Journal articles: 'Offsetting of legal reserves'

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Vrhovšek, Vladimir, and Vladimir Kozar. "The right to offset the claims in accordance with the law on bankruptcy of the Republic of Serbia and in the region." Strani pravni zivot, no. 1 (2021): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz65-30574.

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This article discusses a concept of legally permitted and limited offsetting in bankruptcy according to the law of the Republic of Serbia, with comparison to earlier regulations where the offsetting occurred by the force of law, as the legal consequence of initiating bankruptcy proceedings. Legal provisions, legal practice, opinion of the jurisprudence on general and special terms about the right to offset the claims in bankruptcy in the Republic of Serbia, as well as in the countries in the region, have been presented. Relevant legal solutions from laws on bankruptcy of Montenegro, Republic of Srpska, Republic of Croatia, and the Republic of Slovenia have been reviewed. Offsetting claims in bankruptcy proceedings are in principle allowed in regional countries as well. Regarding the effect of bankruptcy on the right to offset the claims, there is a great similarity among the legal solutions in regulations of above mentioned countries, except for the Republic of Slovenia. The Republic of Slovenia retained the broadest concept of legal compensation as a legal consequence of initiating bankruptcy proceedings, which constitutes an important difference compared to restrictive solutions of the Serbian bankruptcy law and regional legislation. This article aims to show to the business entities operating in the region, through comparative legal analysis, different conditions and procedure of offsetting in bankruptcy in national legislation, bearing in mind the importance of this legal institution, which allows the creditors to fully collect their claims outside the bankruptcy payment lines, and regardless of the number of available funds in the bankruptcy estate.

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Metzger, Jean Paul, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante, Joice Ferreira, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Felipe Librán-Embid, Valério D. Pillar, Paula R. Prist, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Ima Célia G. Vieira, and Gerhard E. Overbeck. "Why Brazil needs its Legal Reserves." Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 17, no. 3 (July 2019): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.07.002.

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Shvets, N. N., and P. V. Beresneva. "Oil and Gas in the Arctic: Legal Status and Reserves." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-60-67.

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When researching such a hot topic as development of oil and gas reserves in Artie it's crucial to answer 3 key questions. What is legal status of Artie reserves and Russian offshore zone in Arctic? Are there any gaps in international lawthatinhibits oil and gas development? How big are Arctic oil and gas reserves? Are they well-explored? What are production costs of oil and gas in Artie? Is it profitable to develop reserves in Artie? The article addresses these vital questions with the detailed analysis. 1982 UN Convention on the Law of Sea partially regulates Artie legal status but countries apply sectorial principal to Arctic territories to claim their rights. There are few border disputes left. The borders of Russian outer continental shelf are shaped by international law and bilateral agreements and undergoing final review within UN processes and mechanisms. Arctic reserves'estimates do vary significantly as the region is barely explored. According to with a high 2008 US Geological Survey and 2006 Wood Mackenzie and Fugro Robertson study Arctic reserves are about 10-15% of global reserves. Most of them are offshore (around 85%), and gas accounts for 80% of reserves. Russia has more than a half of Artie reserves. Under International Energy Agency it's profitable to develop Arctic oil reserves as production costs ($40-100 bbl) are below current and 2035 forecast oil price. On the contrary, gas production is questionable from costs point of view. Gas market is projected to remain regional. With Artie gas production cost of$ 4-12 million BTU, there is no business case to develop Artie gas in America and at the edge of profitability in Europe.

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Rahim, Rohani Abdul, Muhammad Afiq Ahmad Tajuddin, Rovina Intung, Azizah Landa, and Herlina Makanah. "Foreign Migrants Trespassing in Sabah Forest Reserves: A Legal Discourse." Sriwijaya Law Review 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol5.iss1.977.pp101-115.

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According to Sabah Forestry Enactment 1968, Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah is given the power to reserves forests for various purposes including commercial, protection, domestic and others. Sabah Forestry Department is entrusted with proper and efficient planning, and implementation of State forest resources management (SFM) to comply with the sustainable forest principles. It achieves to manage forest resources towards sustainable and profitable forest governance. However, Sabah forest reserves were threatened by illegal trespassing by foreign migrants to possess forest produce unlawfully and to occupy State land illegally. This article aims to expose the causes of the invasion of forest reserves by foreign migrants, the offences committed by foreign migrant activities in the forest reserves, violation of specific legislation such as the Immigration Act 1959/63 and the Forest Enactment 1968. The qualitative legal research methodology was used to understand the issues at hand, the existing applicable laws and the legal implications for such illegal activities in these forest reserves. Secondary data found in the legislation, journals, annual report, and law publication were collected, reviewed, analysed, and discussed to understand its legal implications better. Thus, efforts to expose these illegal activities by foreign migrants is essential to ensure Sabah Forest Reserves can continuously be maintained and not destroyed at the hand of illegal foreign trespassers. Employers should also be made responsible for their involvement in trafficked or smuggled illegal migrants as workers and simultaneously, conduct illegal activities to deceit the State Forestry efforts and developmental planning in Sabah.

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Escalante, Cesar L., and Peter J. Barry. "Risk Balancing in an Integrated Farm Risk Management Plan." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 33, no. 3 (December 2001): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800020927.

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AbstractUsing optimization techniques in a Simulation framework, this study demonstrates the synergy between risk balancing and alternative strategies in effectively reducing risk under changing farm conditions. Highly risk-averse farmers tend to prefer integrated risk-management plans, based on the diversification principle, that yield offsetting combinations of the risk-reducing benefits of most strategies and the profit-generating capacities of the others. The greater appeal of a more diversified plan usually downplays the risk balancing strategy as the farm utilizes credit reserves to implement other production and marketing plans considered essential to Overall risk reduction. The farm, however, still realizes overall, though more regulated, reduction in its financial risk position.

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Пономаренко, Олександр Олександрович. "Genesis of scientific research of legal problems of reserves." Problems of Legality, no. 139 (December 8, 2017): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.139.117234.

