Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Offshore oil production'

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-118).
This thesis presents an approach to applying Systems Architecture methods to the development of large, complex, commercial systems, particularly offshore oil and gas productions systems. The aim of this research was to assist BP in the development of concepts for a multi-billion dollar oil production system, particularly in the unprecedented deep water arctic locations prone to seismic activity, as well as in existing fields that must be extended. The thesis demonstrates that these systems can be decomposed and analyzed using rigorous, methodical system architecture thinking that archives and represents tacit knowledge in several graphical frameworks. The thesis breaks the architecture of oil and gas production systems into two problems. The first problem is the architecture of one facility and one reservoir; a classic problem of assigning function to form. The second problem is the architecture of multiple facilities and multiple reservoirs; a classic problem of connection and routing. For the first problem, the production process is decomposed using Object Process Methodology (OPM). The decompositions provide a methodology to capture industry knowledge that is not always explicitly stated and provides a framework to explore the entire architectural design space. The thesis then describes how these decompositions of general and specific oil systems can be used to develop software models, using the meta-language tool OPN (Object Process Network), that successfully generate thousands of architecture concepts. This set of feasible architectures can be prioritized and better understood using metrics in an effort to down-select to a handful of preferred concepts to be carried forward for more detailed study and eventual development.
(cont.) The approach to the second problem demonstrates that even a modest set of facilities and reservoirs have a huge number of connection possibilities. This space of connection possibilities is large and daunting, and typically is not fully explored. To solve the second problem the thesis presents two models that generate all the possible connection schemes between elements in a system, in this case oil facilities and reservoirs. It is then demonstrated that these possibilities can be prioritized through the use of metrics. The thesis presents a method that can identify new concepts, highlight preferred sets of concepts, and underline patterns common to those concepts. This method increases the architects' overall knowledge and understanding of the entire space of possibilities, and ensures that all options are considered in the development of complex systems.
by James Keller.
S.M.

This thesis investigates the effect of different design capacities on the economic return of a number or hypothetical offshore oilfields. In particular, it investigates the optimum design capacity of both a main field and a satellite field being produced over the main field platform. The optimum timing of first oil from the satellite field is also investigated.

Seabed environmental monitoring programmes have been conducted at oil installations in the North Sea for many years. Such studies seek to determine the areal extent of the spread of contaminated cuttings and effects on assemblages of benthic organisms. Survey programmes usually follow a prescriptive programme with respect to the numbers of samples, mesh size and level of taxonomic identification. This thesis examines the effects of altering these survey components on the information content of three commonly used ordination methods, PCA, DCA and CA, with the aim of determining the minimum necessary expenditure to show the same outputs. The use of microbial bioassays was investigated as a potential alternative means of assessing the extent of infaunal disturbance. Minimum number of replicates. When analysing data from a strong environmental gradient, one replicate sample per station provided the same visual information as the total data set of two replicates. The DCA and CA procedures provided outputs which were easily interpretable ecologically, but the PCA biplots were difficult to interpret. Analysis of data from a weak environmental gradient required a higher number of replicates for each technique and outputs were more variable at low replicate numbers. Taxonomic resolution. When infauna were aggregated to the taxonomic level of class, the information content of the three ordination methods was the same as recorded for species level. However, at the taxonomic levels of order and phylum the information on the bi-plots was difficult to interpret. Although this suggests that there exists the potential for reducing the cost of analysis, further corroboration with different data sets would be required. Sieve size. Primary screening of 0.5 mm mesh fauna by a 1.0 mm mesh may be a more cost effective strategy than either a 1.0 mm or 0.5 mm fraction although there was some loss of information on the ordination bi-plots.

Offshore oil and gas exploitation is principally conducted using dry or wet tree systems, otherwise called the subsea Xmas tree system. Due to the shift to deeper waters, subsea production system (SPS) has come to be a preferred technology with attendant economic benefits. At the centre of the SPS is the subsea control module (SCM), responsible for the proper functioning and monitoring of the entire system. With increasing search for hydrocarbons in deep and ultra-deepwaters, the SCM system faces important environmental, safety and reliability challenges and little research has been done in this area. Analysis of the SCM reliability then becomes very fundamental due to the huge cost associated with failure. Several tools are available for this analysis, but the FMECA stands out due to its ability to not only provide failure data, but also showcase the system’s failure modes and mechanisms associated with the subsystems and components being evaluated. However, the technique has been heavily challenged in various literatures for several reasons. To close this gap, a novel multi-criteria approach is developed for the analysis and ranking of the SCM failures modes. This research specifically focusses on subsea tree-mounted electro-hydraulic (E-H) SCM responsible for the underwater control of oil and gas production. A risk identification of the subsea control module is conducted using industry experts. This is followed by a comprehensive component based FMECA analysis of the SCM conducted with the conventional RPN technique, which reveals the most critical failure modes for the SCM. A novel framework is developed using multi-criteria fuzzy TOPSIS methodology and applied to the most critical failure modes obtained from the FMECA evaluation using unconventional parameters. Finally, a validation of these results is performed using a stochastic input evaluation and SCM failure data obtained from the offshore industry standard reliability database, OREDA.

