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Kapović, Dominik, Mirela Rožić, Marina Vukoje, and Branka Lozo. "Ink tack stability readings of the offset thermochromic inks." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-07-2018-0064.
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Purpose This paper aims to analyse the tack stability measurement readings of thermochromic offset inks. For this purpose, three reversible leuco-dye formed thermochromic inks were used to evaluate their tack. The used inks differ in their activation temperature, colour, drying mechanism, viscosity and chemical content. Thermochromic offset inks differ from conventional inks in formulation and size of colourants due to the presence of the microcapsules. Design/methodology/approach Printing inks in offset lithography must have sufficient tack so they can be transported from a reservoir onto the substrate. The ink transfer takes place through the ink splitting by inking rollers, printing plate and blanket transport. An IGT Tackoscope device was used to produce the dynamic readings of ink tack as a function of distribution and splitting time. The data can be used for prediction of the ink press stability under controlled settings, such as temperature. Findings This research explains the temperature and velocity influence on the tack stability measurement readings of thermochromic inks. It also gives an insight of the chemical compounds that dictate the tack measuring reading results. Originality/value Development of new printing inks, such as thermochromic printing inks, may affect the printing of different products. The research was conducted due to a lack of available data for the tack of thermochromic inks.
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Cigula, Tomislav, Tamara Tomašegović, and Tomislav Hudika. "Effect of the paper surface properties on the ink transfer parameters in offset printing." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 34, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0018.
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Abstract Paper has a crucial impact on the qualitative properties of printed product as properties of the paper’s surface directly impact the ink transfer, consequently, basic optical properties of the print. Although same ISO paper type, papers possess variable surface properties leading to different influence on the ink transfer. The aim of this research was to analyse influence of the surface properties of the paper, including surface free energy, smoothness and gloss of some standard papers used in lithography on the ink transfer while matching the colorimetric values defined by ISO 12647-2:2013. Determination of amount of the ink transfer, optical density, mottling and colour difference of prints were performed to evaluate paper-ink interactions. Results have shown that produced prints differ in the investigated properties. Furthermore, there are significant correlations between the surface free energy of the paper and paper smoothness and the ink transfer. In addition, amount of ink used to produce a standardized print varies for different paper types (even in the same ISO paper classification), meaning difference in ink costs. This research proved the high influence of paper’s certain parameters on the ink transfer by strong correlation coefficients. This enables better process control and optimization of the printing.
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Xu, Wen Cai, Yin Yang, and Jia Yue Sun. "Study on Preparation and Properties of Fluorescent Offset Printing Ink." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.393.
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The ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent anti-counterfeiting offset printing ink, which can emit visible light (400-800 nm) under the excitation of ultraviolet light (200-400 nm), has been extensively adopted in the modern printing technology. In this paper, we used the red-emitting phosphor BaCaBO3F: Eu3+, Li+ as the fluorescent pigment for printing ink and investigated the influence on additive amount of the luminescence properties of fluorescent ink in order to determine a more ideal ratio of fluorescent ink .Besides, the shear viscosity, thixotropy, visco-elasticity and the temperature dependence of viscosity according to the rheology theory and rheological technique were also studied, and finally the valuable parameters and patterns were successfully obtained.
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Ataeefard, Maryam, and Fereshteh Mirjalili. "Using mechanical technique for preparing antibacterial offset lithography ink with ZnO nanoparticles." Composites Part B: Engineering 51 (August 2013): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.03.001.
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Jin, Jiao, Huihui Ren, and Zhaoyue Liu. "Large-Area Patterning of Oil-Based Inks on Superhydrophobic TiO2 Nanotubular Layers by Photocatalytic Wettability Conversion." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101203.
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Patterning an oil-based ink on a solid surface based on a wettability difference is of significant importance for the application of offset printing. Herein, we describe a large-area patterning of oil-based ink on a self-organized TiO2 nanotubular layer based on a photocatalytic wettability conversion. The TiO2 nanotubular layer was fabricated by electrochemical anodization, which demonstrated a superhydrophobic wettability after modification with a self-assembled molecular layer. Subsequently, area-selective ultraviolet (UV) irradiation through a pre-designed pattern of water-based UV-resistant ink formed by an ink-jet technique was used to form a wettability difference. After removing the water-based ink, an oil-based ink was capable of depositing selectively on the superhydrophobic area to form the same pattern as the pre-designed pattern of water-based ink. This large-area patterning of an oil-based ink based on the photocatalytic wettability conversion is potentially applicable in offset printing.