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Desai, Bharat H. "BIOSPHERE RESERVES AND MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS: SOME LEGAL ISSUES." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 31, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2003): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v31i1-2.3038.

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de Marques, Ana Alice Biedzicki, and Carlos A. Peres. "Pervasive legal threats to protected areas in Brazil." Oryx 49, no. 1 (October 28, 2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000726.

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AbstractBrazil safeguards a vast network of parks and reserves, termed conservation units. The creation of conservation units follows a rigorous legal protocol that grants them long-term stability under varying degrees of formal protection against land-use change. Degazettement, downsizing or downgrading any conservation unit requires a law to be passed. Recent shifts in Brazilian conservation policy have, however, favoured infrastructure projects and agricultural land conversion, even when these initiatives are in direct conflict with established conservation units. Several bills have been proposed by the National Congress, threatening 27 conservation units and bringing the long-term political stability and legal immunity of hitherto sacrosanct reserves into serious question.

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Keyuan, Zou. "Management of Marine Nature Reserves in China: A Legal Perspective." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 6, no. 3 (September 2003): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880290390437346.

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Leclerc, Thomas. "A Sectoral Application of the Polluter Pays Principle: Lessons Learned from the Aviation Sector." Climate Law 9, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00904002.

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The search for a global market-based measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from international civil aviation has faced legal obstacles. One of these is linked to the basis of such a measure: the polluter pays principle. The application of the principle in the aviation legal regime has resulted in a conflict of norms. As a solution, the International Civil Aviation Organization, in 2016, adopted a market-based measure in the form of the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (corsia). This article will address the following two questions: By adopting corsia, and by negotiating its implementation, has icao produced a successful integration of the polluter pays principle in a sectoral legal regime of norms and institutions? If yes, could icao’s success provide arguments for a sectoral application of the polluter pays principle more broadly in public international law?

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Pasquini, Lorena, James A. Fitzsimons, Stuart Cowell, Katrina Brandon, and Geoff Wescott. "The establishment of large private nature reserves by conservation NGOs: key factors for successful implementation." Oryx 45, no. 3 (June 7, 2011): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000876.

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AbstractPrivate nature reserves created by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are increasing, and their growing number and extent means that they can potentially contribute to biodiversity goals at a global scale. However, the success of these reserves depends on the legal, economic and institutional conditions framing their creation and management. We explored these conditions, and the opportunities and challenges facing conservation organizations in managing private nature reserves, across several countries, with an emphasis on Australia. Results from 17 semi-structured interviews with representatives of private conservation organizations indicated that while private reserves may enhance the conservation estate, challenges remain. Legal frameworks, especially tenure and economic laws, vary across and within countries, presenting conservation organizations with significant opportunities or constraints to owning and/or managing private nature reserves. Many acquired land without strategic acquisition procedures and secured funding for property acquisition but not management, affecting the long-term maintenance of properties. Other typical problems were tied to the institutional capacity of the organizations. Greater planning within organizations, especially financial planning, is required and NGOs must understand opportunities and constraints present in legislative frameworks at the outset. Organizations must establish their expertise gaps and address them. To this end, partnerships between organizations and/or with government can prove critical.

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Bondarenko, Ihor, and Vladyslav Chiher. "Legal problems of functioning and development of biosphere reserves of Ukraine." Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law 11 (2019): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2019.11.27.

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Wang, Jing, and Morley Gunderson. "Adjustments to Minimum Wages in China: Cost-Neutral Offsets." Articles 70, no. 3 (October 5, 2015): 510–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1033408ar.

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Summary Based on qualitative interviews of workers, managers and labour inspectors in China, we examine how employers adjust, often in subtle fashions, to minimum wage increases. Our findings highlight the “law of unintended consequences” in that their effects are often “undone” or offset by subtle adjustments such as reductions in fringe benefits and in overtime work and overtime pay premiums that are otherwise valued by employees. Employees often feel that they are no better off in spite of minimum wage increases because of these offsetting adjustments. This study also suggests possible reasons for the small or zero effect of minimum wage on employment in China. Lack of enforcement may be one of the reasons, but the employees we interviewed seem well aware of the legal minimum wage and employers do not want to get involved in disputes over this matter. For employers who would otherwise be affected by the minimum wage increase, the cost increase is mitigated by the offsetting adjustments. As a result, minimum wages do not seem to weaken the competitive position of employers in China.

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Mulyawan, Claudia, and Emmy Latifah. "Indonesian Monetary Regulation Regarding Chinese Electronic Payment in Indonesia." Jambe Law Journal 2, no. 1 (November 3, 2019): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jlj.2.1.45-60.

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This article aims to analyze and ﬁnd the answer on how the regulation for transaction activities deals with electronic money by Chinese tourists in Indonesia, especially in Bali, as well as to analyze the effect on using WeChat Pay and Alipay payment in tourism sector. This legal research is using normative research method. It is concluded that Chinese electronic payment platform WeChat Pay and Alipay by Chinese tourists for doing payment transactions in Bali has not been explicitly regulated in Indonesia because those providers have not fulﬁlled any requirements and standards from Indonesian Central Bank (Bank Indonesia) and have not obtained any Indonesian legal status as a private company. Transactions using Chinese electronic also have impact for the country’s foreign exchange reserves. Foreign exchange reserves is one of the important aspect in deciding the value of state budget (APBN) that is also inﬂuenced by foreign exchange reserves from tourism sector.

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Fulcher, Jonathan, and Martin Klapper. "Coal seam gas exploration and production in NSW: the new access argument." APPEA Journal 51, no. 2 (2011): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10068.

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The legal frameworks around access to coal seam gas (CSG) resources in NSW are perhaps less developed than in Queensland. Coal appears to be favoured in terms of accessibility over CSG in the premier state. This paper will examine the rules relating to access to CSG resources in NSW; explain the long-standing policy favouring coalover CSG; and, will argue that the state may have to move to amend or overhaul its gas land access arrangements in the next few years.As CSG players look for further reserves in the largely untapped area of NSW coal provinces, the legal arguments about access to extant coal reserves are likely to heat up.