The acquisition of representative subsea fluid sampling from offshore field development asset is crucial for the correct evaluation of oil reserves and for the design of subsea production facilities. Due to rising operational expenditures, operators and manufacturers have been working hard to provide systems to enable cost effective subsea fluid sampling solutions. To achieve this, any system has to collect sufficient sample volumes to ensure statistically valid characterisation of the sampled fluids. In executing the research project, various subsea sampling methods used in the offshore industry were examined and ranked using multi criteria decision making; a solution using a remote operated vehicle was selected as the preferred method, to compliment the subsea multiphase flowmeter capability, used to provide well diagnostics to measure individual phases – oil, gas, and water. A mechanistic (compositional fluid tracking) model is employed, using the fluid properties that are equivalent to the production flow stream being measured, to predict reliable reservoir fluid characteristics on the subsea production system. This is applicable even under conditions where significant variations in the reservoir fluid composition occur in transient production operations. The model also adds value in the decision to employ subsea processing in managing water breakthrough as the field matures. This can be achieved through efficient processing of the fluid with separation and boosting delivered to the topside facilities or for water re-injection to the reservoir. The combination of multiphase flowmeter, remote operated vehicle deployed fluid sampling and the mechanistic model provides a balanced approach to reservoir performance monitoring. Therefore, regular and systematic field tailored application of subsea fluid sampling should provide detailed understanding on formation fluid, a basis for accurate prediction of reservoir fluid characteristic, to maximize well production in offshore field development.

As perspectivas de aumento da produção nacional de petróleo, após as recentes descobertas do pólo pré-sal, e o consequente aumento do número de pontos de escoamento via modal marítimo, vêm tornando os sistemas logísticos de suprimento das refinarias nacionais e da exportação dos volumes excedentes cada vez mais complexos. Além destes aspectos, há que se considerar a curva de produção de água, que cresce ao longo da vida útil de um reservatório de petróleo, influenciando na sua qualidade. Diante deste contexto, é notória a necessidade de se criar um processo de gestão de estoques, que seja capaz de definir os seus níveis ideais, prever os estoques e a qualidade do óleo armazenado, bem como sugerir o tamanho dos lotes para a sua retirada, para suportar o processo de tomada de decisão quanto à programação de navios para o escoamento da produção, de modo a garantir a sua continuidade, atendendo às especificações de qualidade requeridas, além de considerar a análise do trade-off entre os custos do transporte marítimo e o custo de oportunidade do óleo armazenado. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e o início da implantação de um processo de gestão de estoques na área de Exploração e Produção de uma empresa integrada do segmento de petróleo e gás, onde se observou a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um simulador para prever a qualidade e o estoque em unidades marítimas de escoamento de petróleo. Inicialmente, a maioria das variáveis de entrada no modelo será determinística, porém, recomenda-se que, no futuro, sejam incorporadas as demais aleatoriedades, de modo que o simulador seja capaz de capturar a natureza estocástica do processo e sua complexidade.
The perspectives in the rise of the national production of petrol, after the recent discoveries of the pre - salt pole and consequently the rise in the number of points of drainage via maritime modal have been turning the logistics systems of supplements of the national refineries and the exports of the exceeding volumes more and more complex. Further more one must consider the curve in the production of water that rises along with the production in a living reservoir of petrol influencing in its quality. Taking this context into consideration it is notorious that it is needed to create a process of managing stocks that is able to define its ideal levels , forecast the stocks and the quality of storied oil, as well as suggesting its withdrawal to support the process of decision making related to the programming of ships for the flow of production so as to guaranty its continuity regarding the specifications of quality required besides considering the analysis of its trade off between the costs of maritime transport and the cost of the opportunity of stored oil. This paper presents the developing and the beginning of the implementation of a managing process of stock in the area of upstream of an integrated company in the gas and petrol segment where there was the necessity of development of a simulator to preview the quality and the stock in maritime unities in the flow of petrol. To begin with most of the variables of entry in the model will be determining but it is recommended that in the future all the other variables are incorporated so as the simulator is able to capture the stockiest nature of the process and its complexity.

