Academic literature on the topic 'Offsetting of legal reserves'
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Journal articles on the topic "Offsetting of legal reserves"
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Vrhovšek, Vladimir, and Vladimir Kozar. "The right to offset the claims in accordance with the law on bankruptcy of the Republic of Serbia and in the region." Strani pravni zivot, no. 1 (2021): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz65-30574.
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This article discusses a concept of legally permitted and limited offsetting in bankruptcy according to the law of the Republic of Serbia, with comparison to earlier regulations where the offsetting occurred by the force of law, as the legal consequence of initiating bankruptcy proceedings. Legal provisions, legal practice, opinion of the jurisprudence on general and special terms about the right to offset the claims in bankruptcy in the Republic of Serbia, as well as in the countries in the region, have been presented. Relevant legal solutions from laws on bankruptcy of Montenegro, Republic of Srpska, Republic of Croatia, and the Republic of Slovenia have been reviewed. Offsetting claims in bankruptcy proceedings are in principle allowed in regional countries as well. Regarding the effect of bankruptcy on the right to offset the claims, there is a great similarity among the legal solutions in regulations of above mentioned countries, except for the Republic of Slovenia. The Republic of Slovenia retained the broadest concept of legal compensation as a legal consequence of initiating bankruptcy proceedings, which constitutes an important difference compared to restrictive solutions of the Serbian bankruptcy law and regional legislation. This article aims to show to the business entities operating in the region, through comparative legal analysis, different conditions and procedure of offsetting in bankruptcy in national legislation, bearing in mind the importance of this legal institution, which allows the creditors to fully collect their claims outside the bankruptcy payment lines, and regardless of the number of available funds in the bankruptcy estate.
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Metzger, Jean Paul, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante, Joice Ferreira, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Felipe Librán-Embid, Valério D. Pillar, Paula R. Prist, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Ima Célia G. Vieira, and Gerhard E. Overbeck. "Why Brazil needs its Legal Reserves." Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 17, no. 3 (July 2019): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.07.002.
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Shvets, N. N., and P. V. Beresneva. "Oil and Gas in the Arctic: Legal Status and Reserves." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-60-67.
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When researching such a hot topic as development of oil and gas reserves in Artie it's crucial to answer 3 key questions. What is legal status of Artie reserves and Russian offshore zone in Arctic? Are there any gaps in international lawthatinhibits oil and gas development? How big are Arctic oil and gas reserves? Are they well-explored? What are production costs of oil and gas in Artie? Is it profitable to develop reserves in Artie? The article addresses these vital questions with the detailed analysis. 1982 UN Convention on the Law of Sea partially regulates Artie legal status but countries apply sectorial principal to Arctic territories to claim their rights. There are few border disputes left. The borders of Russian outer continental shelf are shaped by international law and bilateral agreements and undergoing final review within UN processes and mechanisms. Arctic reserves'estimates do vary significantly as the region is barely explored. According to with a high 2008 US Geological Survey and 2006 Wood Mackenzie and Fugro Robertson study Arctic reserves are about 10-15% of global reserves. Most of them are offshore (around 85%), and gas accounts for 80% of reserves. Russia has more than a half of Artie reserves. Under International Energy Agency it's profitable to develop Arctic oil reserves as production costs ($40-100 bbl) are below current and 2035 forecast oil price. On the contrary, gas production is questionable from costs point of view. Gas market is projected to remain regional. With Artie gas production cost of$ 4-12 million BTU, there is no business case to develop Artie gas in America and at the edge of profitability in Europe.
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Rahim, Rohani Abdul, Muhammad Afiq Ahmad Tajuddin, Rovina Intung, Azizah Landa, and Herlina Makanah. "Foreign Migrants Trespassing in Sabah Forest Reserves: A Legal Discourse." Sriwijaya Law Review 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol5.iss1.977.pp101-115.
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According to Sabah Forestry Enactment 1968, Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah is given the power to reserves forests for various purposes including commercial, protection, domestic and others. Sabah Forestry Department is entrusted with proper and efficient planning, and implementation of State forest resources management (SFM) to comply with the sustainable forest principles. It achieves to manage forest resources towards sustainable and profitable forest governance. However, Sabah forest reserves were threatened by illegal trespassing by foreign migrants to possess forest produce unlawfully and to occupy State land illegally. This article aims to expose the causes of the invasion of forest reserves by foreign migrants, the offences committed by foreign migrant activities in the forest reserves, violation of specific legislation such as the Immigration Act 1959/63 and the Forest Enactment 1968. The qualitative legal research methodology was used to understand the issues at hand, the existing applicable laws and the legal implications for such illegal activities in these forest reserves. Secondary data found in the legislation, journals, annual report, and law publication were collected, reviewed, analysed, and discussed to understand its legal implications better. Thus, efforts to expose these illegal activities by foreign migrants is essential to ensure Sabah Forest Reserves can continuously be maintained and not destroyed at the hand of illegal foreign trespassers. Employers should also be made responsible for their involvement in trafficked or smuggled illegal migrants as workers and simultaneously, conduct illegal activities to deceit the State Forestry efforts and developmental planning in Sabah.
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Escalante, Cesar L., and Peter J. Barry. "Risk Balancing in an Integrated Farm Risk Management Plan." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 33, no. 3 (December 2001): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800020927.
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AbstractUsing optimization techniques in a Simulation framework, this study demonstrates the synergy between risk balancing and alternative strategies in effectively reducing risk under changing farm conditions. Highly risk-averse farmers tend to prefer integrated risk-management plans, based on the diversification principle, that yield offsetting combinations of the risk-reducing benefits of most strategies and the profit-generating capacities of the others. The greater appeal of a more diversified plan usually downplays the risk balancing strategy as the farm utilizes credit reserves to implement other production and marketing plans considered essential to Overall risk reduction. The farm, however, still realizes overall, though more regulated, reduction in its financial risk position.
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Пономаренко, Олександр Олександрович. "Genesis of scientific research of legal problems of reserves." Problems of Legality, no. 139 (December 8, 2017): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.139.117234.
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Desai, Bharat H. "BIOSPHERE RESERVES AND MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS: SOME LEGAL ISSUES." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 31, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2003): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v31i1-2.3038.