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Grilj, Silva, Tadeja Muck, and Diana Gregor-Svetec. "PRINTING. The ageing resistance of offset and electrophotographic prints." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-04-p739-749.
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Abstract The moist heat (80°C and 65% relative humidity) and light (xenon arc lamp) treatments of accelerated ageing were applied to investigate the colour stability of offset and electrophotographic prints on papers made of virgin and I 00% recycled fibres. The prints were evaluated using spectrophotometric measurements and additional colour differences calculations. In addition to the colour differences, the 2D and 3D colour gamuts are presented. The results reveal the different colour stability of prints. The effect depends on the type of accelerated ageing, printing technique, composition of ink and paper characteristics. Moist heat ageing has less influence on colour stability than light ageing. The electrophotographic prints show better ageing resistance than offset prints. The intluence of ink on print light fastness is considerable. Azo pigments in magenta and yellow have lower light fastness than phthalocyanine pigments in cyan or carbon black. The surface coating has an intluence on light fastness of prints. Meanwhile, prints on recycled papers show similar colour stability compared to prints on papers made of virgin fibres
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Xu, Yan Fang, Gui Ping Jiang, Li Li Wang, and Hao Xue Liu. "Study on Color Simulating between Offset Printing and Digital Printing." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.235.
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Color output capability and output accuracy of digital printing machine used for simulating the offset printing were analyzed. A digital machine, HpIndigo 1050, was used in this study. The colorimetric values of its primaries, cyan, magenta, yellow and black, were not the same as that primaries used in the offset printing, and the differences between them could not be removed by adjusting the maximal output ink level. The HpIndigo’s color gamut, consequently, could not completely meet the offset print requirement, typically presenting the absence of some colors equal to or close to the offset’s color gamut. So, color management technique was accepted in our experiment, and the offset’s CMYK values were translated into the digital machine’s CMYK values with the relative intent color simulation through these two machine’s profiles. The results showed that the color output accuracy within the offset color gamut was raised on the whole, and the big color differences only happened on these colors outside the digital machine’s gamut. Numerically, for 928 colors in IT8.7/3 chart, the CIELAB average/maximal color differences dropped from 4.98/13.90 to 3.13/13.13 respectively corresponding to the cases before and after color management accepting. Specially, for gray colors, the average/maximal color differences changed from 4.91/5.59 to 0.92/2.00, improving the gray balance dramatically.
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Thorman, Sofia, Göran Ström, and Patrick A. C. Gane. "Impact of non-uniform water absorption on water-interference print mottle in offset printing." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3011.
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Abstract Print mottle is a serious and yet common print defect in offset printing. An imbalance between the feed of fountain solution and the ability of the paper substrate to absorb and transport this water away from the surface can cause moisture/water interference problems. In the study presented here, we have investigated the uniformity of aqueous absorption and coating structure of pilot-coated papers with different types and dosages of dispersants and linked this to print mottle and uncovered areas (UCA). In earlier studies, the print quality of these papers indicated that a moderate addition of excess dispersant caused ink refusal, ink-lift-off (ink-surface adhesion failure) and water-interference mottle when printing at elevated fountain feed. In the present study, we have shown that a majority of the samples with uneven water/moisture absorption and an uneven burn-out reflectance tended to have more severe printing problems related to surface-moisture/water.An aqueous staining technique was used to characterise the absorption non-uniformities. This method has been developed previously with focus on absorption of flexographic water-based inks but can clearly give relevant information also for offset printing, when it comes to moisture/water interference mottle.
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Khalilov, I., E. Aliyev, and E. Huseynzade. "THE PHENOMENON OF INK DUSTING TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OFFSET PRINTING PLATE." Labour protection problems in Ukraine 37, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36804/nndipbop.37-2.2021.16-24.