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Makarov, S. "HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL TERRITORIES: ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL PROTECTION REGIMES IN THE LEGISLATION ON CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 5, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2020-5-8-32-45.

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This article examines the problems of classification and establishment of administrative and legal regimes for the protection of various historical and cultural territories provided for by the legislation on the state protection of cultural heritage objects. As a result of the analysis of international legal acts, it is concluded that some provisions of the Russian legislation do not fully comply with international rules. The problem of legal regulation in terms of such territorial (planar) objects of cultural heritage as works of landscape architecture and landscape gardening is highlighted. Examples of a number of foreign countries with significant experience in establishing historical zones and cultural landscape protection are given. The indicated experience makes it possible to identify the redundancy of some provisions of the Russian legislation relating to historical settlements and historical and cultural reserves. The article offers the author's definition of historical and cultural territories, and also puts forward a number of proposals to change Federal legislation, in particular, to adjust the concept of a landmark and its types of objects, the legal regime of a landmark, to make changes to the legislation on museums- reserves, as well as to abolish the rules relating to historical and cultural reserves. The paper identifies promising areas for further research on this topic and ways to improve legislation on the protection of cultural heritage.

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Freitas, Flavio Luiz Mazzaro de, Gerd Sparovek, Ulla Mörtberg, Semida Silveira, Israel Klug, and Göran Berndes. "Offsetting legal deficits of native vegetation among Brazilian landholders: Effects on nature protection and socioeconomic development." Land Use Policy 68 (November 2017): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.014.

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McGregor, Hugh, John Read, Christopher N. Johnson, Sarah Legge, Brydie Hill, and Katherine Moseby. "Edge effects created by fenced conservation reserves benefit an invasive mesopredator." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19181.

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Abstract ContextFenced reserves from which invasive predators are removed are increasingly used as a conservation management tool, because they provide safe havens for susceptible threatened species, and create dense populations of native wildlife that could act as a source population for recolonising the surrounding landscape. However, the latter effect might also act as a food source, and promote high densities of invasive predators on the edges of such reserves. AimsOur study aimed to determine whether activity of the feral cat is greater around the edges of a fenced conservation reserve, Arid Recovery, in northern South Australia. This reserve has abundant native rodents that move through the fence into the surrounding landscape. MethodsWe investigated (1) whether feral cats were increasingly likely to be detected on track transects closer to the fence over time as populations of native rodents increased inside the reserve, (2) whether native rodents were more likely to be found in the stomachs of cats caught close to the reserve edge, and (3) whether individual cats selectively hunted on the reserve fence compared with two other similar fences, on the basis of GPS movement data. Key resultsWe found that (1) detection rates of feral cats on the edges of a fenced reserve increased through time as populations of native rodents increased inside the reserve, (2) native rodents were far more likely to be found in the stomach of cats collected at the reserve edge than in the stomachs of cats far from the reserve edge, and (3) GPS tracking of cat movements showed a selection for the reserve fence edge, but not for similar fences away from the reserve. ConclusionsInvasive predators such as feral cats are able to focus their movements and activity to where prey availability is greatest, including the edges of fenced conservation reserves. This limits the capacity of reserves to function as source areas from which animals can recolonise the surrounding landscape, and increases predation pressure on populations of other species living on the reserve edge. ImplicationsManagers of fenced conservation reserves should be aware that increased predator control may be critical for offsetting the elevated impacts of feral cats attracted to the reserve fence.

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Ortega, Jorge Mario. "International reserves and governance: a comparative study for Colombia." Dimensión Empresarial 13, no. 2 (November 25, 2015): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15665/rde.v13i2.536.

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This paper examines the relationship between the governance and the demand for international reserves in Emerging Economies (EE). The Database World Governance Indicators Project (Project WGI) available for the period 2002-2013 is employed. The main goal in this research is to examine the possible relationship between risk indicators and political stability, the strength of democratic institutions and legal regime to the accumulation of reserves in the EE in order to discern the matter to the Colombian case. Using panel data for 14 Emerging economies, it became clear how these variables of governance, the traditional determinants of the demand for international reserves and their level interrelate. The panel cointegration tests show the relationship between the behavior of political stability, strengthening of the institutions with the accumulation of international reserves of Colombia and other Emerging economies. The institutional characteristics such as corruption, political stability and violence can affect accumulation of reserves through the perception of uncertainty. The results suggest that in order to reduce the need to accumulate higher levels of reserves, Colombia could continue institutional strengthening so as to demand lower levels of reserves for precautionary reasons.

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Zhukova, O. V. "ESTIMATED RESERVES AND ESTIMATED LIABILITIES: THE PROBLEM OF INTERPRETATION IN THE SYSTEM OF RUSSIAN LEGAL REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 5 (July 16, 2020): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-5-129-134.

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The Russian legal framework for accounting of estimated reserves and estimated liabilities of commercial organizations for the existing terminology space, the problems of correlation of the economic essence of these accounting categories and current legislation, the value of correct application of terminology in accounting (financial) statements for a wide range of stakeholders has been analysed. Special attention has been paid to the distinctive features of estimated reserves and estimated liabilities in the prism of their economic essence. Based on the results of the study, proposals regarding the interpretation of the concepts of “estimated reserve” and “estimated liability” in the implementation of the program to reform the Russian system of legal regulation of accounting and preparation of accounting (financial) statements have been formulated.

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Badinger, Harald, and Barbara Dutzler. "Economic and Legal Issues in Reducing the Eurosystem's Excess of International Reserves." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 42, no. 3 (September 2004): 453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9886.2004.00514.x.

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Wright, Oliver Thomas, Georgina Cundill, and Duan Biggs. "Stakeholder perceptions of legal trade in rhinoceros horn and implications for private reserve management in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Oryx 52, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000764.