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de Marques, Ana Alice Biedzicki, and Carlos A. Peres. "Pervasive legal threats to protected areas in Brazil." Oryx 49, no. 1 (October 28, 2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000726.
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AbstractBrazil safeguards a vast network of parks and reserves, termed conservation units. The creation of conservation units follows a rigorous legal protocol that grants them long-term stability under varying degrees of formal protection against land-use change. Degazettement, downsizing or downgrading any conservation unit requires a law to be passed. Recent shifts in Brazilian conservation policy have, however, favoured infrastructure projects and agricultural land conversion, even when these initiatives are in direct conflict with established conservation units. Several bills have been proposed by the National Congress, threatening 27 conservation units and bringing the long-term political stability and legal immunity of hitherto sacrosanct reserves into serious question.
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Keyuan, Zou. "Management of Marine Nature Reserves in China: A Legal Perspective." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 6, no. 3 (September 2003): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880290390437346.
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Leclerc, Thomas. "A Sectoral Application of the Polluter Pays Principle: Lessons Learned from the Aviation Sector." Climate Law 9, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00904002.
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The search for a global market-based measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from international civil aviation has faced legal obstacles. One of these is linked to the basis of such a measure: the polluter pays principle. The application of the principle in the aviation legal regime has resulted in a conflict of norms. As a solution, the International Civil Aviation Organization, in 2016, adopted a market-based measure in the form of the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (corsia). This article will address the following two questions: By adopting corsia, and by negotiating its implementation, has icao produced a successful integration of the polluter pays principle in a sectoral legal regime of norms and institutions? If yes, could icao’s success provide arguments for a sectoral application of the polluter pays principle more broadly in public international law?
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Offsetting of legal reserves"
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Freitas, Flavio L. M. "Brazilian land use policies and the development of ecosystem services." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206844.
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Concerns related to global environmental changes due to land use changes have been driving international communities towards more sustainable land use systems. Brazil is a country of global strategic importance in this matter considering that it is the nation with the largest extension of preserved tropical native vegetation, recognised for its ecosystem services and high and unique biodiversity. Expansion of forestry and agriculture is taking place rapidly in Brazil, partly over degraded pastureland, but also over native vegetation. Regulating policies to govern and limit this expansion is crucial to ensure the preservation of the ecosystems services provided by native vegetation. This thesis aims at improving the understanding of the potential impacts of prevailing public and private policies in the conservation of nature in Brazil. For this end, the Land Use Policy Assessment (LUPA) model was employed to evaluate potential pathways of implementation of the land use policies. Paper 1 evaluated the effects of current private and public command and control regulations in the protection of above-ground carbon stocks, identifying the most relevant stakeholders holding carbon stocks. The findings suggest that about 10% of carbon stocks are unprotected, where other policy instruments based on the market will be mostly required. Paper 2 performed an assessment of the mechanism for offsetting the legal deficit of native vegetation among landholders, evaluating the different offsetting implementation practices and their impacts on nature protection and socio-economic development. The results indicate that the offsetting mechanism may have little or no additional effects on protection of native vegetation and its ecosystem services because most of the offsetting is likely to take place where native vegetation is already protected by current legislations. However, it is viable to maximise environmental and socio-economic returns from the offsetting mechanism.QC 20170510
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Badinger, Harald, and Barbara Dutzler. "Excess Reserves in the Eurosystem. An Economic and Legal Analysis." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/220/1/document.pdf.
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Estimates suggest that international reserves of the Eurosystem could be reduced by one third to half ($130-$170 bill.) of its existing level after the introduction of the Euro. While the ultimate decision, whether and how to use these excessive reserves (public debt repayment, financing of a fund, financing of a tax cut) is a political one, some general results can be stated: First, since reserves earn interest revenue, a large part of which is transferred to the government anyway, moderate (but still positive) economic gains can be expected from a reserve reduction. Second, reserve reductions exceeding a certain threshold require the ECB's approval, which could, however, only be rejected if the envisaged measures were inconsistent with the ECB's monetary and exchange rate policy. Given that unintended macroeconomic effects can easily be avoided by a carefully planned and coordinated reserve reduction, such a rejection by the ECB - which is subject to the review by the European Court of Justice - is only hard to justify. Equally important from a legal point of view is that reserve reductions, effected as transfer of an extraordinary gain to the government, do not constitute monetary financing as prohibited under Art. 101 EC Treaty. Finally, reducing reserves to an adequate level would also eliminate incompatibilities and conflicts of interest between monetary and investment policy by the central banks and reduce their field of operation to their core task: the conduct of monetary policy. Thus, a carefully planned and coordinated reserve reduction can be supported from both an economic as well as legal point of view.Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Serra, Nunes Samia. "Beyond protected areas : assessing the role of legal reserves and permanent preservation areas for conserving tropical forests in private properties in the eastern Brazilian Amazon." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/82283/.