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The paper investigates the influence of the mechanics of a friction printing pair on ink dusting in the printing process, taking into account the surface roughness of the printing plate. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of the surface roughness of the printing plate on the deformation of the deckle, as well as on the value of the total force in the area of the printed contact, the relative gear ratio and the relative speed of sliding of the deckle along the surface of the cylinder, which directly affects the dusting of the ink. It was found that when studying the mechanics of a printed pair, the influence of the microgeometry of the contacting surfaces on the parameters under study was not taken into account. The influence of microprotrusions of the surface roughness of the printing plate on the deformation of the deckle in the area of the printed contact has been substantiated and established. To determine the introduction of surface roughness irregularities, a discrete roughness model is used, presented as a set of identical spherical segments. To determine the influence of the surface roughness of the printing plate on the friction force arising in the contact zone, a calculation scheme is proposed that differs from analogs. A method is developed for calculating the parameters of a friction pair in the printing process, taking into account the roughness. Expressions are obtained for determining the total moment of tangential friction forces in the sliding sections when spherical irregularities are introduced. According to the proposed technique, the corresponding graphical dependences of the gear ratio on different parameters of the friction printed pair are shown. The advantages of this study in comparison with analogs are that at certain values of the parameters of the friction pair, taking into account the surface roughness of the printing plate, also at known values of the mechanical characteristics and thickness of the deckle, it is possible to determine the change in the length of the deckle of a given composition, which is necessary in the printing process. The proposed calculation method, which is carried out without taking into account the pressure in the printed contact zone, allows predicting the quality of printed impressions and the amount of ink involved in the formation of ink dusting, as well as correctly adjusting the printing press before the printing process.
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Jaywant, Swapna A., and Khalid Mahmood Arif. "Study of parameters affecting microcontact printing of thiols on gold-coated substrate." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 01n03 (November 12, 2019): 2040040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220400408.
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Microcontact printing ([Formula: see text]CP) is a type of soft-lithography technique, which is widely used for patterning self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). It is a convenient method to form SAMs of bio/chemical ink onto different surfaces such as polymers, palladium, silver and gold. A wide range of applications of this technology includes micromachining, patterning proteins, cells or DNA in biosensors. However, the application primarily depends on the type of the ink used. Here, we present an experimental study that provides information about the parameters that affect the [Formula: see text]CP process. Two different thiol inks (dithiothreitol (DTT) and glutathione (GSH)) have been used for obtaining SAMs on gold-coated substrates. Our findings suggest that transferring the alkanethiols over the gold surface is extremely dependent upon the molecular weight of thiol compound, concentration of the thiol solution and pH value of the buffer used. Furthermore, higher the molecular weight, concentration and pH value of the ink, lower is the time required for the process of [Formula: see text]CP.
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Nishimoto, Shunsuke, Atsushi Kubo, Kenji Nohara, Xintong Zhang, Noriaki Taneichi, Toshiki Okui, Zhaoyue Liu, et al. "TiO2-based superhydrophobic–superhydrophilic patterns: Fabrication via an ink-jet technique and application in offset printing." Applied Surface Science 255, no. 12 (April 2009): 6221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.01.084.
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Sagu, Jagdeep S., Nicola York, Darren Southee, and K. G. U. Wijayantha. "Printed electrodes for flexible, light-weight solid-state supercapacitors – a feasibility study." Circuit World 41, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-01-2015-0004.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the feasibility of the manufacture of printed rechargeable power sources incorporating, in the first instance, electrode structures from the previous study, and moving on to improved electrode structures fabricated, via flexographic printing, using commercially available inks. It has been shown previously that offset lithography, a common printing technique, can be used to make electrodes for energy storage devices such as primary cells. Design/methodology/approach – A pair of the original Ag/C electrodes, printed via offset lithography, were sandwiched together with a PVA-KOH gel electrolyte and then sealed. The resultant structures were characterised using electrochemical techniques and the performance as supercapacitors assessed. Following these studies, electrode structures of the same dimensions, consisting of two layers, a silver-based current collector covered with a high surface area carbon layer, were printed flexographically, using inks, on a melinex substrate. The characterisation and assessment of these structures, as supercapacitors, was determined. Findings – It was found that the supercapacitors constructed using the offset lithographic electrodes exhibited a capacitance of 0.72 mF/cm2 and had an equivalent series resistance of 3.96 Ω. The structures fabricated via flexography exhibited a capacitance of 4 mF/cm2 and had an equivalent series resistance of 1.25 Ω The supercapacitor structures were subjected to bending and rolling tests to determine device performance under deformation and stress. It was found that supercapacitor performance was not significantly reduced by bending or rolling. Originality/value – This paper provides insight into the use of printed silver/carbon electrodes within supercapacitor structures and compares the performance of devices fabricated using inks for offset lithographic printing presses and those made using commercially available inks for flexographic printing. The potential viability of such structures for low-end and cheap energy storage devices is demonstrated.