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AbstractThe proposed legalization of international trade in rhinoceros horn is a hotly debated topic. South Africa is home to a large proportion of Africa's blackDiceros bicornisand white rhinocerosesCeratotherium simumpopulations. Private owners are custodians of c. 25% of the country's rhinoceroses, and the introduction of legal trade in horn harvested from live rhinoceroses may therefore have significant implications for the private conservation industry. This study explores perceptions of legal trade in rhinoceros horn, and its potential implications for reserve management, among rhinoceros owners and conservation practitioners from private game reserves in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants from 17 private game reserves (c. 37% of the total number of reserves with rhinoceroses). Whereas rhinoceros owners were mostly in favour of trade, opinion among non-owners was more nuanced. Owners expressed more interest in trading in live rhinoceroses, and stockpiled horn from natural mortalities, than in sustainably harvesting rhinoceros horn for trade. Informants therefore predicted that they would not change their practices significantly if the trade were legalized. However, most informants had little confidence that CITES would lift the trade ban. The perspectives of private reserve owners and managers should be taken into account in South African and international policy discussions relating to the legal trade in rhinoceros horn.

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Gibbs, Timothy. "Apartheid South Africa's segregated legal field: black lawyers and the Bantustans." Africa 90, no. 2 (February 2020): 293–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019001050.

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AbstractThe history of South Africa's urban-based ‘struggle lawyers’ – a trajectory epitomized by Nelson Mandela – is much discussed by historians and biographers, reflecting a broader vein of historiography that celebrates anti-colonial legal activism. However, it was South Africa's ‘Native Reserves’ and Bantustans that produced the majority of African lawyers for much of the twentieth century. Indeed, two-thirds of the African justices who have sat on the post-apartheid Constitutional Court either practised or trained in the Bantustans during the apartheid era. The purpose of this article is thus to reappraise South Africa's ‘legal field’ – the complex relationship between professional formation, elite reproduction and the exercise of political power – by tracing the ambiguous role played by the Native Reserves/Bantustans in shaping the African legal profession across the twentieth century. How did African lawyers, persistently marginalized by century-long patterns of exclusion, nevertheless construct an elite profession within the confines of segregation and apartheid? How might we link the histories of the Bantustans with the better-known ‘struggle historiography’ that emphasizes the role of political and legal activism in the cities? And what are the implications of South Africa's segregated history for debates about the ‘decolonization’ of the legal profession in the post-apartheid era?

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Косов, М. Е. "5.4. GROWTH RESERVES OF LOCAL BUDGET REVENUES." Audit and Financial Analysis, no. 4 (January 4, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.38097/afa.2020.93.98.012.

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Доходы бюджетов публично-правовых образований являются финансовой основой, обеспечивающей органы государственной власти и местного самоуправления денежными средствами для организации всестороннего развития субъектов Российской Федерации, муниципальных образований и государства в целом. Однако на сегодняшний момент имеющихся у местных бюджетов доходных источников недостаточно для полного выполнения возложенных на них задач. Для решения выявленных проблем нужен обоснованный комплекс действенных предложений, учитывающих современные тенденции социально-экономического развития РФ и зарубежный опыт. Budget revenues of public legal entities are the financial basis that provides state and local governments with funds for the organization of comprehensive subjects’ development of the Russian Federation, municipalities and the state as a whole. However, at the moment, the revenue sources available to local budgets are not enough to fulfill the tasks assigned to them. To solve the identified problems, we need a justified set of effective proposals that take into account current trends in the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation and foreign experience.

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Косов, М. Е. "5.4. GROWTH RESERVES OF LOCAL BUDGET REVENUES." Audit and Financial Analysis, no. 4 (January 4, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.38097/afa.2020.93.98.012.

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Доходы бюджетов публично-правовых образований являются финансовой основой, обеспечивающей органы государственной власти и местного самоуправления денежными средствами для организации всестороннего развития субъектов Российской Федерации, муниципальных образований и государства в целом. Однако на сегодняшний момент имеющихся у местных бюджетов доходных источников недостаточно для полного выполнения возложенных на них задач. Для решения выявленных проблем нужен обоснованный комплекс действенных предложений, учитывающих современные тенденции социально-экономического развития РФ и зарубежный опыт. Budget revenues of public legal entities are the financial basis that provides state and local governments with funds for the organization of comprehensive subjects’ development of the Russian Federation, municipalities and the state as a whole. However, at the moment, the revenue sources available to local budgets are not enough to fulfill the tasks assigned to them. To solve the identified problems, we need a justified set of effective proposals that take into account current trends in the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation and foreign experience.

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Prévost, Benoît, and Audrey Rivaud. "From conservation to offsetting and neoliberalization: Institutional change, risks and opportunities in the French context." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, no. 2 (March 18, 2019): 323–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619836039.

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Following the institutionalist framework, this paper analyses the way institutional changes affect the representations and strategies of the actors involved in biodiversity conservation. We conducted a survey within the network of the French Conservatoires d'Espaces Naturels after the adoption of the French Biodiversity Law in 2016. The latter introduced several critical changes in the legal framework, especially the enforcement of Avoid–Reduce–Offset principles and the potential development of an offset supply. Our survey shows that these changes in the institutional framework both reduce and increase uncertainties, and raise debates and controversies concerning the way such changes may be interpreted as steps towards a neoliberalization of biodiversity's conservation in France. These results contribute to the debates concerning the processes of environmental policies changes and their consequences.

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FREEMAN, DEBBIE J., ALISON B. MACDIARMID, RICHARD B. TAYLOR, ROBERT J. DAVIDSON, ROGER V. GRACE, TIM R. HAGGITT, SHANE KELLY, and NICK T. SHEARS. "Trajectories of spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii recovery in New Zealand marine reserves: is settlement a driver?" Environmental Conservation 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291200015x.