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Native vegetation covers about 60% of the national territory of Brazil, with 40% under some form of public protected area (conservation units and indigenous lands) and the remaining 60% located in private areas or public lands with no clear designation. The protection of forests on private land is therefore a vital part of any overall conservation strategy. In Brazil, the conservation of forest on private lands is regulated by the Brazilian Environmental Law (Law N° 12.651, 25 March 2012), commonly known as the Forest Code, and focus on two main mechanisms: Legal Reserves (LR) and Permanent Preservation Areas (APP in Portuguese). The aim of this thesis is to advance our understanding of some of the key challenges and opportunities facing forest conservation and restoration in the Brazilian Amazon by assessing the LR and APPs on private lands. Focused on Pará, the thesis provides the first assessment of the total LR deficit (LR that have been illegally deforested in the past) for any of Brazil´s Amazonian states as well as a uniquely comprehensive assessment of legal compliance with the protection and restoration of APPs, and critically examines implications for different actors and public policy. In Chapter 2 we found no evidence that riparian forests had been more effectively protected than non-riparian forests in the flagship municipality of Paragominas. Instead, deforestation was found to be comparatively higher inside riparian permanent preservation areas as recently as 2010, indicating widespread failure of private property owners to comply with environmental legislation. Moreover there was no evidence for higher levels of regeneration in deforested riparian zones than non-riparian zones, although property owners are obliged by law to restore such areas. A number of challenges limit efforts to improve the protection and restoration of riparian forests. These include limited awareness of environmental compliance requirements, better cartographic products and limitations in the technical capacity of the state and municipality governments. Considering the whole state of Pará, Chapter 3 shows that the total LR surplus (12.6 Mha) – based on the revised Forest Code – is more than five times the total area of deficit (2.3 Mha). Yet, of this total surplus, only 11% can be legally deforested (is in properties with >80% forest cover) and the remaining 89% is already protected by law but can be used (sold or rented) to compensate for areas that are under deficit. This analysis identifies that the majority of municipalities (111 out of 144) in the state could compensate their total LR deficit with surplus areas of LR within the same municipality, indicating compensation can always take place close to the source of the deficit. Maximizing the environmental benefits of achieving Forest Code compliance requires measures that go beyond the existing legal framework, including interventions to avoid further deforestation in places where it is still legal, compensate in close proximity to areas with legal reserve deficit and promote local restoration on degraded lands. Finally, Chapter 4 finds that, despite riparian APPs being mostly covered by forest in the state of Pará (63%), the area required to be restored by law (1 Mha) accounts for only about one-third of the deforested area that does not need to be restored following the 2012 revision of the Forest Code. This suggests that some important catchments in Pará may not recover fully functioning hydrological and ecological services, as around 2.7 Mha of consolidated APP are likely to remain deforested. We also demonstrated how coarse-scale mapping data consistently underestimates the extent of different APP areas, and thus the scale of the challenge presented by the compliance requirements of the forest code. In improving our understanding of the requirements and potential for forest compensation and restoration, through the mechanisms of APP and LR, offers a key advance for achieving environmental compliance in Pará and elsewhere in the Brazilian Amazon and the wider tropics.
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Ranieri, Victor Eduardo Lima. "Reservas legais: critérios para localização e aspectos de gestão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16102009-170059/.
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A destruição de ambientes naturais é um dos mais reconhecidos problemas ambientais de âmbito global que, entre outras conseqüências, provoca impactos como perda de biodiversidade e degradação dos solos e da água. Tais impactos se refletem nos sistemas econômicos e sociais, o que tem conduzindo a discussão das estratégias de conservação da natureza por rumos que incluem, não somente questões técnicas, como também aspectos políticos. Além das estratégias de proteção baseadas em terras públicas, a conservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos hídricos em áreas sob domínio privado, é uma necessidade amplamente reconhecida. Seja em terras públicas ou particulares, a conservação de áreas naturais implica na imposição de limites às ações humanas, o que tende a gerar conflito de interesses. No Brasil, a chamada reserva legal - instrumento estabelecido pelo Código Florestal, Lei no. 7.441 de 1965, com a finalidade de garantir o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais, conservar biodiversidade e processos ecológicos limita o uso da propriedade rural e é foco de discussão entre proprietários, governos e setores da sociedade ligados à área ambiental. O presente trabalho analisa e propõe estratégias para a conservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos hídricos por meio do instrumento reserva legal, considerando critérios de alocação e aspectos de gestão, com ênfase na realidade dos biomas Mata Atlântica e cerrado. São analisados aspectos políticos, legais e institucionais relacionados à questão, identificados conflitos de interesses e sugeridos caminhos para o equacionamento desses conflitos. Sob o aspecto técnico, são propostos critérios e parâmetros para auxiliar o processo de tomada de decisão na escolha de áreas prioritárias para locação de reservas legais e apresentados cenários de ocupação do solo de uma região específica, considerando tais critérios. As informações levantadas permitem concluir que a estratégia brasileira baseada em instrumentos de comando e controle tem sido ineficaz no que tange à questão das reservas legais. Pontos de menor conflito entre os atores envolvidos, como a possibilidade de compensação de reservas legais fora dos limites das propriedades - utilizando instrumentos como o zoneamento ambiental e incentivos econômicos - podem tornar o instrumento reserva legal mais eficaz desde que: a) sejam definidos recortes territoriais adequados para a gestão compartilhada de florestas e água e b) sejam utilizados critérios técnicos claros para determinação de áreas prioritárias para locação de reservas legais, de modo a minimizar a subjetividade das normas gerais. Os resultados das simulações, materializados em oito cenários de ocupação, mostram que é possível, com a adoção de critérios técnicos objetivos, identificar locais mais propícios para implantação de reservas legais e, com isso, alterar parâmetros como tamanho, área central e conectividade entre fragmentos. Tais alterações podem tornar a paisagem mais favorável aos fluxos de fauna, à manutenção de espécies dependentes de grandes áreas de vida e de habitats sob menor efeito de borda, além de promover maior proteção dos solos e dos recursos hídricos. Questões como a responsabilidade por eventuais danos às reservas legais administradas em condomínios e aquelas relativas ao manejo de tais áreas para garantir sua conservação em longo prazo, entretanto, ainda exigem mais esforços para serem equacionadas. Esses esforços deverão se concentrar em estratégias inovadoras que, possivelmente, incluirão a participação da sociedade civil na gestão dessas áreas como, por exemplo, administradoras das reservas ou condomínios de reservas.The destruction of natural environments is one of the most recognized worldwide environmental problems, which, among other consequences, causes impacts such as the loss of biodiversity and soil and water degradation. Such impacts reflect upon social and economic systems, which have lead the discussion on nature conservation strategies through paths which include not only technical but also political aspects. As well as protection strategies based on public land, biodiversity and water resource conservation in areas under private domain is a widely recognized need. On public or private land, the conservation of natural areas means imposing limits on human action, which tends to generate a conflict of interests. In Brazil, the so called legal reserve - a tool established by the Brazilian Forestry Code, Law 4,771 of 1965, with the aim of guaranteeing the sustainable use of natural resources, biodiversity conservation, and ecological processes - limits the use of rural properties and is the focus of discussions among landowners, governments, and entities linked to the environmental arena. This paper analyzes and proposes strategies for biodiversity, soil and water resource conservation through the legal reserve tool, considering designation criteria and management aspects, with a focus on the Atlantic Rainforest and cerrado. Political, legal, and institutional aspects related to the issue are analyzed, conflicts of interest are identified, and paths for the balance of these conflicts are suggested. Under a technical aspect, criteria and parameters to aid in the decision-making process for designating priority areas for legal reserves are proposed and scenarios for soil occupation of a specific region are presented, considering such criteria. The information gathered lead to the conclusion that the brazilian strategy is inefficacious. Points with less conflict among those involved, with the possibility of compensation for legal reserves outside property limits - based on tools like environmental zoning and economic incentives - could make the legal reserve instrument more efficient as long as: a) adequate territorial patches are defined for the co-management of forests and water and b) clear technical criteria are used to determine the priority areas designated as legal reserves, in a manner which minimizes the subjectivity of the general norms. The results of simulations, materialized in eight occupation scenarios, show that it is possible, with the adoption of objective technical criteria, to identify areas more susceptible to the implementation of legal reserves and thus change parameters such as size, central area, and connectivity between fragments. Such changes can make the landscape more favorable for fauna fluxes, for the maintenance of species dependent upon large area and habitats with less border effect, as well as promote greater protection of soils and water resources. Issues such as the responsibility for subsequent damage to legal reserves managed in shared natural areas and those related to the management of such areas to guarantee long-term conservation, however, still require more effort to be calculated. These efforts should concentrate on innovative strategies, which will include, for example, the participation of civil society in the management of reserves or shared natural areas.