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Lam, Kai-Yuen, Fon-Shan Huang, and L. W. Chen. "Nanocontact Printing of Aminosilane for Bio-Device Fabrications." Open Materials Science Journal 10, no. 1 (July 15, 2016): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x01610010070.
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Nanocontact printing using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) soft stamps is studied for nanobio device fabrications in this work. The stamps with designed linewidth 80-200 nm were fabricated by low-dose e-beam lithography on HSQ films. The contact printing technique by using aminosilane as the ink on O2 plasma treated HSQ/Si substrates was developed. The plasma treatment, stamping force and stamping time were manipulated, and afterwards the transferred patterns were examined by the utilization of atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope. Experimental results demonstrate that the nano-features on the HSQ stamps can be successfully transferred onto the substrates and passed a 3M tape peeling test under specific conditions in the range of 100-200 W O2 plasma treatment for 30 s. Nanolines with printed linewidth 97-205 nm were obtained. The nanopatterning of an antibody affinipure goat anti-mouse IgG(H+L) was also demonstrated onto the transferred aminosilane pattern surfaces for bio-device fabrication.
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Angelin, Alessandro, Uwe Bog, Ravi Kumar, Christof M. Niemeyer, and Michael Hirtz. "Writing Behavior of Phospholipids in Polymer Pen Lithography (PPL) for Bioactive Micropatterns." Polymers 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050891.
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Lipid-based membranes play crucial roles in regulating the interface between cells and their external environment, the communication within cells, and cellular sensing. To study these important processes, various lipid-based artificial membrane models have been developed in recent years and, indeed, large-area arrays of supported lipid bilayers suit the needs of many of these studies remarkably well. Here, the direct-write scanning probe lithography technique called polymer pen lithography (PPL) was used as a tool for the creation of lipid micropatterns over large areas via polymer-stamp-mediated transfer of lipid-containing inks onto glass substrates. In order to better understand and control the lipid transfer in PPL, we conducted a systematic study of the influence of dwell time (i.e., duration of contact between tip and sample), humidity, and printing pressure on the outcome of PPL with phospholipids and discuss results in comparison to the more often studied dip-pen nanolithography with phospholipids. This is the first systematic study in phospholipid printing with PPL. Biocompatibility of the obtained substrates with up to two different ink compositions was demonstrated. The patterns are suitable to serve as a platform for mast cell activation experiments.
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Ramadhini, Bening Kusuma, and Lilis Sulistyorini. "Correlation between Workers’ Characteristics and Health Complaints Due to Exposure to Organic Solvents in the Sidoarjo Offset Printing." Indonesian Journal Of Occupational Safety and Health 10, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v10i2.2021.199-207.
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Introduction: Organic solvents are chemicals that are often used by the printing industry and contain Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene which are toxic to humans. Chemicals that contain organic solvents are ink, glue, and others. Workers who are regularly exposed to organic solvents can have health complaints. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between workers’ characteristics and health complaints due to exposure to organic solvents in the Sidoarjo offset printing. Methods: This research was an observational study with cross sectional design. Population in this research was 30 workers. The sampling technique used simple random sampling and from the calculation results were obtained 24 respondents. This study had an independent variable, which was workers’ characteristics consisting of age, smoking habits, and work tenure. The dependent variable was health complaints of printing workers. Data collection used questionnaires and interviews. The research data were analyzed using fisher’s exact test to show the correlation between workers’ characteristics and health complaints. Results: The result of the analysis test found that there was no correlation between age (p=0.386) and smoking habits (p=0.376) with health complaints of workers. Moreover, the analysis test showed that work tenure variable had a correlation with health complaints of workers (p=0.041). Conclusion: A factor related to health complaints of workers was work tenure.Keywords: health complaints, organic solvents, worker characteristics
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McCulloch, Iain, Clare Bailey, Kristijonas Genevicius, Martin Heeney, Maxim Shkunov, David Sparrowe, Steven Tierney, et al. "Designing solution-processable air-stable liquid crystalline crosslinkable semiconductors." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1847 (August 22, 2006): 2779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1854.