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SUMMARYMonitoring species’ response in marine protected areas is important for informing both the management of those areas and the establishment of additional protected areas. Populations of spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii were monitored in eight New Zealand marine reserves for up to 34 years. The populations displayed highly variable responses to protection. While a few showed rapid (within 1–2 years of protection) increases in abundance, others showed little response even after a decade of protection. Some reserves displayed little initial recovery, then a sudden increase following several years of protection, while others displayed significant declines in abundance following initial recovery. Marine reserves located in areas with initially high densities of juveniles tended to have rapid recovery, but aspects of reserve design had no significant influence on the recovery rate. Variability among recovery trajectories also suggests that supply-side dynamics may be a key driver of lobster recovery. Densities of legal-sized lobsters were positively correlated with reserve age, but the abundance of juvenile lobsters increased in all but one reserve, indicating enhanced recruitment, survival and/or movement of juvenile lobsters into reserves. It is important to consider the placement of reserves, with respect to potential levels of larval supply, when establishing marine reserves for either conservation or fisheries management purposes and for evaluating their effectiveness.

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Гольонко, Руслан Анатолійович. "The concept and particularities of the legal protection of biosphere reserves in Ukraine." Problems of Legality, no. 139 (December 8, 2017): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.139.112114.

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Covre, Julyana, Felippe Clemente, and Viviani Silva Lirio. "NEW BRAZILIAN FOREST CODE: CHANGES AND PROSPECTS." RDE - Revista de Desenvolvimento Econômico 1, no. 39 (April 2017): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.21452/rde.v3i38.5044.

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Brazil adopted a new forest code in 2012 within environmentalists and farmers conflicts. However, specialists show that the new forest code may be more lenient with the rules to protect permanent preservation areas and legal reserves. Thus, this work aims

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Khatun, Kaysara, Esteve Corbera, and Steve Ball. "Fire is REDD+: offsetting carbon through early burning activities in south-eastern Tanzania." Oryx 51, no. 1 (May 13, 2016): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000090.

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AbstractA project combining participatory forest management and REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) is underway in south-eastern Tanzania. It introduces early burning practices to reduce the number and (heat) intensity of wild and late-season fires, to develop robust carbon accounting methods. Our analysis considers the causes of forest fires, and local people's knowledge of the early burning process and its impacts on livelihoods, through the development of early burning activities as a potential source of carbon revenue. Some of the difficulties of implementation have been resolved over time (e.g. the premature introduction of carbon contracts), whereas others remain: there are inequalities in knowledge, awareness and participation in early burning and the broader REDD+ process at village level. A more structured approach to early burning, with well-publicized advance planning, that includes all community members and subvillages would make a significant difference. Further challenges exist in the form of both legal and illegal hunting, a cause of forest fires that could undermine the early burning process. We argue that the long-term commitment of project managers to gain detailed knowledge of social–ecological systems, forest governance and local politics is required to successfully develop this and other similar REDD+ projects.

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Shubbar, Haidar Diphil, and Andrey Vladimirovich Girinsky. "Reserve assets as sources of replenishing resource base of banking sector and improving its stability." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2019, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2019-4-130-136.

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The paper focuses on the importance of using reserve assets in order to increase the bank financial stability and the banking system as a whole. The essential requirements for reserving commercial banks have been presented. The methods of regulating the required reserves have been studied. The specific features of applying the required reserves in banking activities (reserve requirements and liquidity, monetary policy, reserve requirements as a monetary tool, reserve requirements as a fiscal tool) have been revealed. The schedule of averaging periods of required reserves for 2019 is being considered. The general principles which credit organizations are guided by when creating reserves are the following: obligatory availability of reserves for all credit organizations throughout their existence; forming reserves in relation to liabilities to legal entities and individuals; possibility of removing from the list obligations for which reserves have been created. It has been mentioned that the main objectives of the reserve requirement system are to provide banks with sufficient liquidity and to regulate the money supply. Particular attention is paid to the Central Bank as a reserve requirements regulator. In accordance with the changes of the Central Bank of July 1, 2019, the established standards on reserve requirements for deposits in national currency are set at 4%, in foreign currency at 14%. Manipulating the required reserve rate will provide the Central Bank with the opportunity to adjust the liquidity and solvency both of an individual bank and the entire banking system. The method of averaging required reserves includes the possibility for a commercial bank not to transfer reserves to the Central Bank based on a certain sum of money. The averaging coefficient is set at 0.25 to the standard volume of required reserves

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Margelienė, Jolanta, and Aušra Budrienė. "The System of Lithuanian Protected Territories from Environment Conservation Point of View." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 6, 2015): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2013vol1.817.

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The article analyses the system of Lithuanian protected territories as well as their types form environment conservation point of view. The system of protected territories of LR includes the following types of areas: 6 state reserves, 1 biosphere reserve, 396 strict reserves, 5 national parks, 30 regional parks, 29 biosphere polygons and 3 recuperation plots. The system of protected territories, the order of establishment, management and the legal basics of protection of protected territories is determined by the law of protected areas of LR that was approved in 1993. The purpose of reserves is to preserve unique landscape complexes, their biota gene pool, to organize scientific research and observation, to promote natural and cultural values. The aims of the establishment of Lithuanian national and regional parks are not only to preserve naturally and culturally valuable landscape but also to support ethno cultural traditions of Lithuanian regions and to provide conditions for recreation. The purpose of strict reserves is to preserve the complexes of natural and cultural heritage or separate landscape elements, plant and animal species, to secure landscape diversity and ecological balance. Live and inanimate natural monuments are preserved naturally for scientific, cultural, educational and aesthetic needs. The purpose of biosphere polygons is to preserve bird species by assuring favorable conditions, to perform the monitoring of protected species, scientific research, etc. The aim of the recuperation plots is to restore natural resources. The system of Lithuanian legal acts allows applying such limitations that are necessary to preserve existing values in every protected territory.