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Scoton, Luis Eduardo Brito. "A Cota de Reserva Ambiental no Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro: propostas para a efetividade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/107/107131/tde-07072017-174128/.
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O presente trabalho discute o conceito e natureza jurídica da Cota de Reserva Ambiental (CRA) enquanto instrumento de política ambiental previsto no Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei Federal nº 12.651/12). O problema de pesquisa se funda em saber se a atual proposta de regulamentação da CRA permitirá a efetividade do instituto. Aspectos teóricos foram discutidos com base em material documental e bibliográfico, recolhidos no âmbito das ciências do direito e da economia. Ao fim, foi realizada pesquisa exploratória sobre o tema, baseada em entrevistas com gestores ambientais, analisadas sob o método dialético-qualitativo. O objetivo, de modo geral, é discutir o atual marco regulatório sobre o tema, de modo criar propostas a sua efetividade.This paper discusses the concept and legal nature of the Environmental Reserve Quota (CRA) as an environmental policy instrument regulated by the New Brazilian Forest Code (Federal Law nº 12.651/12). The research problem seeks to identify if the current proposal for regulation of the CRA will allow the effectiveness of this institute. Theoretical aspects were discussed on the basis of documentary and bibliographic material collected in the sciences of law and economics. By the end, an exploratory research was conducted on the subject, based on interviews with environmental managers, analyzed from a dialectical qualitative method. The goal, in general, is to discuss the current regulatory framework on the subject with the intention to make proposals to its effectiveness.
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Gonçalves, Marco Antonio Uberti. "O impacto da reserva legal e da área de preservação permanente sobre pequenas propriedades rurais : um estudo na agricultura ecológica de Antônio Prado/RS." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2009. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/409.
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As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) e a Reserva Legal (RL) foram estabelecidas por lei como alternativas mitigadoras dos impactos da ação antrópica, funcionando como reguladoras do fluxo da água, de sedimentos e nutrientes, formando ecossistemas estabilizados às margens de rios, lagos e nascentes; atuando na diminuição e filtragem do escoamento superficial e do carregamento de sedimentos para o sistema aquático. Nas pequenas propriedades rurais, onde a agricultura de susbsistência ainda é a regra, seus proprietários encontram dificuldades a uma convivência equilibrada entre a exploração racional da terra e o cumprimento da norma legal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo confrontar essa situação fática vivenciada em algumas pequenas propriedades rurais economicamente sustentáveis, e que utilizam métodos de agricultura ecológica, e as alternativas encontradas no sentido de respeitar a legislação ambiental.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-28T16:45:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marco Antonio U Goncalves.pdf: 1268807 bytes, checksum: afd48ad6dcc50867d940f76160894e75 (MD5)
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Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) and the Legal Reservation (RL) were established by law as mitigates alternatives of the impacts on the anthropotic action, functioning as regulators of the water flow, sediments and nutritious, forming ecosystems stabilized on the rivers bank, lakes and springs, acting in the decrease and strain of the superficial drainage and of the shipment of sediments of the aquatic system. In the small rural properties, where the susbsistence agriculture is still the rule, their owners have difficulties in a balanced coexistence between the rational land exploration and the legal norm execution. The present work had as objective confronts this fatidical situation lived in some small rural properties, economically maintainable and the use ofecological agriculture methodos, and the alternatives found on respecting the environmental sense legislation.
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Silveira, Thais Hae Ok Brandini Park. "O Plano Real e o balanço de pagamentos do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-31072015-175436/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o Plano Real e o Balanço de Pagamentos do Brasil. O que se pretende verificar é se o Plano Real é consentâneo ao sistema de Direito Brasileiro. Para tanto, a análise foi dividida em três blocos. No primeiro, que compreende os Capítulos I e II, foram apresentadas noções indispensáveis para a compreensão do assunto: de preço, poder de compra da moeda e taxa de câmbio. Na oportunidade, também se esclareceu que o Plano Real tinha como principal objetivo combater a inflação no país causada, segundo seus idealizadores, pela indexação da economia e pelo déficit público. A partir deste diagnóstico, o Plano Real é elaborado com base em três principais medidas: ajuste fiscal, criação da Unidade Real de Valor (URV) e adoção de uma âncora cambial. O segundo bloco deste trabalho, integrado pelos Capítulos III a V, vai esmiuçar esta última medida e seus efeitos, bem como as alterações legislativas provocadas pelo Plano Real (principalmente Emendas Constitucionais nº 5 a 9, todas de 1995, e Lei nº 9.069/1995). Aqui também se demonstrará como o Plano Real consagrou a ideologia preconizada pelo Consenso de Washington. No último bloco, composto pelo Capítulo VI, são analisados os efeitos provocados no nível de endividamento público decorrentes das medidas adotadas pelo Plano Real e a alteração das regras jurídicas que tratam da dívida pública que vieram ao encontro dele (principalmente Lei Complementar n° 101/2000). Neste ponto, a partir de um estudo sobre os princípios jurídicos que regem a atividade da administração pública, concluímos que o sistema jurídico brasileiro oferece fundamento suficiente para superação das regras jurídicas (e ideologia) adotadas no país com o advento do Plano Real.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the Real Plan, the Brazilian Balance of Payments and if the Real Plan is supported by the Brazilian law system. The analysis is divided into three blocks. First, in Chapters I and II, some indispensable concepts are presented: price, purchasing power of money and exchange rate. On the occasion, it was clarified that the Real Plan had as its main objective fight inflation in the country caused by, according to its creators, the indexation of the economy and the public deficit. Based on that diagnosis, the Real Plan counted on three measures: fiscal adjustment, creation of the Real Value Unit (URV) and adoption of a fixed exchange rate. The second block, through Chapters III to V, scrutinizes the latter measure and its effects, as well as legislative changes brought by the Real Plan (mainly Constitutional Amendments 5-9, all of 1995, and Law nº 9.069/1995). It also demonstrates that the Real Plan established the ideology advocated by the Washington Consensus. In the final section, composed of Chapter VI, the effects of Real Plan on public debt and the change of legal rules on that matter (mainly Law nº 101/2000) are analyzed. At this point, from a study of constitutional principles, we conclude that the Brazilian legal system provides sufficient basis to overcome the legal rules (and ideology) adopted in the country with the advent of the Real Plan.