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Organic electronics technology, in which at least the semiconducting component of the integrated circuit is an organic material, offers the potential for fabrication of electronic products by low-cost printing technologies, such as ink jet, gravure offset lithography and flexography. The products will typically be of lower performance than those using the present state of the art single crystal or polysilicon transistors, but comparable to amorphous silicon. A range of prototypes are under development, including rollable electrophoretic displays, active matrix liquid crystal (LC) displays, flexible organic light emitting diode displays, low frequency radio frequency identification tag and other low performance electronics. Organic semiconductors that offer both electrical performance and stability with respect to storage and operation under ambient conditions are required. This work describes the development of reactive mesogen semiconductors, which form large crosslinked LC domains on polymerization within mesophases. These crosslinked domains offer mechanical stability and are inert to solvent exposure in further processing steps. Reactive mesogens containing conjugated aromatic cores, designed to facilitate charge transport and provide good oxidative stability, were prepared and their liquid crystalline properties evaluated. The organization and alignment of the mesogens, both before and after crosslinking, were probed by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering of thin films. Both time-of-flight and field effect transistor devices were prepared and their electrical characterization reported.
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Sönmez, S., and Ö. Özden. "The influence of pigment proportions and calendering of coated paperboards on dot gain." Bulgarian Chemical Communications 51, no. 2 (2019): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34049/bcc.51.2.4853.
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Dot gain is called Tone Value Increase (TVI). Low dot gain and rounder dot shape are important properties to obtain a good print. Dot gain is a measure of how much extra weight a given percent dot or tone has gained on the final printed substrate by comparison to the actual dot area on a press plate. Dot gain value depends on many factors. The interactions of paper, ink and press conditions are important determinates for a good print. In addition, the pigment coating process and calendering conditions have a significant effect on the printability of paperboards. Pigment coating formulations including mineral pigments, binders and additives improve the gloss, brightness, opacity and smoothness of the paperboards. As a result, print quality of paperboards increase. A uniform paperboard surface is needed to obtain a high quality surface smoothness after the coating process. High surface smoothness improves the uniformity of the dot shape and size. Pigment coating formulation parameters; pigment selection, binder selection and binder level influence print quality. The aims of this study - pigment selection and ratio - are to determine the effect on dot gain in lithography printing. To this aim, base paperboards were coated using five pigment coating formulations which included different combinations of kaolin, calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide pigment with a styrene\n-butyl acrylate copolymer binder using a bar application. After coating, the samples were air-dried overnight under TAPPI conditions. Then, half of the coated-paperboards were calendered. Tone scales from 1 to 100 % were offset printed using black ink on the uncalendered and calenderedcoated paperboards. Then, from the printed tone scale, the tone area values were measured with the Gretagmacbeth Spectrolino spectrophotometer. These values showed that pigment coating improved the surface optical and physical properties of paperboards. After calendering, the roughness values of coated paperboards decreased. In addition, the obtained dot and line sharpness on calendered-coated paperboards were better than on uncalenderedcoated paperboards. However, the dot gain values of calendered-coated paperboards had fewer dot gains than uncalendered-coated paperboards. It was established that the variation of pigment proportions in the coating formulations had no significant effect on dot gain.
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Meijer, Rob, Peter Thomson, and Lysbeth Croiset van Uchelen-Brouwer. "The History of the Lithographie Royale, 1818-25." Quaerendo 31, no. 4 (2001): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006901x00173.