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Gerasimova, Larisa. "The formation of reserves of forthcoming expenses." Buhuchet v zdravoohranenii (Accounting in Healthcare), no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-17-2008-01.

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The article discusses the reserves that the institution generates. The new standards on reserves are analyzed, for whom they are intended and what reserves are needed in what cases. It is shown that all reserves are divided into those that must be formed necessarily and those that are created when necessary. The General algorithm of actions for creating a reserve for vacation payment and checking reserves for the past year, as well as the situation when the vacation and the reserve did not coincide, is considered. Examples of calculations and accounting for vacation pay that the reserve does not fully cover and calculation of the reserve per employee are given. A new reserve for cost reduction is considered. It is created if the institution produces products intended for sale. It is shown that the reserve for claims and claims is formed if, as of the reporting date, the institution has already submitted claims or is involved in legal proceedings. The author analyzes the creation of a restructuring reserve, which is necessary if an institution restructures its activities or is liquidated. It is shown that the formation of a reserve for warranty repairs is carried out in cases where the institution has a production facility and the corresponding conditions in contracts with customers. A provision for unprofitable contractual obligations is formed if you cannot terminate the agreement unilaterally. The accounting of reserves is considered. Contingent liabilities and their differences from reserves are analyzed.

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del Castillo-Mussot, Marcelo, Jorge A. Montemayor-Aldrete, Jeb Sprague-Silgado, and Alfredo de la Lama Garcia. "Global Capitalism and the Neoliberal Privatization of Energy Reserves: A Mexico Case Study." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 17, no. 1-2 (February 13, 2018): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341469.

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Abstract In 2013 state officials operating through the three federal government branches of Mexico mutilated the country’s constitution, privatizing upwards of seventy-five percent of the country’s hydrocarbon reserves. This article suggests that this neoliberal strategy, carried out by transnationally oriented elites operating through state apparatuses in Mexico (and promoted by officials in Washington and within the International Financial Institutions), is meant to benefit transnational capital. Such drastic change to Mexico’s legal order, we argue, in fact violated the country’s constitution and symbolized a break with the country’s earlier model of development. The federal government’s anti-constitutional behavior, specifically its violation of Article 136 of the constitution, provides a legal basis for dismissing top officials from their posts and moving toward a constitutional assembly.

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HERNÁNDEZ-VERME, PAULA. "INTERNATIONAL RESERVES CRISES, MONETARY INTEGRATION, AND THE PAYMENTS SYSTEM DURING THE INTERNATIONAL GOLD STANDARD." Macroeconomic Dynamics 9, no. 4 (September 2005): 516–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100505040289.

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I model an international payments system with a financial center and periphery to reproduce various aspects of the International Gold Standard. This period was characterized by frequent crises associated with scarce stocks of reserves, high short-term interest rates with subsequent gold inflows, and transmission of output contractions across countries. I find that a common international currency and no legal restrictions on exchange help the periphery share reserves with the financial center, improving the world's welfare and mitigating output losses due to reserve crises. Also, the center has incentives for restrictive rediscounting while the periphery has motives for developing central banking.

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Zhavoronkova, N. G., and V. B. Agafonov. "Environmental, Biological, Social Security: An Organizational and Legal Aspect." Lex Russica, no. 7 (July 23, 2020): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.164.7.043-049.

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The paper is devoted to the analysis of current trends and prospects of development of legislation of the Russian Federation in the area of environmental, biological and social safety. Based on the results of the study of mechanisms of operation of modern legal systems in the context of increasing exponential threats and risks, the authors carry out the general evaluation of the ability of emergency situations legislation to respond to contemporary challenges. The paper also identifies factors that could have a decisive impact on the formation of new environmental and biological security.The author substantiates that, since any extreme environmental and biological situation is sudden, rapid, and it rapidly transforms from local to global, the emergency legislation should be as specific, clear, logical as possible, consistent with the goals and objectives of prevention of harm to life and health. In this regard, it should be revised primarily from the perspective of notions, variability of consequences, establishment of causality, description of basic solutions and responsibility. It is fundamentally necessary to change the paradigm from the elimination of accidents, disasters, fires and other man-made accidents to the presentation of emergencies as a systemic crisis of management and law. Special acts should clarify the criteria for “danger” and “safety”, taking into account socio-economic and environmental consequences, the competence of the authorities, security provision economy, permissible risks and losses, mechanisms and protocols for the operation of the entire state and public machinery in emergencies.In addition, the law-maker should adopt the legislation regulating the health system, which must have sufficient reserves of capacity and resources for emergencies, the legislation regulating financial reserves for the establishment of special accounts and emergency financing mechanisms, as well as information legislation regulating emergency situations.

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Rushchyshyn, Nadiya, Tetyana Medynska, Uliana Nikonenko, Zoryana Kostak, and Roksolana Ivanova. "REGULATORY AND LEGAL COMPONENT IN ENSURING STATE’S FINANCIAL SECURITY." Business: Theory and Practice 22, no. 2 (August 24, 2021): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.13580.

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The purpose of the study is to scientifically substantiate the place and role of regulatory support in the formation of financial security, study the factors influencing its level and identify ways to improve it. The study used general scientific and special research methods: analysis, synthesis, methods of systematization and logical generalization − when disclosing the theoretical provisions of the financial security of the state and its legal regulation; correlation and regression analysis, econometric methods and models − to determine and study the influence of factor values on the volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves of the NBU; method of expert assessments − when developing recommendations for the formation of an effective mechanism for ensuring the financial security of the state, a graphical method. The nature and significance of the legal support of financial security are outlined, which is aimed at creating an improved legal framework and a system for controlling financial business entities in order to detect and prevent financial crimes. The factors influencing the level of the state’s financial security are considered. Their influence on the volume of gold and exchange reserves of the National Bank of Ukraine which in the conditions of financial stability should be balanced is determined. The mechanism to ensure the state’s financial security is offered, which further contributes to the implementation of a set of legal, structural and organizational, procedural, personnel, technological and resource tasks. In the future special attention should be paid to improving the current legal framework that would protect the interests of entities of a financial system from illegal encroachment and help recover offense damages. All these measures will contribute to raising the level of the state’s financial security and will help integrate the state into the international financial and economic space.