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Santos, Lucas Jose Machado dos. "Proposta de métrica de valoração ambiental para reservas legais e áreas de preservação permanente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96133/tde-01112013-104407/.
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A Contabilidade Financeira busca informações confiáveis que sejam razoavelmente livres de erros, viés e mostrem, fielmente, o que visam representar. A obtenção de valores ambientais com menos viés possíveis, mais acurados e comparáveis poderia, talvez, se constituir em parâmetro para definição de serviços ambientais, ensejar discussões quanto ao tratamento contábil da área do bioma preservado e, também, comercialização de certificado ambiental baseado na preservação do meio ambiente e, de forma geral, servir de subsídios para tomada de decisões empresariais e governamentais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor métrica de valoração de Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente em propriedades agrícolas, no seu estado natural, puro e ainda livre dos efeitos das ações humanas. A métrica foi desenvolvida com base no método de Custo de Oportunidade (CO), Contabilidade Emergética e Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (CAK). A referida métrica constitui-se da soma do valor do C.O. ao Valor Total do Bioma (VTB). Porém, o valor do C.O. é descontado pelo risco do negócio analisado. O VTB é estimado pela Contabilidade Emergética, sendo considerada a área do hectare preservado, em RL e/ou APP, e a área remanescente do bioma estudado. Então, o VTB é ponderado pela CAK, esta estimada pela variação dos preços da cultura agrícola analisada. Visando sua validação, estimou-se a área preservada em hectares de Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente de cada bioma terrestre brasileiro referente às dez culturas agrícolas que possuem maior área plantada. Das culturas utilizaram-se os dados sobre os valores brutos de produção, a variação dos preços em média nacional e a extensão territorial das unidades federais brasileiras. Utilizaram-se também os dados dos biomas terrestres brasileiros referentes às suas áreas totais e áreas remanescentes preservadas. Informações estas obtidas em consulta ao site do IBGE, IBAMA e Agrolink. Na sequência, foi aplicada a métrica para valorar os biomas preservados em nível nacional e sobre cinco culturas reais de dados coletados de empresas agrícolas. Entre os resultados obtidos com a métrica, o maior valor foi para o bioma Pampas sobre a cultura agrícola de mandioca no ano de 2010 (R$1.754,03) e o menor para o bioma Cerrado sob a cultura de trigo no ano de 2005 (R$ 53,67). A tentativa era expressar os valores, por meio da métrica proposta, que diferentes indivíduos atribuiriam aos biomas e, com isso, estimular a preservação ao viabilizar um mercado que remunere os preservadores. Trata-se de uma proposta inovadora, e os valores podem ser utilizados para auxiliar legisladores a viabilizar a regulamentação das legislações que preveem a concessão de compensações pela prestação de serviços ambientais, além de servirem como instrumentos de gestão ambiental interna às empresas, principalmente, pelo reconhecimento do potencial de benefícios dos recursos sob suas responsabilidades.The Financial Accounting search reliable information that is reasonably free errors, bias and show, faithfully, what aim at represents. Obtaining environmental values with less bias possible, more accurate and comparable could, perhaps, constitute parameter for defining environmental services, give rise to discussions about the accounting treatment of the biome area preserved and, also, marketing of environmental certificate based on preservation the environment and, in general way, serve as support for business decisions take and government. This work aims to propose metric valuation of Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas on agricultural properties, in their natural state, pure and yet free from the effects of human actions. The metric was developed based on the method of Opportunity Cost (OC), Accounting Emergy and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The metric constitutes themselves from the sum of the value of O.C. to the Biome Total Value (BTV). However, the value of O.C. is discounted by business risk analyzed. The BTV is estimated by Emergy Accounting, considering the area hectare preserved in RL and / or APP, and the remaining area of the biome studied. So, the VTB is weighted by EKC, estimated by this change in the prices of agricultural crops analyzed. Aiming validation, estimated the preserved area in hectares of Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas of each terrestrial biome Brazilian referring to the ten crops that have greater acreage. From the cultures used the data on gross production, the price variation in average national and territorial scope of the federal units of Brazil. Were also used data from the Brazilian terrestrial biomes with respect to their total areas and remaining areas preserved. Information they obtained by consulting the IBGE site, IBAMA and Agrolink. Further, we applied the metric to value biomes preserved in national and over five real cultures data collected from agricultural enterprises. Between the results obtained with the metric, the highest value was for the Pampas biome on the cassava crop in 2010 (R $ 1,754.03) and lowest for the Cerrado biome in the wheat crop in 2005 (R $ 53.67). The attempt was to express the values, through the proposed metric, which would assign individuals on different biomes and, thereby, encouraging the preservation by allowing a market to remunerate preservers. This is an innovative proposal, and the values can be used to assist legislators to enable the regulation of the laws that predict the granting compensation the provision of environmental services, besides serving as instruments of internal environmental management firms, mainly, by recognition of the potential benefits of the resources under their responsibility.