Dans l’attente d’une augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique, les énergies fossiles, telles que les hydrocarbures, restent encore la première source d’approvisionnement énergétique de l’Homme. La raréfaction des hydrocarbures sur le continent conduit les industriels à se tourner vers l’offshore. Ainsi, aux Etats-Unis (1er pays producteur de pétrole au monde en 2015), la production pétrolière offshore (principalement concentrée dans le Golfe du Mexique) représente plus de la moitié de la production nationale totale de pétrole. La France, quant à elle, se tourne désormais vers l’exploration de sa très grande zone offshore s’étendant sur les quatre coins du monde (notamment au large des côtes guyanaises). Une telle importance économique ne doit pas passer sous silence la dangerosité de l’exploitation pétrolière offshore. L’explosion du Deepwater Horizon en avril 2010, au large des côtes de la Louisiane (Golfe du Mexique ; Etats-Unis) en est une parfaite illustration (11 salariés tués, endommagement de l’écosystème, victimes collatérales, etc.). Le droit doit pouvoir appréhender efficacement les risques générés par l’exploitation des hydrocarbures en offshore. L’étude comparative des législations française et états-unienne met en exergue les carences du droit français. L’exploitation des ressources minérales du plateau continental des Etats-Unis, la répression des déversements illicites d’hydrocarbures et, la réparation des dommages qui en résultent, sont régies par des lois fédérales spéciales. A contrario, l’exploitation du plateau continental et de la Zone économique exclusive française s’inscrit dans un cadre législatif et règlementaire plus général. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de proposer une réforme de la législation actuelle. Dans cette optique, ce travail a vocation à émettre des propositions de réforme. La nouvelle législation française spéciale doit être pensée dans une approche systémique. Les éléments qui composent le système doivent interagir. Le premier élément est un régime optimal de prévention qui, s’articule autour de la sécurité des travailleurs et des installations. Le second élément est un régime de répression des infractions à la législation de prévention et, du délit de pollution par les hydrocarbures. Le troisième élément est un régime d’indemnisation civile de plein droit des conséquences dommageables de l’accident pétrolier (lorsqu’il n’est pas couvert par le régime exclusif d’indemnisation des accidents du travail) et du déversement d’hydrocarbures. Responsabilités pénale et civile concourent par ailleurs à la prévention par la dissuasion, cela en vue d’une meilleure internalisation des risques dans la politique managériale des entreprises pétrolières et parapétrolières intervenant sur les sites
Waiting for a complete change to the development of renewable energies, fossil energies, such as conventional oil and gas, remain still the primary source of energy supply. The rarefaction of conventional oil on the continent has lead major oil companies to turn to the offshore. Thus, in the United States (First oil producer country in the world in 2015) the offshore oil exploitation (mainly concentrated in the Gulf of Mexico) represents more than half of the national oil production. France, as for it, turns now to the exploration of its very great offshore zone extending on the four world’s corners (particularly, off the Guyana’s coasts). This significant economic development should not overlook the dangerousness of offshore oil activities. The explosion of Deepwater Horizon in April 2010, off the Louisiana’s coasts (Gulf of Mexico, The United States) is a perfect illustration (11 killed employees, ecosystem damaged, collateral victims, etc). The Law must be able to frame the risks generated by the offshore oil activities. The comparative study of French and American legal systems highlights French law’s gaps. The exploitation of the American continental shelf’s mineral resources, the repression of unlawful oil discharges and, the remedies of damages, which result from it, are governed by special federal laws. A contrario, the exploitation of the French continental shelf and exclusive economic Zone is governed by general laws. It thus appears necessary to promote a reform of the current legislation. Accordingly, this work is to put forth reform proposals. The special French new legislation must be worked out in a systemic approach. The elements which compose the system must interact. The first element is an optimal prevention that is articulated around the security of the workers and the installations. The second element is the repression of the offenses to the legislation of prevention and, unlawful oil discharges. The third element is a strict liability for the damages result from oil accident (when they are not covered by the exclusive liability for the damages result from occupational accidents) and oil spill. Criminal and civil liabilities also contribute to the prevention by the deterrent for better consideration of risks in the management of oil companies and others companies involving in offshore oil activities

PETRÓLEO BRASILEIRO S. A.
O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise termodinâmica dos processos de captura e reinjeção de CO2, que se tornaram indispensáveis à produção de óleo e gás nas instalações de petróleo offshore no Brasil desde o início do desenvolvimento dos campos do pré-sal. O petróleo dos reservatórios da camada pré-sal da Bacia de Santos apresenta uma particularidade importante, quando comparado com o petróleo dos campos pós-sal do Brasil. A composição do gás natural do pré-sal apresenta grande teor de CO2, podendo ultrapassar 15 por cento, enquanto que a composição típica do gás natural dos campos pós-sal apresenta teor de CO2 abaixo de 1 por cento. Isto exige que equipamentos e operações de processamento do petróleo sejam mais complexos, pois devem ser capazes de: (i) separar o CO2 do gás produzido, (ii) comprimir as correntes de CO2 e de gás natural com baixo teor de CO2 e enviá-las para seus diversos destinos (reinjeção, gas lift, exportação etc.). Consequentemente, com a introdução destes novos processos para captura e injeção do CO2, houve aumento da demanda energética nestas unidades. Este trabalho visa estudar os processos envolvidos na captura e reinjeção de CO2, uma vez que utilizam novas técnicas e tecnologias pouco divulgadas na literatura acadêmica. Busca, também, contribuir para o cálculo do consumo adicional energético nas plataformas de produção de petróleo offshore, tipo FPSO, devido à inclusão da captura e reinjeção de CO2. E, por último, apresenta uma breve análise do impacto ambiental que tais processos podem causar, considerando a emissão de poluentes atmosféricos, como CO2 e CH4, principalmente.
This work presents a thermodynamic analysis of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and reinjection processes, which have become indispensable for oil and gas production, particularly in the Brazilian offshore pre-salt fields. In comparison to the Brazilian post-salt reservoir, the petroleum from the Santos Basin pre-salt reservoir has a much larger CO2 content, which can exceed 15 percent, as opposed to less than 1 percent in the post-salt case. This peculiarity demands more complex operational equipment and processes that: (i) separate the CO2 from the produced gas; (ii) compress both the CO2 and low content CO2 natural gas streams and (iii) direct them to their subsequent destinations (reinjection, gas lift, exportation etc.). Consequently, these new capture and injection processes increase the energy demand on these production units. The present study aims to describe the processes involved in the CO2 capture and reinjection, since there is a lack of references in the literature about these new techniques and technology. Furthermore, it contributes to the evaluation of the additional energy consumption of an offshore Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading unit (FPSO), due to the inclusion of processes related to the capture and reinjection of CO2. Finally, a brief analysis is made on the environmental impact from these processes, considering the additional emission of atmospheric pollutants such as CO2 and CH4.