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Chebanova, Natalia, Victoria Orlova, Liliy Revutska, and M. Karpushenko. "Identification, Measurement and Reflection of Risks in Accounting." SHS Web of Conferences 67 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196701001.

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In the modern environment, the company constantly faces various types of risks in its business activities. Therefore, the problem of identifying and measuring risks is extremely relevant. The article proposes a scheme for managing financial risks, which includes identifying risk factors, determining the permissible risk level, analyzing individual transactions, developing risk mitigation measures. The article proposes to create the following funds, reserves and collateral: a bad debts reserve, provision for warranty service of clients, provision for social orientation, provision for restructuring, provision for burdensome contracts, fiscal (tax) reserves, commercial, industrial, informational risk reserves, future costs and payments reserve, legal provisions, provisions for impairment of assets, reserve fund. Risks should be taken only if the level of return on risky operations exceeds the level of risk. The issue of the choice of certain reserves, funds and provisions is regulated by the accounting policy of the enterprise, where their types and the order of their creation should be clearly defined. Such measures allow planning contingency expenses and informing users of financial statements of future risk events.

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Yap, Joseph Marmol. "Introduction of e-reserves at the De La Salle University – Manila libraries." Library Management 36, no. 4/5 (June 8, 2015): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-08-2014-0092.

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Purpose – In introducing e-reserves as an added service of the De La Salle University (DLSU) libraries, the purpose of this paper is to identify the best practices of handling e-reserves and its legal implications as one of the factors that might affect the introduction, development and implementation of such service. Design/methodology/approach – Four universities were considered based from the 2013 Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) university rankings in Asia. Only one academic library was maintaining an e-reserve system. It was consulted to know more about their e-reserve practices. Findings – The paper recommends to prepare the relevant e-reserve guidelines before it fully operates. Moreover, the Libraries should also collaborate with the office handling learning management systems so as to decide on how to manage the e-reserves. A needs assessment survey for faculty members is also being prepared so as to solicit responses from the teaching faculty if e-reserves is possible for DLSU to be established. Originality/value – The paper attempts to document the existing e-reserve system in Philippine academic libraries.

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Pashkevich, Natalia, and Tatyana Tarabarinova. "PROBLEMS OF LEGAL AND EVALUATION OF THE OBJECTS OF SUBSOIL USAGE." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 15, 2017): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol1.2593.

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Evaluation of the objects in the mineral resources sector depend on type of the legislative framework for the different stages of exploration process. The article covers to problems of legal and evaluation to objects of subsoil usage according to different stages of geological exploration in International Financial Reporting Standard 6 «Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources», Russian Financial Standard 24/2011 « Cost accounting of the mineral resources deployment», US GAAP and other normative documents. The results present the possibility of capitalizing mineral reserves as assets in mining oil and gas companies.

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Jaśkowski, Marek. "External Aspects of the EU ETS in Aviation in Light of CORSIA." International Community Law Review 23, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341477.

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Abstract According to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly Resolution A40-19, the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation mechanism (CORSIA) is to be the only global market-based measure (MBM) applied to CO2 emissions from international aviation. This solution has been dictated by the intention to avoid a patchwork of duplicative State or regional MBMs and to ensure that international aviation CO2 emissions should be accounted for only once. The present contribution assesses the margin of autonomy left for Emissions Trading System of the EU (EU ETS) mechanism in the light of this clause, considering its legal status and divergent interpretations. Moreover, the recent 2020 roadmap for revision of the EU ETS Directive concerning aviation, published by the European Commission, is briefly discussed.

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Guerra, Angélica, Paulo Tarso Sanches de Oliveira, Fábio de Oliveira Roque, Isabel M. D. Rosa, José Manuel Ochoa-Quintero, Rafael Dettogni Guariento, Carina Barbosa Colman, et al. "The importance of Legal Reserves for protecting the Pantanal biome and preventing agricultural losses." Journal of Environmental Management 260 (April 2020): 110128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110128.

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Gladun, Elena, and Gennadii Chebotarev. "Legal Measures for Efficient Environmental Regulations of Oil and Gas Industry in Western Siberia." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 7, no. 1 (December 5, 2015): 352–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_014.

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Most of Russia’s oil and gas resources are located in Western Siberia, which is an environmentally fragile area, a home for indigenous peoples, and one of the world’s greatest land-based sinks for carbon dioxide emissions. Russian oil and gas development over the last fifty years has had significant environmental impacts on Western Siberia and may also have affected the world environment by adding to global warming. The Tyumen Region is one of the biggest administrative regions in the area. 60 per cent of Russia’s oil reserves and 80 per cent of Russia’s gas reserves are located in the northern territories of the Tyumen Region, much on its continental shelf. The legislation governing environmental protection on the federal and regional level lacks clear-cut rules and measures that can safeguard one of the world’s most valuable environmental areas. Another negative impact of oil and gas development is the disturbance to indigenous peoples who have populated the northern Siberian territories for thousands of years. Today, protection of their territories and traditional way of life in the areas of industrial development is insufficient. The authors analyse the Russian environmental regulations of oil and gas, outline main shortcomings and formulate some legal measures that should be incorporated into federal legislation and legislation of the Tyumen Region.

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Lechini, Gladys, and Norma S. Rabbia. "INCIDENCIAS DE LA PRIMAVERA ÁRABE EN EL FÍN DE LA "ERA VERDE" EN LÍBIA." AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations 2, no. 3 (February 8, 2013): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2238-6912.36355.

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This paper intends to focus on the analysis of what happened in Libya during the Arab Spring, explaining the intentions of Western powers when opted to intervene in the African country and what the future reserves for the Libyans after the death of Muammar Gaddafi, bearing also in mind legal questions on intervention and interference.