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Pinto, Bruna Gabriela de Carvalho. "Uso da terra e fragmentos de vegetação de Mata Atlântica na APA Tietê: subsídios para o planejamento ambiental e a gestão territorial." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6788.
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-04Considering that less than 11% of the brazilian Environmental Protection Areas have a Management Plan, the assessment of land use and the conflict in Permanent Preservation Areas can provide important results to the management of this Protected Area category, since the map of degraded Permanent Preservation Areas can be used as a guide for restoration actions. This research aimed to characterize the land use in APA Tietê, highlighting the conflict associated with Permanent Preservation Areas (Federal law n° 12.651 de 2012), in order to provide subsidies to the planning and land management. We have mapped land use through supervised automatic classification of RapidEye satellite image, and determined the land use conflicts with aid of software ArcGIS 10.2. We can conclude that APA Tietê has predominance of agricultural land uses, corresponding to 78.42% of the total protected area. This area is in critical condition to biodiversity conservation, since 76.43% of Permanent Preservation Areas consist of conflicting land uses. We have mapped 908 forest fragments, of which approximately 88% have areas smaller than 10 ha. 39.64% of these forest fragments have no neighbor fragment in a distance of 100 m. The native vegetation cover represents only 9.98% of the total area of the Environmental Protection Areas. The analysis of the hypothetical scenario showed that the restoration of Permament Preservation Areas can increase the size of the fragments and enhance landscape connectivity, in compliance with environmental legislation. Another alternative indicated to increase total vegetation cover in APA Tietê following legal increments is proposed for the restoration of the area through the establishment of Legal Reserves. In this context, through multicriteria analysis, we made a rank of all the territory of the Protected Area based on ecological relevance in order to give priority to some areas for the establishment of these protected areas. This work revealed the criticality of the current status of APA Tietê, especially towards its conservation objectives and offered alternatives, based on a scientific rigor to support the planning process of the protected area, at the local, state and national context.
Considerando que menos de 11% das Áreas de Proteção Ambiental brasileiras possuem Plano de Manejo, a avaliação do uso da terra e do conflito em Áreas de Preservação Permanente pode fornecer resultados importantes para a gestão dessa categoria de Unidade de Conservação, uma vez que a espacialização das Áreas de Preservação Permanente degradadas pode ser utilizada como diretriz de ações de restauração. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar o uso da terra da APA Tietê, evidenciando os conflitos associados às Áreas de Preservação Permanente (Lei Federal n° 12.651 de 2012), de modo a fornecer subsídios para o planejamento e gestão territorial. Mapeou-se o uso da terra por meio classificação automática supervisionada de imagem do satélite RapidEye e determinou-se os conflitos com o auxílio do software ArcGis 10.2. Conclui-se que a APA Tietê possui predominância de usos agropecuários da terra, correspondendo a 78,45% da área total da Unidade de Conservação. A área encontra-se em estado crítico para conservação da biodiversidade, uma vez que 74,40% das Áreas de Preservação Permanente são compostas por usos da terra conflituosos. Foram mapeados 908 fragmentos florestais, sendo que aproximadamente 88% dos fragmentos mapeados possuem áreas menores do que 10 ha. 39,64% dos fragmentos florestais não possuem nenhum fragmento vizinho em um raio de 100 m. A cobertura vegetal nativa representa apenas 9,98% da área total da APA. A análise do cenário potencial revelou que a restauração das APPs permite aumentar o tamanho dos fragmentos e melhorar a conectividade da paisagem, em observância com a legislação ambiental. Outra opção indicada para incrementar a cobertura vegetal total na APA Tietê seguindo os incrementos propostos por lei é a restauração de área por meio da instituição da RL. Nesse aspecto, por meio de análise multicritério, pode-se ranquear todo o território da UC com base na sua relevância ecológica de modo a priorizar áreas para a instituição dessas áreas protegidas. O trabalho revelou a criticidade da situação atual da APA Tietê, principalmente perante seus objetivos conservacionistas e ofereceu alternativas, baseadas em um rigor científico, para subsidiar o processo de planejamento dessa área protegida, no contexto local, estadual e nacional.
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Hsieh, Chia-Chen, and 謝佳珍. "Legal Implications of Brokers’ Offsetting of FuturesPosition on Behalf of the Principal:A Case Study of the0206 Options Idcident." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hec9uf.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
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This paper mainly discusses the legal issues on futures brokers offset the futures position on behalf of the principal (hereafter referred to as “offset mechanism "). After studying literatures and understanding the main operations of the futures market, the conclusions are as follows: Futures trading is a margin trading. The main purpose of the offset mechanism is to avoid the occurrence of default and stabilize the settlement in the futures market. This is one of the duties as good administrators to the futures brokers. Before accepting new accounts and futures orders., futures brokers should inform futures traders the nature and potential risks of the futures and the losses may be caused from the trading. Therefore, informing the futures traders the risks of the futures is very critical in the futures trading. Futures brokers and futures traders have signed a commission contracts in agreement with offset mechanism before the order is placed. Therefore, once the specific conditions have been met, the futures brokers should execute the offset. If the futures brokers don’t execute the offset and violate the duty of good administrators, the futures traders should undertake the loss resulting from the offset mechanism. Due to the changing speed in the futures market is very fast, it is difficult for futures brokers and futures traders to realize the instantaneous changes in the futures prices. In order to solve the futures offset mechanism disputes caused by the human judgment, using computer to offset the position of the futures can provide more reasonable and transparent trading procedure. Moreover, in order to reduce disputes between brokers and traders, futures trader should also strengthen the management of futures margin and raise awareness of the trading risks to reduce futures trading disputes with futures broker.
Books on the topic "Offsetting of legal reserves"
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Weiguo, Zhu, ed. Tan jin rong: Fa lü li lun you shi jian = Carbon finance : legal theory and practice. Beijing: Fa lü chu ban she, 2012.
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Kennett, Steven Alexander. Oil sands, carbon sinks, and emissions offsets: Towards a legal and policy framework. Calgary, Alta., Canada: Canadian Institute of Resources Law, 2003.
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Veríssimo, Adalberto. Identificação de áreas com potencial para a criação de florestas nacionais na Amazônia Legal. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 2000.
