the 2005 Code; representing more than 300 articles of the 2005 Code. Concepts like apparent authority were only recognized in 2005, while the notion of an offer to the world (rather than to specific parties) was only recognized in 2015. The 2015 Code was a product of the move from a planned economy t

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44

Clavel, Damian. Créer un pays, le royaume de Poyais. Gregor MacGregor, emprunts d’État et fraude financière 1820-1824. Éditions Livreo-Alphil, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/alphil.01541.

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Depuis le 23 octobre 1822, la bourse de Londres enregistre l’échange sulfureux et enthousiaste d’un nouveau titre sur son marché des emprunts étrangers : l’obligation de l’État de Poyais. À la tête de ce territoire inconnu se trouve Gregor MacGregor, un ancien mercenaire écossais et nouveau Cacique flamboyant de ce territoire alors inconnu. Ce dernier emprunte plusieurs centaines de milliers de livres sterling au sein du centre financier le plus important du monde, gonflé à bloc par les prêts accordés aux récentes indépendances latino-américaines. Or, Poyais n’existe pas. C’est, du moins, ce d

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Orren, Karen, and Stephen Skowronek. Pathways to the Present. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.19.

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The literature on American political development has generated a rich array of tools and concepts for thinking about the dynamics of state formation. More often than not, however, these devices appear as alternatives, with analysts prompted to choose among them. Seldom are the dynamics described brought to bear on one another. This chapter examines three of these dynamics—displacement, path dependence, and creative syncretism—and considers how each informs state formation in America. It then introduces the concept of a “policy state,” a concept which, among other things, can bring these three

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Röder, Brigitte. Prehistoric Households and Childhood. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.7.

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From the perspective of contemporary societies ‘childhood’ and ‘household’ are not universal, static categories but rather culturally highly variable dimensions of social life which can be influenced by numerous factors. They appear to be complex social processes, entwined with each other, and are characterized by changing actors. The material traces of these processes in the prehistoric archaeological record are rudimentary and offer no immediate access to ‘childhood’ or ‘household’, but domestic or maintenance activities are relatively well recorded at settlement sites and therefore offer th

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Cunliffe, Ann L., Jenny Helin, and John T. Luhman. Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975). Edited by Jenny Helin, Tor Hernes, Daniel Hjorth, and Robin Holt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669356.013.0021.

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Mikhail Bakhtin is a Russian philosopher who offered a different way of viewing sociality and its representation—a recurring theme in much of his writing. This chapter discusses four interrelated aspects of Bakhtin’s work that are of particular relevance to process thinking in organization studies and offer a distinct way to understand and represent sociality: the role of dialogue in the formation and understanding of social experience, the nature of language as lived conversation and responsive utterances, synthesizing the lived world and the world of reason, and carnival and culture. It also

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Michael, Furmston, Tolhurst G J, and Mik Eliza. 6 Problems of Intention and Consideration in Online Transactions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198724032.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses issues concerning online transactions and points to further challenges. It commences with a broad discussion on the relationship between the two prerequisites of every contract: intention and consideration. It focuses on the difficulty of establishing intention and consideration in circumstances where the context of a particular online interaction is difficult to categorize as either commercial or social. Next, it deals with problems relating to the application of the offer and acceptance model in online transactions. Some basic questions are posed: Is there an offer? If

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Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.17. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0071.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.17 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning unilateral declarations. Art 3.2.17 states that Chapter 3 of the PICC not only applies to the formation of the contract strictu sensu (that is, offer and acceptance), but also to any communication of intention that one party addresses to the other party. Such communications of intention may be made before or after the conclusion of the contract. Examples for the first group of communications are, according to the Official Comment, bids for investment or bids for work, fo

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Bang, Peter Fibiger, C. A. Bayly, and Walter Scheidel, eds. The Oxford World History of Empire. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199772360.001.0001.

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The Oxford World History of Empire, Vol.1: The Imperial Experience is dedicated to synthesis and comparison. Following a comprehensive theoretical survey and world-historical synthesis, fifteen chapters analyze and explore the multifaceted experience of empire across cultures and through five millennia. The broad range of perspectives includes: scale, world systems and geopolitics, military organization, political economy and elite formation, monumental display, law, mapping and registering, religion, literature, the politics of difference, resistance, energy transfers, ecology, memories, and

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