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Ele, Millicent N. "Transhumance, Climate Change and Conflicts: Reflections on the Legal Implications of Grazing Reserves and Ruga Settlements in Nigeria." Journal of African Law 64, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855320000066.

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AbstractIn recent times, clash after clash has arisen between herdsmen and farmers in Nigeria. These conflicts were linked to the effects of climate change in northern Nigeria, but have been exacerbated by other factors including ethno-religious sentiments. Herdsmen forced to migrate southwards face intense competition for arable and grazing land with the farmers in Nigeria's middle belt. This invariably leads to conflicts, often resulting in gruesome murder and carnage. Thousands have died, many more have been maimed and millions displaced because of this crisis. As a solution, the Nigerian government proposes to set up grazing reserves and rural grazing area settlements in all states of the federation. The problem with this proposal is how and where to obtain the land. This article reflects on the legal implications of the proposal and argues in favour of grazing reserves and ranching on the basis of a private freehold / leasehold tenure arrangement, not through the compulsory acquisition of land by the government.

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Yu, Xiang, Wei Li, and Na Li. "A Legal Capacity View of China’s Social Organizations." China Nonprofit Review 7, no. 1 (May 27, 2015): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341284.

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Chinese social organizations are influenced by a variety of factors, including their relatively short history of development, the complex environment in which they grow, and their daunting mission of innovation. Viewing them from different perspectives leads to different conclusions. This paper examines the legal status of social organizations, exploring what they ought to be, could be, and are not. It finds that today, Chinese social organizations already have a certain capacity for behaving autonomously, the capacity for endorsement, and the capacity for public service. At the same time, there are imbalances in the development of the capacities of different types of social organizations. To build social organizations, there should be a full range of diagnostics regarding their capacities, relevant legal guidelines, concentration of resources to optimize their capacity structures, enlargement of their capacity reserves, and the endeavor to propel social organizations to play a greater role in social development and social management.

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Wasilewski, Maciej, Barbara Szulczewska, and Renata Giedych. "Visitors’ Perception of Urban Nature Reserves in Poland." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 3768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143768.

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The importance of green areas for the well-being of city dwellers, upgrading their living conditions and health, has been discussed in a great number of publications. Relatively few studies have been devoted to urban natural protected areas. These areas are distinct due to the very often conflicting goals of their establishment and the social functions that they perform. Legal regulations concerning the establishment and management of these areas in force in Poland do not take into account the conditions mentioned above. Therefore, it seems justified to change the regulations and to establish a separate form of nature protection, particularly in the case of the nature reserves, as these most often appear in Polish cities and have the highest protection status. In order to support or refute this stipulation, the urban nature reserve (UNR) visitors were questioned (through a survey available online for six months in 2018). Eight-hundred and sixty-nine respondents took part in the survey. It revealed that most of the respondents perceived nature reserves located in cities as recreational areas; however, they were also aware of their multifunctional character. Such results support the conclusion that in order to effectively manage this type of area in cities, a concept of distinctive urban conservation areas should be developed.

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Băbălau, Anişoara. "Tax Rules of Buildings from Craiova in 2019." Applied Mechanics and Materials 896 (February 2020): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.896.371.

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Taxes have a mandatory character, they are paid in money form by taxable subjects (natural, legal persons and entities without legal personality) for the realized income, the provision of services and the goods they own. Taxes can be collected using several methods: stop at source (the tax is transferred to the state budget by a third person); the method of applying and canceling mobile tax stamps; offsetting the amounts paid in addition; the method of claiming compensation for legal facilities; contesting the revenues illegally collected. According to the Decision no.533 / 2018 adopted by the Local Council of Craiova, for residential buildings and annex buildings owned by natural persons, the tax rate on buildings is 0.08% on the taxable value of the building. For non-residential buildings owned by natural persons, the tax rate is 0.4% applied to the taxable value of the building. In the case of buildings owned by legal entities, the tax rate on buildings for residential ones is 0.2%, and for non-residential ones 1.3% on the taxable value of the building. Also, tax exemptions were granted for the following categories of buildings: buildings which, according to the law, are considered historical, architectural or archaeological monuments, except for the rooms that are used for economic activities; buildings used for the provision of social services by non-governmental organizations and social enterprises as providers of social services; buildings used by non-profit organizations, used exclusively for non-profit activities, etc.

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Pototskaya, T. I. "GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS OF DETERMINING THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE CASPIAN SEA." Geopolitics and Ecogeodynamics of regions 6(16), no. 4 (2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2309-7663-2020-6-4-22-35.

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The article contains a geographical analysis of the Concept on the legal status of the Caspian Sea (2018). As the main geographical factors, the author considers: the natural properties of the Caspian Sea, as a geographical object (sea or lake); its natural resources (emphasis is placed on reserves and the territorial distribution of hydrocarbon raw materials and biological resources); the geographical location of the Caspian countries (the continental nature of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, which forms the dependence of their international economic activity on neighboring countries — Russia, Iran; geographic location of the Caspian Sea (transit — the location at the junction of the Central Asian region, rich in hydrocarbon raw materials and Europe, China, its leading consumers

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Voskresenskaya, E. V., N. N. Zhilskiy, and E. A. Sharyapova. "Problems of Legal Regulation of Subsoil Use in Modern Russia." Sociology and Law, no. 4 (January 18, 2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2019-4-60-65.

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The article deals with public relations that affect controversial issues of subsoil use. The relevance of the topic is not in doubt, since article 9, paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation [1] defines that land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of life and activities of peoples living in the relevant territory. Among natural resources, a special place is occupied by subsoil resources, as they have a large amount of very valuable properties. In the modern Russian economy, the problem of effective subsoil use, which is associated with the need for advanced reconstruction of the mineral resource base and replenishment of strategic mineral reserves, should be one of the most important priorities of Russian state policy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Offsetting of legal reserves'

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