Currently, Brazil has 113 petroleum platforms, been 79 fixed and 34 floating, with daily production capacity of 2,1 million barrels of oil. Given this production is necessary a strategy for the efficient distribution of oil to refineries, where it will be processed and refined. Oil from the platforms is transported to refineries through pipelines or ships, with much of the operational cost of production is due to transport. For this reason the minimization of the cost of transport is extremely important. This work has for objective, using the technique of mathematical programming (linear mixed integer programming - LMIP), reduce costs arising from transport system. The model consists of a heterogeneous fleet of ships, which have compartments that can only be occupied by a single type of product on each trip. Initially are generated all possible routes and then selected the vessels, associated with their routes in order to attend the demand of refineries and the need for removal of oil in the storage tanks of the platforms. For the implementation of the model was used the software GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System), together with the method of CPLEX optimization. The results were satisfactory.
Atualmente, o Brasil possui 113 plataformas de petróleo, sendo 79 fixas e 34 flutuantes, com capacidade de produção de 2,1 milhões de barris diários de petróleo. Diante desta produção torna-se necessária uma estratégia eficiente para a distribuição deste petróleo para as refinarias, onde será processado e refinado. O petróleo proveniente das plataformas é transportado para as refinarias, através de navios ou dutos, sendo que grande parte do custo operacional de produção é devido ao seu transporte. Por este motivo a minimização do custo de transporte é extremamente importante. Este trabalho tem por objetivo, utilizando a técnica de programação matemática (programação linear inteira mista – PLIM), reduzir os custos decorrentes do sistema de transporte. O modelo consiste em uma frota heterogênea de navios, os quais apresentam compartimentos que só podem ser ocupados por um único tipo de produto, em cada viagem. Inicialmente são geradas todas as possíveis rotas e, posteriormente, selecionados os navios, associados às respectivas rotas, de forma a atender a demanda das refinarias e a necessidade de retirada de petróleo dos tanques de armazenamento das plataformas. Para a implementação do modelo foi utilizado o software GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System), juntamente com o método de otimização CPLEX. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios.

Energy issues have always been on the global economics and geopolitics agenda, even though energy sources have been changing over time. In recent years, the awareness of Arctic offshore oil and natural gas development has escalated, yielding economic opportunities and incurring risks. The offshore Arctic is one of ‘edges’ of the global petroleum industry. The importance of these oil and natural gas resources extends beyond regional and national boarders and local economies, as these activities have become a key geopolitical, economic, and social concern. In an attempt to shed light on this growing issue, this thesis outlines the Arctic is a link in the global energy system and shows how it plays a special role. The aim of this research is to provide deeper insight into offshore hydrocarbon development activities in the Arctic. Historical approach is applied as a main conceptual framework to provide a critical link of past to the present in order to explore the origin and intensity of these activities in the Arctic. This licentiate thesis presents the results of an ongoing doctoral research project. The study provides several insights into Arctic offshore oil and natural gas resources development in the global context via an analysis of the relevant investments and technology from a country-by-country and historical perspective in the maximum period time frame between 1920 and 2025. The two papers included in this thesis explore the impact of investment and technology. This research project illustrates the importance of several factors influencing the Arctic offshore oil and natural gas production and highlights the most promising areas for cooperation at the industrial and global level. The implications of the study results can be useful for identifying and emphasizing the factors that influence offshore Arctic hydrocarbon resource development and investment trends, as well as making assumptions regarding future development. Topics for further research are discussed and refined relating to the ongoing study and the conceptual framework presented.