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Legal solutions in electronic reserves and the electronic delivery of interlibrary loan. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Information Press, 2004.
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Umfarher, Bernhard. The reform of European legal capital rules: Its impact on UK and Austrian company law. Mortsel: Intersentia, 2009.
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The reform of European legal capital rules: Its impact on UK and Austrian company law. Mortsel: Intersentia, 2009.
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Umfarher, Bernhard. The reform of European legal capital rules: Its impact on UK and Austrian company law. Mortsel: Intersentia, 2009.
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National Guard and Reservists Debt Relief Act of 2008: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, on H.R. 4044, April 1, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law. National Guard and Reservists Debt Relief Act of 2008: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, on H.R. 4044, April 1, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Reservists' eligibility for burial in national cemeteries: Report (to accompany H.R. 821) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Offsetting of legal reserves"
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Badinger, Harald, and Barbara Dutzler. "Excess reserves in the Eurosystem: an economic and legal analysis." In Institutional, Legal and Economic Aspects of the EMU, 37–65. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6038-1_2.
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"Electronic Reserves." In Legal Solutions in Electronic Reserves and the Electronic Delivery of Interlibrary Loan, 39–54. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203050811-8.
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Olusoga-Tinubi, Hannah Idowu. "The socio-legal protection of sacred groves and forest reserves in southwestern Nigeria." In Law, Religion and the Environment in Africa, 375–89. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928480570/25.
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Hoskins, Zachary. "Instrumental Justifications." In Beyond Punishment?, 165–88. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199389230.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the instrumental case for collateral legal consequences (CLCs). CLCs are commonly defended as risk-reductive measures. The chapter proposes several considerations relevant to determining whether and when particular measures are justified on risk-reduction grounds: Restrictions should effectively serve a morally compelling interest, they should not generate offsetting negative consequences, and they should represent the least burdensome alternative. The chapter contends that some CLCs may be permissible according to these criteria, but only in a very limited range of cases. Also, the state will be obliged to make provisions to mitigate the effects of such measures on offenders’ abilities to build legitimate lives for themselves.
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"Conclusion." In Legal Solutions in Electronic Reserves and the Electronic Delivery of Interlibrary Loan, 63–64. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203050811-10.
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"Introduction." In Legal Solutions in Electronic Reserves and the Electronic Delivery of Interlibrary Loan, 19–22. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203050811-5.
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"Copyright Basics." In Legal Solutions in Electronic Reserves and the Electronic Delivery of Interlibrary Loan, 23–34. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203050811-6.
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"Confidentiality Basics." In Legal Solutions in Electronic Reserves and the Electronic Delivery of Interlibrary Loan, 35–38. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203050811-7.
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"Electronic Delivery of Interlibrary Loan." In Legal Solutions in Electronic Reserves and the Electronic Delivery of Interlibrary Loan, 55–62. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203050811-9.
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Kirchner, Michael, and Ann M. Herd. "Supporting the National Guard and Reservists as Civilian Employees." In Military Veteran Employment, 261–86. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190642983.003.0013.
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Members of the military’s National Guard and Reserves acquire numerous competencies and technical skills through their training that could be valuable to civilian organizations. For employers seeking to hire and retain National Guardsmen and Reservists, understanding the challenges faced while managing dual employment can aid organizations that are striving to become or improve their support of employees also serving in a Reserve component. This chapter reviews distinctions between the National Guard, Reserves, and active duty before outlining legal rights of employers and service members who work for nonmilitary organizations. The chapter then provides a business case for employing National Guardsmen and Reservists while describing prominent corresponding challenges experienced by all stakeholders. It concludes with best practices for organizations striving to be military friendly to National Guardsmen and Reservists.
Conference papers on the topic "Offsetting of legal reserves"
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Mombourquette, Cole, Dave Erickson, Tim Geldreich, Mark Ross, Eric Hudson, and Dan Cammaert. "Breaking Through the Boundary: Are HVFR and Landing Target The Solution? A Charlie Lake Exploitation Strategy." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206094-ms.
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Abstract The objective of this exploitation strategy was to evaluate fracture-driven interactions (FDI) between intervals within the Braeburn members of the Lower Charlie Lake formation. With the primary goal to determine if a single well can be drilled in the Middle Braeburn and effectively drain reserves from two previously distinct producing intervals. The target intervals in this study were separated by a boundary layer composed of interbedded anhydrite, siltstone, and dolomite layers. Wells were completed in sequence using cemented ball-drop fracturing, and high-viscosity friction reducer (HVFR) fluid systems. Diagnostics including pressure monitoring, fracture modelling, and tracers were employed to evaluate stimulation response between wells. Realtime downhole pressure monitors observed the non-producing upper wellbore, while the lower well produced. Fluid rheology determined viscosity changes for different HVFR loadings, and fracture modelling assessed the impact of anhydrite on fracture height at different fluid viscosities. Proppant tracers injected in the lower well were logged in both wellbores observing propped communication between layers. Fluid and pressure diagnostics were used to monitor effective drainage between wells over time. During completion of the lower well, two (2) notable pressure communication events were observed in the offsetting upper well. Following the logging applications performed on both wellbores the results displayed three (3) localized points along the offsetting lateral. At which, a propped communication event was observed within a one (1) meter radius of investigation from the offsetting wellbore. The heel-most propped communication event in the offsetting wellbore was correlated to one of two (2) observed pressure communication events. The two (2) other instances of propped communication did not correspond with an observed pressure event. Following the logging application, the lower well was flowed back and put onto production. During this production period, the upper well remained shut in. Subsequent fluid diagnostic responses have indicated an increasing FDI response, facilitating the flow of hydrocarbon from the upper to the lower wellbore. This communication was primarily observed near the heel of both wellbores. Based on the results of the diagnostic tracers, the fracture model was updated to provide a development tool that would be more predictive for fracture height growth around thin anhydrites in the Charlie Lake formation. The technique of fracture stimulation through the anhydrite layer can be used to reduce the total number of wells required to effectively drain the formation.
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Salacz, Dominique, Farid Allam, Imre Szilagyi, and Yousof Al Mansoori. "Incremental Method vs Split Conditions: Discussing the Similarities Between Reserves Evaluation and a Madoff Scheme." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206104-ms.