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AbstractFrom 1816 lithographic businesses began to develop in Western Europe. Use was made of a printing technique, lithography - based on the repellent working of water and fat - which was catching on especially in Germany and France. The Low Countries remained behind: early in 1818 only small lithographic printing offices were to be found in Brussels, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. At about that time the Frenchman MJ.V. Duval de Mercourt, calling himself an architect, presented himself in the Netherlands. Stimulated by the Dutch envoy at the court of Paris, Baron Fagel, he requested King William I to be permitted to found lithographical offices in The Hague and Brussels and to call himself Royal Lithographer. This was permitted by Royal Decree of 16 July 1818. Added to it was, highly unusually, that the establishment of Duval was greeted with approval, and that the hope was expressed that he might succeed in his attempts. The background of all this was the industrialisation policy that was pursued more in particular by the king himself. Indeed, Duval set about his business with great expectations and fervour. Probably he officially opened a - for Dutch standards - large lithographic printing office which consisted of at least two presses, which he called the Lithographie Royale'. He focused in particular on government commissions and especially on making autographs of written documents which up to that time had to be copied by hand. This technique, where writing was done with fat ink on prepared paper, after which the text was transferred to the stone and printed, seemed a godsend indeed. This autographic technique also had the king's interest: for, would it not be possible to introduce it and subsequently discharge clerks at the ministries? The future seemed to favour Duval, but alas, reality was different. It appeared that government as well as private institutions would provide him with hardly any work, possibly because of his high prices. It is also remarkable that some ministries did not want to have anything to do with this new printing method. After half a year he was already threatened with financial downfall, also through a loss he had personally suffered and the downward turn of the Dutch economy. The king then intervened with a number of measures in favour of Duval, of which the most important was that he was allowed to work for the Ministry of Water Management. An attempt was also made to accommodate him at the Algemeene Landsdrukkerij in The Hague, a government printing office with a monopoly on all government printed matter. The directors, however, confirmed letterpress printers, did not believe in this new printing technique which, according to them, could have no future because it would always be more expensive than their own beautiful printing. Because the locations of the ministries were changing between The Hague and Brussels about every half year, Duval was forced to follow the Ministry of Water Management to Brussels and to found a lithographic printing office there as well. Although he was supplied with more work there, he appeared to be at the end of his tether half way through 1819 due to a lack of financial resources. His financial situation was such that he was even refused a government advance because it was feared that he would not be able to reimburse it. Thereafter he was forced to make a disadvantageous contract with a private person, after which he left for The Hague, a destitute man. Although work from the Ministry of Water Management was also given to him there, things continued to go downhill for him. He now also lost his premises in The Hague so that he could no longer accept commissions. True, some time later a new place was found, but he had to agree that his co-worker, D. Abrahams, was to be appointed as his partner. Halfway through 1820 there arrived at last a reply to the many petitons and pleas he had sent to the king. This was, however, negative, because it was feared that a financial contribution from the government might slow down the downfall of his enterprise, but would not prevent it. Even damages were not granted because he was supposed to have given a false impression of things. He then left first to go to Brussels and later on to France, leaving his lithographic printing office in The Hague to Abrahams. The latter succeeded in getting the enterprise off to a good start within a few years, notably by making lithographs and trading in lithographs and sheet music, the main aim of the business. From about 1823 the number of commissions for lithographs increased, with a marked improvement in the quality of his work. This resulted in an honourable mention in the second industry exhibition held in the Netherlands in the summer of 1825. During this exhibition he was appointed first lithographer at the Algemeene Landsdrukkerij! This was because the king had intervened anew in the field of lithography and persevered against the advice of his minister in having an autographic printing office there, an office that was to be closed in 1832 due to lack of work and with great losses. The Lithographic Royale subsequently stopped its activities after Abrahams had received a compensation in his salary for it. Finally, the lithographic activities in The Hague were continued by his brother, A.M. Abrahams, on a modest scale.
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Karwa, Anupama, Yu Xia, Daniel M. Clark, Thomas W. Smith, and Bruce E. Kahn. "Printable Electronics: Patterning of Conductive Materials for Novel Applications." MRS Proceedings 828 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-828-a5.29.
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ABSTRACTThe convergence of materials science, printing, and electronics promises to offer low cost and high volume production of devices such as transistors, RFID tags, wearable electronics and other novel applications. Although a number of “soft lithographic” techniques have been used to make these devices, they are slow and have a limited production volume [5], [14-15].Here high volume printing processes like rotary letterpress, flexography and offset lithography have been investigated for patterning conductive materials [1]. The synthesis and development of conducting inks using electrically functional polymers has been studied. The feasibility of using such inks in high volume printing processes has been studied. An attempt has been made to print conductive interdigitated electrodes using these inks to obtain uniform coating properties and appropriate electrical characteristics. Various process parameters like type of substrate, inking time and speed, printing pressure, printing force and ink formulation have been investigated.