QC 20150407

The purpose of the thesis is to study fluid displacement operations in complex pipe geometries utilized in offshore petroleum industry. Typically, MEG or Methanol is circulated through specific sections of the subsea production systems to lower the hydrocarbon content. This is often done at the beginning of production after a prolonged production shut-in, to avoid formation of hydrates or to minimize the emissions of chemicals to the environment. Experimental and numerical analyses have been conducted modifying a previously built pipe system formed a U-shaped jumper, adding a fluid recirculation line, a jet pump, a centrifugal pump, some new valves and sensors. During the experiments the volume fraction in the U-shaped jumper of the displacing fluid was estimated versus time by measuring the level of the oil-water interface in each pipe segment. The system was filled and displaced with both distilled water with 3% water content of salt and Exxsol D60. Numerical simulations were performed using the one-dimensional transient multi-phase flow simulator LedaFlow. It has been investigated the necessary displacing time required to achieve target hydrocarbon concentration in the domain, optimal displacement rate for efficiently removal of hydrocarbons, and how these variables depend on two different fluids (oil and water) and their properties. The displacement has been also modelled including or removing the recirculation line. After carrying out the simulations and performing the experiments, the results were compared, also against a new simplified mathematical model based on uniform mixing in a tank with the same volume as the pipe geometry. The results show that there is a fair agreement between the experimental results, and the results of the simplified model and the LedaFlow simulations. When including the recirculation line it took longer time to reach the target volume fraction, but the displacing rate can be lower than when the recirculation line is not present.

Atualmente, há inúmeras instalações offshore operando em regimes instáveis de escoamento. Tal regime é resultado de diâmetros superdimensionados das linhas de produção ou baixa vazão dos poços. Deve-se notar que, muitas vezes, o regime intermitente se instala no final da vida produtiva dos poços, devido ao declínio natural dos reservatórios, o que causa uma redução da produção do campo de petróleo. Tal instabilidade traz dificuldades na produção offshore, pois pode causar danos nos equipamentos da plataforma ou perdas de produção. Neste âmbito, é necessário estudar meios de atenuar ou suprimir este tipo de regime de escoamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver métodos de forma a garantir a estabilidade do sistema através da modulação adequada da válvula choke, reduzindo ou mesmo eliminando o comportamento oscilatório da produção, mantendo a válvula choke na maior abertura possível, trazendo desta forma, ganhos econômicos através do aumento da produtividade do poço. Para a análise do sistema, utilizou-se um modelo dinâmico simplificado encontrado na literatura. Este modelo foi escolhido por reproduzir adequadamente o escoamento em golfadas severas, causado pela presença de trecho horizontal descendente na linha de produção. O sistema foi também modelado no OLGA®, sendo este, um software comercial com uso bastante disseminado na indústria de petróleo e com grande aplicação em simulações que exigem uma análise do comportamento transiente do problema. A avaliação da eficácia dos métodos de supressão das golfadas foi realizada através de duas abordagens distintas. Inicialmente, utilizou-se um controlador PI adaptativo com capacidade de operação em diferentes regiões de aberturas da válvula choke. Por fim, utilizou-se um Regulador Linear Quadrático associado a um observador de estados com filtro de Kalman Unscented com o objetivo de verificar como o sistema se comportaria em caso de necessidade de um observador para compensar uma possível falha do sensor submarino de pressão. Em ambos os casos, notou-se redução nas oscilações devido a golfadas do poço. As soluções foram implementadas através da integração entre o modelo do OLGA® e os algoritmos desenvolvidos no MATLAB utilizando servidor OPC.
Nowadays, there are numerous offshore installations operating in unstable flow regimes. Such unstable flow is the result of oversized diameters of production lines or low flow wells. It should be noticed that often the intermittent system occurs at the end of the productive life of wells due to the natural decline of the reservoir, which causes a reduction in oil field production. Such instability brings difficulties in offshore production, it can cause damage to the platform equipment or production losses. In this context, it is necessary to consider means to reduce or remove this type of flow regime. The objective of this work is to develop methods to ensure system stability by adequate modulation of choke valve, reducing or even eliminating the oscillatory behavior of the production, with the biggest choke valve opening possible, bringing economic gains by increasing well production The system analysis was carried out using a simplified dynamic model found in literature. This model was chosen by appropriately reproduction of severe slug flow, caused by the presence of downward horizontal section in the production line. The problem was also modeled on OLGA®, which is a commercial software with widespread use in the oil industry and large application in simulations that require a transient behavior analysis. The evaluation of the slugs suppression methods was carried out through two different approaches. First, an adaptive PI controller with capability to operate in different regions of choke valve openings was used. Finally, a Quadratic Linear Regulator associated to an Unscented Kalman Filter was used to verify how the system would behave in the event of a possible failure of subsea pressure sensor. In both cases, there was a reduction in oscillations due to slugs. The solutions were implemented through communication between the OLGA® model and the control algorithms developed in MATLAB using OPC server.