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Abstract After the oil price crashes in 2014 & 2020 several M&A deals ended up in legal debates because operators cancelled major projects or infills wells that were booked in the "probable" reserves only. This document challenges the compatibility between the deterministic incremental reserve assessment method (PRMS2018, chapter 4.2.1.3), and the concept of split condition (PRMS2018 chapter 2.2.0.3), which is not allowed for reserves booking under PRMS. With a few examples, we explain why the incremental method may be misleading investors, if used wrongly. Policies, stock market requirements, or simply the understanding of reserves guidelines may differ from one company to another. Many filers and auditors are still keen on using the deterministic incremental approach. This method consists in "defining discrete parts or segments of the accumulation that reflect high, best, and low confidence regarding the estimates of recoverable quantities under the defined development plan". In principle, this should give similar result to the widely accepted scenario method (PRMS2018, chapter 4.2.1.3) but in reality, major discrepancies are observed. Some reserve evaluation may also become misleading for banks, investors, or even for good asset management. I many cases, the estimation of recoverable volumes is reasonable, but it does not match the company CAPEX requirements, affecting corporate cash flow as well as potential Reserves Based Lending (RBL) requirements. In another case, the 1P case will be robust, but the 2P may be grossly overestimated, affecting M&A or share price. "Reserves guidelines are principle based" this has recently become a very fashionable statement in the context of SEC bookings. Similar discussions will also occur when reviewing PRMS reports. However, different interpretations for keywords such as "Project", "Spit condition", or "FID" should not prevent the evaluator to provide a reliable reserves estimation to investor or company management. This document questions the threshold where ethics disappears, and a Madoff scheme may become legal.
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Комличенко, В., and V. Komlichenko. "Socio-Economic and Legal Aspects of the Exploitation of the Reserves of Aquatic Biological Resources in the Arctic and Their Impact on the Sustainable Development of the Arctic Territories Using the Cod of the Barents Sea." In XXVII International Shore Conference "Arctic Coast: The Path to Sustainability". Academus Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5cebbc1cc2c9a7.80912061.
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Pukowiec-Kurda, Katarzyna, and Urszula Myga-Piatek. "Application of New Methods of Environment Analysis and Assessment in Landscape Audits – Case Studies of Urban Areas Like Czestochowa, Poland." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.116.
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Following the 2000 European Landscape Convention, a new act strengthening landscape protection instruments has been in force since 2015. It sets forth legal aspects of landscape shaping (Dziennik Ustaw 2015, poz. 774) and introduces landscape audits at the province level. A landscape audit consists in identification and characterization of selected landscapes, assessment of their value, selection of so-called priority landscapes and identification of threats for preservation of their value. An audit complies with GIS standards. Analyses use source materials, i.e. digital maps of physical-geographical mesoregions, current topographic maps of digital resources of cartographic databases, latest orthophotomaps and DTMs, maps of potential vegetation, geobotanic regionalization, historic-cultural regionalization and natural landscape types, documentation of historical and cultural values and related complementary resources. A special new methodology (Solon et al. 2014), developed for auditing, was tested in 2015 in an urban area (Myga-Piatek et al. 2015). Landscapes are characterized by determining their analytic (natural and cultural) and synthetic features, with particular focus on the stage of delimitation and identification of landscape units in urban areas. Czestochowa was selected as a case study due to its large natural (karst landscapes of the Czestochowa Upland, numerous forests, nature reserves) and cultural (Saint Mary’s Sanctuary, unique urban architecture) potential. Czestochowa is also a city of former iron ore and mineral resources exploitation, still active industry, dynamic urban sprawl within former farming areas, and dynamically growing tourism. Landscape delimitation and identification distinguished 75 landscape units basing on uniform landscape background (uniform cover and use of the land). Landscape assessment used a new assessment method for anthropogenic transformation of landscape – the indicator describing the correlation between the mean shape index (MSI) and the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) (Pukowiec-Kurda, Sobala 2016). Particular threats and planning suggestions, useful in development of urban areas, were presented for selected priority landscapes.
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Ewins, Peter J. "Protected Areas and Pipelines in Canada: Balancing Natural Values With Development at the Landscape Level — The Conservation First Principle." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27276.
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“Sustainable Development” is now a widely accepted concept, yet there are surprisingly few concrete examples of it in practice. The pipeline industry operates at broad landscape and regional levels, and now has the opportunity to provide a strong lead in showcasing how society can benefit from major new energy pipelines while not significantly compromising natural and cultural values. To achieve this requires adoption of a fundamental proactive, ecosystem-based principle — the “Conservation First Principle”. In Canada this principle, first stated by Hummel [1], is that “there should be no new or expanded large-scale industrial development until a network of protected areas is reserved which adequately represents the natural region(s) affected by that development”. This approach is not new (e.g., the 1992 commitment by all levels of Canada’s governments to complete such protected areas networks), but it is more urgently needed now in an energy-rich frontier nation like Canada to truly safeguard our natural and cultural values while developing new energy corridors. It is a precautionary approach, akin to an insurance policy we would all be familiar with at a personal level. By identifying key natural habitats in each natural region (areas of similar bio-physical characteristics — there are 486 terrestrial natural regions in Canada), and using sophisticated GIS-based gap analysis, working with local communities, industry and governments, a network of protected areas can be identified and then reserved for legal protection. This network then adequately protects a representative sample of habitats, biodiversity and ecosystem processes in each natural region before or simultaneous with development proposals and approvals. The development of natural gas reserves in the Mackenzie Valley provides all stakeholders with a timely high-profile opportunity to showcase this balanced approach. The NWT’s Protected Areas Strategy provides the widely-supported community-led process to identify and then reserve key cultural and ecological areas in tandem with gas pipeline development. Investors, industry, governments, local communities and the general public all seek the greater certainty and security that such advance planning and balancing provides. The knowledge that certain key areas are off-limits to future development, and that other areas (the largest portion of each natural region) are assigned for sensitive industrial development, sets the stage for a more secure, stable future, in which all values are accommodated satisfactorily. In the push for greater energy security, the pipeline and oil and gas industry should now embrace the Conservation First Principle in energy developments across Canada’s lands and oceans, most immediately as it plans for a major gas pipeline in the Mackenzie Valley.