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LeppÄvuori, S., J. VÄÄnÄnen, M. Lahti, K. Kukkola, and A. UusimÄki. "The Use of Gravure Offset Printing in the Realisation of Fine Line Thick Film Conductors." MRS Proceedings 323 (1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-323-85.
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ABSTRACTThe use of gravure offset printing to transfer film patterns from an inked plate to the substrate by a silicone rubber pad has been shown to have promising advantages in fine line and multilayer production. The technology is now moving into the field of electronics manufacturing. By optimising the printing parameters and ink characteristics in the gravure offset technique, lines and spaces as narrow as 50 μtm were achieved and even finer lines are possible. Commercially available fine line thick film Au and Ag pastes were modified for this purpose. The thickness of sintered conductors ranged from about 2 to 11 μtm depending on ink viscosity, control of printing equipment and repetition of prints. When compared with films deposited by conventional thick film technology, the conductivity and adhesion on alumina were similr. The small interconnections between conductors through the insulator layer necessary in multilayer techniques were realised using gravure offset printing to coat excimer laser drilled vias. Interconnection diameters of less than 100 μtm were achieved.
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Lall, Pradeep, Kartik Goyal, Nakul Kothari, Benjamin Leever, and Scott Miller. "Additively Printed Multilayer Substrate Using Aerosol-Jet Technique." Journal of Electronic Packaging 142, no. 4 (June 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4047473.
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Abstract Printing technologies, such as aerosol-jet, open possibilities of miniaturizing interconnects and designing circuits on nonplanar surfaces. Aerosol-jet is a direct-printing technique that provides an alternative manufacturing option to traditional subtractive methods that entail lithography or etching. Additionally, the aerosol-jet technique allows the circuits fabrication using noncontact method. Wide impact areas range from healthcare to wearables to future automotive applications. The aerosol-jet printer from Optomec utilized in this study consists of two types of atomizers, depending on ink viscosity. The ultrasonic atomizer, supports ink with a viscosity range of 1–5 cP, and the pneumatic atomizer that has a larger range of 1–1000 cP. This paper focuses on utilizing the aerosol-jet technique, using both atomizers to develop process parameters, in order to successfully print bimaterial, multilayer circuitry. The insulating material between two conductive lines used in the paper is of very high viscosity of 350 cP, which is suitable for the pneumatic atomizer and silver nanoparticle ink with comparatively low viscosity of 30 cP for the ultrasonic atomizer as a conductive ink. This paper also presents a statistical modeling approach that predicts line attributes, including microvia-diameter, before starting the print process, enabling us to pre-adjust the dimensions in computer-aided design for the desired output. Process parameters can obtain a fine print with satisfactory electrical properties, which develops improved dimensional accuracy. The importance of precleaning the substrate in addition to the printing process efficiency gaged as a function of process capability index and process capability ratio is also presented.
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Bromberg, Vadim, Siyuan Ma, and Timothy J. Singler. "Inkjet Printing of Electrically Conducting Micron-Wide Lines and Transparent Conducting Films by Edge-Enhanced Twin-Deposition." MRS Proceedings 1529 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1729.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTRoll-to-roll manufacturing holds the potential to rapidly and cheaply produce electronic devices in a flexible format as well as to effectively scale up production of emerging nanotechnologies. Developing scalable techniques for the efficient and effective use of solution-processed functional material is a significant factor in realizing the potential of roll-to-roll manufacturing. We present a novel inkjet deposition process developed to rapidly deposit arrays of micron-wide lines of silver nanoparticles for use as an optically transparent and electrically conducting film. The technique involves jetting a controlled number of space-overlapped drops of a dilute nanoparticle silver ink onto a substrate to form a long stable ink rivulet with two parallel and pinned edges. Subsequently, nanoparticles deposit preferentially at the two parallel rivulet edges due to edge-enhanced evaporation of the solvent. The final result is a twin-deposit of parallel continuous nanoparticle lines, each with a characteristic width less than 5μm and height less than 300 nm. The twin lines are separated by a predominantly particle-free region with the spacing between the lines ranging from 100 μm to 600 μm, where the spacing is a function of ink, substrate, and printing conditions. The effect of substrate surface and jetting parameters on nanoparticle line morphology is presented. Arrays of such lines have been printed and evaluated as potential transparent conducting films, showing an effective sheet resistance of ∼5 Ω/□. This edge-enhanced twin-deposition technique has the potential for rapid, material-efficient, and lithography-free patterned deposition of functional material for use in roll-to-roll manufacturing.