Thesis (PhD) -- University of Canberra, 2007.
Thesis submitted to fulfil the requirements of the unit of Masters Thesis in Administration, and complete the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Administration, University of Canberra, July 2007. Bibliography: leaves 177-205.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é propor a utilização do arcabouço teórico das opções reais e a posterior aplicação do modelo binomial na avaliação de projetos relacionados à exploração e produção de petróleo, tendo em vista a flexibilidade gerencial, os riscos e as incertezas técnicas e de mercado que norteiam o setor petrolífero upstream. Ademais, a aplicação do modelo proposto capta o papel crucial da volatilidade do preço do petróleo na avaliação da decisão de investimento e revela a existência dos custos irrecuperáveis extremos decorrentes do ativo real, neste caso, a unidade marítima de petróleo. Assim, com o intuito de prolongar o ciclo de produção de unidade marítima de petróleo com características preestabelecidas, propõe-se a avaliação econômica de duas alternativas tecnológicas para a extensão de vida útil da plataforma marítima objeto de estudo, sendo estas alternativas tratadas como opções de expansão. As alternativas propostas são duas: o afretamento da UMS (Unidade de Manutenção e Segurança) acoplada à plataforma e a docagem da plataforma a partir da desmobilização, isto é, o descomissionamento, e envio da plataforma ao estaleiro. Na aplicação da primeira opção, a UMS se configura em uma embarcação equipada com toda a estrutura necessária para a realização de serviço de manutenção e revitalização, sem que ocorra interrupção da produção de petróleo. Por outro lado, a opção de descomissionamento é desprovida de receita até o retorno da plataforma do estaleiro. No que tange à metodologia do presente trabalho, o modelo binomial com probabilidades de risco neutro é aplicado considerando a receita proveniente da produção de petróleo de uma plataforma marítima com sistema de produção flutuante com 14 poços, sendo 10 produtores e 4 injetores e sustentada por 8 linhas de ancoragem. Também é definida a volatilidade do projeto como sendo a volatilidade do preço do petróleo. Por fim, as opções de expansão podem ser exercidas a qualquer momento antes da data de expiração das opções, data esta coincidente para ambas as opções e referente ao término de contrato de afretamento da UMS, que corresponde ao período de cinco anos. Neste período de cinco anos, as duas alternativas são exercidas a partir do primeiro ano, com receitas e custos distintos em virtude das especificidades decorrentes das alternativas tecnológicas propostas. A partir da aplicação do modelo binomial com probabilidades de risco neutro sob o enfoque das opções reais, as duas alternativas tecnológicas são tratadas como opções americanas na avaliação econômica da revitalização e manutenção da plataforma marítima. Também realiza-se a análise tradicional do VPL para as duas alternativas. As duas análises apontam para a escolha da UMS como alternativa ótima de expansão da vida útil da plataforma. Ademais, a análise sob o enfoque das opções reais capta um valor adicional em ambas as alternativas tecnológicas, fruto das características inerentes à indústria petrolífera. Quanto à estrutura do trabalho em questão se divide em cinco capítulos: introdução, referencial teórico, metodologia, apresentação dos resultados e as considerações finais.
This paper purposes the use of theoretical framework of real options and posterior employment of binomial model in project evaluation concerning the exploration and production of oil, in view of manager flexibility, risks, techniques and market uncertainties that guide the upstream oil sector. Furthermore, the apliccation of the proposed model captures the crucial role of the volatility of oil price in the evaluation of investment decision and brings out the presence of high sunk costs resulting from real asset, in this case, offshore oil platform. Thus, in order to prolong the maritime unit of production cycle oil with predetermined characteristics, it is proposed economic evaluation of two alternative technologies for the lifetime extension of offshore studied, and these alternatives treated as options to expansion. The alternatives proposals are: the chartering of MSU (Maintenance and Safety Unit) coupled to platform and the send of offshore platform in the dock after its decommissioning and its send to shipyard. In the implementation of the first option, MSU configures a equipped vessel with all the necessary structure to perform maintenance and revitalization without interruption of oil production. On the other hand, the option of decommissioning is devoid of revenue until the regress of the offshore platform from the shipyard. Concerning the methodology of this study, the binomial model with risk-neutral probabilities is applied regarding the revenue arising from the oil production of offshore platform with floating production system that accept 14 oil wells, including 10 production well and 4 injection well and supported by 8 anchor line. The volatility of project is also defined as the volatility of oil price. Lastly, the options to expand may be exercised anytime before its expiration date that coincides for both options and concerning the end of contract of MSU that correspond to the period of five years. In this period, both alternatives are exercised from the first year, with differents revenue and costs by virtue of specificities resulting from the technological alternatives proposals. From the application of binomial model with risk-neutral probabilities from the standpoint of real options, these two alternatives are treated as american options in the evaluation of revitalization and maintenance of offshore platform. Also takes place the traditional analysis of NPV for both alternatives. These two analysis point at choice of MSU as the best alternative for prolonging the useful life of offshore platform. Moreover, the analysis from the standpoint of real options capture additional value in both technological alternatives, the result of characteristics inherent in the oil industry. As for the structure of the work in question is divided into five chapters: introduction, theoretical framework, methodology, presentation of results and final considerations.