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Knobloch, Alexander, Adolf Bernds, and Wolfgang Clemens. "An Approach towards the Printing of Polymer Circuits." MRS Proceedings 736 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-736-d6.3.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe combination of soluble polymers with printing and coating techniques enabled the fabrication of polymer field-effect transistors (PFETs) on flexible films. The devices were built in a top gate configuration, with four functional layers deposited. The electrodes were patterned by gravure offset printing, where source-drain were made from conducting polyanilin and carbon black filled conducting ink was used as gate material. The doctor blading technique was utilized for coating low viscosity solutions, where Poly(3-alkyllthiophene) served as active semiconductor material. Thus completely printed PFETs have been demonstrated. Further steps for printing integrated polymer circuits included the fabrication of inverters combined from two printed. Screen-printing could be used as an alternative to coating and has the potential to enable vertical electrical interconnects between top and bottom layer of circuits. To test the suitability insulating layers were screen-printed homogenously onto lithographically patterned electrodes made from gold. The PFETs' yield was sufficient enough to let a 7-stage ring oscillator work with a clock frequency of 4 Hz.
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Blanchet, Graciela B., Yueh-Lin Loo, J. A. Rogers, F. Gao, and C. R. Fincher. "Large Area Printing of Organic Transistors via a High Throughput Dry Process." MRS Proceedings 736 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-736-d6.4.
Full textAbstract:
Organic electronic systems offer the advantage of low weight and flexibility at potentially lower cost. Although the fabrication of functioning plastic transistors using approaches such as ink jet, lithography and stamping has been described i1–3, chemically compatible materials that allow for the sequential application of liquid layers is a technical barrier. Material issues maybe the Achilles heel of ultimately printing organic electronic devices as newspapers today, at high speeds and in a reel to reel process. We introduce a novel process–thermal transfer–a non-lithographic technique that enables printing multiple, successive layers via a dry additive process. This method is capable of patterning a range of organic materials at high speed over large areas with micron size resolution and excellent electrical performance. Such a dry, potentially reel-to-reel printing method may provide a practical route to realizing the expected benefits of plastics for electronics. We illustrate the viability of thermal transfer and the ability to develop suitable printable organics conductors by fabricating a functioning 4000 cm2 transistor array.
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Jin, Congrui, and Qichao Qiao. "Deformation of Pyramidal PDMS Stamps During Microcontact Printing." Journal of Applied Mechanics 83, no. 7 (May 11, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4033432.
Full textAbstract:
Microcontact printing (MicroCP) is a form of soft lithography that uses the relief patterns on a master polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp to form patterns of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of ink on the surface of a substrate through conformal contact. Pyramidal PDMS stamps have received a lot of attention in the research community in recent years, due to the fact that the use of the pyramidal architecture has multiple advantages over traditional rectangular and cylindrical PDMS stamps. To better understand the dynamic MicroCP process involving pyramidal PDMS stamps, in this paper, numerical studies on frictionless adhesive contact between pyramidal PDMS stamps and transversely isotropic materials are presented. We use a numerical simulation method in which the adhesive interactions are represented by an interaction potential and the surface deformations are coupled by using half-space Green's functions discretized on the surface. It shows that for pyramidal PDMS stamps, the contact area increases significantly with increasing applied load, and thus, this technique is expected to provide a simple, efficient, and low-cost method to create variable two-dimensional arrays of dot chemical patterns for nanotechnology and biotechnology applications. The DMT-type and Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR)-type-to-DMT-type transition regimes have been explored by conducting the simulations using smaller values of Tabor parameters.