This research study is an examination of the influencing factors on lead time performance in a capital equipment supply environment. The research is being undertaken as a case study of the capital equipment supply environment of the offshore oil exploration and production industry on the UK Continental Shelf. The study methodology is justified as a case supply environment, with multiple sources of data from research instruments including: exploratory and detailed interviews and structured survey methods. The literature review examines time-based approaches to supply chain improvement and the literature related to supply chain integration. Relevant literature related to supply chain systems/structures and relationships/infrastructure are examined as potential influencing factors on lead time performance. A background of the generic case environment is provided, along with relevant literature related to the supply chain in oil exploration and production. The results of a survey of the state of integration of the offshore supply chain are presented and analysed, followed by the results of a structured mail survey within the capital equipment environment. The survey information is used to inform the Case Research phase and define a division of the case environment related to different complexity levels. Individual cases are analysed based on the framework from the literature review and refined from the survey phase. The research questions are addressed at the level of each individual case and propositions derived which are then validated based on cross-case comparisons. Aspects of literature that are supported by the study are discussed along with those areas where there is a contribution to literature. Contribution to supply chain theory is justified related to the derivation of a Types Classification Model as a means of understanding the generic nature of a capital equipment supply chain. Contribution to methodology is justified, based on the use of a supply environment for study and the use of a supply chain trace-back method.

This research study is an examination of the influencing factors on lead time performance in a capital equipment supply environment. The research is being undertaken as a case study of the capital equipment supply environment of the offshore oil exploration and production industry on the UK Continental Shelf. The study methodology is justified as a case supply environment, with multiple sources of data from research instruments including: exploratory and detailed interviews and structured survey methods. The literature review examines time-based approaches to supply chain improvement and the literature related to supply chain integration. Relevant literature related to supply chain systems/structures and relationships/infrastructure are examined as potential influencing factors on lead time performance. A background of the generic case environment is provided, along with relevant literature related to the supply chain in oil exploration and production. The results of a survey of the state of integration of the offshore supply chain are presented and analysed, followed by the results of a structured mail survey within the capital equipment environment. The survey information is used to inform the Case Research phase and define a division of the case environment related to different complexity levels. Individual cases are analysed based on the framework from the literature review and refined from the survey phase. The research questions are addressed at the level of each individual case and propositions derived which are then validated based on cross-case comparisons. Aspects of literature that are supported by the study are discussed along with those areas where there is a contribution to literature. Contribution to supply chain theory is justified related to the derivation of a Types Classification Model as a means of understanding the generic nature of a capital equipment supply chain. Contribution to methodology is justified, based on the use of a supply environment for study and the use of a supply chain trace-back method.

In recent years oil and gas mining has moved into increasingly deeper water in search of undeveloped fields. As water depths approach and exceed 3000 m conventional offshore foundation systems become inefficient and ineffective in stabilising platforms and floating production storage units. The trend of supporting structure design in deep water has been to install catenary and taut leg mooring systems. Consequently, many types of anchoring systems are being developed and used in order to withstand large mooring forces. The SEPLA (Suction Embedded Plate Anchor) is ideal for use in this situation. This project has employed advanced numerical techniques and centrifuge testing to study pullout behaviour of plate anchor foundations in different soil profiles and suction caisson installation effect with the aim of generating a robust framework for design. The behaviour of strip and circular plate anchors during vertical pullout in uniform and normally consolidated clays has been studied by means of small strain and large deformation finite element analyses. Both fully bonded (attached), and ‘vented’ (no suction on rear face), anchors have been considered. The current numerical results were compared with existing laboratory test data, finite element results and analytical solutions. This study showed that the ultimate pullout capacity factors (Nc) for deep embedment were 11.6 and 11.7 for smooth and rough strip anchors and 13.1 and 13.7 for smooth and rough circular anchors respectively. When the anchor base was vented, the soil stayed attached to the anchor base for deep embedment, and the pullout capacity was therefore the same as for the attached anchor. The separation depth ratio, Hs/B or Hs/D was found to increase linearly with the normalised strength ratio, su/γ'B or su/γ'D.
Numerical simulation has been conducted to assess the bearing capacity for inclined pullout plate anchors. This bearing capacity analysis was performed by embedding the anchors in clay with different initial inclinations and different embedment ratios. Both the attached anchor base and vented base were evaluated. The results showed that the bearing capacities of the inclined plate anchors were associated with the inclination angles and base conditions. The separation depth of the plate anchors can be assessed by a simple equation from vertically pulled out plate anchors. Large deformation finite element analyses of plate anchor keying in clay has been performed. The effects of anchor thickness, anchor padeye eccentricity, anchor-soil interface roughness, soil shear strength, anchor submerged weight and soil disturbance have been studied with anchors in uniform or normally consolidated clays. The numerical results were compared with transparent soil test and existing centrifuge test data. The study showed that the RITSS method works well in simulating the anchor keying process. Anchor padeye eccentricity played an important role in anchor keying. A normalised anchor geometry ratio was used to estimate the loss in embedment during plate anchor’s keying. Both finite element analysis and centrifuge tests have been conducted to study the suction caisson installation effect. In finite element analysis, the soil disturbed zone varied from 3 times the caisson wall thickness to a full area inside a caisson.
Centrifuge tests of suction embedded plate anchors were conducted in normally consolidated kaolin clay and transparent uniform soil. It can be concluded that the reduction in anchor capacity due to soil disturbance after suction caisson installation depends on re-consolidation time and soil sensitivity. The soil disturbance also reduced the loss of embedment during the anchor keying process.

In dieser Arbeit wurden Angebotskurven für 22 bedeutende Ölförderländer ermittelt und anschließend zu globalen Angebotskurven aggregiert. Gemäß den ermittelten Angebotskurven sind nahezu alle gegenwärtig in der Förderphase befindlichen Ölprojekte in den Untersuchungsländern auch beim aktuellen Ölpreis von 35 bis 40 US-$ je Barrel unter Berücksichtigung der kurzfristigen Grenzkosten rentabel. Sollte der Ölpreis jedoch in den kommenden Jahren auf diesem Niveau verharren, wird es bis zum Jahr 2024 zu einem Angebotsengpass auf dem globalen Ölmarkt kommen, da zur Deckung der zukünftigen Nachfrage die Erschließung kostenintensiver, unkonventioneller Lagerstätten und von Lagerstätten in tiefen und sehr tiefen Gewässern notwendig ist. Damit es bis zum Jahr 2024 nicht zu einem solchen Angebotsengpass kommt, ist gemäß des ermittelten langfristigen Marktgleichgewichts ein Ölpreis von mindestens 80 (2014er) US-$ je Barrel notwendig.

Due to capillary pressure, reservoir heterogeneity, oil mobility, and lack of reservoir energy, typically more than 50 % of the original oil in place is left in the reservoir after primary and secondary recovery oil production. With relatively easy-to-get conventional oil resources diminishing and the price of oil hovering around triple digits, enhanced oil recovery methods, such as polymer flooding, have become very attractive ways to recover oil effectively from existing reservoirs. Enhanced oil recovery methods can be categorized into three categories: water or chemical based, gas based, and thermal based. This thesis will focus on the chemical injection of surfactants, alkali, and polymer of the water based methods. Surfactants are used to alter the interfacial tension of the aqueous and oleic phases in order to facility oil production. Alkali chemicals are used to create surfactants by reacting with acidic oil. And polymer is used to reduce injection water mobility to effectively displace the contacted oil in heterogeneous reservoirs by improving the volumetric and displacement sweep efficiencies. This research presents several laboratory results of polymer and alkali/surfactant/polymer core floods performed in the Center for Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering laboratories. Properties of polymer and surfactant phase behavior were measured and modeled and each coreflood was history matched with UTCHEM, a three-dimensional chemical flooding simulator. The coreflood results and the history matched model parameters were then upscaled to a pilot case for viscous oil in offshore environment with four wells in a line drive pattern. The potential of polymer flooding was investigated and several sensitivity cases were performed to evaluate the effect of various physical property parameters on oil recovery. Water salinity and hardness (i.e. amount of calcium and magnesium) has detrimental effects on polymer viscosity and its stability. The potential benefits of low salinity water injection by desalinization of seawater for polymer flood projects have been discussed in recent publications. The effect of low salinity polymer flood was also investigated. A series of sensitivity studies on well pattern and well spacing is carried out to investigate the impact on recovery factor and recovery time.
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The modern company exists within an environment of constant change, brought on by economic interconnectedness and rapid technological progress. In this state of uncertainty, companies must actively create new value on a continuous basis in their pursuit for competitive advantage. In light of this precarious state of firm realities, two literature streams have been developed. Strategic Change theories focus on antecedents, processes and consequences of a major shift in an organisation’s goals and scope. The Dynamic Capabilities framework aims to explicate the capabilities within a firm that allows it to continuously recreate competitive advantages. To illustrate the application of these theories this dissertation employs a teaching case recounting the crisis and rebound of BW Offshore, an oil technology lessor. The case starts in late 2015 when the company was experiencing the aggregate impact of an untenable business model, market recession, and industrial accident. Next, the case recounts the subsequent firm survival and launch of a disruptive new business model. The case demonstrates the internal and external factors that led to a strategic change within the company. Moreover, it shows that the use of dynamic capabilities can be instrumental in the creation of surprising value within the context of a recessionary market.
A empresa moderna vive num ambiente em constante mudança, causado pela instabilidade económica e pelo rápido progresso tecnológico. Nesse estado de incerteza, as empresas precisam de criar valor de forma contínua, em busca de manterem uma vantagem competitiva. À luz da realidade atual, foram desenvolvidas duas correntes de literatura. As teorias da mudança estratégica têm o seu enfoque nos antecedentes, processos e consequências de uma grande mudança nos objetivos e âmbito de uma organização. A framework das Dynamic Capabilities visa explicar as quatro dimensões que permitem recriar continuamente as vantagens competitivas. Para ilustrar a aplicação dessas teorias, esta dissertação apresenta um caso de estudo sobre uma situação de crise e a sua repercussão na BW Offshore, uma empresa no sector do Petróleo e Gás. O caso começa no final de 2015, quando a empresa apresentava um modelo de negócios insustentável, em resultado da recessão de mercado e de um acidente industrial. Em seguida, caso foca em como o lançamento de um modelo de negócios disruptivo permitiu a subsequente sobrevivência da empresa. O caso demonstra ainda quais os fatores internos e externos que levaram a uma mudança estratégica dentro da empresa. Além disso, mostra que o uso das dynamic capabilities pode ser instrumental na criação de valor no contexto de um mercado recessivo.